이 자료 기본 과학 연구 프로그램을 통해 국가 연구 재단의 한국 (NRF) 과학의 부, 정보 통신 및 미래 계획 (NRF-2017R1A2B4008053)와 사역의 무역, 산업 및 에너지 (에서 지 원하는 작업에 따라 MOTIE, 한국) 산업 기술 혁신 프로그램 번호 10052802 및 경제 협력 지역 (N0002310)의 산업에 대 한 격려 프로그램을 통해 기술 (진흥원)의 발전을 위한 연구원.

1. 나노-마이크로 Multiscale 구조 표면 AAO 필터 (그림 1)를 사용 하 여 제조
<ol><li>각각 구매는 AAO 필터는 기 공 크기, 높이와 200 nm, 60 µ m, 및 25 mm의 직경.</li>
	<li>1.2. 데 5 분, 99.8%와 99.9% 이소프로필 알코올 (IPA) 아세톤을 사용 하 여 100 μ m의 두께 폴 리 에틸렌 테 레프 탈 레이트 (PET) 필름의 표면을 청소 하 고 공기 총을 사용 하 여 3 분 동안 완전히 건조.</li>
	<li>애완 동물 필름, 오염 물질 없이 평평한 표면에 놓고 UV 경화 폴리우레탄 아크릴레이트 (PUA)의 0.1 mL 드롭 추가-입력 화면 257.4 cPs의 점도로 수 지.</li>
	<li>수 지에 AAO 필터를 배치 하 고 균일 하 게, 32 m m의 직경을 가진 고무 롤러를 사용 하 여 누릅니다. 그래서 롤러 반복적으로 그리고 신중 하 게 푸시 해야 누르면 수 지의 확산은 시각적으로, 확인 된다. 주의: AAO 필터 취 이며 과도 한 힘이 적용 되 면 깰 수 있습니다.</li>
	<li>애완 동물 및 AAO 필터 (수 지를 사용 하 여 연결)로 만든 표본 365의 파장을 가진 자외선 노출, 후 30 nm 수 지 치료 s.</li>
	<li>필터를 해산 하기 위해 10 분 동안 2m NaOH 솔루션의 100 mL에 치유 견본을 담가. 참고: SEM 이미지 표시 횡단면 및 구조 (그림 2)의 표면.</li>
	<li>디 물 표본 청소 후 완전히 공기 총을 사용 하 여 3 분 동안 그것을 건조. 참고: EDX 분석 확인 Na 및 알 검색 되지 및 완전 하 게 에칭 (그림 3).</li>
</ol>2. 표면 처리
<ol><li>UV 오존 치료</li>
	<li>나노-마이크로 multiscale 구조 5 분, IPA와 디 물을 사용 하 여 표본을 청소 후 건조 한 공기 총을 사용 하 여 3 분.</li>
	<li>견본 (multiscale 구조 측면)의 multiscale 구조의 측면을 비추는 60 분에 대 한 자외선 (185-254 nm의 파장)를 사용 하 여. 참고: UV 오존 장비는 25 mW/cm2의 강도.</li>
	<li>Octadecyltrichlorosilane (OTS) 자기 조립</li>
	<li>글러브 박스 안에 뜨거운 접시 놓고 증기 증 착 공정에 대 한 N2 환경을 유지 합니다.</li>
	<li>유리 또는 접착 테이프를 사용 하 여 플랫 플레이트에는 시료의 가장자리를 수정 합니다. 유리 또는 격판덮개의 크기 (직경 및 높이 13 m m 8 m m)와 비 커의 상단을 충당 하기 위해 충분히 큰 있는지 확인 합니다.</li>
	<li>5 "x 7" 핫 플레이트에 비 커를 놓고는 피 펫을 사용 하 여 비 커에 OTS 솔루션의 2 개 mL를 추가 합니다.</li>
	<li>유리 비 커를 커버 또는 얼굴에 비 커에 아래쪽으로 직면 하는 견본 접시.</li>
	<li>100 ° C, 다음 제거 장갑 상자에서 견본에서 60 분에 대 한 프로세스. 참고: OTS 코팅 과정 후 비 커와 글로브 박스 청소 되어야 한다.</li>
</ol>3. 윤 활 유를 주입 하 여 기능성 표면의 제작
<ol><li>약 0.2 mL 예금 OTS 코팅에 perfluorocarbon (PFC) 액체의 자체 집계 nanofiber 어셈블리.</li>
	<li>PFC X-20 X 5에는 대물 렌즈와 광학 현미경을 사용 하 여 습윤 과정을 관찰 합니다.</li>
	<li>몇 시간 동안 수직 위치에서 샘플을 배치 하 여 초과 PFC 액체를 제거 합니다.</li>
</ol>

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저자는 공개 경쟁 금융 관심 없다 있다.

