We would like to thank the Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute for the gifts of piggyBac transposon and piggyBac transposase. This work was supported by the Butcher grant of Colorado and the NIH R01 AG041801 (W.S.C).

<ol>
	<li>Johnson, T. E., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Longevity+genes+in+the+nematode+Caenorhabditis+elegans+also+mediate+increased+resistance+to+stress+and+prevent+disease.">Longevity genes in the nematode Caenorhabditis elegans also mediate increased resistance to stress and prevent disease.</a> J Inherit Metab Dis. 25, 197-206 (2002).</li><li>Murakami, S., Salmon, A., Miller, R. A. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Multiplex+stress+resistance+in+cells+from+long-lived+dwarf+mice.">Multiplex stress resistance in cells from long-lived dwarf mice.</a> Faseb J. 17, 1565-1566 (2003).</li><li>Perez, V. I., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=The+overexpression+of+major+antioxidant+enzymes+does+not+extend+the+lifespan+of+mice.">The overexpression of major antioxidant enzymes does not extend the lifespan of mice.</a> Aging Cell. 8, 73-75 (2009).</li><li>Martin, G. M. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Genetic+engineering+of+mice+to+test+the+oxidative+damage+theory+of+aging.">Genetic engineering of mice to test the oxidative damage theory of aging.</a> Ann NY Acad Sci. 1055, 26-34 (2005).</li><li>Chick, W. S., Drechsel, D. A., Hammond, W., Patel, M., Johnson, T. E. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Transmission+of+mutant+phenotypes+from+ES+cells+to+adult+mice.">Transmission of mutant phenotypes from ES cells to adult mice.</a> Mamm Genome. 20, 734-740 (2009).</li><li>Ramirez-Solis, R., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Genomic+DNA+microextraction:+a+method+to+screen+numerous+samples.">Genomic DNA microextraction: a method to screen numerous samples.</a> Anal Biochem. 201, 331-335 (1992).</li><li>Uren, A. G., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=A+high-throughput+splinkerette-PCR+method+for+the+isolation+and+sequencing+of+retroviral+insertion+sites.">A high-throughput splinkerette-PCR method for the isolation and sequencing of retroviral insertion sites.</a> Nat Protoc. 4, 789-798 (2009).</li><li>Wang, W., Bradley, A., Huang, Y. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=A+piggyBac+transposon-based+genome-wide+library+of+insertionally+mutated+Blm-deficient+murine+ES+cells.">A piggyBac transposon-based genome-wide library of insertionally mutated Blm-deficient murine ES cells.</a> Genome Res. 19, 667-673 (2009).</li><li>Chick, W. S., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Screening+for+stress-resistance+mutations+in+the+mouse.">Screening for stress-resistance mutations in the mouse.</a> Front Genet. 5, 310 (2014).</li><li>Salmon, A. B., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Fibroblast+cell+lines+from+young+adult+mice+of+long-lived+mutant+strains+are+resistant+to+multiple+forms+of+stress.">Fibroblast cell lines from young adult mice of long-lived mutant strains are resistant to multiple forms of stress.</a> Am J Physiol Endocrinol Metab. 289, 23-29 (2005).</li><li>Skarnes, W. C., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=A+public+gene+trap+resource+for+mouse+functional+genomics.">A public gene trap resource for mouse functional genomics.</a> Nat Genet. 36, 543-544 (2015).</li><li>Baker, K. E., Parker, R. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Nonsense-mediated+mRNA+decay:+terminating+erroneous+gene+expression.">Nonsense-mediated mRNA decay: terminating erroneous gene expression.</a> Curr Opin Cell Biol. 16, 293-299 (2004).</li><li>Shigeoka, T., Kawaichi, M., Ishida, Y. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Suppression+of+nonsense-mediated+mRNA+decay+permits+unbiased+gene+trapping+in+mouse+embryonic+stem+cells.">Suppression of nonsense-mediated mRNA decay permits unbiased gene trapping in mouse embryonic stem cells.</a> Nucleic Acids Res. 33, e20 (2004).</li><li>Symula, D. J., Zhu, Y., Schimenti, J. C., Rubin, E. M. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Functional+annotation+of+mouse+mutations+in+embryonic+stem+cells+by+use+of+expression+profiling.">Functional annotation of mouse mutations in embryonic stem cells by use of expression profiling.</a> Mamm Genome. 15, 1-13 (2004).</li></ol>

The authors have nothing to disclose.

Forward genetic analysis allows for an unbiased interrogation of the genome for genes responsible for a specific phenotype. This method is very powerful to uncover novel gene functions. It has been widely used in lower organisms but not in mammal, such as the mouse, mainly due to the extremely high cost associated with the infrastructure and logistics that would entail. Here, we moved the genetic screening process to the ES cell culture platform, greatly increasing the efficiency and throughput in generating mutants and identifying mutations. 
To effectively select for resistant mutants, a lethal dose of stressor and period of treatment needs to be established such that all of the wild-type cells would be killed. The higher the stringency of the selection, the fewer occurrence of false positive will result. Fibroblast feeders have a higher tolerance to oxidative stress than ES cells; the presence of feeders would rescue the nearby ES cells which would otherwise be killed by the stressor. Thus, omission of feeders during stress selection was very critical for an effective killing. In skin fibroblasts, serum deprivation was necessary to reveal the stress resistance phenotype in long lived mice 10. However, this application was not feasible in ES cells because they cannot survive without serum. As an alternative, we discovered that the use of heat inactivated serum at reduced level (7.5%) achieved a similar result.
In this report, we employed poly-A trap rather than a promoter trap because promoter trap will only trap actively transcribed genes, which is estimated to be 60% of the genome in ES cells, under normal conditions 11. In contrast, a poly-A trap would trap genes regardless of their transcriptional activities, in theory giving us the potential to screen for mutations in all genes in the genome. A major drawback of the conventional poly-A trap is the strong bias towards trapping the last exon, appeared to be mediated by an endogenous nonsense-mediated decay (NMD) mechanism 12. By incorporating the unbiased poly-A trap (UPA) strategy in the PB-UPA transposon to suppresses NMD 13, we were able to eliminate biased trapping.
One distinguishing advantage of using ES cells is that these pluripotent cells make direct derivation of mice possible, speeding up the transition to in vivo studies. For this to happen, the replica plating strategy is critical, preserving a subset of clones sheltered from manipulations that can diminish pluripotency, such as knocking out of Blm and exposure to stressors. We have shown that mutant ES cells recovered from these screens were capable of participating in forming the entire mouse and transmitting the mutations to the germline. Most importantly, consistent with previous studies, the stress resistance phenotype was also transmitted and maintained in the adult mouse. 
We and others showed that a variant phenotype observed in ES cells resulting from environmental induced lesion or deliberated engineered mutations was able to transmit to the differentiated progeny cells 4,5,9,14, and probably the whole mouse. This protocol describes the utilization of ES cells as surrogate cells to screen for stress resistance mutations in the mouse. In addition to screening for stress resistance genes, this method may have a broader implication to screen ES cells, identify targets, and to develop a variety of mouse models with a phenotype of interest.

