We are grateful to the Roney Family Foundation for the support of this study. We acknowledge the contribution of Dr. M. Lucrecia Alvarez to the planning and execution of the experiments described in this work.

NOTA:. As etapas envolvidas no isolamento dos exossomas urinário, utilizando o método de precipitação modificados são ilustrados na Figura 1 Os passos iniciais envolvem a remoção de grandes células mortas e detritos celulares por centrifugação. O sedimento final obtido a partir do sobrenadante recolhido a partir de cada etapa subsequente corresponde à exosoma, que é dissolvido em solução de isolamento por extracção adicional da proteína, ARN, e ADN. 1. Coleta de Urina <ol><li> Antes da recolha de urina, cocktail inibidor de protease de preparar de acordo com as instruções do fabricante e adicionar 3,125 ml de este cocktail para um receptáculo vazio e estéril. O tubo contendo a mistura de inibidores de protease pode então ser distribuída aos voluntários para a recolha de urina. Observação: A razão para a adição de inibidor de protease é o de minimizar a degradação das proteínas na amostra de urina. Apesar de termos usado especificamente um cocktail inibidor de protease deSigma, outros inibidores de protease disponíveis comercialmente pode ser substituído. </li><li> Recolher cerca de 10 ml de urina primeiro-void. Processar a urina imediatamente após a coleta, sem armazenamento ou refrigeração. Isolar os exossomos urinário em duplicata, utilizando o método de precipitação modificado; um de ambos os resultados para o DNA, o RNA total e a extracção de proteínas, enquanto que o outro é para a quantificação de partículas de exossoma urinário. NOTA: Uma amostra de urina de 24 horas pode ser recolhida para o isolamento exosome armazenando a 4 ° C. </li></ol> 2. remoção de restos celulares e Tamm-Horsfall Protein (THP) <ol><li> Transferir as amostras de urina para tubos de centrífuga de 15 ml. Centrifugar 10 ml de urina em 17.000 xg durante 10 min a 37 ° C para eliminar as células e os resíduos celulares (Figura 1). </li><li> Usando uma pipeta, transferir o sobrenadante para um tubo fresco para processamento adicional. Ressuspender o sedimento em 500 ul de solução de isolamento (250 mM de sacarose, 10 mM que provaanolamine, pH 7,6) seguido por 10 min de incubação com DL-ditiotreitol (DTT: concentração final de 200 mg / ml) a 37 ° C. NOTA: DTT é adicionado para degradar THP, que aprisiona exossomos, levando à diminuição da produtividade. Tome o cuidado de deixar o pellet imperturbável durante a transferência do sobrenadante, e confirmar que o sobrenadante é claro de pellet. </li><li> De amostras de sedimentos de vórtice cada 2 min, até o pelete estar completamente dissolvido. Em seguida adicionar 500 ul de solução de isolamento para o sedimento dissolvido. </li><li> Imediatamente após a adição da solução de isolamento para o sedimento, centrifugar a 17.000 xg durante 10 min a 37 ° C. Pipeta-se o sobrenadante e combinam-se com o sobrenadante recolhido anteriormente. </li><li> Ressuspender o sedimento em 50 ul de solução de isolamento por análise de SDS-PAGE. NOTA: PBS ou TBS pode ser usado em vez de solução de isolamento para ressuspender o sedimento. </li></ol> 3. Isolamento de exossomo Pellet <ol><li> Para 11 ml do supern recolhidosatant, adicionar 3,3 ml de reagente ExoQuick-TC e incubar a 4 ° C durante pelo menos 12 horas. NOTA: O índice de volume de sobrenadante de reagente ExoQuick-TC pode ser ajustada para aumentar ou diminuir o rendimento exosomal. Observou-se que volumes menores de reagente adicionado produzir rendimentos menores de exossomos. </li><li> Após a incubação, centrifugar a mistura amostra / ExoQuick-TC a 10.000 xg durante 30 min a 25 ° C. </li><li> Transferir o sobrenadante para um tubo fresco para a análise de SDS-PAGE. </li><li> O sedimento de exossoma pode ser armazenado a -80 ° C para o ADN, ARN e proteína de extracção e quantificação de partículas de exossoma utilizando ELISA CD9 11. NOTA: O sedimento exossoma pode ser armazenado a -80 ° C durante 1 ano com a congelação e descongelação limitada. </li></ol> 4. detecção e análise de exossomo Pellet Biomarker <ol><li> Para as análises a jusante, extrair DNA, RNA e proteínas a partir do sedimento exossoma utilizando o / ARN / ADN kit de isolamento de proteína e um ki de isolamento de ARNt de acordo com as instruções do fabricante. Determinar as concentrações por espectrofotometria Nanodrop medindo a absorvância a 260 nm e 280 nm com 2 ul de amostra. </li><li> Realizar quantitativa em tempo real de RT-PCR (qPCR) utilizando ensaios microRNA TaqMan (em nosso caso, foi utilizada humanos miR-192- e específicos miR-1207-5p-ensaios) ou iniciadores específicos de miARN. </li><li> Para a análise de SDS-PAGE, 4-12% usar Bis-Tris gel e amostras de proteínas separadas por electroforese unidimensional. Visualizar géis utilizando o kit de coloração com prata de acordo com as instruções do fabricante. </li><li> Realizar a análise de Western blot utilizando membranas de PVDF de acordo com as instruções fornecidas pelo fabricante. Use anticorpo policlonal de coelho para ligados a apoptose gene-2 ​​interagindo proteína X ou ALIX e anticorpo monoclonal mouse para gene de susceptibilidade tumor 101 proteína ou TSG101 na detecção de western blot. Quantificar a densidade das bandas de acesso aberto software NIH ImageJ (http://rsbweb.nih.gov/ij/) ouum programa semelhante. </li><li> Quantificar o número de partículas de exossoma urinários obtidos utilizando um kit de ELISA CD9, conforme as instruções do fabricante. </li></ol>

