この資料は基本的な科学研究開発プログラムを通じて、国立研究財団の韓国 (NRF) 科学省、ICT と将来計画 (NRF 2017R1A2B4008053)、エネルギー、産業貿易省 (によって資金を供給によってサポートされる作業に基づいてください。MOTIE、韓国) [産業技術革新プログラム ナンバー 10052802 と経済協力部 (N0002310) 産業奨励プログラムを通じて技術 (KIAT) 振興院。

1. AAO フィルター (図 1) を用いたナノ ・ マイクロ スケールの構造面の製作
<ol><li>細孔径、高さ、および 200 nm、60 μ m、25 mm の直径を持つ AAO フィルターをそれぞれ購入します。</li>
	<li>1.2. 5 分間 99.8% と 99.9% のイソプロピル アルコール (IPA) アセトンを使用する 100 μ m の厚さを有するポリエチレン ポリエチレンテレフタ レート (PET) フィルムの表面をきれいに、3 分間空気銃を使用して完全に乾いて。</li>
	<li>汚染物質がなく平らな表面に PET フィルムを置き、UV 硬化型ポリウレタン アクリル酸 (PUA) の 0.1 mL のドロップを追加-樹脂表面に 257.4 cPs の粘度を入力します。</li>
	<li>樹脂に AAO フィルターを置き、ゴム製ローラーを使用して、32 mm の直径を均一に、押します。ローラ プッシュする必要が繰り返し、慎重に押したとき、樹脂の広がりは目視です。 注意: AAO フィルターは脆性であり、過度の力が加わる場合を破る可能性があります。</li>
	<li>圧延後、365 の波長の紫外線に (樹脂を使用してアタッチ) ペットと貝割のフィルターで作られた標本を公開 30 nm 樹脂を硬化します。</li>
	<li>フィルターを溶解する 10 分間 2 M NaOH 溶液 100 mL に養生供試体を浸します。 注: SEM 画像表示断面と表面構造 (図 2)。</li>
	<li>DI 水で試料をきれいし、完全に空気銃を使用して 3 分間乾燥します。 注: Na とアルが検出されないと、完全に EDX 分析を確認した (図 3) をエッチングします。</li>
</ol>2. 表面処理
<ol><li>UV オゾン処理</li>
	<li>3 分間の空気銃を使用してそれを乾燥し、5 分 IPA と DI 水を用いたナノ ・ マイクロ スケール構造を持つ試料をきれい。</li>
	<li>供試体 (マルチ スケール構造を持つ側) のマルチ スケール構造の側を照射紫外線 (波長 185-254 nm) を用いた 60 分。 メモ: UV オゾン装置 25 mW/cm2の強度があります。</li>
	<li>オクタデシルトリクロロシラン (OTS) 自己集合</li>
	<li>グローブ ボックス内のホット プレートを置き、気相堆積プロセスのための N2環境を維持します。</li>
	<li>ガラスに粘着テープを用いた平板試料の端を修正します。グラスやプレートのサイズが (8 mm 径、高さの 13 mm) でビーカーの上部をカバーするのに十分な大きさであることを確認します。</li>
	<li>5"x 7"とホット プレートにビーカーを置き、OTS 溶液 2 mL をピペットを使用してビーカーに加えます。</li>
	<li>試料をビーカーに下向きの顔に、板やガラスのビーカーをカバーします。</li>
	<li>100 ° C、それから削除グローブ ボックスからの標本で 60 分のためのプロセス。 注: OTS コーティング プロセスの後、ビーカーとグローブ ボックスする必要があります洗浄します。</li>
</ol>3. 潤滑剤を注入することによる機能表面の作製
<ol><li>預金約 0.2 mL OTS コーティングにパーフルオロ カーボン (PFC) 液体の自己のナノファイバーを集約。</li>
	<li>光学顕微鏡対物レンズを用いた 5 X-20 X で PFC の湿潤過程を観察します。</li>
	<li>垂直方向の位置にサンプルを数時間置くことによって余分な PFC の液体を削除します。</li>
</ol>