Ömür stres direnci ile samimi bir ilişki vardır. Genel olarak, uzun ömürlü türler genellikle hidrojen peroksit paraquatın (PQ), UV, ısı ve ağır metaller 1,2 gibi birden stres, doğru direncin artmasına işlemini göstermektedir. Bunun aksine, strese karşı artan hassasiyet, kısalmış ömür ve / veya daha fazla hastalık eğilimli fenotipi tahmin etmek eğilimindedir. Anti-oksidanın, tutucu yolu uzun hayvana gerilme direnci veren önemli bir rol oynadığı tahmin edilmektedir. Bununla birlikte, birkaç istisna dışında, çeşitli anti-oksidan enzimler (örneğin, akciğer), manipülasyonlara sahip transgenik hayvanların çeşitli çalışmalar, oksitleyici kirleticilerin alınmasına yönelik enzim düzeyi artan yaşam süresi ya da sağlık aralığı 3 arttırmadığını gösterir. Bu veriler sürekli olarak uzun ömürlü hayvanlarda gözlenen stres direnç özelliği henüz ortaya için diğer hücresel yolların aracılık ettiğini göstermektedir. Biz tarafsız bir ileriye aldıGenetik mutasyona uğramış bir yaklaşım üzerine, kültürlü embriyonik kök (ES) hücrelerde stres direnci fenotipi olabilir genleri tanımlamak için. ES hücreleri Bu çalışmada iki ana avantaj sağlar: (1) sofistike genetik manipülasyonlar ES hücrelerinin genomunun modifiye edilmesi için kullanılabilir; ve (2) ekranında elde herhangi bir strese karşı ES hücreleri ile doğrudan ömrü, sağlık yayılma ölçmek için bütün hayvan çalışmalarında içine hızlı şekilde çevrilmesine izin veren fare üretimi için de kullanılabilir. Bu yazıda Blm alleller bir tetrasiklin duyarlı eleman tarafından kontrol altına bulundukları C9 ES hücre hattı kullanımını tarif. Doksisiklin (Ortodoks) tedavisi geçici kardeş kromatid değişimi artan olaya lider BLM ifadesini kapalı. Bu kısa vadeli Blm knock-out heterozigot nüfus içerisindeki homozigot mutasyon üretimi için izin stres direnci için çekinik mutasyonlar tarama sürecinde yakalanan olabilir ki. BizAyrıca rastgele genom genlerin mutasyona bir poli-A tuzak kaseti (PB-UPA) eklemek için mutajen olarak piggyBac (PB) transpozonun kullanımını tarif. Poli-A tuzağı ile bir gen bozulması olan hücreler, G418 dirençli hale ve gen-trap mutantlar (gen trap kütüphanesi) oluşan bir koleksiyon yapılmış ve daha sonra, karşı stres olan mutant klonları için tarandı olabilir, böylece elde edilebilir. Seçim kurtarıldı Stres dirençli klonlar eklemeleri sayısı (qPCR) arasında bağlamda moleküler tekniklerle oldukça hızlı karakterize edilebilir, ekleme site (splinkerette PCR), bozulmuş gen (ŞOK) kimliği ve onun ifade seviyesi ( RT-qPCR). PB yerleştirme Yabani tür bir DNA dizisini ve bu nedenle geri stres direnci kaybını test klonu MPB transpozazın geçici ifade yolu ile remobilized edilebilir. Bunlar önce yapılmalıdır mutasyon nedenselliğini onaylamak için güçlü yollar vardırpahalı bir fare üretimi. Önceki çalışmalar stres maruz kalan hücreler pluripotency 4,5 kaybettiklerini gösterdi. Böylece, bu protokolde, stres ile tedavi olmaz mutant hücreler kümesi bir yineleme, korunması başarılı fare üretimi için kritik öneme sahiptir. Bizim laboratuvar hem istek üzerine diğer araştırmacılar için kullanılabilir, C9 ES hücre hattı ve PB-UPA vektörü tasarladı. Burada rapor edilen protokol, stres dayanıklı klonların (Şekil 1B) izole etmek için replika plaka ve stres seçimi, ardından PB-UPA (Şekil 1A) gen tuzak ES hücreleri, de novo arşivinin oluşturulması yoluyla başlar. Biz paraquat, hücreler içinde güçlü bir serbest kök üretici madde ile noktası göstermiştir. Hemen hemen, örneğin herhangi bir sitotoksik bileşik veya toksin, ER stres (örneğin, thapsigargin ve tunikamisin), nöronal oksitleyici (örneğin, MPP +, 6-hidroksi dopamin ve rotenon), ısı ve ağırmetaller (örneğin, Cd, Se), ilgili dirençli mutantların seçmek için bir yöntem adapte edilebilir.

