The authors would like to thank all members of the Reynolds lab at Rosalind Franklin University of Medicine and Science, and the Chen Dong lab at the University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center for optimization of this protocol. This work was supported by a grant to J.M.R. from the National Institutes of Health (K22AI104941).

All experimental procedures are performed using protocols approved by the office of Environmental Health and Safety at the Rosalind Franklin University of Medicine and Science. C57BL/6 mice (purchased from NCI) used for this protocol were housed under specific pathogen-free conditions, and all animal experiments were performed using protocols approved by the Institutional Animal Care and Use Committee (IACUC) at the Rosalind Franklin University of Medicine and Science.
1. Preparation of Instruments, Supplies, and Reagents
<ol>
	<li>Coat 48-well or 24-well plates with anti-CD3 and anti-CD28 (Table 1) in sterile PBS, cover and wrap in parafilm to prevent evaporation and contamination, and then incubate O/N at 4 oC the day before T cell isolation. Alternatively, coat wells 1 h at 37 oC. Perform Th0, Th1, Th2, and iTreg conditions by coating both anti-CD3 and anti-CD28 at 1&#956;g/ml in 0.5-1 ml total volume (48-well plate). For Th17, we typically coat anti-CD3 at 2 &#956;g/ml and anti-CD28 at 1 &#956;g/ml. 
	NOTE: We have found that a lower anti-CD3 concentration is optimal for Th1, Th2, and iTreg generation while a higher anti-CD3 concentration is optimal for Th17 generation. Thus, anti-CD3 and anti-CD28 concentrations should be titrated and optimized for individual laboratories (Table 2).</li>
	<li>Sterilize a set of dissection tools (scissors and forceps) by autoclave or disinfectant solution. A tube or small beaker containing 70% ethanol will be needed for quick sterilization of tools between dissections. Finally, a spray bottle containing 70% ethanol will be needed for sterilizing the surface of the mouse before dissection.</li>
	<li>Prepare a dissection surface by wrapping a flat piece of Styrofoam or corkboard in aluminum foil. Dissecting pins or needles are used to fix the animal in place.</li>
	<li>Prepare dishes or plates for the collection of tissues. If pooling tissues, separate 60mm dishes containing 3ml of sterile PBS + 1% FBS (PBS+) for spleen and lymph node tissues is sufficient. If keeping tissues from individual mice separate, prepare a 24-well plate containing 1ml of PBS+ in the desired number of wells.</li>
	<li>Prepare complete RPMI media for cell culture and pre-warm before use (Table 1). 
	NOTE: We routinely use RPMI but other media such as IMDM and DMEM may be equally effective or superior depending on the lab and the experiment.</li>
	<li>Cut 2x2 cm squares of nylon mesh with a 120 &#956;m pore size and autoclave to sterilize (Table 1).</li>
	<li>Optional: if using the high-speed magnetic cell sorting system such as autoMACS for CD4+ cell enrichment, pre-warm running and rinsing buffers in a 37 oC water bath to prevent damage to the machine.</li>
	<li>NOTE: Enrichment is recommended to increase the sorting yield and decrease sorting time.</li>
	<li>All preparation steps, except for dissection, should be performed in a sterile tissue culture hood.</li>
</ol>
2. Isolation of Lymph Nodes and Spleen from Mice
<ol>
	<li>Euthanize the required number of animals using an institutionally-approved technique. Use C57BL/6 female mice, age 5-10 wks, due to their high percentage of na&#239;ve T cells and lower body fat in comparison to males or to older mice. 
	NOTE: Cells derived from male mice will perform similarly in vitro and the protocol steps remain the same. Female mice, 5-10 wks old, will typically yield 3-6 x 106 na&#239;ve CD4+ T cells per mouse. However, using different strains of mice may affect yield and performance. For example, cells from C57BL/6 mice are better for generating Th1 cells while cells from Balb.c mice are better for generating Th2 cells.</li>
	<li>Spread the limbs of the animal and pin them in place as shown in Figure 1. Cut the skin longitudinally from the anus to the chin while being careful not to puncture deeper tissue.</li>
	<li>Spread open the skin with forceps and pin the skin in place to allow easy access to lymph nodes as shown in Figure 1.</li>
	<li>Harvest the accessible lymph nodes from the locations shown in Figure 1. Grabbing the lymph node with a pair of forceps while separating tissue with another pair of forceps will allow for easy removal. Place the tissue in the collection dish.</li>
	<li>Harvest the spleen from the location shown in Figure 1. In this case, careful cutting into the peritoneum is needed to gain access to the spleen. Place the tissue in a collection dish.</li>
	<li>Repeat the procedure if more tissues will be harvested. Otherwise proceed to the next steps. At this point, perform all remaining steps on ice until the plating of the T cells after sorting.</li>
</ol>
3. Tissue Processing and CD4+ Enrichment
<ol>
	<li>Process the lymph nodes and spleen in different dishes to increase the yield as lymph node cell preparations do not require erythrocyte lysis, which may result in minor leukocyte death. Therefore, the following steps describe a method for processing splenic and lymph node populations separately followed by combining prior to labeling for sorting.</li>
	<li>Remove the tissue (spleen or pooled lymph nodes) from the collection dish and place in a new 60 mm dish containing 3 ml of PBS+. Place a square of sterile nylon mesh over the tissue using sterilized forceps.</li>
	<li>Take the thumb side of a syringe plunger (3-10 ml) and gently smash the tissue against the mesh. Almost all of the tissue should go into suspension. Alternatively, place the tissue between two autoclaved frosted slides and grinded into suspension.</li>
	<li>Pipette the suspension up and down a few times to break up the remaining soluble clumps. Place a new square piece of nylon mesh over the opening of a 15 ml conical tube and filter the suspension through to remove the remaining debris.</li>
	<li>Repeat steps 2-4 for additional lymph node and splenic tissue.</li>
	<li>Once the suspension has been filtered into a 15ml tube fill the remainder of the tube with PBS+ and invert a few times. Centrifuge the cells at 475 x g for 5 min at 4 oC.</li>
