우리는 시약과 마우스와 Zou 실험실의 구성원에 대한 Weiguo Zou 교수와 S. 카토 교수에게 감사유용한 토론을. 우리는 또한 상하이 아홉 번째 인민 병원의 두개 안면 이상을위한 디지털화 된 Stomatology 및 연구 센터에 대한 실험실에 감사드립니다. 이 작품은 중국 국립자연과학재단(NSFC)[81570950,81870740,81800949]의 보조금으로 부분적으로 지원되었다. 상하이 서밋 & 고원 분야, 상하이 정밀 의학 연구소, 상하이 9인조 병원, 상하이 자오동 의과대학 [JC201809], 상하이 자오동 대학 의과대학 고원혁신팀 인센티브 프로젝트 상하이 제9인민병원 상하이자오퉁대학교의 학과 [JYJC201902]의 종합연구기금. L.J.는 우수 청소년 의료 인재, 상하이 "의학 재능의 떠오르는 별" 청소년 개발 프로그램 및 상하이 자오퉁 대학의 "첸 싱" 프로젝트의 학자입니다.

여기에 설명 된 동물에 관한 모든 방법은 상하이 자오퉁 의과 대학의 기관 동물 관리 및 사용위원회 (IACUC)에 의해 승인되었다.
1. 골세포 특정 Stat3 삭제 마우스의 사육
참고: Stat3fl/fl 마우스는 상업적으로 수득하였다. Ctsk-Cre 마우스는 S. 카토 (도쿄 대학, 도쿄, 일본12)에의해 제공되었다. 마우스는 표준화된 조건하에서 기관 동물 시설에서 특정 병원체가 없는 (SPF) 조건하에서 사육되고 유지되었다.
<ol><li>같은 나이의 두 여성 마우스와 성적으로 성숙한 남성 마우스를 쌍. 18 일 후, 신생아에 대한 매일 검사를 확인하십시오. 임신 한 여성 마우스를 분리하고 필요한 경우 혼자 보관하십시오. 암컷 마우스가 페어링의 1 달 이내에 임신하지 않은 경우 다른 사육 케이지 중 남성 마우스를 변경합니다.</li>
	<li>크로스 Stat3fl/fl 마우스 Ctsk-Cre 마우스 (F0). 지노티핑을 위해 꼬리를 자르고 남성 Stat3fl /+유지; Ctsk-Cre 마우스는 성적으로 성숙할 때까지 생쥐이며, 이는 약 6주(F1)입니다. 다음 프라이머사용: Stat3 F-TTGACCTGTTCCTACAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAA Stat3 R-CCCTAGATTAGCCAGCACA; Ctsk-cre F-GAACGCACTTCGACCA; Ctsk-cre R-GCTAACCCGTTCGTTCGTTC.</li>
	<li>십자가 6 주 된 남성 Stat3fl/+; 여성 Stat3fl/fl 마우스를 가진 Ctsk-Cre 마우스. 지노티핑을 위해 꼬리를 자르고 남성 Stat3 fl/fl을유지하십시오. Ctsk-Cre 마우스는 성적으로 성숙할 때까지 생쥐이며, 이는 약 6주(F2)입니다.</li>
	<li>크로스 6 주 된 남성 Stat3 fl/fl; Ctsk-Cre 마우스 와 여성 Stat3fl/fl 마우스 (F3). 지노티핑을 위해 꼬리를 자르고 오래된 번식 마우스를 시간에 젊은 쥐로 교체하십시오 (F3 +N).</li>
</ol>2. 표본 수집
<ol><li>8주 된 남성 Stat3fl/fl 및 Stat3Ctsk 쓰레기메이트 마우스6쌍을 이산화탄소 질식으로 분리하여 안락사시합니다. 참고: CO2 유량은 분당 케이지 볼륨의 30%를 대체합니다(예: 45cm x 30cm x 30cm 케이지의 경우CO2 유량은 40L/min)입니다.</li>
	<li>마우스를 척추 위치에 놓습니다. 손으로 양자 엉덩이 관절을 부드럽게 탈바릅니다. 안과 가위를 사용하여 경골에서 수직으로 피부를 잘라낸 다음 뒷다리에서 전체 피부를 해부합니다.</li>
	<li>뒷다리를 분리하기 위해 가위로 오른쪽 엉덩이 관절과 무릎 관절의 관절 인대를 잘라냅니다. 트로챈터와 비골의 접합을 잘라낸 다음 뒷다리를 4% 파라포름알데히드에 담가 두습니다. 3단계에서 오른쪽 뒷다리를 유지합니다. 적절하게 완전히 몰입하고 4 % 파라 포름 알데히드로 골수를 고정하기 위해 양쪽 끝에서 뼈를 잘라.</li>
	<li>왼쪽 엉덩이 관절과 무릎 관절의 관절 인대를 가위로 자르고 연조직을 부드럽게 제거하고 경골과 대퇴골을 조심스럽게 분리합니다. 75%의 에탄올에 경골과 대퇴골을 따로 담급다. 단계 4에 대한 페모라를 유지하고 단계 6경골. 트로챈터를 그대로 유지하십시오.</li>
</ol>3. 파라핀 섹션 준비
<ol><li>오른쪽 뒷다리를 4°C에서 48h로 수정합니다.</li>
	<li>데칼시피: 1x PBS로 시편을 10분 3회 부드럽게 세척합니다. 15% EDTA(ddH2O의 800mL에서 150g EDTA, 10x PBS의 100mL)로 시편을 3~4주 동안 초음파 탈량제로 하여 뼈가 구부러질 수 있다. 매일 신선한 탈균 액으로 대체하십시오.</li>
	<li>1x PBS로 시편을 3배 부드럽게 씻은 다음 하룻밤 사이에 4°C에서 75% 에탄올에 담가 두십시오.</li>
	<li>탈수: 둘째 날에는 각각 1시간 씩 95% 에탄올, 100% 에탄올, 자일렌으로 시편을 순차적으로 담급니다.</li>