<ol>
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著者は開示する競合金融興味を持ってないです。

自己集計のナノファイバーの作製の重要なステップは、ゴムのローラーで樹脂を適用するとき脆性 AAO フィルターは壊れないことを確認することです。実際には、AAO フィルターがエッチングのステップの前に任意の時点で壊れないが確保されなければなりません。AAO フィルターは直径 25 mm、基板のサイズは約 30 × 30 mm です。
自己集計ナノファイバー適切な表面処理を通じて様々 な機能表面を提供することができます。刷り込み後、主の表面は親水性が変更および、OTS コーティング後 UV オゾン処理・表面エネルギー変化にさらされているによって疎水性になることができます。さらに、提案のマルチ スケール多孔質構造は液体潤滑剤注入プロセスを介して滑りやすいサーフェスに変換できます。
ナノ ・ マイクロ スケールの構造を持つ表面は、集計のナノファイバーの不規則性のおかげで可能性が不透明でこの特性は光学用途に用いることができます。したがって、その後の研究では、紫外可視赤外分光計を用いた基板の光学特性を調査します。我々 はそのような表面の光学特性を光の拡散反射を必要とする産業に適用できるを期待します。

ナノスケール テクスチャ構造ナノ粒子・ カーボンナノ チューブ、ナノファイバーは、科学界で注目を集めているなど、電気、医療、光学、表面を含むさまざまなアプリケーションにユニークな特性を実証1,2,3,4,5,6,7、8をエンジニア リングします。特に、ナノファイバー、伸縮自在かつ透明な電極9、ウェアラブル センサー10,11、配線12,13, ナノ光学アプリケーションで広く14. 自己ゾル-ゲル法などのナノスケール構造体を作製、リソグラフィとレプリケーション15,16,17,18、さまざまな方法の中で 19、20テンプレートを使用して直接レプリケーション現在考えられている有望な方法それは簡単な費用効率、および様々 な硬化材料21,22に該当するので,23,24,25,26。
多数のナノ細孔とマイクロ スケールの高さを持つマルチ スケール構造により AAO として広く利用されて、テンプレート ナノファイバー ・高アスペクト比27,28,29とナノチューブの作製,30します。 ただし、このような高アスペクト比で表面張力のためナノファイバーは、31,32,33を簡単に集計する傾向が。既存研究は、集計33,34せず個別に分離比 5:1 未満を有するものがある一方、アスペクト比 15:1 より大きいを有するナノファイバーが直立せずは、代わりに、集計を証明しています。毛管力と表面張力によるエッチング、ナノファイバー作製中にプロセスの 1 つであるアルミナの除去時に重要な役割を果たします。アスペクト比が増加すると、ナノファイバーの表面張力集計を引き起こして、互いに近い方のそれらを引く傾向があります。いくつかの研究は、高分子・金属ナノファイバーで特に観察される集計35にそのようなを防止する方法に焦点を当てています。これらのうち、ナノファイバーの表面の水和は液体は、ナノファイバーの間のスペースを占めている、表面張力が低下するため、集積を減らすことができます。さらに、凍結乾燥法はナノファイバーの表面張力を減少させることによってまた集計を減らす可能性があります。しかし、様々 な努力にもかかわらず挑戦のまま高アスペクト比を有するナノファイバーの矯正です。
このためには、肯定的な方法で凝集現象を利用してもつれたナノファイバーのマルチ スケール構造を製造するユニークな方法を報告します。ここ、ナノファイバー構造は AAO フィルターとポリウレタン アクリル (PUA) を使用して刻印される-257.4 の粘度の樹脂を型 cP。UV ナノインプリントリソグラフィ (UV-NIL) が実行された後、金型は NaOH 溶液でエッチングされています。提案のマルチ スケール構造を特徴付ける、自己組織化単分子膜のコーティングなど適切な表面処理、UV オゾン処理後集計ナノファイバーと表面濡れ性のサンプルのパターン行動を調査します。.さらに、マルチ スケールの多孔性の表面を潤滑剤注入プロセスを使用して滑りやすい表面に単に変換できることを提案します。