	<li>For the splenic cells, aspirate the supernatant following centrifugation and resuspend the cell pellet in 1 ml of ice-cold 1X ACK solution per spleen for 1 min to lyse erythrocytes. Then add 10 ml of PBS+ on top of the ACK, invert the tube, and centrifuge 475 x g for 5 min at 4 oC.</li>
	<li>For lymph node cells, aspirate the supernatant and resuspend in 2ml of PBS+. If desired these can be combined with the splenic cells after their ACK lysis and washing step.</li>
	<li>Aspirate the supernatant after centrifugation of the splenocytes and resuspend in another 10 ml of PBS+. At this point the lymph node suspension can be added on top of the spleen suspension if tissue pooling is required for sorting. Centrifuge the tube again at 475 x g for 5 min at 4 oC.</li>
	<li>The cell pellet can now be prepared for CD4 enrichment. If this step will not be performed, proceed to the sorting preparation steps.</li>
	<li>For CD4 enrichment using the high-speed magnetic cell sorting system, resuspend the cellular pellet with CD4 beads. Typically 15 &#956;l of beads diluted in 85 &#956;l of PBS+ is used to label the tissues from 1 mouse. Ramp up the volume of bead mixture as needed, resuspend the pellet, and incubate for 15-30 min at 4 oC.</li>
	<li>Wash the cells with 10 ml of PBS+, pass the suspension through nylon into a new 15 ml tube to remove debris, and centrifuge again at 475 x g for 5 min at 4 oC.</li>
	<li>Resuspend the pellet in 100 &#956;l of PBS+ per mouse and proceed to positive selection on the high-speed magnetic cell sorting system. If using a manual separation system, follow the manufacturer&#8217;s instructions for enrichment. Alternatively, resuspend the samples in FACS buffer: PBS with 1mM EDTA (pH = 8) and 1% BSA, sterile-filtered.</li>
	<li>Remove the positive fraction and wash again with 10ml of PBS+. The enriched CD4+ fraction is now ready to be labeled for sorting.</li>
</ol>
4. Sorting Na&#239;ve CD4+ T cells
<ol>
	<li>Label the cell pellet with PBS+ containing fluorescent antibodies directed against CD62L, CD44, CD25, and CD4. If using the antibodies listed in Table 1, dilutions for each are provided. For staining, a 100 &#956;l volume of the antibody cocktail is used per tissues from one mouse.</li>
	<li>Resuspend the pellet in antibody cocktail and incubate for 15-30 min at 4 oC in the dark.</li>
	<li>Wash the cells with 10ml of PBS+ and centrifuge 475 x g for 5 min at 4 oC.</li>
	<li>Pass the mixture over another nylon filter or cell strainer cap to remove any leftover debris. Pipette the labeled cells into a tube that is compatible for the cell sorter. Keep cells on ice and protected from the light until the sort.</li>
	<li>Prepare collection tubes by pipetting 1-2ml of complete RPMI media or FBS into the bottom of tubes compatible for collection on a cell sorter.</li>
	<li>Sort the na&#239;ve CD4+ T cells as a CD4+CD25-CD62L+CD44- population (Figure 2). Wash the collected cells with complete RPMI media and centrifuge as described above.</li>
	<li>Resuspend the pellet in complete RPMI, count the na&#239;ve cells, and adjust the concentration to 1 x 106 cells/ml.</li>
</ol>
5. Setting Up the In vitro&#160;Differentiation
<ol>
	<li>Aspirate the wells of the anti-CD3 and anti-CD28 coated plates and wash each well with 1ml of sterile PBS (no FBS). For 48-well plates, plate 0.5 x 106 cells/well in 0.5 ml of RPMI. For 24-well plates, culture 1 x 106 cells/well in 1.0 ml of RPMI.</li>
	<li>If testing the influence of a factor such as a drug add the substance to the appropriate wells either before, during, or after the differentiation process depending on the experiment. Next, supplement the culture media with cytokines and blocking antibodies accordingly. Th0: 30 U/ml hIL-2. Th1: 15 ng/ml rmIL-12, 30 U/ml hIL-2, and 5,000 ng/ml 11B11.Th2: 10 ng/ml rmIL-4, 30 U/ml hIL-2, 2,000 ng/ml soluble 37.51, and 5,000 ng/ml XMG1.2. iTreg: 15 ng/ml hTGF&#946;, 30 U/ml hIL-2, 5,000 ng/ml XMG1.2, and 5,000 ng/ml 11B11. Th17: 20 ng/ml rmIL-6, 3 ng/ml hTGF&#946;, 5,000 ng/ml XMG1.2, and 5,000 ng/ml 11B11. 
	NOTE: The conditions presented above were found to be optimal for maximizing cytokine production as measured at the end of the differentiation experiment (Representative Results section). However, each condition should be optimized for individual laboratories (Table 2). Furthermore, the addition of soluble anti-CD28 in addition to the plate-bound anti-CD28 has been found to enhance Th2 cytokine production in our laboratory, but has no effect on other T cell subsets:</li>
	<li>Incubate the plate at 37 oC with 5% CO2 for 4-5 d prior to analysis of gene expression and cytokine production. Alternatively, remove the cells from the TCR stimuli after 2 d, adjusted to 1 x 106 cells/ml with fresh media, and plate in new wells (non-coated) to enhance proliferation and final yield. In this case, fresh polarizing cytokines and antibodies are not needed but 10 U/ml of IL-2 should be added to new media for Th0, Th1, Th2, and iTreg cultures.</li>
</ol>
6. Analysis of Differentiation
<ol>
	<li>For cytokine analysis by flow cytometry, restimulate each well with 10ng/ml PMA and 1,000 ng/ml ionomycin or 1 &#956;g/ml anti-CD3 for 4-6 hr in the presence of a golgi inhibitor such as brefeldin A (Table 1). Perform intracellular cytokine staining depending on the experiment (Figure 3). 
	NOTE: Stain non-lineage-specific cytokines or transcription factors, such as IL-4 (not shown) and IFN&#947; (Figure 3) for Th17 cultures, for each condition as negative controls and as an indicator of differentiation efficiency. Furthermore, stain Foxp3 for Th17 cultures as the reciprocal development of Tregs may occur with the addition of TGF&#946;.</li>
	<li>For protein quantification, collect the supernatants from each well and assay by cytokine-specific ELISA (Figure 3). If there is concern that the factor being tested has influenced proliferation compared to control samples, the cells can be washed, counted, normalized, and then restimulated with 1 &#956;g/ml of anti-CD3 for 24 h before collecting supernatants for ELISA assays. If assaying IL-4 from Th2 conditions, washing and restimulating is necessary to remove IL-4 that may be leftover from the initial differentiation culture.</li>
	<li>For gene expression analysis by real time PCR, harvest cells after the incubation period, wash, normalize, and re-stimulate for 2-6 h with 1 &#956;g/ml of anti-CD3 prior to harvesting mRNA (Figure 3).</li>
</ol>