<table border="0">
	<tbody>
		<tr>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Vector</td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>PB-UPA</td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>mPBase</td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>mPBasePuro</td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Tissue Culture&#160;</td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>500-ml Stericup filters</td>
			<td>EMD Millipore</td>
			<td>SCGPU05RE</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>250-ml Stericup filters</td>
			<td>EMD Millipore</td>
			<td>SCGPU02RE</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>50-ml Steriflip-GV filters</td>
			<td>EMD Millipore</td>
			<td>SE1M179M6</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>KO DMEM</td>
			<td>Life Technologies</td>
			<td>10829-018</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>DMEM</td>
			<td>Sigma-Aldrich</td>
			<td>D6429</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>FBS</td>
			<td>Tissue Culture Biologicals</td>
			<td>104</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Heat Inactivated FBS</td>
			<td>Sigma-Aldrich</td>
			<td>F4135-500</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>LIF</td>
			<td>EMD Millipore</td>
			<td>ESG1107</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Non-essential Amino Acids</td>
			<td>Life Technologies</td>
			<td>11140-050</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>GlutaMAX</td>
			<td>Life Technologies</td>
			<td>35050-061</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Pen/Strep</td>
			<td>Life Technologies</td>
			<td>15140148</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>&#946;-Mercaptoethanol</td>
			<td>Life Technologies</td>
			<td>21985-023</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Methyl Viologen dichloride (Paraquat)</td>
			<td>Sigma-Aldrich</td>
			<td>856177</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Dimethyl Sulphoxide Hybri-MAX</td>
			<td>Sigma-Aldrich</td>
			<td>D2650</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>EmbryoMAX 0.1% gelatin</td>
			<td>EMD Millipore</td>
			<td>ES006B</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>DPBS/Modified</td>
			<td>HyClone</td>
			<td>SH30028.02</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>0.25% Trypsin-EDTA</td>
			<td>Life Technologies</td>
			<td>25200-056</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>T25 Flask</td>
			<td>Corning</td>
			<td>353108</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>T75 flask</td>
			<td>Corning</td>
			<td>353135</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>100-mm&#160; plate</td>
			<td>Corning</td>
			<td>353003</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>150-mm&#160; plate</td>
			<td>Corning</td>
			<td>430599</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>96-well&#160; plate</td>
			<td>Corning</td>
			<td>3585</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>96-well U-bottom plate</td>
			<td>Corning</td>
			<td>3799</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>24-well plate</td>
			<td>Corning</td>
			<td>3526</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>50-ml reservoir&#160;</td>
			<td>Corning</td>
			<td>4870</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>15-ml tubes</td>
			<td>VWR International, LLC</td>
			<td>82050-276</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Primary Mouse Embryonic Fibroblasts</td>
			<td>EMD Millipore</td>
			<td>PMEF-NL</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>DR4 Mouse Embryonic Fibroblasts</td>
			<td>Applied StemCell</td>
			<td>ASF-1001</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Mitomycin C</td>
			<td>Fisher BioReagents&#160;</td>
			<td>BP25312</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Geneticin (G418)</td>
			<td>Life Technologies</td>
			<td>11811-023</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Doxycycline</td>
			<td>Fisher BioReagents&#160;</td>
			<td>BP26531</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Cryotubes</td>
			<td>Thermo Scientific</td>
			<td>377267</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Centrifuge&#160;</td>
			<td>Eppendorf</td>
			<td>Centrifuge 5702</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>TC10 cell counter</td>
			<td>Bio-Rad</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Counting Slides (for TC10)</td>
			<td>Bio-Rad</td>
			<td>1450011</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Electroporation&#160;</td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Gene Pulser Xcell</td>
			<td>Bio-Rad</td>
			<td>1652611</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Gene Pulser Cuvettes (4 mm gap)</td>
			<td>Bio-Rad</td>
			<td>1652088</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Molecular Biology&#160;</td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Thermal Cycler</td>
			<td>Eppendorf</td>
			<td>Mastercylcer ep Gradient&#160; S</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Puregene Core kit B</td>
			<td>Qiagen</td>
			<td>158745</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Topo-TA Cloning kit</td>
			<td>Life Technologies&#160;</td>
			<td>450030</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>High Capacity cDNA synthesis kit</td>
			<td>Applied Biosystems</td>
			<td>4368814</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>NaCl</td>
			<td>Fisher BioReagents&#160;</td>
			<td>BP358-212</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>100% ethanol</td>
			<td>Decon Laboratories, Inc.</td>
			<td>2716</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Double Processed Tissue Culture Water</td>
			<td>Sigma-Aldrich</td>
			<td>W3500</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Sau3A1</td>
			<td>New England BioLabs</td>
			<td>R0169L</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>T4 DNA Ligase</td>
			<td>New England BioLabs</td>
			<td>M0202T</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>EcoRV</td>
			<td>New England BioLabs</td>
			<td>R3195S</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>96-well Lysis Buffer (Ramires-Solis et al. 1992)</td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Trizma Base</td>
			<td>Sigma-Aldrich</td>
			<td>T1503</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Hydrochloric Acid</td>
			<td>Fisher BioReagents&#160;</td>
			<td>A144-212</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>EDTA</td>
			<td>Sigma-Aldrich</td>
			<td>E5134</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>N-Lauroylsarcosine sodium salt</td>
			<td>Sigma-Aldrich</td>
			<td>L5777</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Proteinase-K</td>
			<td>Fisher BioReagents&#160;</td>
			<td>BP1700</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Electrophoresis</td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Mini-Sub Cell GT</td>
			<td>Bio-Rad</td>
			<td>170-4469EDU</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>LE Agarose&#160;</td>
			<td>GeneMate</td>
			<td>E3120500</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Ethidium Bromide&#160;</td>
			<td>Fisher BioReagents&#160;</td>
			<td>BP1302</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>100 BP DNA Ladder</td>
			<td>New England BioLabs</td>
			<td>N3231S</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>1Kb DNA Ladder</td>
			<td>New England BioLabs</td>
			<td>N3232S</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>2-log DNA Ladder</td>
			<td>New England BioLabs</td>
			<td>N3200L</td>
		</tr>
	</tbody>
</table>

forward genetic approach to uncover stress resistance genes in mice &#8212; a high-throughput screen in es cells

Phenotype-driven genetic screens in mice is a powerful technique to uncover gene functions, but are often hampered by extremely high costs, which severely limits its potential. We describe here the use of mouse embryonic stem (ES) cells as surrogate cells to screen for a phenotype of interest and subsequently introduce these cells into a host embryo to develop into a living mouse carrying the phenotype. This method provides (1) a cost effective, high-throughput platform for genetic screen in mammalian cells; (2) a rapid way to identify the mutated genes and verify causality; and (3) a short-cut to develop mouse mutants directly from these selected ES cells for whole animal studies. We demonstrated the use of paraquat (PQ) to select resistant mutants and identify mutations that confer oxidative stress resistance. Other stressors or cytotoxic compounds may also be used to screen for resistant mutants to uncover novel genetic determinants of a variety of cellular stress resistance.