자체 집계 nanofiber 어셈블리의 제조의 핵심 단계 과민 AAO 필터 고무 롤러와 수 지를 적용 하는 때 휴식 하지 않습니다 보장 하기 위해입니다. 사실, 그것은 AAO 필터 에칭 단계 전에 언제 든 지 휴식 하지 않습니다 보장 되어야 합니다. AAO 필터는 직경에서 25 mm, 때문에 기판의 크기는 약 30 x 30 m m입니다.
자체 집계 nanofiber 어셈블리 적절 한 표면 처리를 통해 다양 한 기능성 표면을 제공 수 있습니다. 각 인, 후 기본 표면 친수성, 하지만 그것은 수정 및 OTS 코팅 후 자외선 오존 처리와 표면 에너지 변화에 복종 되 고에 의해 소수 될 수 있습니다. 또한, 제안 된 multiscale 다공성 구조는 액체 윤 활 유 주입 과정을 통해 미 끄 러운 표면에 변환할 수 있습니다.
나노-마이크로 multiscale 구조와 표면 집계 nanofibers의 불규칙 때문에 가능성이 불투명 이며,이 특성은 광학 응용 프로그램에서 채택 될 수 있다. 따라서, 후속 연구에 우리 UV-Vi-적외선 분 광 계를 사용 하 여 기판의 광학 특성을 조사 하겠습니다. 우리는 이러한 표면의 광학 속성 빛의 확산된 반사를 필요로 하는 산업에 적용할 수 있습니다 기대 합니다.

나노 질감 구조와 같은 나노 입자, 나노튜브, 및 nanofibers 과학 사회에서 관심을 받고 있다 그들은 전기, 생물 의학, 광학, 및 표면를 포함 하 여 다양 한 응용 프로그램에 고유한 특성을 보여줍니다. 공학1,2,3,,45,6,7,8. 특히, nanofibers 널리 stretchable 및 투명 전극9, 착용 형 센서10,11, 상호12,13및 나노 광학 응용 프로그램에 사용 되 14. 자기 조립 나노 구조, 졸-겔 방법, 같은 조작, 리소 그래피, 및 복제15,,1617,18, 다양 한 방법 중에서 19,20, 서식 파일을 사용 하 여 직접 복제 현재 여겨진다 유망한 방법 때문에 간단 하 고 비용 효율적인, 다양 한 경화 형 재료21,22 에 적용 , 23 , 24 , 25 , 26.
때문에 나노 세공 및 마이크로 스케일 높이의 큰 숫자가 multiscale 구조, AAO 널리 사용 됩니다 템플릿으로 nanofibers 및 높은 종횡비27,,2829 와 나노튜브의 제조에 , 그러나 30., 이러한 높은 종횡비에 표면 장력으로 인해 nanofibers 경향이 쉽게 집계31,,3233. 기존 연구는 가로 세로 비율 15:1 보다 큰 데 nanofibers 똑바로 서 있지 않지만 대신 집계, 비율 5:1 보다 작은 데 그는 집계33,34없이 개별적으로 고립 된 입증 했다. 모 세관 힘 및 표면 장력 nanofiber 제조 동안 프로세스 중 하나인는 현상를 사용 하 여 알 루미나의 제거에 중요 한 역할을 재생 합니다. 가로 세로 비율 증가, 표면 장력 nanofibers 중 집계를 일으키는, 서로 가까이 그들을 끌어 경향이 있다. 여러 연구 결과 이러한 집계35, 특히 고분자와 금속 nanofibers 관찰을 방지 하는 방법에 집중 했다. 이 중, 액체 nanofibers 사이 공간 차지 하 고, 표면 장력 저하 되므로 nanofiber 표면의 수 분 덩어리를 줄일 수 있습니다. 또한, 동결 방법 또한 nanofibers 사이 표면 장력을 감소 하 여 집합을 줄일 수 있습니다. 그러나, 다양 한 노력에도 불구 하 고 높은 종횡비 nanofibers의 스트레이트 남아 있다 도전.
이 위해, 우리는 긍정적인 방식으로 집계 현상을 이용 하 여 얽힌된 nanofiber multiscale 구조를 조작 하는 독특한 방법을 보고 합니다. 여기, nanofiber 구조는 AAO 필터 및 폴리우레탄 아크릴레이트 (PUA)를 사용 하 여 각 인은-257.4의 점도로 수 지 입력 cP. UV 나노 임 프린트 리소 그래피 (UV-전무)를 수행한 후 NaOH 솔루션 금형 에칭 이다. 제안 된 multiscale 구조 특성, 우리는 자기 조립된 단층 코팅 등 적절 한 표면 처리 및 UV 오존 처리 후 집계 nanofibers와 표면 습윤 샘플의 패턴 동작 조사 . 또한, 우리 multiscale 다공성 표면 윤 활 유 주입 프로세스를 사용 하 여 미 끄 러운 표면에 간단 하 게 변환 될 수 있습니다 제안 합니다.