	<li>표본을 1/2 자일렌 1/2 파라핀에 30분 동안 담가 두어 두드셔도 됩니다. 하룻밤 사이에 65°C에서 파라핀에 표본을 담그면 됩니다.</li>
	<li>포함: 포함에 적합한 포함 탱크를 선택합니다. 경골을 균일하게 아래에 놓습니다. 대퇴골과 경골을 90° 각도로 놓습니다. 파라핀이 완전히 냉각되고 고화된 후 포함 탱크에서 제거합니다. 표본을 번호로 하룻밤 동안 -20 °C에 저장합니다.</li>
	<li>마이크로토메를 사용하여 5 μm 두께의 부분을 지속적으로 절단합니다. 20-40 섹션을 잘라. 37°C 물에 섹션을 확산하고 현미경 슬라이드에 부착하고 하룻밤 사이에 42 °C에서 구우십시오.</li>
</ol>4. 마이크로 CT 스캐닝 및 분석
<ol><li>마이크로 CT 스캐너로 왼쪽 페모라를 스캔합니다. 해상도: 10 μm; 전압 : 70 kV; 전류: 114 μA; 플리터: 0.5mm 알; 회전 단계: 0.5°.</li>
	<li>제조업체의 지시에 따라 스캐너의 지원 소프트웨어를 사용하여 피질 뼈와 좌골 뼈의 3D 이미지를 재구성합니다. ROI는 말단 성장 플레이트에 가깝고 페모라 의 중간에 피질 뼈의 총 1mm 폭에 있습니다.</li>
	<li>정량적 미세 아키텍처 매개 변수를 계산: 뼈 미네랄 밀도 (BMD), 뼈 볼륨 분획 (BV/TV), 궤적 두께 (Tb.Th.), 궤적 수 (Tb.N.), 궤적 분리 (Tb.Sp.), 및 피질 뼈 두께 (Ct.Th.).</li>
</ol>5. 트랩 염색
<ol><li>파라핀 섹션을 65°C에서 30분간 굽습니다.</li>
	<li>데왁스: 10분 동안 자일렌에 섹션을 담그세요. 신선한 자일렌으로 이 단계를 3배 수행합니다.</li>
	<li>재수화: 100% 에탄올, 95% 에탄올, 70% 에탄올, ddH2O로 섹션에 순차적으로 몰입하여 각각 5분 동안 두 번 담가 두 번.</li>
	<li>제조업체의 지시에 따라 TRAP 염색 키트를 사용하여 염색 용액을 준비하고 37°C로 따뜻하게 합니다. 참고: TRAP 염색 솔루션은 모든 분석 전에 즉시 신선하게 준비해야 합니다.</li>
	<li>각 샘플에 50-100 μL 염색 용액을 추가하고 20-30 분 동안 37 ° C 습한 챔버에 배양하십시오. 붉은 다핵 골세포가 보일 때까지 5 분마다 가벼운 현미경으로 골의 염색 상태를 확인하십시오. ddH2O로 반응을 종료합니다.</li>
	<li>30 s용 헤마톡시린 용액의 카운터스테인. 1% 암모니아 용액에 1분간 침수하여 안정적인 청색을 연출합니다. 천천히 흐르는 수돗물로 헹구는 다.</li>
	<li>중성 발삼을 사용하여 커버립으로 섹션을 마운트하고 밤새 건조하십시오.</li>
	<li>현미경으로 관심 있는 3-5 필드를 캡처합니다. 이미지 J에 의해 궤적 둘레를 분석: L1로'직선'도구를 사용하여 스케일 바(Ls)의 길이를 측정한 다음,'분할된 선'도구를 L2, 물리적 길이(Lp)로 사용하여 적혈구 둘레의 길이를 측정합니다. 3개 이상의 핵을 가진 TRAP 양성 세포의 수를 계산합니다.</li>
</ol>6. 칼신과 알리자린 레드 더블 라벨링
<ol><li>표본 제제: 0일째에 20 mg/kg 칼세인(1 mg/mL in 2% NaHCO3 솔루션)과 25 mg/kg 알리자린 레드 S(AL, 2 mg/mL in H2O)를 4일째에 주입한다. 7일째에 마우스를 희생하십시오. 경골을 조심스럽게 분리하고 48 h에 대한 4 ° C에서 4 % 파라 포름 알데히드에 고정합니다.</li>
	<li>탈수: 고정 후, 경골 3배를 PBS 1x로 부드럽게 씻으십시오. 표본을 95% 에탄올, 100% 에탄올, 자일렌으로 5분 동안 따로 담가.</li>
	<li>12시간 동안 아세톤에 표본을 담그고, 1/2 아세톤 1/2 수지에서 2시간 동안, 그리고 밤새 건조 오븐에 순수한 수지에 담가 두십시오. 참고: 수지는 제조업체의 지침에 따라 시판되는 수지(예: 812 수지 포함)에 의해 제조되었습니다.</li>
	<li>포함: 퓨어 수지를 적합한 실리카 젤 포함 탱크에 넣고 거품을 피하기 위해 표본을 부드럽게 배치합니다. 48h에 대해 60°C에서 건조 오븐에서 수지를 중합한다.</li>
	<li>회전 마이크로토메로 시편을 5 μm 두께의 섹션으로 지속적으로 절단합니다. 나머지 샘플을 실온에서 건조제로 저장합니다.</li>
	<li>75%의 알코올을 한 방울로 핀셋으로 섹션을 준수하십시오. 중립 발삼을 사용하여 커버립으로 섹션을 마운트합니다. 형광 현미경으로 적색 및 녹색 형광 라벨을 캡처합니다.</li>
	<li>두 라벨링 라인(Ir.L.Wi), 단일 라벨이 부착된 반구 둘레(sL.Pm), 이중 라벨이 부착된 관두(dL.Pm) 및 총 반구 경계(Tb.Pm)사이의 너비를 측정합니다. 미네랄 정수 속도(MAR) 및 뼈 형성 속도(BFR/BS)를 계산합니다. MAR = Ir.L.Wi/간격 일. BFR/BS= (dL.Pm±SL.Pm/2)*MAR/Tb.Pm*100%.</li>
</ol>