<table>
	<tbody>
		<tr>
			<td>MINS 511RM</td>
			<td>Minuta Tech</td>
			<td></td>
			<td>UV curable resin</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Octadecyltrichlorosilane (OTS)</td>
			<td>Aldrich</td>
			<td></td>
			<td>Surface treatment</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Sodium oxidanide</td>
			<td>SAMCHUN</td>
			<td></td>
			<td>Etching solution</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Anopore Inoganic Membranes</td>
			<td>Whatman</td>
			<td></td>
			<td>25mm/0.2&#181;m</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>MT-UV-A 47</td>
			<td>Meiji Techno</td>
			<td></td>
			<td>UV curing equipment</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>UVC-30</td>
			<td>Jaesung Engineering</td>
			<td></td>
			<td>UVO treatment equipment</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Smart Drop Plus</td>
			<td>FEMTOFAB</td>
			<td></td>
			<td>Contact angle measurement</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Fluorinert FC-70</td>
			<td>3M</td>
			<td></td>
			<td>liquid mixture of completely fluorinated aliphatic compounds</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Polyethylene terephthalate film</td>
			<td>Sunchem</td>
			<td></td>
			<td>Substrate</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Acetone (99.8%)</td>
			<td>Daejung</td>
			<td></td>
			<td>Cleaning solution</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Isopropyl alcohol (99.9%)</td>
			<td>Daejung</td>
			<td></td>
			<td>Cleaning solution</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Rubber roller</td>
			<td>Hwahong</td>
			<td></td>
			<td>For application of resin</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Corning Stirring Hot Plates</td>
			<td>Corning</td>
			<td></td>
			<td>Hot plate equipment (5&#34; x 7&#34;)</td>
		</tr>
	</tbody>
</table>

multiscale structures aggregated by imprinted nanofibers for functional surfaces

マルチ スケール表面構造は、表面にいくつかの潜在的なアプリケーションのための関心の高まりを集めています。ただし、フィールドの既存の挑戦は安易な低コスト、および高スループット法を用いたハイブリッド マイクロ ・ ナノ構造の作製です。これらの課題を克服するためには、今回は、アルミニウムの陽極酸化 (AAO) フィルターとインプリント プロセスのみとナノファイバーの蒸発の自己凝集過程を用いたマルチ スケール構造を作製するためのプロトコルを提案します。ナノファイバーをまっすぐに目指した以前の試みとは異なり高アスペクト比のスケールの集約されたナノファイバーの独特な製作法を紹介します。さらに、表面形態とさまざまな液体にこれらの構造体の濡れ性は多機能表面での使用を容易にするために調べた。