<ol>
	<li>Miranda, K. C., Bond, D. T., McKee, M. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Nucleic+acids+within+urinary+exosomes/microvesicles+are+potential+biomarkers+for+renal+disease.">Nucleic acids within urinary exosomes/microvesicles are potential biomarkers for renal disease.</a> Kidney Int. 78, 191-199 (2010).</li><li>Pisitkun, T., Shen, R. F., Knepper, M. A. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Identification+and+proteomic+profiling+of+exosomes+in+human+urine.">Identification and proteomic profiling of exosomes in human urine.</a> Proc Natl Acad Sci USA. 101, 13368-13373 (2004).</li><li>Raj, D. A., Fiume, I., Capasso, G., Pocsfalvi, G. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=A+multiplex+quantitative+proteomics+strategy+for+protein+biomarker+studies+in+urinary+exosomes.">A multiplex quantitative proteomics strategy for protein biomarker studies in urinary exosomes.</a> Kidney Int. 81 (12), 1263-1273 (2012).</li><li>Pisitkun, T., Gandolfo, M. T., Das, S., Knepper, M. A., Bagnasco, S. M. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Application+of+systems+biology+principles+to+protein+biomarker+discovery:+urinary+exosomal+proteome+in+renal+transplantation.">Application of systems biology principles to protein biomarker discovery: urinary exosomal proteome in renal transplantation.</a> Proteomics Clin Appl. 6 (5-6), 268-278 (2012).</li><li>Gonzales, P. A., Zhou, H., Pisitkun, T. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Isolation+and+purification+of+exosomes+in+urine.">Isolation and purification of exosomes in urine.</a> Methods Mol Biol. 641, 89-99 (2010).</li><li>Zhou, H., Yuen, P. S., Pisitkun, T. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Collection,+storage,+preservation,+and+normalization+of+human+urinary+exosomes+for+biomarker+discovery.">Collection, storage, preservation, and normalization of human urinary exosomes for biomarker discovery.</a> Kidney Int. 69, 1471-1476 (2006).</li><li>Thery, C., Amigorena, S., Clayton, A. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Isolation+and+characterization+of+exosomes+from+cell+culture+supernatants+and+biological+fluids.">Isolation and characterization of exosomes from cell culture supernatants and biological fluids.</a> Curr Prot Cell Biol. 43, 3.22.1-3.22.29 (2006).</li><li>Cheruvanky, A., Zhou, H., Pisitkun, T. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Rapid+isolation+of+urinary+exosomal+biomarkers+using+a+nanomembrane+ultrafiltration+concentrator.">Rapid isolation of urinary exosomal biomarkers using a nanomembrane ultrafiltration concentrator.</a> Am J Physiol Renal Physiol. 292, 1657-1661 (2007).</li><li>Gonzales, P. A., Pisitkun, T., Hoffert, J. D. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Large-scale+proteomics+and+phosphoproteomics+of+urinary+exosomes.">Large-scale proteomics and phosphoproteomics of urinary exosomes.</a> J Am Soc Nephrol. 20, 363-379 (2009).</li><li>Rood, I. M., Deegens, J. K., Merchant, M. L. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Comparison+of+three+methods+for+isolation+of+urinary+microvesicles+to+identify+biomarkers+of+nephrotic+syndrome.">Comparison of three methods for isolation of urinary microvesicles to identify biomarkers of nephrotic syndrome.</a> Kidney Int. 78, 810-816 (2010).</li><li>Alvarez, M. L., Khosroheidari, M., Kanchi Ravi, R., DiStefano, J. K. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Comparison+of+protein,+microRNA,+and+mRNA+yields+using+different+methods+of+urinary+exosome+isolation+for+the+discovery+of+kidney+disease+biomarkers.">Comparison of protein, microRNA, and mRNA yields using different methods of urinary exosome isolation for the discovery of kidney disease biomarkers.</a> Kidney Int. Nov. 82 (9), 1024-1032 (2012).</li><li>Kang, S. W., Kim, Y. W., Kim, Y. H. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Study+of+the+association+of+-667+aquaporin-2+(AQP-2)+A/G+promoter+polymorphism+with+the+incidence+and+clinical+course+of+chronic+kidney+disease+in+Korea.">Study of the association of -667 aquaporin-2 (AQP-2) A/G promoter polymorphism with the incidence and clinical course of chronic kidney disease in Korea.</a> Renal Fail. 29, 693-698 (2007).</li></ol>

Taxas de publicação deste artigo foram pagos pela SBI Biosciences.