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K., Fang, S. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Mouse+Cre-LoxP+system:+general+principles+to+determine+tissue-specific+roles+of+target+genes.">Mouse Cre-LoxP system: general principles to determine tissue-specific roles of target genes.</a> Laboratory animal research. 34 (4), 147-159 (2018).</li><li>Minkin, C. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Bone+acid+phosphatase:+tartrate-resistant+acid+phosphatase+as+a+marker+of+osteoclast+function.">Bone acid phosphatase: tartrate-resistant acid phosphatase as a marker of osteoclast function.</a> Calcified Tissue International. 34 (3), 285-290 (1982).</li><li>Vaaraniemi, J., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Intracellular+machinery+for+matrix+degradation+in+bone-resorbing+osteoclasts.">Intracellular machinery for matrix degradation in bone-resorbing osteoclasts.</a> Journal of Bone and Mineral Research. 19 (9), 1432-1440 (2004).</li><li>Ljusberg, J., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Proteolytic+excision+of+a+repressive+loop+domain+in+tartrate-resistant+acid+phosphatase+by+cathepsin+K+in+osteoclasts.">Proteolytic excision of a repressive loop domain in tartrate-resistant acid phosphatase by cathepsin K in osteoclasts.</a> The Journal of Biological Chemistry. 280 (31), 28370-28381 (2005).</li><li>Janckila, A. J., Takahashi, K., Sun, S. Z., Yam, L. T. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Naphthol-ASBI+phosphate+as+a+preferred+substrate+for+tartrate-resistant+acid+phosphatase+isoform+5b.">Naphthol-ASBI phosphate as a preferred substrate for tartrate-resistant acid phosphatase isoform 5b.</a> Journal of Bone and Mineral Research. 16 (4), 788-793 (2001).</li><li>Janckila, A. J., Li, C. Y., Lam, K. W., Yam, L. T. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=The+cytochemistry+of+tartrate-resistant+acid+phosphatase.+Technical+considerations.">The cytochemistry of tartrate-resistant acid phosphatase. Technical considerations.</a> American Journal of Clinical Pathology. 70 (1), 45-55 (1978).</li><li>Janckila, A. J., Simons, R. M., Yam, L. T. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Alternative+immunoassay+for+tartrate-resistant+acid+phosphatase+isoform+5b+using+the+fluorogenic+substrate+naphthol+ASBI-phosphate+and+heparin.">Alternative immunoassay for tartrate-resistant acid phosphatase isoform 5b using the fluorogenic substrate naphthol ASBI-phosphate and heparin.</a> Clinica Chimica Acta: International Journal of Clinical Chemistry. 347 (1-2), 157-167 (2004).</li><li>Janckila, A. J., Yam, L. T., Li, C. Y. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Immunoalkaline+phosphatase+cytochemistry.+Technical+considerations+of+endogenous+phosphatase+activity.">Immunoalkaline phosphatase cytochemistry. Technical considerations of endogenous phosphatase activity.</a> American Journal of Clinical Pathology. 84 (4), 476-480 (1985).</li><li>Solberg, L. B., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Increased+tartrate-resistant+Acid+phosphatase+expression+in+osteoblasts+and+osteocytes+in+experimental+osteoporosis+in+rats.">Increased tartrate-resistant Acid phosphatase expression in osteoblasts and osteocytes in experimental osteoporosis in rats.</a> Calcified Tissue International. 94 (5), 510-521 (2014).</li><li>Tambutt&#233;, E., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Calcein+labelling+and+electrophysiology:+insights+on+coral+tissue+permeability+and+calcification.">Calcein labelling and electrophysiology: insights on coral tissue permeability and calcification.</a> Proceedings. Biological Sciences. 279 (1726), 19-27 (2012).</li><li>Han, Y., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Lkb1+deletion+in+periosteal+mesenchymal+progenitors+induces+osteogenic+tumors+through+mTORC1+activation.">Lkb1 deletion in periosteal mesenchymal progenitors induces osteogenic tumors through mTORC1 activation.</a> Journal of Clinical Investigation. 130 (5), 1895-1909 (2019).</li><li>Dai, Q., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=mTOR/Raptor+signaling+is+critical+for+skeletogenesis+in+mice+through+the+regulation+of+Runx2+expression.">mTOR/Raptor signaling is critical for skeletogenesis in mice through the regulation of Runx2 expression.</a> Cell Death and Differentiation. 24 (11), 1886-1899 (2017).</li><li>Sun, J., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Histone+demethylase+LSD1+regulates+bone+mass+by+controlling+WNT7B+and+BMP2+signaling+in+osteoblasts.">Histone demethylase LSD1 regulates bone mass by controlling WNT7B and BMP2 signaling in osteoblasts.</a> Bone Research. 6, 14 (2018).</li></ol>

저자는 공개 할 것이 없습니다.