高速でシンプルなインプリント金型として AAO フィルターを用いた多重スケール ナノ ・ マイクロ ハイブリッド構造の作製法を示しました。全体のプロセスは 30 分 (図 4) を取った。これは、水酸化ナトリウムを用いたエッチング プロセスを経て、結果として生じる表面展示集計ナノファイバーの表面張力によって引き起こされるため、元の AAO フィルターと同様に不透明な色を指摘されました。さらに、EDX 分析の結果は、AAO フィルターが湿式化学エッチング (図 3) によって完全に削除されたことを確認しました。
表面特性は、水滴の標本 5 μ の表面上に落下し、接触角を測定することによって求めた。水滴を瞬時にする傾向がある AAO フィルターを介したインプリント プロセスで使用される材料を示す親、捏造マルチ スケール構造自己集計ナノファイバーによる多孔性ネットワークがあるので、基板に吸収されます。ただし、適切な表面処理を用いた疎水性、親水性を変更できます。図 5に示すように刻印のマルチ スケール構造の表面が OTS 塗布後約 117 ° の接触角を持つ疎水性表面に変更されたことと示しました。さらに、UV オゾン処理は約 10 ° (図 6) による表面の接触角をさらに増やすことができます。OTS コーティングと捺印された表面に UV オゾン処理を順番に実行した後結果接触角が 134 ° (図 7) に増加したことが確認されました。
表面と OTS コーティングを施した試験片の断面ディンプル構造に起因するナノ繊維 (図 5) の集計を表示します。サイズとこのディンプル構造の方向は通常;ただし、供試体の表面全体でこの現象が発生しました。それは UV オゾン処理プロセス36を受けた後、供試体の表面がスムースになりました (図 6と図 7)。これはまた、UV オゾン処理後の表面の接触角の増加理由です。この現象はまた、試験片の表面に均一に発生したし、接触角の誤差は 3 ° 以下。
<img alt="Figure 1" class="xfigimg" src="/files/ftp_upload/58356/58356fig1.jpg"> 図 1: 可溶性のアルミニウム酸化物の構造のためのプロシージャです。<a href="https://www-jove-com.remotexs.ntu.edu.sg/files/ftp_upload/58356/58356fig1large.jpg" target="_blank">この図の拡大版を表示するのにはここをクリックしてください</a>。
<img alt="Figure 2" class="xfigimg" src="/files/ftp_upload/58356/58356fig2.jpg"> 図 2: エッチング プロセスの表面や断面を示す後ナノ ・ マイクロ スケールの構造の SEM 画像。<a href="https://www-jove-com.remotexs.ntu.edu.sg/files/ftp_upload/58356/58356fig2large.jpg" target="_blank">この図の拡大版を表示するのにはここをクリックしてください</a>。
<img alt="Figure 3" class="xfigimg" src="/files/ftp_upload/58356/58356fig3.jpg"> 図 3: AAO フィルターを使用して作製したナノ ・ マイクロ スケールの構造のエッチング後の EDX 分析結果。<a href="https://www-jove-com.remotexs.ntu.edu.sg/files/ftp_upload/58356/58356fig3large.jpg" target="_blank">この図の拡大版を表示するのにはここをクリックしてください</a>。
<img alt="Figure 4" class="xfigimg" src="/files/ftp_upload/58356/58356fig4.jpg"> 図 4: 完全なエッチング後のナノファイバーの集計によるナノ ・ マイクロ スケール構造の作製図。<a href="https://www-jove-com.remotexs.ntu.edu.sg/files/ftp_upload/58356/58356fig4large.jpg" target="_blank">この図の拡大版を表示するのにはここをクリックしてください</a>。
<img alt="Figure 5" class="xfigimg" src="/files/ftp_upload/58356/58356fig5.jpg"> 図 5: OTS コーティング後の表面とナノ ・ マイクロ構造体の接触角。<a href="https://www-jove-com.remotexs.ntu.edu.sg/files/ftp_upload/58356/58356fig5large.jpg" target="_blank">この図の拡大版を表示するのにはここをクリックしてください</a>。
<img alt="Figure 6" class="xfigimg" src="/files/ftp_upload/58356/58356fig6.jpg"> 図 6: UV オゾン処理後の表面とナノ ・ マイクロ構造体の接触角。<a href="https://www-jove-com.remotexs.ntu.edu.sg/files/ftp_upload/58356/58356fig6large.jpg" target="_blank">この図の拡大版を表示するのにはここをクリックしてください</a>。
<img alt="Figure 7" class="xfigimg" src="/files/ftp_upload/58356/58356fig7.jpg"> 図 7: 表面とナノ ・ マイクロ構造の OTS コーティングと UV オゾン処理を順番に実行した後の接触角。<a href="https://www-jove-com.remotexs.ntu.edu.sg/files/ftp_upload/58356/58356fig7large.jpg" target="_blank">この図の拡大版を表示するのにはここをクリックしてください</a>。

Watch this Scientific Journal Video about Multiscale Structures Aggregated by Imprinted Nanofibers for Functional Surfaces at JoVE.com

Multiscale Structures Aggregated by Imprinted Nanofibers for Functional Surfaces

マルチ スケール構造機能表面の刻印ナノファイバーによる集計

発表は、陽極酸化アルミニウム フィルターを用いて作製したナノファイバーを集約することによって機能性表面のナノ ・ マイクロ スケール構造を作製する簡単な方法です。

Multiscale surface structures have attracted increasing interest owing to several potential applications in surface devices. However, an existing ...

multiscale-structures-aggregated-imprinted-nanofibers-for-functional

Nanyang Technological University

Research

JoVE Journal

Engineering

6.5K ビュー.  Changwon National University. 発表は、陽極酸化アルミニウム フィルターを用いて作製したナノファイバーを集約することによって機能性表面のナノ ・ マイクロ スケール構造を作製する簡単な方法です。

ビデオ: Multiscale Structures Aggregated by Imprinted Nanofibers for Functional Surfaces