<table>
	<tbody>
		<tr>
			<td>MINS 511RM</td>
			<td>Minuta Tech</td>
			<td></td>
			<td>UV curable resin</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Octadecyltrichlorosilane (OTS)</td>
			<td>Aldrich</td>
			<td></td>
			<td>Surface treatment</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Sodium oxidanide</td>
			<td>SAMCHUN</td>
			<td></td>
			<td>Etching solution</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Anopore Inoganic Membranes</td>
			<td>Whatman</td>
			<td></td>
			<td>25mm/0.2&#181;m</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>MT-UV-A 47</td>
			<td>Meiji Techno</td>
			<td></td>
			<td>UV curing equipment</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>UVC-30</td>
			<td>Jaesung Engineering</td>
			<td></td>
			<td>UVO treatment equipment</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Smart Drop Plus</td>
			<td>FEMTOFAB</td>
			<td></td>
			<td>Contact angle measurement</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Fluorinert FC-70</td>
			<td>3M</td>
			<td></td>
			<td>liquid mixture of completely fluorinated aliphatic compounds</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Polyethylene terephthalate film</td>
			<td>Sunchem</td>
			<td></td>
			<td>Substrate</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Acetone (99.8%)</td>
			<td>Daejung</td>
			<td></td>
			<td>Cleaning solution</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Isopropyl alcohol (99.9%)</td>
			<td>Daejung</td>
			<td></td>
			<td>Cleaning solution</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Rubber roller</td>
			<td>Hwahong</td>
			<td></td>
			<td>For application of resin</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Corning Stirring Hot Plates</td>
			<td>Corning</td>
			<td></td>
			<td>Hot plate equipment (5&#34; x 7&#34;)</td>
		</tr>
	</tbody>
</table>

multiscale structures aggregated by imprinted nanofibers for functional surfaces

Multiscale 표면 구조는 표면 장치에서 몇 가지 잠재적인 응용 프로그램으로 인하여 증가 관심을 받고 있다. 그러나, 분야에서 기존 도전 손쉬운, 비용 효율적인, 그리고 높은 처리량 방법을 사용 하 여 하이브리드 마이크로-나노 구조체의 제조 이다. 이러한 문제를 해결 하려면이 문서 multiscale 구조 양극 알루미늄 산화물 (AAO) 필터는 인쇄물 프로세스만 nanofibers의 증발 자체 집계 과정을 사용 하 여 조작 하는 프로토콜을 제안 합니다. Nanofibers을 목적으로 해야 하는 이전 시도는 달리 높은 종횡비 multiscale 집계 nanofibers의 독특한 제조 방법을 설명 합니다. 또한, 표면 형태와 이러한 구조의 다양 한 액체에 습윤 다기능 표면에 그들의 사용을 촉진 하기 위하여 조사 되었다.