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D. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Isolation+of+CD4++T+cells+from+mouse+lymph+nodes+using+Miltenyi+MACS+purification.">Isolation of CD4+ T cells from mouse lymph nodes using Miltenyi MACS purification.</a> J Vis Exp. (9), (2007).</li><li>Bedoya, S. K., Wilson, T. D., Collins, E. L., Lau, K., Larkin, J. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Isolation+and+th17+differentiation+of+naive+CD4+T+lymphocytes.">Isolation and th17 differentiation of naive CD4 T lymphocytes.</a> J Vis Exp. (79), e50765 (2013).</li></ol>

The authors declare no competing financial interests.

While the spleen contains na&#239;ve Th cells, the proportion of this population in lymph nodes is much higher. Failure to properly identify and remove lymph nodes in this protocol will result in a poor yield of na&#239;ve cells. This can be especially difficult in older mice or male mice that have more fat tissue. As shown in Figure 1, proper fixing and pinning of the animal limbs and skin will allow for easier visualization of the accessible exterior lymph nodes. Once lymph nodes and spleens are processed, cell sorting is the preferred method of obtaining a highly purified na&#239;ve CD4+ T cell population. Purity is critical to prevent nTregs or effector and memory Th cells from influencing the na&#239;ve cell differentiation process. Difficulties in obtaining a high yield of na&#239;ve T cells are typically caused by inefficient tissue collection and processing or loss of cells during the separation steps. To increase yield make sure to process the cells using cold buffers and incubations on ice. Furthermore, to prevent loss of cells during enrichment and/or sorting, optimizing the reagents and separation protocols beforehand is recommended. Finally, as mentioned at various points in the protocol steps, differentiation conditions should be optimized for individual laboratories before performing large scale experiments (Table 2).
As shown in Figure 2, na&#239;ve CD4+ T cells can be easily be distinguished from the nTreg (CD4+CD25+) and effector (CD4+CD44+CD62L-) populations. Sorting is one of the most reliable ways to prevent contamination of effector Th subsets, which also exist in the spleen and lymph nodes. Treg contamination during the differentiation may result in the suppression of activation as well as cytokine production. Contamination of other effector Th subsets may result in the production of cytokines that are inhibitory to the development of desired Th lineages. Sorting facility fees can be expensive and some find that it is easier to enrich for CD4+ T cells by magnetic separation to cut down on sorting time as described in this protocol. In the absence of a sorter, some companies now offer separation kits designed specifically for the isolation of na&#239;ve CD4+ T cells. However, the purity of the population should always be checked after separation, similar to sorted samples. The finding of a low frequency of na&#239;ve CD4+ T cells (CD62L+) in comparison to the memory/effector cells (CD44-) may indicate a problem with the mouse, such as an infection or tumor. In this case the cells should not be used for this type of experiment.
There are quite a few ways to determine the effectiveness of Th differentiation. Protein analysis is traditionally performed by cytokine staining, which will give an idea of the percentage of na&#239;ve cells that have been polarized to a specific lineage (Figure 3). Protein quantification by ELISA is also a useful tool to determine the total amount of cytokines being released into the media. The caveat with ELISA protein analysis though is that comparing results between experimental groups may be difficult if a particular factor being tested has an influence on proliferation and survival. In this case, the total numbers of cells producing cytokines may be different between groups at the end of the experiment. Thus, normalizing the cell count and restimulating for a short period of time (e.g., anti-CD3 for 24 h) is necessary to obtain appropriate results. Furthermore, IL-4 is used as a polarizing factor for the generation of the Th2 subset, so these cells must be washed, normalized, and restimulated prior to performing an ELISA for IL-4. Gene expression analysis by real time PCR is useful not only for the analysis of cytokine gene transcription, but also for lineage-specific transcription factors (Figure 3). Thus, depending on the experiment, there are various ways to assay the effectiveness of Th differentiation.