Probing and Mapping Electrode Surfaces in Solid Oxide Fuel Cells

Solid oxide fuel cells (SOFCs) are potentially the most efficient and cost-effective solution to utilization of a wide variety of fuels beyond hydrogen 1-7. The performance of SOFCs and the rates of many chemical and energy transformation processes in energy storage and conversion devices in general are limited primarily by charge and mass transfer along electrode surfaces and across interfaces. Unfortunately, the mechanistic understanding of these processes is still lacking, due largely to the difficulty of characterizing these processes under in situ conditions. This knowledge gap is a chief obstacle to SOFC commercialization. The development of tools for probing and mapping surface chemistries relevant to electrode reactions is vital to unraveling the mechanisms of surface processes and to achieving rational design of new electrode materials for more efficient energy storage and conversion2. Among the relatively few in situ surface analysis methods, Raman spectroscopy can be performed even with high temperatures and harsh atmospheres, making it ideal for characterizing chemical processes relevant to SOFC anode performance and degradation8-12. It can also be used alongside electrochemical measurements, potentially allowing direct correlation of electrochemistry to surface chemistry in an operating cell. Proper in situ Raman mapping measurements would be useful for pin-pointing important anode reaction mechanisms because of its sensitivity to the relevant species, including anode performance degradation through carbon deposition8, 10, 13, 14 ("coking") and sulfur poisoning11, 15 and the manner in which surface modifications stave off this degradation16. The current work demonstrates significant progress towards this capability. In addition, the family of scanning probe microscopy (SPM) techniques provides a special approach to interrogate the electrode surface with nanoscale resolution. Besides the surface topography that is routinely collected by AFM and STM, other properties such as local electronic states, ion diffusion coefficient and surface potential can also be investigated17-22. In this work, electrochemical measurements, Raman spectroscopy, and SPM were used in conjunction with a novel test electrode platform that consists of a Ni mesh electrode embedded in an yttria-stabilized zirconia (YSZ) electrolyte. Cell performance testing and impedance spectroscopy under fuel containing H2S was characterized, and Raman mapping was used to further elucidate the nature of sulfur poisoning. In situ Raman monitoring was used to investigate coking behavior. Finally, atomic force microscopy (AFM) and electrostatic force microscopy (EFM) were used to further visualize carbon deposition on the nanoscale. From this research, we desire to produce a more complete picture of the SOFC anode.

We present a unique platform for characterizing electrode surfaces in solid oxide fuel cells (SOFCs) that allows simultaneous performance of multiple characterization techniques (e.g. in situ Raman spectroscopy and scanning probe microscopy alongside electrochemical measurements). Complementary information from these analyses may help to advance toward a more profound understanding of electrode reaction and degradation mechanisms, providing insights into rational design of better materials for SOFCs.

固体酸化物形燃料電池の電極表面をプロービングとマッピング

Solid oxide fuel cells (SOFCs) are potentially the most efficient and cost-effective solution to utilization of a wide variety of fuels beyond hydrogen ...

工学

Fabrication of Nano-engineered Transparent Conducting Oxides by Pulsed Laser Deposition

Nanosecond Pulsed Laser Deposition (PLD) in the presence of a background gas allows the deposition of metal oxides with tunable morphology, structure, density and stoichiometry by a proper control of the plasma plume expansion dynamics. Such versatility can be exploited to produce nanostructured films from compact and dense to nanoporous characterized by a hierarchical assembly of nano-sized clusters. In particular we describe the detailed methodology to fabricate two types of Al-doped ZnO (AZO) films as transparent electrodes in photovoltaic devices: 1) at low O2 pressure, compact films with electrical conductivity and optical transparency close to the state of the art transparent conducting oxides (TCO) can be deposited at room temperature, to be compatible with thermally sensitive materials such as polymers used in organic photovoltaics (OPVs); 2) highly light scattering hierarchical structures resembling a forest of nano-trees are produced at higher pressures. Such structures show high Haze factor (&gt;80%) and may be exploited to enhance the light trapping capability. The method here described for AZO films can be applied to other metal oxides relevant for technological applications such as TiO2, Al2O3, WO3 and Ag4O4.