우리가 시연 multiscale 나노-마이크로 하이브리드 구조는 각 인 형으로 AAO 필터를 사용 하 여 제작에 대 한 신속 하 고 간단한 방법. 전체 과정은 30 분 (그림 4) 했다. 그것은 NaOH를 사용 하 여 에칭 프로세스 진행 후 결과 표면 불투명 색상 때문에 표면 장력에 의해 발생 하는 집계 nanofiber 어셈블리 원래 AAO 필터와 유사한 전시를 지적 했다. 또한, EDX 분석 결과 확인 AAO 필터 습식된 화학 에칭 (그림 3)에 의해 완전히 제거 되었다.
표면 특성은 떨어지는 물방울의 견본 5 μ의 표면에 의해 접촉 각을 측정 하 여 결정 했다. 때문에 인쇄물 AAO 필터 중재 하는 과정에서 사용 되는 재료 전시 superhydrophilicity, 조작된 multiscale 구조 자체 집계 nanofibers 인해 높은 다공성 네트워크, 물방울 경향이 즉시 기판에 흡수. 그러나,는 화란 hydrophobicity 사용 하 여 적절 한 표면 처리를 수정할 수 있습니다. 우리는 그림 5에 표시 된 찍힌 multiscale 구조의 표면 OTS 코팅 후 약 117 °의 접촉 각으로 소수 성 표면에 수정 된 시연입니다. 또한, UV 오존 치료 약 10 ° (그림 6)에 의해 표면의 접촉 각을 더욱 높일 수 있습니다. OTS 코팅 및 표면에 찍힌 UV 오존 처리를 순차적으로 수행 후 결과 접촉 각 134 ° (그림 7) 증가 확인 되었다.
표면 및 OTS 코팅 견본의 횡단면 보조 개 구조를 나노 섬유 (그림 5)의 집계를 표시 합니다. 크기와 방향을이 보조 개 구조는 일반; 그러나,이 현상은 시료의 표면 전체에 걸쳐 발생 했습니다. UV 오존 치료 과정36 을 복종 된 후는 시료의 표면에 부드러운 되었다 (그림 6 및 그림 7). UV 오존 처리 과정 후 표면의 접촉 각 증가 하는 이유 이기도 합니다. 이 현상 또한는 시료의 표면에 균일 하 게 발생 하 고 접촉 각의 오류 보다 3 ° 이었다.
<img alt="Figure 1" class="xfigimg" src="/files/ftp_upload/58356/58356fig1.jpg"> 그림 1: 수용 성 알루미늄 산화물과 구조를 날조를 위한 절차. <a href="https://www-jove-com.remotexs.ntu.edu.sg/files/ftp_upload/58356/58356fig1large.jpg" target="_blank">이 그림의 더 큰 버전을 보려면 여기를 클릭 하십시오.</a>
<img alt="Figure 2" class="xfigimg" src="/files/ftp_upload/58356/58356fig2.jpg"> 그림 2: 나노-마이크로 multiscale 구조 표면 및 단면을 보여주는 에칭 과정 후의 SEM 이미지. <a href="https://www-jove-com.remotexs.ntu.edu.sg/files/ftp_upload/58356/58356fig2large.jpg" target="_blank">이 그림의 더 큰 버전을 보려면 여기를 클릭 하십시오.</a>
<img alt="Figure 3" class="xfigimg" src="/files/ftp_upload/58356/58356fig3.jpg"> 그림 3: 나노-마이크로 multiscale 구조는 AAO 필터를 사용 하 여 날조의 에칭 후 EDX 분석 결과. <a href="https://www-jove-com.remotexs.ntu.edu.sg/files/ftp_upload/58356/58356fig3large.jpg" target="_blank">이 그림의 더 큰 버전을 보려면 여기를 클릭 하십시오.</a>
<img alt="Figure 4" class="xfigimg" src="/files/ftp_upload/58356/58356fig4.jpg"> 그림 4: 완전 한 에칭 후 nanofibers의 집계에 의해 나노-마이크로 multiscale 구조의 제조에 대 한 도식. <a href="https://www-jove-com.remotexs.ntu.edu.sg/files/ftp_upload/58356/58356fig4large.jpg" target="_blank">이 그림의 더 큰 버전을 보려면 여기를 클릭 하십시오.</a>
<img alt="Figure 5" class="xfigimg" src="/files/ftp_upload/58356/58356fig5.jpg"> 그림 5: 표면 및 나노-마이크로 구조에 OTS 코팅 후 접촉 각도. <a href="https://www-jove-com.remotexs.ntu.edu.sg/files/ftp_upload/58356/58356fig5large.jpg" target="_blank">이 그림의 더 큰 버전을 보려면 여기를 클릭 하십시오.</a>
<img alt="Figure 6" class="xfigimg" src="/files/ftp_upload/58356/58356fig6.jpg"> 그림 6: 표면 및 나노-마이크로 구조에 UV 오존 처리 후 접촉 각도. <a href="https://www-jove-com.remotexs.ntu.edu.sg/files/ftp_upload/58356/58356fig6large.jpg" target="_blank">이 그림의 더 큰 버전을 보려면 여기를 클릭 하십시오.</a>
<img alt="Figure 7" class="xfigimg" src="/files/ftp_upload/58356/58356fig7.jpg"> 그림 7: 접촉 각도 순차적으로 표면 및 나노-마이크로 구조에 OTS 코팅 및 UV 오존 처리를 수행한 후. <a href="https://www-jove-com.remotexs.ntu.edu.sg/files/ftp_upload/58356/58356fig7large.jpg" target="_blank">이 그림의 더 큰 버전을 보려면 여기를 클릭 하십시오.</a>

Watch this Scientific Journal Video about Multiscale Structures Aggregated by Imprinted Nanofibers for Functional Surfaces at JoVE.com

Multiscale Structures Aggregated by Imprinted Nanofibers for Functional Surfaces

기능성 표면에 찍힌된 Nanofibers 여 집계 multiscale 구조

발표 nanofibers 양극 산화 알루미늄 필터를 사용 하 여 날조를 집계 하 여 기능성 표면 나노-마이크로 multiscale 구조를 조작 하는 쉬운 방법이 이다.