The concept of distinct lineages or subsets of CD4+ T helper (Th) cells has been around since the latter part of the 20th century1. Recognition of cognate antigen in the presence of costimulatory signals results in several rounds of cellular proliferation and the eventual differentiation into effector Th cells. The type of Th cell generated during this process is dependent on the cytokine environment present during activation2. Initially, na&#239;ve Th cells were thought to polarize into 2 distinct lineages following T cell receptor (TCR) activation, costimulatory CD28 ligation, and cytokine signaling. Type 1 helper cells (Th1) are characterized by their effector production of the IFN&#947; cytokine as well as their requirement for IL-12 signaling during the differentiation process3,4. Eventually it was discovered that differentiated Th1 cells have a genetic profile that is most distinctively characterized by the expression of the T box family transcription factor, Tbx21 (T-bet), which is considered the master regulator of the Th1 genetic program5. Furthermore, IL-12 as well as IFN&#947; can promote T-bet expression6,7. In the immune response, Th1 cells are important for the host defense against intracellular pathogens as well as strong promoters of autoimmune inflammation. In contrast, type 2 helper cells (Th2) require IL-4 for their development and their effector cytokines, including IL-4, IL-5, and IL-13, are important for driving B cell responses and are pathogenic in allergy8,9. Similar to Th1 cells, Th2 cells were found to express their own master transcriptional regulator, termed GATA-310,11. Interestingly, the presence of polarizing cytokines and the generation of a specific Th lineage are antagonistic to the development of others2,12, suggesting that only a particular Th subset may become dominant during an immune response.
Since the identification of the Th1 and Th2 lineages, further work has demonstrated even more unique subsets of T helper cells, including follicular helper (TFH), IL-9-producing (Th9), and IL-22-producing (Th22)(recently reviewed in13). For the purposes of in vitro differentiation experiments, this protocol will focus only on two additional Th subsets, termed regulatory T cells (Treg) and IL-17-producing CD4+ T cells (Th17). CD25+ regulatory T cells can occur naturally (nTreg) in the thymus; na&#239;ve Th cells may also be induced (iTreg) to become regulatory in the periphery (reviewed in14,15). Both types of Tregs express a characteristic transcription factor, termed forkhead box P3 (Foxp3), which is critical for their effector suppression mechanisms that include soluble anti-inflammatory mediator production, IL-2 consumption, and cell contact-dependent mechanisms14,15. The lack of Foxp3 expression results in a severe, multi-organ autoimmune disorder termed immune dysregulation, polyendocrinopathy, enteropathy, X-linked syndrome (IPEX), demonstrating the critical role of this Th subset in resolving inflammation and regulating peripheral tolerance to self antigens16. In vitro, na&#239;ve CD4+ T helper cells up-regulate Foxp3 and become committed to the Treg program upon stimulation with IL-2 and TGF-&#946;14,15. There may be moderate to considerable plasticity in CD4+ T cell lineages, especially when considering only cytokine production (reviewed in 17,18). However, for the purposes of in vitro differentiation protocols, we will be discussing each subset as a unique lineage.
Recently, a subset of Th17 cells that produces the IL-17 cytokine was identified as a unique lineage with pro-inflammatory functions that are particularly pathogenic during autoimmune inflammation19-21. Th17 cells express a unique transcription factor, termed retinoid-related orphan receptor gamma t (ROR&#947;t) that coordinates the Th17 genetic program22. TGF&#946; is important for the generation of Th17 lineage through the induction of ROR&#947;t. However, the effect of TGF&#946; signaling is believed to only induce Th17 commitment upon synergizing with IL-6 (reviewed in12). Further studies have shown that a variety of other signals that can positively regulate Th17 commitment, including IL-1&#946;, increased sodium, and TLR signaling23-26. Other reports have suggested that the pathogenic Th17 cells in vivo are the ones that actually bypass TGF&#946; signaling and instead rely on a combination of IL-1, IL-6, and IL-23 for their differentiation27. Thus, Th17 cells may be derived from a variety of signaling pathways; for the purposes of this protocol, the commonly-used (TGF&#946; and IL-6) pathway for Th17 lineage commitment will be presented.
The differentiation protocols described below for all effector lineages relies on fixed antibody as stimuli for the TCR and CD28 throughout the entire course of the experiment. However, others have demonstrated that TCR activation with antigen-presenting cells28 or cross-linking anti-CD3 and anti-CD28 antibodies with hamster antibody for 2 days29 are also highly effective means of inducing the generation of various Th subsets. The protocol presented here builds on previously reported methods for isolating murine CD4+ T cells from secondary lymphoid organs30 and generating Th17 cells31. One major difference is that this protocol relies on the use of a cell sorter to isolate na&#239;ve CD4+ T cells from lymphoid tissues. However, many companies now offer rapid separation kits that can enrich for na&#239;ve CD4+ T cells, which may be able to bypass the requirement for sorting depending on the experiment. The methods and reagents presented in this protocol are what we routinely use and find to be the most effective. However, keep in mind that alternative reagents and methodologies exist for many of the steps presented below and it is up to the individual lab to determine what will work best for their purposes.

<table><tbody><tr><td>Complete RPMI:</td><td></td><td></td><td>Warm in a 37 &lt;sup&gt;o&lt;/sup&gt;C water bath before use</td></tr><tr><td>RPMI 1640 Media</td><td>Life Technologies</td><td>11875119</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>10 % FBS</td><td>Life Technologies</td><td>26140-079</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>1000X 2-mercaptoethanol</td><td>Life Technologies</td><td>21985023</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>100X Pen/Strep</td><td>Life Technologies</td><td>15140122</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>100X L-glutamine</td><td>Life Technologies</td><td>25030081</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>120 micron nylon mesh</td><td>Amazon</td><td>CMN-0120-10YD</td><td>Cut into 2 cm&lt;sup&gt;2&lt;/sup&gt; squares and autoclave</td></tr><tr><td>Alternative: 100 micron cell strainers</td><td>Fisher</td><td>08-771-19</td><td>Alternative to cutting nylon mesh</td></tr><tr><td>autoMACS running buffer</td><td>Miltenyi</td><td>130-091-221</td><td>Warm in a 37 &lt;sup&gt;o&lt;/sup&gt;C water bath before use</td></tr><tr><td>autoMACS rinsing solution</td><td>Miltenyi</td><td>130-091-222</td><td>Warm in a 37 &lt;sup&gt;o&lt;/sup&gt;C water bath before use</td></tr><tr><td>CD4 beads</td><td>Miltenyi</td><td>130-049-201</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>ACK lysis buffer</td><td>Life Technologies</td><td>A10492-01</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Cytokines:</td><td></td><td></td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Human (h) IL-2</td><td>Peprotech</td><td>200-02</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Recombinant mouse (rm) IL-4</td><td>Peprotech</td><td>214-14</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>rmIL-6</td><td>R &amp;amp; D Systems</td><td>406-ML-025</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>rmIL-12</td><td>Peprotech</td><td>210-12</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>hTGFb</td><td>R &amp;amp; D Systems</td><td>240-B-010</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Antibodies:</td><td></td><td></td><td></td></tr><tr><td>2C11 (anti-CD3)</td><td>BioXcell</td><td>BE0001-1</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>37.51 (anti-CD28)</td><td>BioXcell</td><td>BE0015-1</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>11B11 (anti-IL-4)</td><td>BioXcell</td><td>BE0045</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>XMG1.2 (anti-IFNg)</td><td>BioXcell</td><td>BE0055</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>anti-CD62L-FITC</td><td>BioLegend</td><td>104406</td><td>Use at 1:100</td></tr><tr><td>anti-CD25-PE</td><td>BioLegend</td><td>102008</td><td>Use at 1:400</td></tr><tr><td>anti-CD4-PerCP</td><td>BioLegend</td><td>100434</td><td>Use at 1:1000</td></tr><tr><td>anti-CD44-APC</td><td>BioLegend</td><td>103012</td><td>Use at 1:500</td></tr><tr><td>Phorbol&amp;nbsp; 12-myristate 13 acetate (PMA)</td><td>Sigma-Aldrich</td><td>P-8139</td><td>Prepare a stock at 0.1 mg/ml in DMSO and freeze aliquots at -20 &lt;sup&gt;o&lt;/sup&gt;C</td></tr><tr><td>Ionomycin</td><td>Sigma-Aldrich</td><td>I-0634</td><td>Prepare a stock at 0.5 mg/ml in DMSO and freeze aliquots at -20 &lt;sup&gt;o&lt;/sup&gt;C</td></tr><tr><td>Brefeldin A</td><td>eBioscience</td><td>00-4506-51</td><td>Use at 1:1000</td></tr></tbody></table>

mouse na&#239;ve cd4+ t cell isolation and in vitro differentiation into t cell subsets