Tipik bir mutajenez deneyde, transfeksiyon PB-UPA ve MPB transpozaz ile 3 x 10 7 ES hücrelerinin toplam oluşur. Iki bağımsız deneyin üretilen gen tuzak ES hücre sayısı, Tablo 1 &#39;de özetlenmiştir. Gen tuzak etkinliği, yaklaşık 0.04%&#39; dir. Kombine gen tuzak kütüphaneleri 22400 bağımsız mutantlar, fare genomu hakkında tam bir kapsama (23.000 kodlayan genlerin) içerirler. Aşırı kapsama tekrarlanan mutasyon yoluyla daha mutantlar üreten ve / veya süreci ölçekleme elde edilebilir. Gen-tuzak kütüphaneleri rastgele mutasyonlar içerdiğinden, bir stres direnci fenotip sahip mutantların sayısını tahmin etmek mümkün değildir. PQ direnci için iki bağımsız seçimler yapıldı; 22.440 bağımsız gen tuzağı mutasyonlarının kombine tarama PQ hücresel direnci (% 0.08) (Tablo 1) 17 kazandıran mutasyonlar ortaya çıkardı. &lt;p class = &quot;jove_content&quot;&gt; Biz daha fazla analiz ve fare üretimi için master plakalardan, 3 mutant klon, Pigl, Tiam1 ve R- arıtılmış var. Heterozigot R- mutasyonu ile hücreler başarılı bir şekilde BLM nakavt ile homozigot döl üretmek için uyarıldı. Ancak, Pigl ve Tiam1 mutantlardan ki tahminen bu, bir homozigosite-bağlantılı hücre öldürücülüğü herhangi bir homozigoz mutantları üretmek için başarısız oldu. 2-merkaptoetanol (2-ME) ve PQ ihmal (Şekil 2), bu saflaştırılmıştır klonların stres direnci stres 2 farklı tipleri kullanılarak teyit edilmiştir. Bu klonlar ile ilgili PB çıkarılması üzerine, ilişkili stres direnci fenotipi gen trap mutasyonları nedensel faktör olduğunu teyit eden (Şekil 2) kayboldu. Bu gözlenen fenotip nedeni olarak stres seçimi sırasında stokastik lezyonu ekarte gibi master plakalardan kurtarıldı klonların karakterizasyonu önemlidir. 3 OutMutant ES hücreleri, fare üretimi (Tablo 2), 2 hatları (Pigl ve Tiam1) tohum çizgisi iletimini göstermektedir için blastosist içeriye sokulur. R- enjeksiyonu ile başlayan kimeranın optimal sayı değil sadece bir kadın chimera üretti. Böylece, R- germline iletimi başarısızlığı nedeniyle bir beceriksiz chimera muhtemeldir. Biz Pigl mutant farelerden izole edilen deri fibroblastları hücresel fenotipi test ve PQ indirgenmiş endojen reaktif oksijen türlerinin seviyesi (ROS) ve gerilme dayanımı (Şekil 3), muhafaza gösterdi. <img alt="figür 1" src="/files/ftp_upload/53062/53062fig1.jpg" /> Şekil 1. ES hücre mutagenez ve stres seçimi. (A) PB-UPA vektör. Bir ekleme alıcı (SA), sığır büyüme hormonu poli-adenilasyon sinyali (pA) phosphog oluşan tarafsız bir poliA (BPA) tuzak vektörlycerate kinaz (PGK) promoteri, neomisin fosfotransferaz (neo), ensefalomiyokarditis (IRES), ve (3, farklı okuma çatılarında) bir bağlantı yeri donör yapay ATG ile (SD) 3 &#39;ile takviye, piggyBac transposon klonlanmıştır ve 5 &#39;uzun terminal tekrarı (LTR). Stres dirençli klonların (B) Rastgele ES hücrelerinin mutagenez ve seçme. ES hücreleri 96 oyuklu plakalar üzerine kaplama ardından PB-UPA ve mPBase elektroporasyon yoluyla birlikte transfekte edilir. Gen tuzak klonlar G418 direnci ile seçilmiştir; birleşmiş bir kez onlar 2 çoğaltma kümesi ayrıldı. Bir yineleme kümesi ayrıca paraquat (PQ) ile DNA izolasyonu ve stres seçimi için iki yarıya bölündü; Diğer yineleme kümesi (master) aşağı donduruldu. Stres tedavisi kurtarıldı kalan ES hücre kolonileri Sp-PCR ile PB yerleştirilmesi için moleküler analiz edildi. Astarlar sonra hangi iyi SIBLI içeren çoğaltma DNA plaka taranması için tasarlanmıştırng PQ R klon ana plakası üzerinde yer olabilir. Bu hücreler, farklı stres stres direnci deneyi için ve fare üretimi içindir. Chick vd. 7&#39;den Modifiye. <a href="https://www-jove-com.remotexs.ntu.edu.sg/files/ftp_upload/53062/53062fig1large.jpg" target="_blank">Bu rakamın büyük halini görmek için lütfen buraya tıklayınız.</a> <img alt="Şekil 2," src="/files/ftp_upload/53062/53062fig2.jpg" /> Mutant ES hücreleri Şekil 2. Gerilme direnci. 2-merkaptoetanol (2-ME) çekilmesi (A) Direnç. (B) paraquat (PQ) karşı direnç. Önceki bir çalışmada 5 elde: (kırmızı 4C11), ve üç gen trap klon (gri), stres dayanıklı kontrol ES hücre klonu,: Ebeveyn doğal tipte ES hücreleri (sarı C9) gösterilmiştir. Hücreler, canlı hücre sayısı sayılmıştır, sonra iki gün süreyle tedavi stres tabi tutuldu. &lt;<html> em&gt; Pigl, Tiam1 ve R- heterozigot. (PB / +: koyu gri), bu streslerinin hem sergi direnci R- homozigot (PB / PB: siyah) heterozigotlar kıyasla daha güçlü stres direnci gösterirler. (: Açık gri + / +) PB eklemeleri çıkarıldı her iki stres direnç kaybetti. Hata çubukları, ortalamanın SD temsil (n = 4). * P &lt;0.001, # P = Student t-testi ile değerlendirildi gen trap klonlar ve vahşi tip ebeveyn C9 arasındaki 0,01. PQ (10 uM) tedavi edilen (C) ES hücre koloni oluşumu. Stres dayanıklı ES klonlan vahşi tip klonundan kolonilerin sayısı ve büyüklüğü önemli ölçüde azalır ise PQ tedavi altında kültür koloniler oluşturmak mümkün. Chick vd. 7&#39;den Modifiye. <a href="https://www-jove-com.remotexs.ntu.edu.sg/files/ftp_upload/53062/53062fig2large.jpg" target="_blank">Bu rakamın büyük halini görmek için lütfen buraya tıklayınız.</a> nt &quot;fo: keep-together.within sayfa =&quot; always &quot;&gt; <img alt="Şekil 3," src="/files/ftp_upload/53062/53062fig3.jpg" /> Pigl PB / + fibroblast Şekil 3. Karakterizasyonu. (A) Reaktif oksijen türleri (ROS) seviyesi. Vahşi tip (WT) ve Pigl PB / + farelerden izole edilen kuyruk derisi fıbroblastları CM-DCFCA ile boyandı ve floresan Hoechst karşı normalize edildi. ROS içeriği nispi floresan ünitesi (RFU) olarak ifade edildi. P değeri iki kuyruklu Student t-testi ile değerlendirildi (n = 8). (B) PQ direnç. Vahşi tip (WT) ve Pigl PB / + farelerin kuyruk derisi fıbroblastları hücrelerin yaşama yeteneği MTT tahlilleri ile ölçüldü sonra 6 saat için 4 mM PQ maruz bırakılmıştır. PQ tedaviden sonra canlı hücre yüzdesi, PQ-muamele ce elde edilen absorbans oranı hesaplanmıştırlls ve un-tedavi hücrelerden söyledi. P değeri bir kuyruklu Student t-testi ile değerlendirildi (n = 8). Chick vd. 7&#39;den Modifiye. <a href="https://www-jove-com.remotexs.ntu.edu.sg/files/ftp_upload/53062/53062fig3large.jpg" target="_blank">Bu rakamın büyük halini görmek için lütfen buraya tıklayınız.</a> <table border="0" fo:keep-together.within-page="1"><tbody><tr><td> Kütüphane </td><td> Alt kütüphaneler </td><td> ES hücre suşu </td><td> Gen tuzağa klonun sayılı </td><td> PQ R klon No. </td></tr><tr><td> 1 </td><td> C9PA01 - C9PA10 </td><td> C9 (Blm tet / tet) </td><td> 9000 </td><td> 7 </td></tr><tr><td> 2 </td><td> C9PA11 - C9PA20 </td><td> C9 (Blm tet / tet) </td><td> 13440 </td&gt; <td> 10 </td></tr><tr><td></td><td></td><td> Toplam </td><td> 22440 </td><td> 17 </td></tr></tbody></table> Tablo 1. piggyBac gen tuzak kütüphane yapımı ve PQ dirençli klonların kurtarma. Chick ark Modifiye. 7. <table border="0" fo:keep-together.within-page="1"><tbody><tr><td> ES hücre klonu enjekte </td><td> Chimera sayılı kurtarıldı </td><td> Germline iletimi * </td></tr><tr><td> Pigl PB / Pigl + </td><td> 4 </td><td> Evet </td></tr><tr><td> Tiam1 PB / Tiam1 + </td><td> 2 </td><td> Evet </td> &lt;/ tr&gt; <tr><td> R- PB / R- + </td><td> 1 </td><td> Hayır </td></tr></tbody></table> Farelerin Tablo 2. Nesil. Chick ark. 7&#39;den Modifiye. * Germline iletim PCR genotiplemesiyle tarafından tespit edilen gen tuzak allelinin miras yoluyla teyit edilmiştir.