Multiscale surface structures have attracted increasing interest owing to several potential applications in surface devices. However, an existing ...

multiscale-structures-aggregated-imprinted-nanofibers-for-functional

Nanyang Technological University

Research

JoVE Journal

Engineering

6.5K 조회수.  Changwon National University. 발표 nanofibers 양극 산화 알루미늄 필터를 사용 하 여 날조를 집계 하 여 기능성 표면 나노-마이크로 multiscale 구조를 조작 하는 쉬운 방법이 이다.

비디오: Multiscale Structures Aggregated by Imprinted Nanofibers for Functional Surfaces

Probing and Mapping Electrode Surfaces in Solid Oxide Fuel Cells

Solid oxide fuel cells (SOFCs) are potentially the most efficient and cost-effective solution to utilization of a wide variety of fuels beyond hydrogen 1-7. The performance of SOFCs and the rates of many chemical and energy transformation processes in energy storage and conversion devices in general are limited primarily by charge and mass transfer along electrode surfaces and across interfaces. Unfortunately, the mechanistic understanding of these processes is still lacking, due largely to the difficulty of characterizing these processes under in situ conditions. This knowledge gap is a chief obstacle to SOFC commercialization. The development of tools for probing and mapping surface chemistries relevant to electrode reactions is vital to unraveling the mechanisms of surface processes and to achieving rational design of new electrode materials for more efficient energy storage and conversion2. Among the relatively few in situ surface analysis methods, Raman spectroscopy can be performed even with high temperatures and harsh atmospheres, making it ideal for characterizing chemical processes relevant to SOFC anode performance and degradation8-12. It can also be used alongside electrochemical measurements, potentially allowing direct correlation of electrochemistry to surface chemistry in an operating cell. Proper in situ Raman mapping measurements would be useful for pin-pointing important anode reaction mechanisms because of its sensitivity to the relevant species, including anode performance degradation through carbon deposition8, 10, 13, 14 ("coking") and sulfur poisoning11, 15 and the manner in which surface modifications stave off this degradation16. The current work demonstrates significant progress towards this capability. In addition, the family of scanning probe microscopy (SPM) techniques provides a special approach to interrogate the electrode surface with nanoscale resolution. Besides the surface topography that is routinely collected by AFM and STM, other properties such as local electronic states, ion diffusion coefficient and surface potential can also be investigated17-22. In this work, electrochemical measurements, Raman spectroscopy, and SPM were used in conjunction with a novel test electrode platform that consists of a Ni mesh electrode embedded in an yttria-stabilized zirconia (YSZ) electrolyte. Cell performance testing and impedance spectroscopy under fuel containing H2S was characterized, and Raman mapping was used to further elucidate the nature of sulfur poisoning. In situ Raman monitoring was used to investigate coking behavior. Finally, atomic force microscopy (AFM) and electrostatic force microscopy (EFM) were used to further visualize carbon deposition on the nanoscale. From this research, we desire to produce a more complete picture of the SOFC anode.

We present a unique platform for characterizing electrode surfaces in solid oxide fuel cells (SOFCs) that allows simultaneous performance of multiple characterization techniques (e.g. in situ Raman spectroscopy and scanning probe microscopy alongside electrochemical measurements). Complementary information from these analyses may help to advance toward a more profound understanding of electrode reaction and degradation mechanisms, providing insights into rational design of better materials for SOFCs.

고체 산화물 연료 전지의 전극 표면을 탐색 및 매핑

Solid oxide fuel cells (SOFCs) are potentially the most efficient and cost-effective solution to utilization of a wide variety of fuels beyond hydrogen ...

연구

공학

Fabrication of Nano-engineered Transparent Conducting Oxides by Pulsed Laser Deposition

Nanosecond Pulsed Laser Deposition (PLD) in the presence of a background gas allows the deposition of metal oxides with tunable morphology, structure, density and stoichiometry by a proper control of the plasma plume expansion dynamics. Such versatility can be exploited to produce nanostructured films from compact and dense to nanoporous characterized by a hierarchical assembly of nano-sized clusters. In particular we describe the detailed methodology to fabricate two types of Al-doped ZnO (AZO) films as transparent electrodes in photovoltaic devices: 1) at low O2 pressure, compact films with electrical conductivity and optical transparency close to the state of the art transparent conducting oxides (TCO) can be deposited at room temperature, to be compatible with thermally sensitive materials such as polymers used in organic photovoltaics (OPVs); 2) highly light scattering hierarchical structures resembling a forest of nano-trees are produced at higher pressures. Such structures show high Haze factor (&gt;80%) and may be exploited to enhance the light trapping capability. The method here described for AZO films can be applied to other metal oxides relevant for technological applications such as TiO2, Al2O3, WO3 and Ag4O4.