A maioria dos métodos que envolvem a precipitação de exossomas a partir de urina não abordam a remoção da rede polimérica formada pela proteína Tamm-Horsfall (THP). Esta proteína está presente em grandes quantidades na urina, onde entra em armadilhas putativamente exossomas inicial durante a centrifugação a baixa velocidade. Em nosso método modificado reduzimos THP usando DTT antes da precipitação exosome. Como mostrado na Figura 2, uma quantidade mais elevada de THP foi observado na urina e não transformados pelota, sem THP no sobrenadante final e exossoma sedimento, indicando a remoção da proteína. A quantificação de proteína na pelete indicado seis vezes mais elevado rendimento, e em CD9 ELISA quantificação do sedimento, observou-se que o rendimento de exossoma por ml de urina foi cinco vezes mais elevados do que o método de precipitação não modificada (resultados não mostrados 11). Os biomarcadores Alix 6 e 8 TSG101 foram detectadas no sedimento exossomas; só podemos detectar essas proteínas utilizando concentradoamostras no método de precipitação não modificado. Observamos, também, os níveis mais elevados de miARN (isto é, o miR-192 e miR-1207-5p) e a expressão de ARNm (ou seja, TSG101, PDCD6IP e AQP2 12) utilizando o método de precipitação com 11 modificado. As vantagens e desvantagens deste método de precipitação modificado são mostrados na Tabela 1. <table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0"><tbody><tr><td> Vantagens </td><td> Desvantagens </td></tr><tr><td> Passos fáceis simples e requer pouco conhecimento em relação ao executar </td><td> Baixa pureza das proteínas obtidas a partir de exossomas urinário </td></tr><tr><td> Não requer um passo ultracentrifugação </td><td> Devido à ausência dos passos ultracentrifugações, o sedimento urinário exossoma obtido não é tão pura como em relação ao sedimento obtido a partir de exossoma métodos ultracentrifugações </td></tr><tr><td> Usa pequeno volume de Urine amostra para isolamento de exossomos </td><td> Para obter a proteína pura para análise específica, seriam necessários passos de purificação de proteína, tais como cromatografia de afinidade </td></tr><tr><td> Obteve boa quantidade de miRNA, mRNA e proteínas de exossomos urinárias em comparação com não-modificado método de precipitação </td><td> Poucos passos extras necessários com a adição de DTT para reduzir o aprisionamento por proteína de Tamm-Horsfall em comparação com não-modificado método de precipitação </td></tr><tr><td> Especificidade e sensibilidade dos biomarcadores analisados ​​foram semelhantes aos obtidos e analisados ​​utilizando o método Ultracentrifugação </td><td></td></tr><tr><td> Exossomas urinárias podem ser isolados a partir de grande número de amostras de cada vez, adequado para ensaios clínicos </td><td></td></tr><tr><td> Menos hands-on tempo, em comparação com os métodos ultracentrifugações </td><td></td></tr></tbody></table> Tabela 1. Vantagens e desvantagens da precipita modificadoção método para o isolamento de exossomas urinária. Nós concluímos que a nossa modificação do método de precipitação é uma maneira simples, rápida e eficiente para isolar exossomos urinário e é uma alternativa adequada para o método de ultracentrifugação, que é trabalhoso e requer equipamento caro. Nosso método não requer nenhum passo ultracentrifugação, é fácil de executar, e requer menos passos, enquanto continua a fornecer um alto rendimento ou exosomes puros para análises moleculares subsequentes. Também mostram que os rendimentos de miARN e ARNm utilizando este método são elevados, e, portanto, pode ser utilizada directamente em aplicações de ARN de perfil subsequentes a jusante. No entanto, nota-se que uma limitação deste método é a qualidade da proteína obtida, a qual não é tão pura como a obtida usando os métodos de ultracentrifugação de gradiente de sacarose, e requer passos adicionais de purificação antes de utilização em análises de proteómica jusante. Estamos neste momento a avaliar a utilidade deste method utilizando amostras de urina obtidas de pacientes com nefropatia diabética.

Exosomes urinário são pequenas vesículas internas de 100 nm de corpos multivesiculares (MVB) derivados de todos os tipos de células em condições normais e patológicas no espaço urinário incluindo podocytes glomerular, células tubulares renais e células que revestem os sistemas de drenagem urinária que parecem ser enriquecido para miRNAs 1 -2. Muitos investigadores detectaram proteínas distintas em exossomas isoladas a partir da urina de indivíduos saudáveis, bem como aqueles com insuficiência renal e / ou doenças sistemáticas 3-5. Os exossomas podem ser isoladas utilizando métodos diferentes, tais como de dois passos de ultracentrifugação diferencial com ou sem sacarose 6-7, combinando filtro nanomembrane com ultracentrifugação 8-9, 10-11 ou precipitação. Recentemente, desenvolveu um método simples, rápido, escalável e eficaz para isolar exossomos urinárias e detectar miRNA e biomarcadores de proteínas 11. Embora biomarcadores pode ser detectada numa variedade de diferentes fluidos biológicos, urina é a escolha mais conveniente para os doentes com doenças do rim e do tracto urinário, porque pode ser obtido em grandes quantidades de forma relativamente não invasivo. Embora existam vários métodos para isolar exossomas urinário 6-11, o processo mais vulgarmente usado depende ultracentrifugação diferencial com uma almofada de sacarose a 30%. Enquanto este método é eficiente e a qualidade das resultantes isolados exossomas com este procedimento é alta, a técnica em si requer pessoal especializado e é, que exige vários passos de ultracentrifugação demorado. Outros métodos, tais como filtração e precipitação, têm sido desenvolvidos para o isolamento de exossomas, incluindo um que utiliza um reagente de precipitação proprietário (ou seja, ExoQuick-TC: Biosciences sistema; Mountain View, CA). Embora a precipitação utilizando este reagente é rápido e relativamente fácil, a pureza dos isolados exossomas é baixa em comparação com o met ultracentrifugaçãood. Recentemente, em comparação seis métodos para o isolamento de exossomas urinário, incluindo uma modificação do método de precipitação utilizando ExoQuick-TC que nós desenvolvemos no nosso laboratório 11. Descobrimos que este método de precipitação modificada produziu maiores quantidades de proteína, miRNA e mRNAs e o procedimento em si foi mais rápido e mais fácil de implementar do que ultracentrifugação. Aqui, nós descrevemos o protocolo experimental do nosso método de precipitação modificado de forma gradual, e incluem uma discussão sobre as vantagens e desvantagens da técnica em comparação com outros métodos de isolamento de exossomas. O método envolve uma precipitação modificado precipitação inicial de partículas de exossoma, seguido de remoção de proteína Tamm-Horsfall, que está correlacionada com proteínas exosomal, e conhecido por reduzir a produção de urina a partir de exossoma. Descobrimos que essas modificações aumentaram o rendimento e a pureza da preparação exosomal a partir de urina.