Watch this Scientific Journal Video about Forward Genetic Approach to Uncover Stress Resistance Genes in Mice Ã¢â‚¬â€ A High-throughput Screen in ES Cells at JoVE.com

Forward Genetic Approach to Uncover Stress Resistance Genes in Mice &#8212; A High-throughput Screen in ES Cells

Stres direnci uzun ömürlü özelliklerinden biridir ve genetik yönetilmeye bilinmektedir. Burada, uzun ömürlü çalışmaları için fare modelleri geliştirmek için hangi ES hücreleri stres direnci kazandıran mutasyonlar taranması için tarafsız bir yüksek verimli bir yöntem geliştirdi.

İleri Genetik Yaklaşım Farelerde Stres Direnci Genler ortaya çıkarmak için - ES Hücrelerde bir Yüksek verim Ekranı

Phenotype-driven genetic screens in mice is a powerful technique to uncover gene functions, but are often hampered by extremely high costs, which severely ...

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Nanyang Technological University

Research

JoVE Journal

Developmental Biology

8.1K Görüntüleme.  University of Colorado Denver.  Stres direnci uzun ömürlü özelliklerinden biridir ve genetik yönetilmeye bilinmektedir. Burada, uzun ömürlü çalışmaları için fare modelleri geliştirmek için hangi ES hücreleri stres direnci kazandıran mutasyonlar taranması için tarafsız bir yüksek verimli bir yöntem geliştirdi. 