We describe the experimental method to deposit nanostructured oxide thin films by nanosecond Pulsed Laser Deposition (PLD) in the presence of a background gas. By using this method Al-doped ZnO (AZO) films, from compact to hierarchically structured as nano-tree forests, can be deposited.

의 제작 펄스 레이저 증착에 의해 투명 실시 산화물 나노 설계

Nanosecond Pulsed  Laser Deposition (PLD) in the presence of a background gas allows the deposition  of metal oxides with tunable morphology, structure, ...

High-speed Particle Image Velocimetry Near Surfaces

Multi-dimensional and transient flows play a key role in many areas of science, engineering, and health sciences but are often not well understood. The complex nature of these flows may be studied using particle image velocimetry (PIV), a laser-based imaging technique for optically accessible flows. Though many forms of PIV exist that extend the technique beyond the original planar two-component velocity measurement capabilities, the basic PIV system consists of a light source (laser), a camera, tracer particles, and analysis algorithms. The imaging and recording parameters, the light source, and the algorithms are adjusted to optimize the recording for the flow of interest and obtain valid velocity data. 
Common PIV investigations measure two-component velocities in a plane at a few frames per second. However, recent developments in instrumentation have facilitated high-frame rate (&gt; 1 kHz) measurements capable of resolving transient flows with high temporal resolution. Therefore, high-frame rate measurements have enabled investigations on the evolution of the structure and dynamics of highly transient flows. These investigations play a critical role in understanding the fundamental physics of complex flows.
A detailed description for performing high-resolution, high-speed planar PIV to study a transient flow near the surface of a flat plate is presented here. Details for adjusting the parameter constraints such as image and recording properties, the laser sheet properties, and processing algorithms to adapt PIV for any flow of interest are included.

A procedure for studying transient flows near boundaries using high-resolution, high-speed particle image velocimetry (PIV) is described here. PIV is a non-intrusive measurement technique applicable to any optically accessible flow by optimizing several parameter constraints such as the image and recording properties, the laser sheet properties, and analysis algorithms.

표면 근처 고속 입자 이미지 유속계

Multi-dimensional and transient flows play a key role in many areas of science, engineering, and health sciences but are often not well understood. The ...

Monolayer Contact Doping of Silicon Surfaces and Nanowires Using Organophosphorus Compounds

Monolayer Contact Doping (MLCD) is a simple method for doping of surfaces and nanostructures1. MLCD results in the formation of highly controlled, ultra shallow and sharp doping profiles at the nanometer scale. In MLCD process the dopant source is a monolayer containing dopant atoms.
In this article a detailed procedure for surface doping of silicon substrate as well as silicon nanowires is demonstrated. Phosphorus dopant source was formed using tetraethyl methylenediphosphonate monolayer on a silicon substrate. This monolayer containing substrate was brought to contact with a pristine intrinsic silicon target substrate and annealed while in contact. Sheet resistance of the target substrate was measured using 4 point probe. Intrinsic silicon nanowires were synthesized by chemical vapor deposition (CVD) process using a vapor-liquid-solid (VLS) mechanism; gold nanoparticles were used as catalyst for nanowire growth. The nanowires were suspended in ethanol by mild sonication. This suspension was used to dropcast the nanowires on silicon substrate with a silicon nitride dielectric top layer. These nanowires were doped with phosphorus in similar manner as used for the intrinsic silicon wafer. Standard photolithography process was used to fabricate metal electrodes for the formation of nanowire based field effect transistor (NW-FET). The electrical properties of a representative nanowire device were measured by a semiconductor device analyzer and a probe station.

A detailed procedure for surface doping of Silicon interfaces is provided. The ultra-shallow surface doping is demonstrated by using phosphorus containing monolayers and rapid annealing process. The method can be used for doping of macroscopic area surfaces as well as nanostructures.

유기 화합물을 사용하여 실리콘 표면과 나노 와이어의 단층 연락 도핑

Monolayer Contact Doping (MLCD) is a simple method for doping of surfaces and nanostructures1. MLCD results in the formation of highly controlled, ultra ...

Seedless Growth of Bismuth Nanowire Array via Vacuum Thermal Evaporation

Here a seedless and template-free technique is demonstrated to scalably grow bismuth nanowires, through thermal evaporation in high vacuum at RT. Conventionally reserved for the fabrication of metal thin films, thermal evaporation deposits bismuth into an array of vertical single crystalline nanowires over a flat thin film of vanadium held at RT, which is freshly deposited by magnetron sputtering or thermal evaporation. By controlling the temperature of the growth substrate the length and width of the nanowires can be tuned over a wide range. Responsible for this novel technique is a previously unknown nanowire growth mechanism that roots in the mild porosity of the vanadium thin film. Infiltrated into the vanadium pores, the bismuth domains (~ 1 nm) carry excessive surface energy that suppresses their melting point and continuously expels them out of the vanadium matrix to form nanowires. This discovery demonstrates the feasibility of scalable vapor phase synthesis of high purity nanomaterials without using any catalysts.