We describe the experimental method to deposit nanostructured oxide thin films by nanosecond Pulsed Laser Deposition (PLD) in the presence of a background gas. By using this method Al-doped ZnO (AZO) films, from compact to hierarchically structured as nano-tree forests, can be deposited.

パルスレーザー蒸着法によるナノエンジニアリング透明導電性酸化物の作製

Nanosecond Pulsed  Laser Deposition (PLD) in the presence of a background gas allows the deposition  of metal oxides with tunable morphology, structure, ...

High-speed Particle Image Velocimetry Near Surfaces

Multi-dimensional and transient flows play a key role in many areas of science, engineering, and health sciences but are often not well understood. The complex nature of these flows may be studied using particle image velocimetry (PIV), a laser-based imaging technique for optically accessible flows. Though many forms of PIV exist that extend the technique beyond the original planar two-component velocity measurement capabilities, the basic PIV system consists of a light source (laser), a camera, tracer particles, and analysis algorithms. The imaging and recording parameters, the light source, and the algorithms are adjusted to optimize the recording for the flow of interest and obtain valid velocity data. 
Common PIV investigations measure two-component velocities in a plane at a few frames per second. However, recent developments in instrumentation have facilitated high-frame rate (&gt; 1 kHz) measurements capable of resolving transient flows with high temporal resolution. Therefore, high-frame rate measurements have enabled investigations on the evolution of the structure and dynamics of highly transient flows. These investigations play a critical role in understanding the fundamental physics of complex flows.
A detailed description for performing high-resolution, high-speed planar PIV to study a transient flow near the surface of a flat plate is presented here. Details for adjusting the parameter constraints such as image and recording properties, the laser sheet properties, and processing algorithms to adapt PIV for any flow of interest are included.

A procedure for studying transient flows near boundaries using high-resolution, high-speed particle image velocimetry (PIV) is described here. PIV is a non-intrusive measurement technique applicable to any optically accessible flow by optimizing several parameter constraints such as the image and recording properties, the laser sheet properties, and analysis algorithms.

表面近くの高速粒子画像流速

Multi-dimensional and transient flows play a key role in many areas of science, engineering, and health sciences but are often not well understood. The ...

Monolayer Contact Doping of Silicon Surfaces and Nanowires Using Organophosphorus Compounds

Monolayer Contact Doping (MLCD) is a simple method for doping of surfaces and nanostructures1. MLCD results in the formation of highly controlled, ultra shallow and sharp doping profiles at the nanometer scale. In MLCD process the dopant source is a monolayer containing dopant atoms.
In this article a detailed procedure for surface doping of silicon substrate as well as silicon nanowires is demonstrated. Phosphorus dopant source was formed using tetraethyl methylenediphosphonate monolayer on a silicon substrate. This monolayer containing substrate was brought to contact with a pristine intrinsic silicon target substrate and annealed while in contact. Sheet resistance of the target substrate was measured using 4 point probe. Intrinsic silicon nanowires were synthesized by chemical vapor deposition (CVD) process using a vapor-liquid-solid (VLS) mechanism; gold nanoparticles were used as catalyst for nanowire growth. The nanowires were suspended in ethanol by mild sonication. This suspension was used to dropcast the nanowires on silicon substrate with a silicon nitride dielectric top layer. These nanowires were doped with phosphorus in similar manner as used for the intrinsic silicon wafer. Standard photolithography process was used to fabricate metal electrodes for the formation of nanowire based field effect transistor (NW-FET). The electrical properties of a representative nanowire device were measured by a semiconductor device analyzer and a probe station.

A detailed procedure for surface doping of Silicon interfaces is provided. The ultra-shallow surface doping is demonstrated by using phosphorus containing monolayers and rapid annealing process. The method can be used for doping of macroscopic area surfaces as well as nanostructures.

Monolayer Contact Doping (MLCD) is a simple method for doping of surfaces and nanostructures1. MLCD results in the formation of highly controlled, ultra ...