Video: Forward Genetic Approach to Uncover Stress Resistance Genes in Mice — A High-throughput Screen in ES Cells

An Optogenetic Approach for Assessing Formation of Neuronal Connections in a Co-culture System

Here we describe a protocol to generate a co-culture consisting of 2 different neuronal populations. Induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSCs) are reprogrammed from human fibroblasts using episomal vectors. Colonies of iPSCs can be observed 30 days after initiation of fibroblast reprogramming. Pluripotent colonies are manually picked and grown in neural induction medium to permit differentiation into neural progenitor cells (NPCs). iPSCs rapidly convert into neuroepithelial cells within 1 week and retain the capability to self-renew when maintained at a high culture density. Primary mouse NPCs are differentiated into astrocytes by exposure to a serum-containing medium for 7 days and form a monolayer upon which embryonic day 18 (E18) rat cortical neurons (transfected with channelrhodopsin-2 (ChR2)) are added. Human NPCs tagged with the fluorescent protein, tandem dimer Tomato (tdTomato), are then seeded onto the astrocyte/cortical neuron culture the following day and allowed to differentiate for 28 to 35 days. We demonstrate that this system forms synaptic connections between iPSC-derived neurons and cortical neurons, evident from an increase in the frequency of synaptic currents upon photostimulation of the cortical neurons. This co-culture system provides a novel platform for evaluating the ability of iPSC-derived neurons to create synaptic connections with other neuronal populations.

A protocol to generate a co-culture system consisting of neurons derived from induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSCs), primary cortical neurons and astrocytes is described. This co-culture system allows detection of the formation of synaptic contacts and circuits between new, iPSC-derived neurons and pre-existing cortical neurons expressing channelrhodopsin-2.

Bir Co-kültür Sistemde nöronal bağlantıları Oluşumunda değerlendirilmesi için bir optogenetic Yaklaşım

Here we describe a protocol to generate a co-culture consisting of 2 different neuronal populations. Induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSCs) are ...

Gelişim Biyolojisi

Technique to Target Microinjection to the Developing Xenopus Kidney

The embryonic kidney of Xenopus&#160;laevis (frog), the pronephros, consists of a single nephron, and can be used as a model for kidney disease. Xenopus embryos are large, develop externally, and can be easily manipulated by microinjection or surgical procedures. In addition, fate maps have been established for early Xenopus embryos. Targeted microinjection into the individual blastomere that will eventually give rise to an organ or tissue of interest can be used to selectively overexpress or knock down gene expression within this restricted region, decreasing secondary effects in the rest of the developing embryo. In this protocol, we describe how to utilize established Xenopus fate maps to target the developing Xenopus kidney (the pronephros), through microinjection into specific blastomere of 4- and 8-cell embryos. Injection of lineage tracers allows verification of the specific targeting of the injection. After embryos have developed to stage 38 - 40, whole-mount immunostaining is used to visualize pronephric development, and the contribution by targeted cells to the pronephros can be assessed. The same technique can be adapted to target other tissue types in addition to the pronephros.

Technique to Target Microinjection to the Developing Xenopus Kidney

Here, we present a protocol to use fate maps and lineage tracers to target injections into individual blastomeres that give rise to the kidney of Xenopus laevis embryos.

Gelişmekte olan mikroenjeksiyon Hedef Tekniği<em&gt; Xenopus</em&gt; Böbrek

The embryonic kidney of Xenopus&#160;laevis (frog), the pronephros, consists of a single nephron, and can be used as a model for kidney disease. Xenopus ...

Simultaneous Assessment of Cardiomyocyte DNA Synthesis and Ploidy: A Method to Assist Quantification of Cardiomyocyte Regeneration and Turnover

Although it is accepted that the heart has a limited potential to regenerate cardiomyocytes following injury and that low levels of cardiomyocyte turnover occur during normal ageing, quantification of these events remains challenging. This is in part due to the rarity of the process and the fact that multiple cellular sources contribute to myocardial maintenance. Furthermore, DNA duplication within cardiomyocytes often leads to a polyploid cardiomyocyte and only rarely leads to new cardiomyocytes by cellular division. In order to accurately quantify cardiomyocyte turnover discrimination between these processes is essential. The protocol described here employs long term nucleoside labeling in order to label all nuclei which have arisen as a result of DNA replication and cardiomyocyte nuclei identified by utilizing nuclei isolation and subsequent PCM1 immunolabeling. Together this allows the accurate and sensitive identification of the nucleoside labeling of the cardiomyocyte nuclei population. Furthermore, 4&#8242;,6-diamidino-2-phenylindole labeling and analysis of nuclei ploidy, enables the discrimination of neo-cardiomyocyte nuclei from nuclei which have incorporated nucleoside during polyploidization. Although this method cannot control for cardiomyocyte binucleation, it allows a rapid and robust quantification of neo-cardiomyocyte nuclei while accounting for polyploidization. This method has a number of downstream applications including assessing the potential therapeutics to enhance cardiomyocyte regeneration or investigating the effects of cardiac disease on cardiomyocyte turnover and ploidy. This technique is also compatible with additional downstream immunohistological techniques, allowing quantification of nucleoside incorporation in all cardiac cell types.

Quantification of cardiomyocyte turnover is challenging. The protocol described here makes an important contribution to this challenge by enabling accurate and sensitive quantification of neo-cardiomyocyte nuclei generation and nuclei ploidy.

Kardiyomiyosit DNA Sentezi ve ploidinin Eşzamanlı Değerlendirme: Bir Yöntem kardiyomiyosit Yenilenme ve ciro miktarının belirlenmesi Yrd

Although it is accepted that the heart has a limited potential to regenerate cardiomyocytes following injury and that low levels of cardiomyocyte turnover ...

Directed Differentiation of Primitive and Definitive Hematopoietic Progenitors from Human Pluripotent Stem Cells

One of the major goals for regenerative medicine is the generation and maintenance of hematopoietic stem cells (HSCs) derived from human pluripotent stem cells (hPSCs). Until recently, efforts to differentiate hPSCs into HSCs have predominantly generated hematopoietic progenitors that lack HSC potential, and instead resemble yolk sac hematopoiesis.&#160;These resulting hematopoietic progenitors may have limited utility for in vitro disease modeling of various adult hematopoietic disorders, particularly those of the lymphoid lineages. However, we have recently described methods to generate erythro-myelo-lymphoid multilineage definitive hematopoietic progenitors from hPSCs using a stage-specific directed differentiation protocol, which we outline here. Through enzymatic dissociation of hPSCs on basement membrane matrix-coated plasticware, embryoid bodies (EBs) are formed. EBs are differentiated to mesoderm by recombinant BMP4, which is subsequently specified to the definitive hematopoietic program by the GSK3&#946; inhibitor, CHIR99021. Alternatively, primitive hematopoiesis is specified by the PORCN inhibitor, IWP2. Hematopoiesis is further driven through the addition of recombinant VEGF and supportive hematopoietic cytokines. The resulting hematopoietic progenitors generated using this method have the potential to be used for disease and developmental modeling, in vitro.