<table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" width="736">
	<tbody>
		<tr height="42">
			<td height="42" style="height:42px;width:216px;">Name of Material/ Equipment</td>
			<td style="width:111px;">Company</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">Catalog Number</td>
			<td style="width:291px;">Comments/Description</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="42">
			<td height="42" style="height:42px;width:216px;">Corning 15ml Centrifuge Tube</td>
			<td style="width:111px;">Corning (Sigma Aldrich)</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">CLS430791</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:216px;">Protease Inhibitor Cocktail</td>
			<td style="width:111px;">Sigma Aldrich</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">P8340</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:216px;">Centrifuge</td>
			<td style="width:111px;">Sorvall</td>
			<td style="width:119px;"></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:216px;">DL-dithiothreitol</td>
			<td style="width:111px;">Sigma Aldrich</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">D9779</td>
			<td>used at final concentration of 200 mg/ml</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="63">
			<td height="63" style="height:63px;width:216px;">Novex NuPAGE SDS-PAGE system (4-12 % Bis-Tris Gel 1.0 mm, 10 well</td>
			<td style="width:111px;">Invitrogen</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">NP0321BOX</td>
			<td>For SDS-PAGE analysis</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="42">
			<td height="42" style="height:42px;width:216px;">ECL Advance Western blotting detection kit</td>
			<td style="width:111px;">GE Healthcare Life Sciences</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">RPN2135</td>
			<td>For western blot detection of biomarkers</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="63">
			<td height="63" style="height:63px;width:216px;">Exoquick-TC Reagent</td>
			<td style="width:111px;">System Biosciences (SBI)</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">EXOTC50A-1</td>
			<td>For exosome isolation</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="63">
			<td height="63" style="height:63px;width:216px;">Exosome CD9 ELISA Complete Kit</td>
			<td style="width:111px;">System Biosciences (SBI)</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">EXOEL-CD9-A-1</td>
			<td>For exosome quantification</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="42">
			<td height="42" style="height:42px;width:216px;">AllPrep DNA/RNA/Protein mini kit</td>
			<td style="width:111px;">Qiagen</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">80004</td>
			<td>For DNA, RNA, Protein isolation</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:216px;">Rneasy MinElute Cleanup kit</td>
			<td style="width:111px;">Qiagen</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">74204</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="42">
			<td height="42" style="height:42px;width:216px;">NanoDrop 2000 UV-Vis Spectrophotometer</td>
			<td style="width:111px;">Thermo Scientific</td>
			<td style="width:119px;"></td>
			<td>For Protein Quantification</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:216px;">ProteoSilver Sliver Stain Kit</td>
			<td style="width:111px;">Sigma Aldrich</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">PROTSIL1-1KT</td>
			<td>For staining SDS-PAGE gels</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="42">
			<td height="42" style="height:42px;width:216px;">Xcell SureLock Mini-Cell Electrophoresis System</td>
			<td style="width:111px;">Life Technologies</td>
			<td style="width:119px;"></td>
			<td>For running the SDS-PAGE gels</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="42">
			<td height="42" style="height:42px;width:216px;">TaqMan microRNA assays</td>
			<td style="width:111px;">Life Technologies</td>
			<td style="width:119px;"></td>
			<td>For RT-PCR assays</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:216px;">qBasePlus v1.5 software</td>
			<td style="width:111px;">Biogazelle NV</td>
			<td style="width:119px;"></td>
			<td>For analysis of RT-PCR assay data</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="42">
			<td height="42" style="height:42px;width:216px;">Rabbit polyclonal antibody to ALIX</td>
			<td style="width:111px;">Millipore</td>
			<td style="width:119px;"></td>
			<td>For western blot detection of biomarkers</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="42">
			<td height="42" style="height:42px;width:216px;">Mouse monoclonal antibody to TSG101</td>
			<td style="width:111px;">Abcam</td>
			<td style="width:119px;"></td>
			<td>For western blot detection of biomarkers</td>
		</tr>
	</tbody>
</table>

a modified precipitation method to isolate urinary exosomes

Identification of biomarkers that allow early detection of kidney diseases in urine and plasma has been an area of active interest for several years. Urinary exosome vesicles, 40-100 nm in size, are released into the urine under normal conditions by cells from all nephron segments and may contain protein, mRNA and microRNA representative of their cell type of origin. Under conditions of renal dysfunction or injury, exosomes may contain altered proportions of these components, which may serve as biomarkers for disease. There are currently several methods available for isolation of urinary exosomes, and we have previously conducted an experimental comparison of each of these approaches, including three based on ultracentrifugation, one using a nanomembrane ultrafiltration concentrator, one using a commercial precipitation reagent and one using a modification of the precipitation technique using ExoQuick reagent that we developed in our laboratory. We found the modified precipitation method produced the highest yield of exosome particles, miRNA, and mRNA, making this approach suitable for the isolation of exosomes for subsequent RNA profiling. We conclude that the modified exosome precipitation method offers a quick, scalable, and effective alternative for the isolation of exosomes from urine. In this report, we describe our modified precipitation technique using ExoQuick reagent for isolating exosomes from human urine.