A protocol for seedless and high yield growth of bismuth nanowire arrays through vacuum thermal evaporation technique is presented.

진공 열 증발을 통해 비스무트 나노 와이어 어레이의 씨앗 성장

Here a seedless and template-free technique is demonstrated to scalably grow bismuth nanowires, through thermal evaporation in high vacuum at RT. ...

Evanescent Field Based Photoacoustics: Optical Property Evaluation at Surfaces

Here, we present a protocol to estimate material and surface optical properties using the photoacoustic effect combined with total internal reflection. Optical property evaluation of thin films and the surfaces of bulk materials is an important step in understanding new optical material systems and their applications. The method presented can estimate thickness, refractive index, and use absorptive properties of materials for detection. This metrology system uses evanescent field-based photoacoustics (EFPA), a field of research based upon the interaction of an evanescent field with the photoacoustic effect. This interaction and its resulting family of techniques allow the technique to probe optical properties within a few hundred nanometers of the sample surface. This optical near field allows for the highly accurate estimation of material properties on the same scale as the field itself such as refractive index and film thickness. With the use of EFPA and its sub techniques such as total internal reflection photoacoustic spectroscopy (TIRPAS) and optical tunneling photoacoustic spectroscopy (OTPAS), it is possible to evaluate a material at the nanoscale in a consolidated instrument without the need for many instruments and experiments that may be cost prohibitive.

Here we present a protocol to estimate material and surface optical properties using the photoacoustic effect combined with total internal reflection. This technique evanescent field-based photoacoustics can be used to create a photoacoustic metrology system to estimate materials&#39; thicknesses, bulk and thin film refractive indices, and explore their optical properties.

사라져가는 필드를 기반 Photoacoustics : 광학 특성 평가 표면에

Here, we present a protocol to estimate material and surface optical properties using the photoacoustic effect combined with total internal reflection. ...

Strain Sensing Based on Multiscale Composite Materials Reinforced with Graphene Nanoplatelets

The electrical response of NH2-functionalized graphene nanoplatelets composite materials under strain was studied. Two different manufacturing methods are proposed to create the electrical network in this work: (a) the incorporation of the nanoplatelets into the epoxy matrix and (b) the coating of the glass fabric with a sizing filled with the same nanoplatelets. Both types of multiscale composite materials, with an in-plane electrical conductivity of ~10-3 S/m, showed an exponential growth of the electrical resistance as the strain increases due to distancing between adjacent functionalized graphene nanoplatelets and contact loss between overlying ones. The sensitivity of the materials analyzed during this research, using the described procedures, has been shown to be higher than commercially available strain gauges. The proposed procedures for self-sensing of the structural composite material would facilitate the structural health monitoring of components in difficult to access emplacements such as offshore wind power farms. Although the sensitivity of the multiscale composite materials was considerably higher than the sensitivity of metallic foils used as strain gauges, the value reached with NH2 functionalized graphene nanoplatelets coated fabrics was nearly an order of magnitude superior. This result elucidated their potential to be used as smart fabrics to monitor human movements such as bending of fingers or knees. By using the proposed method, the smart fabric could immediately detect the bending and recover instantly. This fact permits precise monitoring of the time of bending as well as the degree of bending.

The integration of conductive nanoparticles, such as graphene nanoplatelets, into glass fiber composite materials creates an intrinsic electrical network susceptible to strain. Here, different methods to obtain strain sensors based on the addition of graphene nanoplatelets into the epoxy matrix or as a coating on glass fabrics are proposed.

The electrical response of NH2-functionalized graphene nanoplatelets composite materials under strain was studied. Two different manufacturing methods are ...

Preparation of Liquid Crystal Networks for Macroscopic Oscillatory Motion Induced by Light

A strategy based on doped liquid crystalline networks is described to create mechanical self-sustained oscillations of plastic films under continuous light irradiation. The photo-excitation of dopants that can quickly dissipate light into heat, coupled with anisotropic thermal expansion and self-shadowing of the film, gives rise to the self-sustained deformation. The oscillations observed are influenced by the dimensions and the modulus of the film, and by the directionality and intensity of the light. The system developed offers applications in energy conversion and harvesting for soft-robotics and automated systems.
The general method described here consists of creating free-standing liquid crystalline films and characterizing the mechanical and thermal effects observed. The molecular alignment is achieved using alignment layers (rubbed polyimide), commonly used in the display manufacturing industry. To obtain actuators with large deformation, the mesogens are aligned and polymerized in a splay/bend configuration, i.e., with the director of the liquid crystals (LCs) going gradually from planar to homeotropic through the film thickness. Upon irradiation, the mechanical and thermal oscillations obtained are monitored with a high-speed camera. The results are further quantified by image analysis using an image processing program.