유전자 조작 마우스 모델은 일반적으로 인간 질환의 메커니즘 및 약제 학적 치료를 연구하는 데사용된다(13). Ctsk-Cre 마우스는 골세포6의기능적 연구에 널리 사용되어 왔다. 본 연구는 골격 표현형을 분석하고 생체 내에서 골세포 활성을 제어하는 중요한 유전자를 연구하는 방법의 프로토콜을 설명했다.
조직학적 분석은 뼈 대사를 감...

골격 뼈는 인체의 주요 하중 베어링 기관이며 걷기 및 운동 중 내부 및 외부 환경 모두에서 압력을 받고있다 1. 평생 동안 뼈는 계속해서 자체 재생을 거치며, 이는 골세포와 골세포에 의해 균형을 이룹니다. 새로운 뼈를 형성하는 오래된 뼈와 골세포를 지우는 골세포의 과정은 골격 시스템2의항상성 및 기계적 기능을 유지한다. 균형에 장애가 골다공증과 같은 뼈 대사 질환을 유발할 수 있습니다. 골다공증은 과도한 골세포 활성으로 인해 전 세계적으로 널리 퍼져 있으며 사회2,3,4에상당한 경제적 손실을 초래합니다. 골다공증 치료에 사용할 수 있는 약물의 제한된 수와 부작용의 그들의 위험4에따르면, 골다세포 형성 및 활동의 세부 사항을 공개 하는 것이 중요 하다.
단핵세포/대식세포 조혈 계보로부터 유래된 골세포는 다중 핵(2~50개의 핵을 가질 수 있음)을 가지며 큰(보통 직경 100 μm 이상)2. 기전의 탐구와 골세포 질환에 대한 약물의 검열은 체외 골세포 문화를 통해 널리 개선되었지만, 복잡한 유기 반응은 표적 치료에 필수적불가결한 생체 내 증거를 만듭니다. 마우스와 인간 사이의 유전적 및 병리학적 유사성으로 인해, 유전자 조작 마우스 모델은 일반적으로 생체 내에서 인간 질환의 메커니즘 및 약제 학적 치료를 연구하는 데 사용된다6. Cre-loxP 시스템은 마우스 유전자 편집을 위해 널리 사용되는 기술이며 연구자들이 조직/세포 별 방식으로 유전자 기능을 조사할 수 있게 해 주었다5. 카테프신 K(CSTK)는 골콜라겐8을저하시킬 수 있는 골세포에 의해 분비된 시스테인 프로테아제이다. CTSK가 성숙한 골세포에서 선택적으로 표현된다는 것은 잘 받아들여진다. 따라서, Ctsk-Cre 마우스는 골세포에 대한 기능적 연구를 위한 유용한 도구로 간주되고6.
전사(STAT) 제품군의 신호 트랜스듀서 및 활성화기는 면역 및 암 진행 및 개발7,8에서고전적으로 매우 유의하다. 7개의 STAT 중 STAT3는 뼈 항상성9,10과가장 관련이 있는 것으로 보고됩니다. 여러 생체 내 연구는 골세포에서 STAT3의 특정 불활성화가 뼈 형성9,10을감소시키는 것으로 보고되었다. 그럼에도 불구 하 고, osteoclast 형성및 생체 내 뼈 대사에 STAT3의 참여에 관한 확실한 증거는 여전히 제한. 최근에는 osteoclast-특정 Stat3 삭제 마우스모델(Stat3fl/fl;)과함께 생체 내 증거를 제공했습니다. Ctsk-Cre, 이하 Stat3Ctsk)라고불리는STAT3는 골세포 분화 및 뼈대사(11)에참여한다. 본 연구에서는, 뼈 집상성에 대한 골세포별 STAT3 삭제의 영향을 연구하기 위해 Stat3Ctsk 마우스의 뼈 질량, 뼈 조직화 및 뼈 분석및 이화작용의 변화를 분석하는 데 사용한 방법과 프로토콜을 설명합니다.

<table>
	<tbody>
		<tr>
			<td>4% Paraformaldehyde solution</td>
			<td>Sangon biotech Co., Ltd.</td>
			<td>E672002</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Acetone</td>
			<td>Shanghai Experimental Reagent Co., Ltd.</td>
			<td>80000360</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Alizarin</td>
			<td>Sigma-Aldrich</td>
			<td>A5533</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Ammonia solution</td>
			<td>Shanghai Experimental Reagent Co., Ltd.</td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Calcein</td>
			<td>Sigma-Aldrich</td>
			<td>C0875</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Ctsk-Cre mice</td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
			<td>a gift from S. Kato, University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>DDSA</td>
			<td>Electron Microscopy Sciences</td>
			<td>13710</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>DeCa RapidlyDecalcifier</td>
			<td>Pro-Cure</td>
			<td>DX1100</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>DMP-30</td>
			<td>Electron Microscopy Sciences</td>
			<td>13600</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>EDTA</td>
			<td>Shanghai Experimental Reagent Co., Ltd.</td>
			<td>60-00-4</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>EMBED 812 RESIN</td>
			<td>Electron Microscopy Sciences</td>
			<td>14900</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>fluorescence microscope</td>
			<td>Olympus</td>
			<td>IX73</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Hematoxylin solution</td>
			<td>Beyotime Biotechanology</td>
			<td>C0107</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Micro-CT</td>
			<td>Scanco Medical AG</td>
			<td>&#956;CT 80</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>NaHCO3</td>
			<td>Shanghai Experimental Reagent Co., Ltd.</td>
			<td>10018918</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Neutral balsam</td>
			<td>Sangon biotech Co., Ltd.</td>
			<td>E675007</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>NMA</td>
			<td>Electron Microscopy Sciences</td>
			<td>19000</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Paraffin</td>
			<td>Sangon biotech Co., Ltd.</td>
			<td>A601889</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>rotary microtome</td>
			<td>Leica</td>
			<td>RM2265</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Stat3fl/fl mice</td>
			<td>GemPharmatech Co., Ltd</td>
			<td>D000527</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>TRAP staining kit</td>
			<td>Sigma-Aldrich</td>
			<td>387A</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>xylene</td>
			<td>Shanghai Experimental Reagent Co., Ltd.</td>
			<td>1330-20-7</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
	</tbody>
</table>