Antigen inexperienced (na&#239;ve) CD4+ T cells undergo expansion and differentiation to effector subsets at the time of T cell receptor (TCR) recognition of cognate antigen presented on MHC class II. The cytokine signals present in the environment at the time of TCR activation are a major factor in determining the effector fate of a na&#239;ve CD4+ T cell. Although the cytokine environment during na&#239;ve T cell activation may be complex and involve both redundant and opposing signals in vivo, the addition of various cytokine combinations during naive CD4+ T cell activation in vitro can readily promote the establishment of effector T helper lineages with hallmark cytokine and transcription factor expression. Such differentiation experiments are commonly used as a first step for the evaluation of targets believed to promote or inhibit the development of certain CD4+ T helper subsets. The addition of mediators, such as signaling agonists, antagonists, or other cytokines, during the differentiation process can also be used to study the influence of a particular target on T cell differentiation. Here, we describe a basic protocol for the isolation of na&#239;ve T cells from mouse and the subsequent steps necessary for polarizing na&#239;ve cells to various T helper effector lineages in vitro.

The time point for the analysis of differentiation can vary depending on the Th condition being tested as well as the strength of T cell receptor activation. After 2-3 days of differentiation, cells can be visualized by light microscopy to determine the extent of T cell proliferation. Wells exhibiting extensive proliferation and clumping of cells will most likely be ready for analysis at day 4. Differentiation conditions relying on the addition of exogenous IL-2, such as Th1 and Th2, will likely exhaust the media after 4 days in culture. To maximize cytokine production, such wells with exhausted media can be replenished with fresh RPMI containing IL-2 or counted and re-plated at 1 x 106 cells per well in fresh RPMI containing IL-2 to extend the differentiation for another day or two using this method.
<img alt="Mouse dissection diagram showing lymph node locations: cervical, brachial, axillary, inguinal." src="/files/ftp_upload/52739/52739fig1.jpg" data-altupdatedat="1747911167000" data-alt="Figure 1"> 
Figure 1. Illustration of pin placement to fix a mouse for the isolation of spleen and lymph nodes. (A) Spread the limbs apart and fix them with a sterile needle or dissection pin. From this position, cut the fur and skin longitudinally from the tail to the chin. (B) After cutting, gently spread the skin apart to expose the lymph nodes as shown in the picture. The locations of lymph nodes that are easily accessible from this position are listed in the picture. The spleen is located just under the ribcage on the right side of the animal. <a href="https://www-jove-com.remotexs.ntu.edu.sg/files/ftp_upload/52739/52739fig1large.jpg" target="_blank">Please click here to view a larger version of this figure.</a>
<img alt="Flow cytometry dot plots; lymphocyte gating; CD4+ T cell subsets; data analysis." src="/files/ftp_upload/52739/52739fig2.jpg" data-altupdatedat="1747911167000" data-alt="Figure 2"> 
Figure 2. Representative sorting strategy for the isolation of naïve CD4+ T cells by cell sorting. Starting from the upper left, lymphocytes are first gated by size and then singlet cells are discriminated from doublet cells. Gating on singlets reveals a population of CD4+CD25+ cells that are nTregs. Gate on the CD4+CD25- population and then sort naïve (CD62L+CD44-) from the effector/memory (CD62L-CD44+) CD4+ cells. Dotted lines indicate the gate origin of the next plot. <a href="https://www-jove-com.remotexs.ntu.edu.sg/files/ftp_upload/52739/52739fig2large.jpg" target="_blank">Please click here to view a larger version of this figure.</a>
<img alt="Flow cytometry and gene expression charts showing cytokine profiles in T-helper cell differentiation." src="/files/ftp_upload/52739/52739fig3.jpg" data-altupdatedat="1747911167000" data-alt="Figure 3"> 
Figure 3. Sample data following in vitro Th differentiation. (A) Intracellular cytokine staining data (gated on CD4+) from Th1, Th2, iTreg, and Th17 differentiations. Typically, non-lineage specific cytokines, such as IL-4 and IFNγ for Th17 cultures, should be stained to determine the quality of the differentiation. (B) ELISA data following 4 d Th differentiation, washing, and 24 h restimulation of cells with 1 μg/ml anti-CD3. (C) Real time PCR data of lineage-specific transcription factors following 4 d differentiation and restimulation for 4 h with 1 μg/ml anti-CD3. All gene quantities were normalized to the expression of β-actin and mRNA from undifferentiated naïve T cells serve as the baseline for gene expression. <a href="https://www-jove-com.remotexs.ntu.edu.sg/files/ftp_upload/52739/52739fig3large.jpg" target="_blank">Please click here to view a larger version of this figure.</a>
Table 1. See Materials Table below.
<table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0">
	<tbody>
		<tr>
			<td>Reagent</td>
			<td>Recommended Titration Range</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Cytokines:</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Human (h) IL-2</td>
			<td>5 U/ml - 50 U/ml</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>rmIL-4</td>
			<td>5 ng/ml -  30 ng/ml</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>rmIL-6</td>
			<td>5 ng/ml - 30 ng/ml</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>rmIL-12</td>
			<td>10 ng/ml - 30 ng/ml</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>hTGFb (Th17)</td>
			<td>0.1 ng/ml - 5 ng/ml</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>hTGFb (iTreg)</td>
			<td>5 ng/ml - 30 ng/ml</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Antibodies:</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>2C11 (anti-CD3)</td>
			<td>500 ng/ml - 5,000 ng/ml</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>37.51 (anti-CD28)</td>
			<td>250 ng/ml - 2,500 ng/ml</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>11B11 (anti-IL-4)</td>
			<td>5,000 - 10,000 ng/ml</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>XMG1.2 (anti-IFNg)</td>
			<td>5,000 - 10,000 ng/ml</td>
		</tr>
	</tbody>
</table>
 
Table 2. Recommended Titration Range for the Optimization of Differentiation Conditions.