Exosomes urinário transportar proteínas, miRNA e mRNA biomarcadores secretadas a partir de células epiteliais renais. O isolamento e detecção destes exossomas podem fornecer uma ferramenta de diagnóstico útil para a detecção precoce de doenças renais tais como nefropatia diabética. Existem vários métodos para o isolamento de exossomas a partir de amostras de urina colhidas de indivíduos humanos. Anteriormente, em comparação seis métodos de isolamento exosome urina e investigados resultante de proteína, níveis de mRNA e miRNA 11. Nosso objetivo foi descrever em detalhes o método de precipitação modificado temos desenvolvido para o isolamento eficiente de exossomos urinário. <img alt="Figura 1" src="/files/ftp_upload/51158/51158fig1highres.jpg" /> A Figura 1 descreve o diagrama de fluxo esquemático representativo de vários passos envolvidos no isolamento de exossomas urinário, utilizando o método de precipitação modificado Um dos exossomas duplicado.pelete obtida é medida para CD9 utilizando o kit de ELISA CD9, o que nos dá a quantificação relativa de partículas de exossoma. A outra pelota processados ​​utilizando Qiagen ADN / ARN / proteína mini-kit de rendimentos de DNA, RNA e proteínas, que foram quantificadas utilizando Nanodrop espectrofotómetro por medição da absorvância a 260 e 280 nm. <img alt="Figura 2" src="/files/ftp_upload/51158/51158fig2highres.jpg" /> A Figura 2 é a reprodução modificada dos resultados na análise de SDS-PAGE e detecção biomarcador utilizando análise de Western blot (adaptado da referência 11). Nas pistas com urina e não transformados primeiro sedimento urinário, uma banda de proteína que corresponde a 90 a 100 kDa foi observada, indicando a presença de proteína e remoção de THP, respectivamente. Enquanto nas pistas com sobrenadante final e exossoma sedimento, a banda correspondente à proteína de THP não foi observada, indicando a remoção de THP nos passos anteriores, terapeby aumentar o rendimento de exossoma sedimento. Para aceder a pureza e sensibilidade dos peletes de exossoma, detecção por transferência Western de biomarcadores, tais como Alix e TSG101 foi empregue. Detectamos Alix e TSG101 mesmo quando pequenas quantidades de amostra foram utilizadas, o pellet exosome significativamente puro para análise de biomarcadores e ausência de proteínas solúveis abundantes incluindo THP. A análise densitométrica dos western blots foi realizada para quantificar e medir o nível de detecção (dados não mostrados).

Watch this Scientific Journal Video about A Modified Precipitation Method to Isolate Urinary Exosomes at JoVE.com

A Modified Precipitation Method to Isolate Urinary Exosomes

This manuscript describes a protocol for isolating exosomes from human urine using a modified precipitation technique.

Um método de precipitação de modificação para isolar exossomas urinária

Identification of biomarkers that allow early detection of kidney diseases in urine and plasma has been an area of active interest for several years. ...

a-modified-precipitation-method-to-isolate-urinary-exosomes

Nanyang Technological University

Research

JoVE Journal

Medicine

17.5K visualizações.  Translational Genomics Research Institute (TGen). This manuscript describes a protocol for isolating exosomes from human urine using a modified precipitation technique.

Vídeo: A Modified Precipitation Method to Isolate Urinary Exosomes

A Sensitive Method to Quantify Senescent Cancer Cells

Human cells do not indefinitely proliferate. Upon external and/or intrinsic cues, cells might die or enter a stable cell cycle arrest called senescence. Several cellular mechanisms, such as telomere shortening and abnormal expression of mitogenic oncogenes, have been shown to cause senescence. Senescence is not restricted to normal cells; cancer cells have also been reported to senesce.
	Chemotherapeutical drugs have been shown to induce senescence in cancer cells. However, it remains controversial whether senescence prevents or promotes tumorigenesis. As it might eventually be patient-specific, a rapid and sensitive method to assess senescence in cancer cell will soon be required.
	To this end, the standard &beta;-galactosidase assay, the currently used method, presents major drawbacks: it is time consuming and not sensitive. We propose here a flow cytometry-based assay to study senescence on live cells. This assay offers the advantage of being rapid, sensitive, and can be coupled to the immunolabeling of various cellular markers.

Whether senescence prevents or promotes tumorigenesis remains controversial. Since chemotherapeutical drugs can induce cancer cells to senesce, studying senescence is essential for proposing new therapies. However, the standard and broadly used &beta;-galactosidase assay presents major drawbacks. We propose here a rapid and sensitive flow cytometry-based assay to quantify senescence.

Um método sensível para quantificar células senescentes Câncer

Human cells do not indefinitely proliferate. Upon external and/or intrinsic  cues, cells might die or enter a stable cell cycle arrest called senescence. ...