skeletal phenotype analysis of a conditional stat3 deletion mouse model

트랜스제닉 마우스 모델은 골세포 분화 및 활동을 제어하는 중요한 유전자를 이해하고 골다공증의 메커니즘 및 제약 치료를 연구하는 데 강력합니다. 카테핀 K (Ctsk)-Cre 마우스는 골세포의 기능적 연구에 널리 사용되어 왔다. 전사 3(STAT3)의 신호 변환기 및 활성화기는 뼈 항상성에서 관련이 있지만 생체 내의 골막세포에서의 역할은 제대로 정의되지 않습니다. STAT3가 골세포 분화 및 뼈 대사에 참여한다는 생체 내 증거를 제공하기 위해, 우리는 골세포별 Stat3 삭제 마우스모델(Stat3 fl/fl;; Ctsk-Cre)및 골격 표현형을 분석하였다. 마이크로 CT 스캐닝 및 3D 재구성은 조건부 녹아웃 마우스에서 골질량을 증가시묵화하였다. H&E 염색, 칼세인 및 알리자린 레드 더블 염색, 타르타르트 내성 산 인산인산(TRAP) 염색이 뼈 대사를 검출하기 위해 수행되었다. 요컨대, 이 프로토콜은 골격 표현형을 분석하고 생체 내에서 골세포 활성을 제어하는 중요한 유전자를 연구하기 위해 몇 가지 표준 방법과 기술을 설명합니다.

본 프로토콜을 이용하여, osteoclast 특이적 Stat3 삭제 마우스는 골세포 분화에 STAT3 삭제의 영향을 연구하기 위해 생성되었다. Stat3Ctsk 마우스와 그들의 야생형 (WT) 쓰레기는 유전자를 지운 후에 사육되고 유지되었습니다. 골수 대식세포는 골수 세포로 분리되고 배양되었고, Stat3Ctsk 마우스에서 STAT3삭제가 입증되었다(도1).
<p ...

Watch this Scientific Journal Video about Skeletal Phenotype Analysis of a Conditional Stat3 Deletion Mouse Model at JoVE.com

Skeletal Phenotype Analysis of a Conditional Stat3 Deletion Mouse Model

이 프로토콜은 생체 내에서 골세포 활성을 제어하는 중요한 유전자를 이해하는 정식 방법을 설명합니다. 이 방법은 형질 형형과 일부 표준 기술을 사용하여 골격 표현형을 분석합니다.

조건부 Stat3 삭제 마우스 모델의 골격 표현형 분석

Transgenic mouse models are powerful for understanding the critical genes controlling osteoclast differentiation and activity, and for studying mechanisms ...

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JoVE Journal

Biology

Skeletal Phenotype Analysis of a Conditional Stat3 Deletion Mouse Model

4.3K 조회수.  National Clinical Research center of Stomatology. 이 프로토콜은 생체 내에서 골세포 활성을 제어하는 중요한 유전자를 이해하는 정식 방법을 설명합니다. 이 방법은 형질 형형과 일부 표준 기술을 사용하여 골격 표현형을 분석합니다.

비디오: Skeletal Phenotype Analysis of a Conditional Stat3 Deletion Mouse Model

A Neuronal and Astrocyte Co-Culture Assay for High Content Analysis of Neurotoxicity

High Content Analysis (HCA) assays combine cells and detection reagents with automated imaging and powerful image analysis algorithms, allowing measurement of multiple cellular phenotypes within a single assay. In this study, we utilized HCA to develop a novel assay for neurotoxicity. Neurotoxicity assessment represents an important part of drug safety evaluation, as well as being a significant focus of environmental protection efforts. Additionally, neurotoxicity is also a well-accepted in vitro marker of the development of neurodegenerative diseases such as Alzheimer's and Parkinson's diseases. Recently, the application of HCA to neuronal screening has been reported. By labeling neuronal cells with &beta;III-tubulin, HCA assays can provide high-throughput, non-subjective, quantitative measurements of parameters such as neuronal number, neurite count and neurite length, all of which can indicate neurotoxic effects. However, the role of astrocytes remains unexplored in these models. Astrocytes have an integral role in the maintenance of central nervous system (CNS) homeostasis, and are associated with both neuroprotection and neurodegradation when they are activated in response to toxic substances or disease states. GFAP is an intermediate filament protein expressed predominantly in the astrocytes of the CNS. Astrocytic activation (gliosis) leads to the upregulation of GFAP, commonly accompanied by astrocyte proliferation and hypertrophy. This process of reactive gliosis has been proposed as an early marker of damage to the nervous system. The traditional method for GFAP quantitation is by immunoassay. This approach is limited by an inability to provide information on cellular localization, morphology and cell number. We determined that HCA could be used to overcome these limitations and to simultaneously measure multiple features associated with gliosis - changes in GFAP expression, astrocyte hypertrophy, and astrocyte proliferation - within a single assay. In co-culture studies, astrocytes have been shown to protect neurons against several types of toxic insult and to critically influence neuronal survival. Recent studies have suggested that the use of astrocytes in an in vitro neurotoxicity test system may prove more relevant to human CNS structure and function than neuronal cells alone. Accordingly, we have developed an HCA assay for co-culture of neurons and astrocytes, comprised of protocols and validated, target-specific detection reagents for profiling &beta;III-tubulin and glial fibrillary acidic protein (GFAP). This assay enables simultaneous analysis of neurotoxicity, neurite outgrowth, gliosis, neuronal and astrocytic morphology and neuronal and astrocytic development in a wide variety of cellular models, representing a novel, non-subjective, high-throughput assay for neurotoxicity assessment. The assay holds great potential for enhanced detection of neurotoxicity and improved productivity in neuroscience research and drug discovery.