Seedless Growth of Bismuth Nanowire Array via Vacuum Thermal Evaporation

Here a seedless and template-free technique is demonstrated to scalably grow bismuth nanowires, through thermal evaporation in high vacuum at RT. Conventionally reserved for the fabrication of metal thin films, thermal evaporation deposits bismuth into an array of vertical single crystalline nanowires over a flat thin film of vanadium held at RT, which is freshly deposited by magnetron sputtering or thermal evaporation. By controlling the temperature of the growth substrate the length and width of the nanowires can be tuned over a wide range. Responsible for this novel technique is a previously unknown nanowire growth mechanism that roots in the mild porosity of the vanadium thin film. Infiltrated into the vanadium pores, the bismuth domains (~ 1 nm) carry excessive surface energy that suppresses their melting point and continuously expels them out of the vanadium matrix to form nanowires. This discovery demonstrates the feasibility of scalable vapor phase synthesis of high purity nanomaterials without using any catalysts.

A protocol for seedless and high yield growth of bismuth nanowire arrays through vacuum thermal evaporation technique is presented.

真空熱蒸発によりビスマスナノワイヤーアレイの成長シードレス

Here a seedless and template-free technique is demonstrated to scalably grow bismuth nanowires, through thermal evaporation in high vacuum at RT. ...

Evanescent Field Based Photoacoustics: Optical Property Evaluation at Surfaces

Here, we present a protocol to estimate material and surface optical properties using the photoacoustic effect combined with total internal reflection. Optical property evaluation of thin films and the surfaces of bulk materials is an important step in understanding new optical material systems and their applications. The method presented can estimate thickness, refractive index, and use absorptive properties of materials for detection. This metrology system uses evanescent field-based photoacoustics (EFPA), a field of research based upon the interaction of an evanescent field with the photoacoustic effect. This interaction and its resulting family of techniques allow the technique to probe optical properties within a few hundred nanometers of the sample surface. This optical near field allows for the highly accurate estimation of material properties on the same scale as the field itself such as refractive index and film thickness. With the use of EFPA and its sub techniques such as total internal reflection photoacoustic spectroscopy (TIRPAS) and optical tunneling photoacoustic spectroscopy (OTPAS), it is possible to evaluate a material at the nanoscale in a consolidated instrument without the need for many instruments and experiments that may be cost prohibitive.

Here we present a protocol to estimate material and surface optical properties using the photoacoustic effect combined with total internal reflection. This technique evanescent field-based photoacoustics can be used to create a photoacoustic metrology system to estimate materials&#39; thicknesses, bulk and thin film refractive indices, and explore their optical properties.

エバネセント場ベースの光音響：表面での光学特性評価

Here, we present a protocol to estimate material and surface optical properties using the photoacoustic effect combined with total internal reflection. ...

Strain Sensing Based on Multiscale Composite Materials Reinforced with Graphene Nanoplatelets

The electrical response of NH2-functionalized graphene nanoplatelets composite materials under strain was studied. Two different manufacturing methods are proposed to create the electrical network in this work: (a) the incorporation of the nanoplatelets into the epoxy matrix and (b) the coating of the glass fabric with a sizing filled with the same nanoplatelets. Both types of multiscale composite materials, with an in-plane electrical conductivity of ~10-3 S/m, showed an exponential growth of the electrical resistance as the strain increases due to distancing between adjacent functionalized graphene nanoplatelets and contact loss between overlying ones. The sensitivity of the materials analyzed during this research, using the described procedures, has been shown to be higher than commercially available strain gauges. The proposed procedures for self-sensing of the structural composite material would facilitate the structural health monitoring of components in difficult to access emplacements such as offshore wind power farms. Although the sensitivity of the multiscale composite materials was considerably higher than the sensitivity of metallic foils used as strain gauges, the value reached with NH2 functionalized graphene nanoplatelets coated fabrics was nearly an order of magnitude superior. This result elucidated their potential to be used as smart fabrics to monitor human movements such as bending of fingers or knees. By using the proposed method, the smart fabric could immediately detect the bending and recover instantly. This fact permits precise monitoring of the time of bending as well as the degree of bending.

The integration of conductive nanoparticles, such as graphene nanoplatelets, into glass fiber composite materials creates an intrinsic electrical network susceptible to strain. Here, different methods to obtain strain sensors based on the addition of graphene nanoplatelets into the epoxy matrix or as a coating on glass fabrics are proposed.