Medicina

Murine Cervical Heart Transplantation Model Using a Modified Cuff Technique

Mouse models are of special interest in research since a wide variety of monoclonal antibodies and commercially defined inbred and knockout strains are available to perform mechanistic in vivo studies. While heart transplantation models using a suture technique were first successfully developed in rats, the translation into an equally widespread used murine equivalent was never achieved due the technical complexity of the microsurgical procedure. In contrast, non-suture cuff techniques, also developed initially in rats, were successfully adapted for use in mice1-3. This technique for revascularization involves two major steps I) everting the recipient vessel over a polyethylene cuff; II) pulling the donor vessel over the formerly everted recipient vessel and holding it in place with a circumferential tie. This ensures a continuity of the endothelial layer, short operating time and very high patency rates4.
Using this technique for vascular anastomosis we performed more than 1,000 cervical heart transplants with an overall success rate of 95%. For arterial inflow the common carotid artery and the proximal aortic arch were anastomosed resulting in a retrograde perfusion of the transplanted heart. For venous drainage the pulmonary artery of the graft was anastomosed with the external jugular vein of the recipient5.
Herein, we provide additional details of this technique to supplement the video.

The murine cervical heart transplantation model is well suited for immunological as well as ischemia reperfusion injury studies. We modified the procedure using a non-suture cuff technique and performed more than 1,000 successful transplants with this approach.
Herein, we provide additional details of this technique to supplement the video.

Murino Cervical Modelo de coração Transplante usando uma técnica Cuff Modificado

Mouse models are of special interest in research since a wide variety of monoclonal antibodies and commercially defined inbred and knockout strains are ...

A Modified Method for Heterotopic Mouse Heart Transplantion

Mice are often used as heart transplant donors and recipients in studies of transplant immunology due to the wide range of transgenic mice and reagents available. A difficulty is presented due to the small size of the animal and the considerable technical challenges of the microsurgery involved in heart transplantation. In particular, a high rate of technical failure early after transplantation may result from recipient death and post-operative complications such as hind limb paralysis or a non-beating heart. Here, the complete technique for heterotopic mouse heart transplantation is demonstrated, involving harvesting the donor heart and its subsequent implantation into a recipient mouse. The donor heart is harvested immediately following in situ perfusion with cold heparinized saline and transection of the ascending aorta and pulmonary artery. The recipient operation involves preparation of the abdominal aorta and inferior vena cava (IVC), followed by end-to-side anastomosis of the donor aorta with the recipient aorta using a single running 10-0 microsuture and a similar anastomosis of the donor pulmonary artery with the recipient IVC. Following the operation the animal is injected with 0.6 ml normal saline subcutaneously and allowed to recover on a 37&#160;&#176;C heating pad. The results from 227 mouse heart transplants are summarized with a success rate at 48 hr of 86.8%. Of the 13.2% failures within 48 hr, 5 (2.2%) experienced hind limb paralysis, 10 (4.4%) had a non-beating heart due to graft ischemic injury and/or thrombosis, while 15 (6.6%) died within 48 hr.

A technique is demonstrated for the microsurgical procedure for heterotopic transplantation of hearts in mice, including simplified methods for donor harvesting and recipient vessel anastomosis.

Um método modificado para heterotópico Rato coração transplante

Mice are often used as heart transplant donors and recipients in studies of transplant immunology due to the wide range of transgenic mice and reagents ...

Bladder Smooth Muscle Strip Contractility as a Method to Evaluate Lower Urinary Tract Pharmacology

We describe an in vitro method to measure bladder smooth muscle contractility, and its use for investigating physiological and pharmacological properties of the smooth muscle as well as changes induced by pathology. This method provides critical information for understanding bladder function while overcoming major methodological difficulties encountered in in vivo experiments, such as surgical and pharmacological manipulations that affect stability and survival of the preparations, the use of human tissue, and/or the use of expensive chemicals. It also provides a way to investigate the properties of each bladder component (i.e. smooth muscle, mucosa, nerves) in healthy and pathological conditions.
The urinary bladder is removed from an anesthetized animal, placed in Krebs solution and cut into strips. Strips are placed into a chamber filled with warm Krebs solution. One end is attached to an isometric tension transducer to measure contraction force, the other end is attached to a fixed rod. Tissue is stimulated by directly adding compounds to the bath or by electric field stimulation electrodes that activate nerves, similar to triggering bladder contractions in vivo. We demonstrate the use of this method to evaluate spontaneous smooth muscle contractility during development and after an experimental spinal cord injury, the nature of neurotransmission (transmitters and receptors involved), factors involved in modulation of smooth muscle activity, the role of individual bladder components, and species and organ differences in response to pharmacological agents. Additionally, it could be used for investigating intracellular pathways involved in contraction and/or relaxation of the smooth muscle, drug structure-activity relationships and evaluation of transmitter release.
The in vitro smooth muscle contractility method has been used extensively for over 50 years, and has provided data that significantly contributed to our understanding of bladder function as well as to pharmaceutical development of compounds currently used clinically for bladder management.

This manuscript presents a simple, yet powerful, in vitro method for evaluating smooth muscle contractility in response to pharmacological agents or nerve stimulation. Main applications are drug screening and understanding tissue physiology, pharmacology,&#160;and pathology.

Músculo liso da bexiga Faixa Contractility como um método para avaliar do trato urinário inferior Farmacologia

We describe an in vitro method to measure bladder smooth muscle contractility, and its use for investigating physiological and pharmacological properties ...