Here, we present human pluripotent stem cell (hPSC) culture protocols, used to differentiate hPSCs into CD34+ hematopoietic progenitors. This method uses stage-specific manipulation of canonical WNT signaling to specify cells exclusively to either the definitive or primitive hematopoietic program.

İlkel ve kesin hematopoetik ataları insan Pluripotent kök hücrelerden farklılaşma yönetmen

One of the major goals for regenerative medicine is the generation and maintenance of hematopoietic stem cells (HSCs) derived from human pluripotent stem ...

A Novel Mammary Fat Pad Transplantation Technique to Visualize the Vessel Generation of Vascular Endothelial Stem Cells

Endothelial cells (ECs) are the fundamental building blocks of the vascular architecture and mediate vascular growth and remodeling to ensure proper vessel development and homeostasis. However, studies on endothelial lineage hierarchy remain elusive due to the lack of tools to gain access as well as to directly evaluate their behavior in vivo. To address this shortcoming, a new tissue model to study angiogenesis using the mammary fat pad has been developed. The mammary gland develops mostly in the postnatal stages, including puberty and pregnancy, during which robust epithelium proliferation is accompanied by extensive vascular remodeling. Mammary fat pads provide space, matrix, and rich angiogenic stimuli from the growing mammary epithelium. Furthermore, mammary fat pads are located outside the peritoneal cavity, making them an easily accessible grafting site for assessing the angiogenic potential of exogenous cells. This work also describes an efficient tracing approach using fluorescent reporter mice to specifically label the targeted population of vascular endothelial stem cells (VESCs) in vivo. This lineage tracing method, coupled with subsequent tissue whole-mount microscopy, enable the direct visualization of targeted cells and their descendants, through which the proliferation capability can be quantified and the differentiation commitment can be fate-mapped. Using these methods, a population of bipotent protein C receptor (Procr) expressing VESCs has recently been identified in multiple vascular systems. Procr+ VESCs, giving rise to both new ECs and pericytes, actively contribute to angiogenesis during development, homeostasis, and injury repair. Overall, this manuscript describes a new mammary fat pad transplantation and in vivo lineage tracing techniques that can be used to evaluate the stem cell properties of VESCs.

This work demonstrates a novel approach to assess the proliferation, differentiation, and vessel-forming potential of vascular endothelial stem cells (VESCs) through mammary fat pad transplantation followed by whole-mount tissue preparation for microscopic observation. A lineage tracing strategy to investigate the behavior of VESCs in vivo is also presented.

Vasküler Endotelyal Kök Hücrelerin Damar Oluşumunu Görselleştirmek İçin Yeni Bir Göğüs Göğsü Transplantasyon Tekniği

Endothelial cells (ECs) are the fundamental building blocks of the vascular architecture and mediate vascular growth and remodeling to ensure proper ...

A Standardized Approach for Multispecies Purification of Mammalian Male Germ Cells by Mechanical Tissue Dissociation and Flow Cytometry

Fluorescence-activated cell sorting (FACS) has been one of the methods of choice to isolate enriched populations of mammalian testicular germ cells. Currently, it allows the discrimination of up to 9 murine germ cell populations with high yield and purity. This high-resolution in discrimination and purification is possible due to unique changes in chromatin structure and quantity throughout spermatogenesis. These patterns can be captured by flow cytometry of male germ cells stained with fluorescent DNA-binding dyes such as Hoechst-33342 (Hoechst). Herein is a detailed description of a recently developed protocol to isolate mammalian testicular germ cells. Briefly, single cell suspensions are generated from testicular tissue by mechanical dissociation, double stained with Hoechst and propidium iodide (PI) and processed by flow cytometry. A serial gating strategy, including the selection of live cells (PI negative) with different DNA content (Hoechst intensity), is used during FACS sorting to discriminate up to 5 germ cell types. These include, with corresponding average purities (determined by microscopy evaluation): spermatogonia (66%), primary (71%) and secondary (85%) spermatocytes, and spermatids (90%), further separated into round (93%) and elongating (87%) subpopulations. Execution of the entire workflow is straightforward, allows the isolation of 4 cell types simultaneously with the appropriate FACS machine, and can be performed in less than 2 h. As reduced processing time is crucial to preserve the physiology of ex vivo cells, this method is ideal for downstream high-throughput studies of male germ cell biology. Moreover, a standardized protocol for multispecies purification of mammalian germ cells eliminates methodological sources of variables and allows a single set of reagents to be used for different animal models.

This work describes the standardization of a method to obtain purified germ cell populations from testicular tissue of different mammalian species. It is a straightforward protocol that combines mechanical testis dissociation, staining with Hoechst-33342 and propidium iodide, and FACS sorting, with wide applications in comparative studies of male reproductive biology.

Memeli Erkek Germ Hücrelerinin Çok Denekli Saflaştırılmasında Standart Bir Yaklaşım, Mekanik Doku Ayrılma ve Akış Sitometrisi ile

Fluorescence-activated cell sorting (FACS) has been one of the methods of choice to isolate enriched populations of mammalian testicular germ cells. ...

Application of RNAi and Heat-shock-induced Transcription Factor Expression to Reprogram Germ Cells to Neurons in C. elegans

Studying the cell biological processes during converting the identities of specific cell types provides important insights into mechanism that maintain and protect cellular identities. The conversion of germ cells into specific neurons in the nematode Caenorhabditis elegans (C. elegans) is a powerful tool for performing genetic screens in order to dissect regulatory pathways that safeguard established cell identities. Reprogramming of germ cells to a specific type of neurons termed ASE requires transgenic animals that allow broad over-expression of the Zn-finger transcription factor (TF) CHE-1. Endogenous CHE-1 is expressed exclusively in two head neurons and is required to specify the glutamatergic ASE neurons fate, which can easily be visualized by the gcy-5prom::gfp reporter. A trans gene containing the heat-shock promoter-driven che-1 gene expression construct allows broad mis-expression of CHE-1 in the entire animal upon heat-shock treatment. The combination of RNAi against the chromatin-regulating factor LIN-53 and heat-shock-induced che-1 over-expression leads to reprogramming of germ cell into ASE neuron-like cells. We describe here the specific RNAi procedure and appropriate conditions for heat-shock treatment of transgenic animals in order to successfully induce germ cell to neuron conversion.