Watch this Scientific Journal Video about Mouse NaÃƒÂ¯ve CD4+ T Cell Isolation and In vitro Differentiation into T Cell Subsets at JoVE.com

Mouse Na&#239;ve CD4+ T Cell Isolation and In vitro Differentiation into T Cell Subsets

Na&#239;ve CD4+ T cells polarize to various subsets depending on the environment at the time of activation. The differentiation of na&#239;ve CD4+ T cells to various effector subsets can be achieved in vitro through the addition of T cell receptor stimuli and specific cytokine signals.

Mouse Na&#239;ve CD4+ T Cell Isolation and In vitro Differentiation into T Cell Subsets

Antigen inexperienced (na&#239;ve) CD4+ T cells undergo expansion and differentiation to effector subsets at the time of T cell receptor (TCR) recognition ...

mouse-nave-cd4-t-cell-isolation-vitro-differentiation-into-t-cell

Nanyang Technological University

Research

JoVE Journal

Immunology and Infection

51.9K Views.  Rosalind Franklin University of Medicine and Science. Naïve CD4+ T cells polarize to various subsets depending on the environment at the time of activation. The differentiation of naïve CD4+ T cells to various effector subsets can be achieved in vitro through the addition of T cell receptor stimuli and specific cytokine signals. 

Video: Mouse Naïve CD4+ T Cell Isolation and In vitro Differentiation into T Cell Subsets

Generation of Induced Regulatory T Cells from Primary Human Na&iuml;ve and Memory T Cells

The development and maintenance of immunosuppressive CD4+ regulatory T cells (Tregs) contribute to the peripheral tolerance needed to remain in immunologic homeostasis with the vast amount of self and commensal antigens in and on the human body. Perturbations in the balance between Tregs and inflammatory conventional T cells can result in immunopathology or cancer. Although therapeutic injection of Tregs has been shown to be efficacious in murine models of colitis1 , type I diabetes2 , rheumatoid arthritis and graft versus host disease,4 several fundamental differences in human versus mouse Treg biology5 has thus far precluded clinical use. The lack of sufficient number, purity, stability and homing specificity of therapeutic Tregs necessitated a dynamic platform of human Treg development on which to optimize conditions for their ex vivo expansion6.
Here we describe a method for the differentiation of induced Tregs (iTregs) from a single human peripheral blood donor which can be broken down into four stages: isolation of peripheral blood mononuclear cells, magnetic selection of CD4+ T cells, in vitro cell culture and fluorescence activated cell sorting (FACS) of T cell subsets. Since the Treg signature transcription factor forkhead box P3 (FoxP3) is an activation-induced transcription factor in humans7 and no other unique marker exists, a combinatorial panel of markers must be used to identify T cells with suppressor activity. After six days in culture, cells in our system can be demarcated into na&iuml;ve T cells, memory T cells or iTregs based on their relative expression of CD25 and CD45RA. As memory and na&iuml;ve T cells have different reported polarization requirements and plasticities8 , pre-sorting of the initial T cell population into CD45RA+ and CD45RO+ subsets can be used to examine these discrepancies. Consistent with others, our CD25HiCD45RA- iTregs express high levels of FoxP39 , GITR and CTLA-411 and low levels of CD12712 . Following FACS of each population, resultant cells can be used in a suppressor assay which evaluates the relative ability to retard the proliferation of carboxyfluorescein succinimidyl ester (CFSE)-labeled autologous T cells.

Generation of Induced Regulatory T Cells from Primary Human Na&#239;ve and Memory T Cells

We describe a method for generating regulatory, memory and na&#239;ve T cells from a single human blood donor. Polarized Tregs can be then compared to other subsets in a variety of genetic and functional applications with genetic homogeneity, including a suppression assay also detailed here.

The development and maintenance of immunosuppressive CD4+ regulatory T cells (Tregs) contribute to the peripheral tolerance needed to remain in ...

Adenoviral Transduction of Naive CD4 T Cells to Study Treg Differentiation

Regulatory T cells (Tregs) are essential to provide immune tolerance to self as well as to certain foreign antigens. Tregs can be generated from naive CD4 T cells in vitro with TCR- and co-stimulation in the presence of TGF&beta; and IL-2. This bears enormous potential for future therapies, however, the molecules and signaling pathways that control differentiation are largely unknown.
Primary T cells can be manipulated through ectopic gene expression, but common methods fail to target the most important naive state of the T cell prior to primary antigen recognition. Here, we provide a protocol to express ectopic genes in naive CD4 T cells in vitro before inducing Treg differentiation. It applies transduction with the replication-deficient adenovirus and explains its generation and production. The adenovirus can take up large inserts (up to 7 kb) and can be equipped with promoters to achieve high and transient overexpression in T cells. It effectively transduces naive mouse T cells if they express a transgenic Coxsackie adenovirus receptor (CAR). Importantly, after infection the T cells remain naive (CD44low, CD62Lhigh) and resting (CD25-, CD69-) and can be activated and differentiated into Tregs similar to non-infected cells. Thus, this method enables manipulation of CD4 T cell differentiation from its very beginning. It ensures that ectopic gene expression is already in place when early signaling events of the initial TCR stimulation induces cellular changes that eventually lead into Treg differentiation.

Adenoviral gene transfer into naive CD4 T cells with transgenic expression of the Coxsackie adenovirus receptor enables the molecular analysis of regulatory T cell differentiation in vitro.

Regulatory T cells (Tregs) are essential to provide immune tolerance to self as well as to certain foreign antigens. Tregs can be generated from naive CD4 ...

Isolation and Th17 Differentiation of Na&iuml;ve CD4 T Lymphocytes

Th17 cells are a distinct subset of T cells that have been found to produce interleukin 17 (IL-17), and differ in function from the other T cell subsets including Th1, Th2, and regulatory T cells. Th17 cells have emerged as a central culprit in overzealous inflammatory immune responses associated with many autoimmune disorders. In this method we purify T lymphocytes from the spleen and lymph nodes of C57BL/6 mice, and stimulate purified CD4+ T cells under control and Th17-inducing environments. The Th17-inducing environment includes stimulation in the presence of anti-CD3 and anti-CD28 antibodies, IL-6, and TGF-&#946;. After incubation for at least 72 hours and for up to five days at 37 &#176;C, cells are subsequently analyzed for the capability to produce IL-17 through flow cytometry, qPCR, and ELISAs. Th17 differentiated CD4+CD25- T cells can be utilized to further elucidate the role that Th17 cells play in the onset and progression of autoimmunity and host defense. Moreover, Th17 differentiation of CD4+CD25- lymphocytes from distinct murine knockout/disease models can contribute to our understanding of cell fate plasticity.