Human Skeletal Muscle Biopsy Procedures Using the Modified Bergstr&#246;m Technique

The percutaneous biopsy technique enables researchers and clinicians to collect skeletal muscle tissue samples. The technique is safe and highly effective. This video describes the percutaneous biopsy technique using a modified Bergstr&#246;m needle to obtain skeletal muscle tissue samples from the vastus lateralis of human subjects. The Bergstr&#246;m needle consists of an outer cannula with a small opening (&#8216;window&#8217;) at the side of the tip and an inner trocar with a cutting blade at the distal end. Under local anesthesia and aseptic conditions, the needle is advanced into the skeletal muscle through an incision in the skin, subcutaneous tissue, and fascia. Next, suction is applied to the inner trocar, the outer trocar is pulled back, skeletal muscle tissue is drawn into the window of the outer cannula by the suction, and the inner trocar is rapidly closed, thus cutting or clipping the skeletal muscle tissue sample. The needle is rotated 90&#176;&#160;and another cut is made. This process may be repeated three more times. This multiple cutting technique typically produces a sample of 100-200 mg or more in healthy subjects and can be done immediately before, during, and after a bout of exercise or other intervention. Following post-biopsy dressing of the incision site, subjects typically resume their activities of daily living right away and can fully participate in vigorous physical activity within 48-72 hr. Subjects should avoid heavy resistance exercise for 48 hr to reduce the risk of herniation of the muscle through the incision in the fascia.

The purpose of this video is to present the modified Bergstr&#246;m skeletal muscle biopsy technique on human subjects.

Procedimentos de biópsia de músculo esquelético humano, utilizando a técnica Bergström Modificado

The percutaneous biopsy technique enables researchers and clinicians to collect skeletal muscle tissue samples. The technique is safe and highly ...

A Clinical Trial Assessing the Safety, Efficacy, and Delivery of Olive-Oil-Based Three-Chamber Bags for Parenteral Nutrition

Limited evidence exists to precisely estimate efficacy and safety differences between parenteral nutrition (PN) prepared using olive-oil-based three-chamber bags (3CBs) and soybean-oil-based compounded bags (CoBs) in hospitalized adult patients. We designed a multicenter, randomized, prospective, open-label, noninferiority protocol to compare the efficacy, safety, and distribution of olive-oil-based 3CBs and soybean-oil-based CoB formulations in adult Chinese patients requiring PN during surgical intervention. Subjects were randomized to receive either one of the study treatments using an interactive voice or web-based recognition system in accordance with the randomization code. Randomization was further stratified based on the study site and surgical category. Both treatment groups received similar amounts of calories and protein. In addition, the two study treatments contained a similar composition of the amino-acid component. The only difference between the two PN formulations was the lipid constitution. The duration of administration of study treatments was a minimum of 5 days up to a maximum of 14 days after the surgical procedure. The primary efficacy endpoint was serum prealbumin levels on day 5 of the study. Noninferiority was proved if the anti-log of the lower bound of the 95% confidence interval (CI) of the treatment difference was at least 0.80. Other efficacy measures included treatment preparation time; duration to achieve tolerability of oral nutrition; associated infectious complications; length of hospitalization; and laboratory assessment of markers of nutrition, inflammation, metabolism, and oxidative stress. A total of 458 patients were enrolled in the study. The results showed that olive-oil-based 3CBs were non-inferior to soybean-based CoBs, besides being well tolerated. The infection rate was found to be significantly lower in the olive-oil-based 3CB group. Thus, this study may be used as a reference for future research on lipid emulsion and 3CBs.

Here, we present a protocol for a study comparing the efficacy, safety, and delivery of olive-oil-based 3CB and soybean-oil-based CoB formulations in adults requiring parenteral nutrition. The results revealed that olive-oil-based 3CBs is non-inferior and well tolerated compared to soybean formulations.

Um ensaio clínico avaliando a segurança, eficácia e entrega de sacos de três câmaras à base de azeite para nutrição parenteral

Limited evidence exists to precisely estimate efficacy and safety differences between parenteral nutrition (PN) prepared using olive-oil-based ...

An Efficient Sieving Method to Isolate Intact Glomeruli from Adult Rat Kidney

Preservation of glomerular structure and function is pivotal in the prevention of glomerulonephritis, a category of kidney disease characterized by proteinuria which can eventually lead to chronic and end-stage renal disease. The glomerulus is a complex apparatus responsible for the filtration of plasma from the body. In disease, structural integrity is lost and allows for the abnormal leakage of plasma contents into the urine. A method to isolate and examine glomeruli in culture is critical for the study of these diseases. In this protocol, an efficient method of retrieving intact glomeruli from adult rat kidneys while conserving structural and morphological characteristics is described. This process is capable of generating high yields of glomeruli per kidney with minimal contamination from other nephron segments. With these glomeruli, injury conditions can be mimicked by incubating them with a variety of chemical toxins, including protamine sulfate, which causes foot process effacement and proteinuria in animal models. Degree of injury can be assessed using transmission electron microscopy, immunofluorescence staining, and western blotting. Nephrin and Wilms Tumor 1 (WT1) levels can also be assessed from these cultures. Due to the ease and flexibility of this protocol, the isolated glomeruli can be utilized as described or in a way that best suits the needs of the researcher to help better study glomerular health and structure in diseased states.

The main focus of this protocol is to efficiently isolate viable primary glomeruli cultures with minimal contaminants for use in a variety of downstream applications. The isolated glomeruli retain structural relationships between component cell types and can be cultured ex vivo for a short time.

Um método eficiente de crivagem para isolar intactos glomérulos do rim de rato adulto

Preservation of glomerular structure and function is pivotal in the prevention of glomerulonephritis, a category of kidney disease characterized by ...