Application of RNAi and Heat-shock-induced Transcription Factor Expression to Reprogram Germ Cells to Neurons in C. elegans

This protocol describes how to study cellular processes during cell fate conversion in Caenorhabditis elegans in vivo. Using transgenic animals, allowing heat-shock promoter-driven overexpression of the neuron fate-inducing transcription factor CHE-1 and RNAi-mediated depletion of the chromatin-regulating factor LIN-53 germ cell to neuron reprogramming can be observed in vivo.

Uygulama için yeniden programlamak Germ hücreleri için C. elegans nöronlarda RNAi ve transkripsiyon faktörü ifade ısı şok bağlı

Studying the cell biological processes during converting the identities of specific cell types provides important insights into mechanism that maintain ...

Single-cell Photoconversion in Living Intact Zebrafish

Animal and plant tissue is composed of distinct populations of cells. These cells interact over time to build and maintain the tissue and can cause disease when disrupted. Scientists have developed clever techniques to investigate characteristics and natural dynamics of these cells within intact tissue by expressing fluorescent proteins in subsets of cells. However, at times, experiments require more selected visualization of cells within the tissue, sometimes at the single-cell or population-of-cells manner. To achieve this and visualize single cells within a population of cells, scientists have utilized single-cell photoconversion of fluorescent proteins. To demonstrate this technique, we show here how to direct UV light to an Eos-expressing cell of interest in an intact, living zebrafish. We then image those photoconverted Eos+ cells 24 h later to determine how they changed in the tissue. We describe two techniques: single cell photoconversion and photoconversions of populations of cell. These techniques can be used to visualize cell-cell interactions, cell-fate and differentiation, and cell migrations, making it a technique that is applicable in numerous biological questions.

Here, we present a protocol to show how cell photoconversion is achieved through UV exposure to specific areas expressing the fluorescent protein, Eos, in living animals.

Yaşam sağlam Zebra balığı tek hücreli Photoconversion

Animal and plant tissue is composed of distinct populations of cells. These cells interact over time to build and maintain the tissue and can cause ...

Visualizing the Node and Notochordal Plate In Gastrulating Mouse Embryos Using Scanning Electron Microscopy and Whole Mount Immunofluorescence

The post-implantation mouse embryo undergoes major shape changes after the initiation of gastrulation and morphogenesis. A hallmark of morphogenesis is the formation of the transient organizers, the node and notochordal plate, from cells that have passed through the primitive streak. The proper formation of these signaling centers is essential for the development of the body plan and techniques to visualize them are of high interest to mouse developmental biologists. The node and notochordal plate lie on the ventral surface of gastrulating mouse embryos around embryonic day (E) 7.5 of development. The node is a cup-shaped structure whose cells possess a single slender cilium each. The proper subcellular localization and rotation of the cilia in the node pit determines left-right asymmetry. The notochordal plate cells also possess single cilia albeit shorter than those of the node cells. The notochordal plate forms the notochord which acts as an important signaling organizer for somitogenesis and neural patterning. Because the cells of the node and notochordal plate are transiently present on the surface and possess cilia, they can be visualized using scanning electron microscopy (SEM). Among other techniques used to visualize these structures at the cellular level is whole mount immunofluorescence (WMIF) using the antibodies against the proteins that are highly expressed in the node and notochordal plate. In this report, we describe our optimized protocols to perform SEM and WMIF of the node and notochordal plate in developing mouse embryos to help in the assessment of tissue shape and cellular organization in wild-type and gastrulation mutant embryos.

The node and notochordal plate are transient signaling organizers in developing mouse embryos that can be visualized using several techniques. Here, we describe in detail how to perform two of the techniques to study their structure and morphogenesis: 1) scanning electron microscopy (SEM); and 2) whole mount immunofluorescence (WMIF).

Düğüm ve Notochordal plaka Gastrulating fare embriyo Tarama elektron mikroskobu ve bütün Dağı ayirt kullanarak görselleştirme

The post-implantation mouse embryo undergoes major shape changes after the initiation of gastrulation and morphogenesis. A hallmark of morphogenesis is ...

In Vitro Generation of Somite Derivatives from Human Induced Pluripotent Stem Cells

In response to signals such as WNTs, bone morphogenetic proteins (BMPs), and sonic hedgehog (SHH) secreted from surrounding tissues, somites (SMs) give rise to multiple cell types, including the myotome (MYO), sclerotome (SCL), dermatome (D), and syndetome (SYN), which in turn develop into skeletal muscle, axial skeleton, dorsal dermis, and axial tendon/ligament, respectively. Therefore, the generation of SMs and their derivatives from human induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSCs) is critical to obtain pluripotent stem cells (PSCs) for application in regenerative medicine and for disease research in the field of orthopedic surgery. Although the induction protocols for MYO and SCL from PSCs have been previously reported by several researchers, no study has yet demonstrated the induction of SYN and D from iPSCs. Therefore, efficient induction of fully competent SMs remains a major challenge. Here, we recapitulate human SM patterning with human iPSCs in vitro by mimicking the signaling environment during chick/mouse SM development, and report on methods of systematic induction of SM derivatives (MYO, SCL, D, and SYN) from human iPSCs under chemically defined conditions through the presomitic mesoderm (PSM) and SM states. Knowledge regarding chick/mouse&#160;SM development was successfully applied to the induction of SMs with human iPSCs. This method could be a novel tool for studying human somitogenesis and patterning without the use of embryos and for cell-based therapy and disease modeling.

We present here a protocol for the differentiation of human induced pluripotent stem cells into each somite derivative (myotome, sclerotome, dermatome, and syndetome) in chemically defined conditions, which has applications in future disease modeling and cell-based therapies in orthopedic surgery.

Somite türevleri indüklenen insan nesil Vitro Pluripotent kök hücreler

In response to signals such as WNTs, bone morphogenetic proteins (BMPs), and sonic hedgehog (SHH) secreted from surrounding tissues, somites (SMs) give ...