This article describes a novel protocol and reagent set designed for sensitive measurement of neurotoxic effects of compounds and treatments on co-cultures of neurons and astrocytes using high content analysis. Results demonstrate that high content analysis represents an exciting novel technology for neurotoxicity assessment.

Neurotoxicity 높은 컨텐츠 분석의 연결 및 Astrocyte 공동 문화 분석

High Content Analysis (HCA) assays combine cells and detection reagents with automated imaging and powerful image analysis algorithms, allowing ...

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Analysis of the Development of a Morphological Phenotype as a Function of Protein Concentration in Budding Yeast

Gene deletion and protein overexpression are common methods for studying functions of proteins. In this article, we describe a protocol for analysis of phenotype development as a function of protein concentration at population and single-cell levels in Saccharomyces cerevisiae. Although this protocol is based on the overexpression of a protein, it can easily be adapted for morphological phenotypes dependent on suppression of protein expression. Our lab is interested in studying the signaling properties of the endocytic adaptor protein epsin. To that purpose we used a dominant negative approach in which we over-expressed the conserved Epsin N-Terminal Homology (ENTH) domain in order to interfere with the functions of endogenous epsin-2 (Ent2 or YLR206W). We observed that overexpression of the ENTH domain of Ent2 (ENTH2) in wild type cells led to a cell division defect that is dependent on the mislocalization of a family of scaffolding proteins, septins.

Gene deletion and protein overexpression are common methods for studying functions of proteins. In this article, we describe a protocol for analysis of phenotype development as a function of protein concentration at population and single-cell levels in Saccharomyces cerevisiae.

버딩 효모에서 단백질 농도의 함수로 형태학의 표현형의 발전 분석

Gene deletion and protein overexpression are common methods for studying functions of proteins. In this article, we describe a protocol for analysis of ...

In vivo Imaging and Therapeutic Treatments in an Orthotopic Mouse Model of Ovarian Cancer

Human cancer and response to therapy is better represented in orthotopic animal models. This paper describes the development of an orthotopic mouse model of ovarian cancer, treatment of cancer via oral delivery of drugs, and monitoring of tumor cell behavior in response to drug treatment in real time using in vivo imaging system. In this orthotopic model, ovarian tumor cells expressing luciferase are applied topically by injecting them directly into the mouse bursa where each ovary is enclosed. Upon injection of D-luciferin, a substrate of firefly luciferase, luciferase-expressing cells generate bioluminescence signals. This signal is detected by the in vivo imaging system and allows for a non-invasive means of monitoring tumor growth, distribution, and regression in individual animals. Drug administration via oral gavage allows for a maximum dosing volume of 10 mL/kg body weight to be delivered directly to the stomach and closely resembles delivery of drugs in clinical treatments. Therefore, techniques described here, development of an orthotopic mouse model of ovarian cancer, oral delivery of drugs, and in vivo imaging, are useful for better understanding of human ovarian cancer and treatment and will improve targeting this disease.

In vivo Imaging and Therapeutic Treatments in an Orthotopic Mouse Model of Ovarian Cancer

Orthotopic animal models of ovarian cancer replicate better human disease and therefore enhance our understanding of cancer progression and tumor response to therapy. A mouse model receives an intrabursal injection of luciferase-expressing ovarian tumor cells. Treatment is administered via oral gavage. Tumor growth is monitored by in vivo imaging system.

생체내 이미징 및 난소암의 Orthotopic 마우스 모델에서 치료 트리 트먼트

Human cancer and response to therapy is better represented in orthotopic animal models.  This paper describes the development of an orthotopic mouse model ...

Analysis of Embryonic and Larval Zebrafish Skeletal Myofibers from Dissociated Preparations

The zebrafish has proven to be a valuable model system for exploring skeletal muscle function and for studying human muscle diseases. Despite the many advantages offered by in vivo analysis of skeletal muscle in the zebrafish, visualizing the complex and finely structured protein milieu responsible for muscle function, especially in whole embryos, can be problematic. This hindrance stems from the small size of zebrafish skeletal muscle (60 &mu;m) and the even smaller size of the sarcomere. Here we describe and demonstrate a simple and rapid method for isolating skeletal myofibers from zebrafish embryos and larvae. We also include protocols that illustrate post preparation techniques useful for analyzing muscle structure and function. Specifically, we detail the subsequent immunocytochemical localization of skeletal muscle proteins and the qualitative analysis of stimulated calcium release via live cell calcium imaging. Overall, this video article provides a straight-forward and efficient method for the isolation and characterization of zebrafish skeletal myofibers, a technique which provides a conduit for myriad subsequent studies of muscle structure and function.

Zebrafish are an emerging system for modeling human disorders of the skeletal muscle. We describe a fast and efficient method to isolate skeletal muscle myofibers from embryonic and larval zebrafish. This method yields a high-density myofiber preparation suitable for study of single skeletal muscle fiber morphology, protein subcellular localization, and muscle physiology.