Ultrasonography of the Adult Male Urinary Tract for Urinary Functional Testing

The incidence of clinical benign prostatic hyperplasia (BPH) and lower urinary tract symptoms (LUTS) is increasing due to the aging population, resulting in a significant economic and quality of life burden. Transgenic and other mouse models have been developed to recreate various aspects of this multifactorial disease; however, methods to accurately quantitate urinary dysfunction and the effectiveness of new therapeutic options are lacking. Here, we describe a method that can be used to measure bladder volume and detrusor wall thickness, urinary velocity, void volume and void duration, and urethral diameter. This would allow for the evaluation of disease progression and treatment efficacy over time. Mice were anesthetized with isoflurane, and the bladder was visualized by ultrasound. For non-contrast imaging, a 3D image was taken of the bladder to calculate volume and evaluate shape; the bladder wall thickness was measured from this image. For contrast-enhanced imaging, a catheter was placed through the dome of the bladder using a 27-gauge needle connected to a syringe by PE50 tubing. A bolus of 0.5 mL of contrast was infused into the bladder until a urination event occurred. Urethral diameter was determined at the point of the Doppler velocity sample window during the first voiding event. Velocity was measured for each subsequent event yielding a flow rate. In conclusion, high frequency ultrasound proved to be an effective method for assessing bladder and urethral measurements during urinary function in mice. This technique may be useful in the assessment of novel therapies for BPH/LUTS in an experimental setting.

We describe the use of high frequency ultrasound with contrast imaging as a method to measure bladder volume, bladder wall thickness, urine velocity, void volume, void duration, and urethral diameter. This strategy can be used to assess voiding dysfunction and treatment efficacy in various mouse models of lower urinary tract dysfunction (LUTD).

Ultrassonografia do trato urinário masculino adulto para testes funcionais urinários

The incidence of clinical benign prostatic hyperplasia (BPH) and lower urinary tract symptoms (LUTS) is increasing due to the aging population, resulting ...

A Modified Simple Method for Induction of Myocardial Infarction in Mice

Myocardial infarction (MI) represents one of the leading causes of death. MI models are widely used for investigating the pathomechanisms of post-MI remodeling and evaluation of novel therapeutics. Different methods (e.g., isoproterenol treatment, cryoinjury, coronary artery ligation, etc.) have been used to induce MI. Compared with isoproterenol treatment and cryoinjury, coronary artery ligation may better reflect the ischemic response and chronic remodeling after MI. However, traditional methods for coronary ligation in mice are technically challenging. The current study describes a simple and efficient process for induction of MI in mice with readily available materials. The mouse chest skin was cut open under stable anesthesia. The heart was immediately externalized through the intercostal space after blunt separation of the pectoralis major and pectoralis minor. The left anterior descending branch (LAD) was ligated with a 6-0 suture 3 mm from its origin. Following LAD ligation, staining with 2,3,5-Triphenyltetrazolium chloride (TTC) indicated successful induction of MI and temporal changes of post-MI scar size. Meanwhile, survival analysis results showed overt mortality within 7 days after MI, mainly due to cardiac rupture. Moreover, post-MI echocardiographic assessment demonstrated successful induction of contractile dysfunction and ventricular remodeling. Once mastered, an MI model can be established in mice within 2-3 min with readily available materials.

Under adequate anesthesia, the mouse heart was externalized through the intercostal space, and myocardial infarction was successfully induced by ligating the left anterior descending artery (LAD) using materials readily available in most laboratories.

Um Método Simples Modificado para Indução de Infarto do Miocárdio em Camundongos

Myocardial infarction (MI) represents one of the leading causes of death. MI models are widely used for investigating the pathomechanisms of post-MI ...

A Modified Vessel-Sparing Microsurgical Vasoepididymostomy

Microsurgical vasoepididymostomy (MVE) is the main surgical treatment for epididymal obstruction. The vasal vessels are ligated during MVE. However, preserving the vasal vessels during MVE might better simulate the normal physiological structure and be meaningful for patients who have undergone varicocelectomy. Nevertheless, preserving the vasal vessels might elevate the risk of increasing the tension of anastomosis, affecting the patency rate and leading to delayed postoperative bleeding. Therefore, we developed a novel vessel-sparing MVE to make it safer. Here is a summary of the improvements to the procedure. 1) The retrograde dissociation of the vasal vessels on the proximal testicular side was adopted as the main method, and the anterograde dissociation of the vasal vessels on the distal testicular side was adopted as a supplement to dissociate the vasal vessels to be preserved. This improvement ensures the blood supply to the vas deferens that will be used for anastomosis and also provides longer vasal vessels, which reduces the tension of anastomosis. 2) By fixing the vas deferens to be anastomosed and the broken end of the vas deferens, the free vasal vessels get fixed, which resolves the problem of transmission of vas tension to the vasal vessels and reduces the risk of vasal vessel hemorrhage. 3) Dissociation of the vas deferens after opening the tunica vaginalis increases the mobilization of the vas deferens, which also makes the new procedure easier to complete. The evaluation of the outcomes of this new procedure showed that no significant postoperative complications occurred in the patients, and the patency rate was no different from that of the conventional procedure. Therefore, this new, improved procedure can be considered safe, with satisfactory postoperative results.

Here, we present a protocol to preserve the vasal vessels in microsurgical vasoepididymostomy. The surgical security is enhanced by preserving the vasal vessels using a retrograde-anterograde dissociation and fixing the vasal vessels.

Uma vasoepididimmostomia microcirúrgica poupadora de vasos modificada

Microsurgical vasoepididymostomy (MVE) is the main surgical treatment for epididymal obstruction. The vasal vessels are ligated during MVE. However, ...