Isolation and Th17 Differentiation of Na&#239;ve CD4 T Lymphocytes

With effector functions distinct from other T cell subsets, Th17 cells have been centrally implicated in inflammatory autoimmunity. This in vitro Th17 differentiation protocol provides a means to determine whether na&#239;ve CD4+ T lymphocytes can differentiate into Th17 cells, and to further examine their role in autoimmunity and host response.

Th17 cells are a distinct subset of T cells that have been found to produce interleukin 17 (IL-17), and differ in function from the other T cell subsets ...

Derivation of T Cells In Vitro from Mouse Embryonic Stem Cells

The OP9/OP9-DL1 co-culture system has become a well-established method for deriving differentiated blood cell types from embryonic and hematopoietic progenitors of both mouse and human origin. It is now used to address a growing variety of complex genetic, cellular and molecular questions related to hematopoiesis, and is at the cutting edge of efforts to translate these basic findings to therapeutic applications. The procedures are straightforward and routinely yield robust results. However, achieving successful hematopoietic differentiation in vitro requires special attention to the details of reagent and cell culture maintenance. Furthermore, the protocol features technique sensitive steps that, while not difficult, take care and practice to master. Here we focus on the procedures for differentiation of T lymphocytes from mouse embryonic stem cells (mESC). We provide a detailed protocol with discussions of the critical steps and parameters that enable reproducibly robust cellular differentiation in vitro. It is in the interest of the field to consider wider adoption of this technology, as it has the potential to reduce animal use, lower the cost and shorten the timelines of both basic and translational experimentation.

Derivation of T Cells In Vitro from Mouse Embryonic Stem Cells

Mouse embryonic stem cells can be differentiated to T cells in vitro using the OP9-DL1 co-culture system. Success in this procedure requires careful attention to reagent/cell maintenance, and key technique sensitive steps. Here we discuss these critical parameters and provide a detailed protocol to encourage adoption of this technology.

The OP9/OP9-DL1 co-culture system has become a well-established method for deriving differentiated blood cell types from embryonic and hematopoietic ...

Preparation of CD4+ T Cells for Analysis of GD3 and GD2 Ganglioside Membrane Expression by Microscopy

The methods described herein for activation of na&#239;ve CD4+ T cells in suspension and their adherence in coverslips for confocal microscopy analysis allow the spatial localization and visualization of gangliosides involved in CD4+ T cell activation, that complement expression profiling experiments such as flow cytometry, western blotting or real-time PCR. The quantification of ganglioside expression through flow cytometry and their cellular localization through microscopy can be obtained by the use of anti-ganglioside antibodies with high affinity and specificity. Nonetheless, an adequate handling of cells in suspension involves the treatment of culture plates to promote the necessary adherence required for fluorescence or confocal microscopy acquisition. In this work, we describe a protocol for determining GD3 and GD2 ganglioside expression and colocalization with the TCR during na&#239;ve CD4+ T cell activation. Also, real-time PCR experiments using &#60;40,000 cells are described for the determination of the GD3 and GM2/GD2 synthase genes, demonstrating that gene analysis experiments can be performed with a low number of cells and without the need of additional low input RNA kits.

Preparation of CD4+ T Cells for Analysis of GD3 and GD2 Ganglioside Membrane Expression by Microscopy

We describe a standard antibody staining protocol for use in microscopy to determine the membrane expression and localization of gangliosides in resting and activated human na&#239;ve CD4+ T cells. Also described are real-time PCR experiments using &#60;40,000 cells that do not require additional low input RNA kits.

The methods described herein for activation of na&#239;ve CD4+ T cells in suspension and their adherence in coverslips for confocal microscopy analysis ...

Retroviral Transduction of Helper T Cells as a Genetic Approach to Study Mechanisms Controlling their Differentiation and Function

Helper T cell development and function must be tightly regulated to induce an appropriate immune response that eliminates specific pathogens yet prevents autoimmunity. Many approaches involving different model organisms have been utilized to understand the mechanisms controlling helper T cell development and function. However, studies using mouse models have proven to be highly informative due to the availability of genetic, cellular, and biochemical systems. One genetic approach in mice used by many labs involves retroviral transduction of primary helper T cells. This is a powerful approach due to its relative ease, making it accessible to almost any laboratory with basic skills in molecular biology and immunology. Therefore, multiple genes in wild type or mutant forms can readily be tested for function in helper T cells to understand their importance and mechanisms of action. We have optimized this approach and describe here the protocols for production of high titer retroviruses, isolation of primary murine helper T cells, and their transduction by retroviruses and differentiation toward the different helper subsets. Finally, the use of this approach is described in uncovering mechanisms utilized by microRNAs (miRNAs) to regulate pathways controlling helper T cell development and function.

Many experimental systems have been utilized to understand the mechanisms regulating T cell development and function in an immune response. Here a genetic approach using retroviral transduction is described, which is economic, time efficient, and most importantly, highly informative in identifying regulatory pathways.

Helper T cell development and function must be tightly regulated to induce an appropriate immune response that eliminates specific pathogens yet prevents ...

In Vitro Differentiation of Human CD4+FOXP3+ Induced Regulatory T Cells (iTregs) from Na&#239;ve CD4+ T Cells Using a TGF-&#946;-containing Protocol

Regulatory T cells (Tregs) are an integral part of peripheral tolerance, suppressing immune reactions against self-structures and thus preventing autoimmune diseases. Clinical approaches to adoptively transfer Tregs, or to deplete Tregs in cancer, are underway with promising first outcomes. 
Because the number of naturally occurring Tregs (nTregs) is very limited, studying certain Treg features using in vitro induced Tregs (iTregs) can be advantageous. To date, the best although not absolutely specific protein marker to delineate Tregs is the transcription factor FOXP3. Despite the importance of Tregs including non-redundant roles of peripherally induced Tregs, the protocols to generate iTregs are currently controversial, particularly for human cells. This protocol therefore describes the in vitro differentiation of human CD4+FOXP3+ iTregs from human na&#239;ve T cells using a range of Treg-inducing factors (TGF-&#946; plus IL-2 only, or their combination with retinoic acid, rapamycin or butyrate) in parallel. It also describes the phenotyping of these cells by flow cytometry and qRT-PCR. 
These protocols result in reproducible expression of FOXP3 and other Treg signature genes and enable the study of general FOXP3-regulatory mechanisms as well as protocol-specific effects to delineate the impact of certain factors. iTregs can be utilized to study various phenotypic aspects as well as molecular mechanisms of Treg induction. Detailed molecular studies are facilitated by relatively large cell numbers that can be obtained. 
A limitation for the application of iTregs is the relative instability of FOXP3 expression in these cells compared to nTregs. iTregs generated by these protocols can also be used for functional assays such as studying their suppressive function, in which iTregs induced by TGF-&#946; plus retinoic acid and rapamycin display superior suppressive activity. However, the suppressive capacity of iTregs can differ from nTregs and the use of appropriate controls is crucial.