해리 된 준비에서 배아와 애벌레 Zebrafish의 골격 근섬유의 분석

The zebrafish has  proven to be a valuable model system for exploring skeletal muscle function and  for studying human muscle diseases. Despite  the many ...

Analysis of Skeletal Muscle Defects in Larval Zebrafish by Birefringence and Touch-evoke Escape Response Assays

Zebrafish (Danio rerio) have become a particularly effective tool for modeling human diseases affecting skeletal muscle, including muscular dystrophies1-3, congenital myopathies4,5, and disruptions in sarcomeric assembly6,7, due to high genomic and structural conservation with mammals8. Muscular disorganization and locomotive impairment can be quickly assessed in the zebrafish over the first few days post-fertilization. Two assays to help characterize skeletal muscle defects in zebrafish are birefringence (structural) and touch-evoked escape response (behavioral).
Birefringence is a physical property in which light is rotated as it passes through ordered matter, such as the pseudo-crystalline array of muscle sarcomeres9. It is a simple, noninvasive approach to assess muscle integrity in translucent zebrafish larvae early in development. Wild-type zebrafish with highly organized skeletal muscle appear very bright amidst a dark background when visualized between two polarized light filters, whereas muscle mutants have birefringence patterns specific to the primary muscular disorder they model. Zebrafish modeling muscular dystrophies, diseases characterized by myofiber degeneration followed by repeated rounds of regeneration, exhibit degenerative dark patches in skeletal muscle under polarized light. Nondystrophic myopathies are not associated with necrosis or regenerative changes, but result in disorganized myofibers and skeletal muscle weakness. Myopathic zebrafish typically show an overall reduction in birefringence, reflecting the disorganization of sarcomeres.
The touch-evoked escape assay involves observing an embryo&#39;s swimming behavior in response to tactile stimulation10-12. In comparison to wild-type larvae, mutant larvae frequently display a weak escape contraction, followed by slow swimming or other type of impaired motion that fails to propel the larvae more than a short distance12. The advantage of these assays is that disease progression in the same fish type can be monitored in vivo for several days, and that large numbers of fish can be analyzed in a short time relative to higher vertebrates.

The zebrafish is now an established and powerful tool for modeling muscular dystrophies, congenital myopathies, and related neuromuscular diseases. Birefringence and touch-evoked escape behavior are two common noninvasive assays used to determine the degree of muscular disorganization and locomotive impairment of zebrafish embryos during early development.

Zebrafish (Danio rerio) have become a particularly effective tool for modeling human diseases affecting skeletal muscle, including muscular ...

Alternative Cultures for Human Pluripotent Stem Cell Production, Maintenance, and Genetic Analysis

Human pluripotent stem cells (hPSCs) hold great promise for regenerative medicine and biopharmaceutical applications. Currently, optimal culture and efficient expansion of large amounts of clinical-grade hPSCs are critical issues in hPSC-based therapies. Conventionally, hPSCs are propagated as colonies on both feeder and feeder-free culture systems. However, these methods have several major limitations, including low cell yields and generation of heterogeneously differentiated cells. To improve current hPSC culture methods, we have recently developed a new method, which is based on non-colony type monolayer (NCM) culture of dissociated single cells. Here, we present detailed NCM protocols based on the Rho-associated kinase (ROCK) inhibitor Y-27632. We also provide new information regarding NCM culture with different small molecules such as Y-39983 (ROCK I inhibitor), phenylbenzodioxane (ROCK II inhibitor), and thiazovivin (a novel ROCK inhibitor). We further extend our basic protocol to cultivate hPSCs on defined extracellular proteins such as the laminin isoform 521 (LN-521) without the use of ROCK inhibitors. Moreover, based on NCM, we have demonstrated efficient transfection or transduction of plasmid DNAs, lentiviral particles, and oligonucleotide-based microRNAs into hPSCs in order to genetically modify these cells for molecular analyses and drug discovery. The NCM-based methods overcome the major shortcomings of colony-type culture, and thus may be suitable for producing large amounts of homogeneous hPSCs for future clinical therapies, stem cell research, and drug discovery.

Here, we present human pluripotent stem cell (hPSC) culture protocols, based on non-colony type monolayer (NCM) growth of dissociated single cells. This new method, utilizing Rho-associated kinase inhibitors or the laminin isoform 521 (LN-521), is suitable for producing large amounts of homogeneous hPSCs, genetic manipulation, and drug discovery.

인간 다 능성에 대한 대안 문화는 전지 생산, 유지 보수 및 유전 분석을 줄기

Human pluripotent stem cells (hPSCs) hold great promise for regenerative medicine and biopharmaceutical applications. Currently, optimal culture and ...

Detection and Analysis of DNA Damage in Mouse Skeletal Muscle In Situ Using the TUNEL Method

Terminal deoxynucleotidyl transferase (TdT) deoxyuridine triphosphate (dUTP) nick end labeling (TUNEL) is the method of using the TdT enzyme to covalently attach a tagged form of dUTP to 3&#8217; ends of double- and single-stranded DNA breaks in cells. It is a reliable and useful method to detect DNA damage and cell death in situ. This video describes dissection, tissue processing, sectioning, and fluorescence-based TUNEL labeling of mouse skeletal muscle. It also describes a method of semi-automated TUNEL signal quantitation. Inherent normal tissue features and tissue processing conditions affect the ability of the TdT enzyme to efficiently label DNA. Tissue processing may also add undesirable autofluorescence that will interfere with TUNEL signal detection. Therefore, it is important to empirically determine tissue processing and TUNEL labeling methods that will yield the optimal signal-to-noise ratio for subsequent quantitation. The fluorescence-based assay described here provides a way to exclude autofluorescent signal by digital channel subtraction. The TUNEL assay, used with appropriate tissue processing techniques and controls, is a relatively fast, reproducible, quantitative method for detecting apoptosis in tissue. It can be used to confirm DNA damage and apoptosis as pathological mechanisms, to identify affected cell types, and to assess the efficacy of therapeutic treatments in vivo.