The goal of the protocol is to create liquid crystalline polymer films that can mechanically oscillate under continuous light irradiation. We describe in great detail the conception of free-standing films, from the liquid crystal alignment method to the photo-actuation. The experimental protocol applied to prepare this material is broadly applicable.

빛에 의해 유도 된 거시적인 진동 모션 액정 네트워크의 준비

A strategy based on doped liquid crystalline networks is described to create mechanical self-sustained oscillations of plastic films under continuous ...

Fabricating Reactive Surfaces with Brush-like and Crosslinked Films of Azlactone-Functionalized Block Co-Polymers

In this paper, fabrication methods that generate novel surfaces using the azlactone-based block co-polymer, poly (glycidyl methacrylate)-block-poly (vinyl dimethyl azlactone) (PGMA-b-PVDMA), are presented. Due to the high reactivity of azlactone groups towards amine, thiol, and hydroxyl groups, PGMA-b-PVDMA surfaces can be modified with secondary molecules to create chemically or biologically functionalized interfaces for a variety of applications. Previous reports of patterned PGMA-b-PVDMA interfaces have used traditional top-down patterning techniques that generate non-uniform films and poorly controlled background chemistries. Here, we describe customized patterning techniques that enable precise deposition of highly uniform PGMA-b-PVDMA films in backgrounds that are chemically inert or that have biomolecule-repellent properties. Importantly, these methods are designed to deposit PGMA-b-PVDMA films in a manner that completely preserves azlactone functionality through each processing step. Patterned films show well-controlled thicknesses that correspond to polymer brushes (~90 nm) or to highly crosslinked structures (~1-10 &#956;m). Brush patterns are generated using either the parylene lift-off or interface directed assembly methods described and are useful for precise modulation of overall chemical surface reactivity by adjusting either the PGMA-b-PVDMA pattern density or the length of the VDMA block. In contrast, the thick, crosslinked PGMA-b-PVDMA patterns are obtained using a customized micro-contact printing technique and offer the benefit of higher loading or capture of secondary material due to higher surface area to volume ratios. Detailed experimental steps, critical film characterizations, and trouble-shooting guides for each fabrication method are discussed.

Surface fabrication methods for patterned deposition of nanometer thick brushes or micron thick, crosslinked films of an azlactone block co-polymer are reported. Critical experimental steps, representative results, and limitations of each method are discussed. These methods are useful for creating functional interfaces with tailored physical features and tunable surface reactivity.

브러쉬 모양의 반응 표면 날조 및 Azlactone 기능성된 블록 공동 고분자의 가교 된 영화

In this paper, fabrication methods that generate novel surfaces using the azlactone-based block co-polymer, poly (glycidyl methacrylate)-block-poly (vinyl ...

Fabrication of Superhydrophobic Metal Surfaces for Anti-Icing Applications

Several ways to produce superhydrophobic metal surfaces are presented in this work. Aluminum was chosen as the metal substrate due to its wide use in industry. The wettability of the produced surface was analyzed by bouncing drop experiments and the topography was analyzed by confocal microscopy. In addition, we show various methodologies to measure its durability and anti-icing properties. Superhydrophobic surfaces hold a special texture that must be preserved to keep their water-repellency. To fabricate durable surfaces, we followed two strategies to incorporate a resistant texture. The first strategy is a direct incorporation of roughness to the metal substrate by acid etching. After this surface texturization, the surface energy was decreased by silanization or fluoropolymer deposition. The second strategy is the growth of a ceria layer (after surface texturization) that should enhance the surface hardness and corrosion resistance. The surface energy was decreased with a stearic acid film.
The durability of the superhydrophobic surfaces was examined by a particle impact test, mechanical wear by lateral abrasion, and UV-ozone resistance. The anti-icing properties were explored by studying the ability to repeal subcooled water, freezing delay, and ice adhesion.

We illustrate several methodologies to produce superhydrophobic metal surfaces and to explore their durability and anti-icing properties.

반 장식 응용 프로그램 Superhydrophobic 금속 표면의 제조

Several ways to produce superhydrophobic metal surfaces are presented in this work. Aluminum was chosen as the metal substrate due to its wide use in ...