This protocol describes the reproducible generation and phenotyping of human induced regulatory T cells (iTregs) from na&#239;ve CD4+ T cells in vitro. Different protocols for FOXP3 induction allow for the study of specific iTreg phenotypes obtained with respective protocols.

Regulatory T cells (Tregs) are an integral part of peripheral tolerance, suppressing immune reactions against self-structures and thus preventing ...

An In Vivo Mouse Model to Measure Na&#239;ve CD4 T Cell Activation, Proliferation and Th1 Differentiation Induced by Bone Marrow-derived Dendritic Cells

Quantification of na&#239;ve CD4 T cell activation, proliferation, and differentiation to T helper 1 (Th1) cells is a useful way to assess the role played by T cells in an immune response. This protocol describes the in vitro differentiation of bone marrow (BM) progenitors to obtain granulocyte macrophage colony-stimulating factor (GM-CSF) derived-dendritic cells (DCs). The protocol also describes the adoptive transfer of ovalbumin peptide (OVAp)-loaded GM-CSF-derived DCs and na&#239;ve CD4 T cells from OTII transgenic mice in order to analyze the in vivo activation, proliferation, and Th1 differentiation of the transferred CD4 T cells. This protocol circumvents the limitation of purely in vivo methods imposed by the inability to specifically manipulate or select the studied cell population. Moreover, this protocol allows studies in an in vivo environment, thus avoiding alterations to functional factors that may occur in vitro and including the influence of cell types and other factors only found in intact organs. The protocol is a useful tool for generating changes in DCs and T cells that modify adaptive immune responses, potentially providing important results to understand the origin or development of numerous immune associated diseases.

Here, we present a protocol for the in vivo determination of na&#239;ve CD4 T cell (T cell) activation, proliferation, and Th1 differentiation induced by GM-CSF bone marrow (BM)-derived dendritic cells (DCs). In addition, this protocol describes BM and T-cell isolation, DC generation, and DC and T-cell adoptive transfer.

Quantification of na&#239;ve CD4 T cell activation, proliferation, and differentiation to T helper 1 (Th1) cells is a useful way to assess the role played ...

Th17 Cell Differentiation from Naive CD4+ T-Cells Using Flow Cytometry

In Vitro Differentiation of Naive CD4+ T Cells into Pathogenic Th17 Cells in Mouse

In vitro T cell differentiation techniques are essential for both functional and mechanistic investigations of CD4+ T cells. Pathogenic Th17 cells have been linked to a wide range of diseases in recent times, including multiple sclerosis (MS), rheumatoid arthritis, acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS), sepsis, and other autoimmune disorders. However, the currently known in vitro differentiation protocols have difficulty achieving high purity of pathogenic Th17 cells, with the induction efficiency often below 50%, which is a key challenge in in vitro experiments. In this protocol, we propose an enhanced in vitro culture and differentiation protocol for pathogenic Th17 cells, which is used to directly differentiate naive CD4+ T cells isolated from mouse spleens into pathogenic Th17 cells. This protocol provides detailed instructions on splenocyte isolation, purification of naive CD4+ T cells, and differentiation of pathogenic Th17 cells. Through this protocol, we can achieve a differentiation purity of approximately 90% for pathogenic Th17 cells, which meets the basic needs of many cellular experiments.

Author Spotlight: Achieving High-Purity In Vitro Differentiation of Th17 Cells Using Cytokine Concentration Modulation

This protocol describes the differentiation of na&#239;ve CD4+ T cells into pathogenic Th17 cells in vitro. Specifically, when combined with a multi-parameter flow cytometry-based approach, 90% purity of pathogenic Th17 cells can be obtained from na&#239;ve CD4+ T cells using this differentiation method.

In vitro T cell differentiation techniques are essential for both functional and mechanistic investigations of CD4+ T cells. Pathogenic Th17 cells have ...

Retroviral Transduction of Guide RNA for Gene Editing in Th17 Differentiation

Retroviral CRISPR/Cas9-Mediated Gene Targeting for the Study of Th17 Differentiation in Vitro

T helper cells that produce IL-17A, known as Th17 cells, play a critical role in immune defense and are implicated in autoimmune disorders. CD4 T cells can be stimulated with antigens and well-defined cytokine cocktails in vitro to mimic Th17 cell differentiation in vivo. Research has been conducted extensively on the Th17 differentiation regulation mechanisms using the in vitro Th17 polarization assay.
Conventional Th17 polarization methods typically involve obtaining na&#239;ve CD4 T cells from genetically modified mice to study the effects of specific genes on Th17 differentiation and function. These methods can be time-consuming and costly and may be influenced by cell-extrinsic factors from the knockout animals. Thus, a protocol using retroviral transduction of guide RNA to introduce gene knockout in CRISPR/Cas9 knockin primary mouse T cells serves as a very useful alternative approach. This paper presents a protocol to differentiate na&#239;ve primary T cells into Th17 cells following retroviral-mediated gene targeting, as well as the subsequent flow cytometry analysis methods for assaying infection and differentiation efficiency.

We present a protocol for retroviral transduction of guide RNA into primary T cells from Cas9 transgenic mice, providing an efficient alternative for gene editing in studying Th17 differentiation.

T helper cells that produce IL-17A, known as Th17 cells, play a critical role in immune defense and are implicated in autoimmune disorders. CD4 T cells ...

Mouse Naïve CD4⁺ T Cell Isolation and In vitro Differentiation into T Cell Subsets

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