Detection and Analysis of DNA Damage in Mouse Skeletal Muscle In Situ Using the TUNEL Method

This video describes dissection, tissue processing, sectioning, and fluorescence-based TUNEL labeling of mouse skeletal muscle. It also describes a method for semi-automated analysis of TUNEL labeling.

마우스 골격근에있는 검색, 탐지 DNA 손상 분석<em&gt; 현장에서</em&gt; TUNEL 방법을 사용하여

Terminal deoxynucleotidyl transferase (TdT) deoxyuridine triphosphate (dUTP) nick end labeling (TUNEL) is the method of using the TdT enzyme to covalently ...

Trans-inner Cell Mass Injection of Embryonic Stem Cells Leads to Higher Chimerism Rates

In an effort to increase efficiency in the creation of genetically modified mice via ES Cell methodologies, we present an adaptation to the current blastocyst injection protocol. Here we report that a simple rotation of the embryo, and injection through Trans-Inner cell mass (TICM) increased the percentage of chimeric mice from 31% to 50%, with no additional equipment or further specialized training. 26 different inbred clones, and 35 total clones were injected over a period of 9 months. There was no significant difference in either pregnancy rate or recovery rate of embryos between traditional injection techniques and TICM. Therefore, without any major alteration in the injection process and a simple positioning of the blastocyst and injecting through the ICM, releasing the ES cells into the blastocoel cavity can potentially improve the quantity of chimeric production and subsequent germline transmission.

Here we present a protocol to increase chimera production without the use of new equipment. A simple orientation change of the embryo for injection can increase the number of embryos produced, and potentially reduce the timeline to germline transmission.

트랜스-내부 세포 배아 줄기 세포의 대량 주입 리드 더 높은 Chimerism 요금

In an effort to increase efficiency in the creation of genetically modified mice via ES Cell methodologies, we present an adaptation to the current ...

Mass Spectrometry Analysis to Identify Ubiquitylation of EYFP-tagged CENP-A (EYFP-CENP-A)

Studying the structure and the dynamics of kinetochores and centromeres is important in understanding chromosomal instability (CIN) and cancer progression. How the chromosomal location and function of a centromere (i.e., centromere identity) are determined and participate in accurate chromosome segregation is a fundamental question. CENP-A is proposed to be the non-DNA indicator (epigenetic mark) of centromere identity, and CENP-A ubiquitylation is required for CENP-A deposition at the centromere, inherited through dimerization between cell division, and indispensable to cell viability.
Here we describe mass spectrometry analysis to identify ubiquitylation of EYFP-CENP-A K124R mutant suggesting that ubiquitylation at a different lysine is induced because of the EYFP tagging in the CENP-A K124R mutant protein. Lysine 306 (K306) ubiquitylation in EYFP-CENP-A K124R was successfully identified, which corresponds to lysine 56 (K56) in CENP-A through mass spectrometry analysis. A caveat is discussed in the use of GFP/EYFP or the tagging of high molecular weight protein as a tool to analyze the function of a protein. Current technical limit is also discussed for the detection of ubiquitylated bands, identification of site-specific ubiquitylation(s), and visualization of ubiquitylation in living cells or a specific single cell during the whole cell cycle.
The method of mass spectrometry analysis presented here can be applied to human CENP-A protein with different tags and other centromere-kinetochore proteins. These combinatory methods consisting of several assays/analyses could be recommended for researchers who are interested in identifying functional roles of ubiquitylation.

Mass Spectrometry Analysis to Identify Ubiquitylation of EYFP-tagged CENP-A EYFP-CENP-A

CENP-A ubiquitylation is an important requirement for CENP-A deposition at the centromere, inherited through dimerization between cell division, and indispensable to cell viability. Here we describe mass spectrometry analysis to identify ubiquitylation of EYFP-tagged CENP-A (EYFP-CENP-A) protein.

Studying the structure and the dynamics of kinetochores and centromeres is important in understanding chromosomal instability (CIN) and cancer ...

A Mouse Model of Lumbar Spine Instability

Intervertebral disc degeneration (IDD) is a common pathological change leading to low back pain. Appropriate animal models are desired for understanding the pathological processes and evaluating new drugs. Here, we introduced a surgically induced lumbar spine instability (LSI) mouse model that develops IDD starting from 1 week post operation. In detail, the mouse under anesthesia was operated by low back skin incision, L3&#8211;L5 spinous processes exposure, detachment of paraspinous muscles, resection of processes and ligaments, and skin closure. L4&#8211;L5 IVDs were chosen for the observation. The LSI model develops lumbar IDD by porosity and hypertrophy in endplates at an early stage, decrease in intervertebral disc volume, shrinkage in nucleus pulposus at an intermediate stage, and bone loss in lumbar vertebrae (L5) at a later stage. The LSI mouse model has the advantages of strong operability, no requirement of special equipment, reproducibility, inexpensive, and relatively short period of IDD development. However, LSI operation is still a trauma that causes inflammation within the first week post operation. Thus, this animal model is suitable for study of lumbar IDD.

We developed a lumbar intervertebral disc degeneration mouse model by resection of L3&#8211;L5 spinous processes along with supra- and inter-spinous ligaments and detachment of paraspinous muscles.

요추 척추 불안정의 마우스 모델

Intervertebral disc degeneration (IDD) is a common pathological change leading to low back pain. Appropriate animal models are desired for understanding ...