グラフェンナノプレートレットとマルチスケール複合材料強化に基づくひずみセンシング

The electrical response of NH2-functionalized graphene nanoplatelets composite materials under strain was studied. Two different manufacturing methods are ...

Preparation of Liquid Crystal Networks for Macroscopic Oscillatory Motion Induced by Light

A strategy based on doped liquid crystalline networks is described to create mechanical self-sustained oscillations of plastic films under continuous light irradiation. The photo-excitation of dopants that can quickly dissipate light into heat, coupled with anisotropic thermal expansion and self-shadowing of the film, gives rise to the self-sustained deformation. The oscillations observed are influenced by the dimensions and the modulus of the film, and by the directionality and intensity of the light. The system developed offers applications in energy conversion and harvesting for soft-robotics and automated systems.
The general method described here consists of creating free-standing liquid crystalline films and characterizing the mechanical and thermal effects observed. The molecular alignment is achieved using alignment layers (rubbed polyimide), commonly used in the display manufacturing industry. To obtain actuators with large deformation, the mesogens are aligned and polymerized in a splay/bend configuration, i.e., with the director of the liquid crystals (LCs) going gradually from planar to homeotropic through the film thickness. Upon irradiation, the mechanical and thermal oscillations obtained are monitored with a high-speed camera. The results are further quantified by image analysis using an image processing program.

The goal of the protocol is to create liquid crystalline polymer films that can mechanically oscillate under continuous light irradiation. We describe in great detail the conception of free-standing films, from the liquid crystal alignment method to the photo-actuation. The experimental protocol applied to prepare this material is broadly applicable.

巨視的揺動運動の光によって誘起される液晶ネットワークの準備

A strategy based on doped liquid crystalline networks is described to create mechanical self-sustained oscillations of plastic films under continuous ...

Fabricating Reactive Surfaces with Brush-like and Crosslinked Films of Azlactone-Functionalized Block Co-Polymers

In this paper, fabrication methods that generate novel surfaces using the azlactone-based block co-polymer, poly (glycidyl methacrylate)-block-poly (vinyl dimethyl azlactone) (PGMA-b-PVDMA), are presented. Due to the high reactivity of azlactone groups towards amine, thiol, and hydroxyl groups, PGMA-b-PVDMA surfaces can be modified with secondary molecules to create chemically or biologically functionalized interfaces for a variety of applications. Previous reports of patterned PGMA-b-PVDMA interfaces have used traditional top-down patterning techniques that generate non-uniform films and poorly controlled background chemistries. Here, we describe customized patterning techniques that enable precise deposition of highly uniform PGMA-b-PVDMA films in backgrounds that are chemically inert or that have biomolecule-repellent properties. Importantly, these methods are designed to deposit PGMA-b-PVDMA films in a manner that completely preserves azlactone functionality through each processing step. Patterned films show well-controlled thicknesses that correspond to polymer brushes (~90 nm) or to highly crosslinked structures (~1-10 &#956;m). Brush patterns are generated using either the parylene lift-off or interface directed assembly methods described and are useful for precise modulation of overall chemical surface reactivity by adjusting either the PGMA-b-PVDMA pattern density or the length of the VDMA block. In contrast, the thick, crosslinked PGMA-b-PVDMA patterns are obtained using a customized micro-contact printing technique and offer the benefit of higher loading or capture of secondary material due to higher surface area to volume ratios. Detailed experimental steps, critical film characterizations, and trouble-shooting guides for each fabrication method are discussed.

Surface fabrication methods for patterned deposition of nanometer thick brushes or micron thick, crosslinked films of an azlactone block co-polymer are reported. Critical experimental steps, representative results, and limitations of each method are discussed. These methods are useful for creating functional interfaces with tailored physical features and tunable surface reactivity.

ブラシのような反応性表面を加工し、アズラクトン官能基化ブロック共重合体の架橋膜

In this paper, fabrication methods that generate novel surfaces using the azlactone-based block co-polymer, poly (glycidyl methacrylate)-block-poly (vinyl ...

Fabrication of Superhydrophobic Metal Surfaces for Anti-Icing Applications

Several ways to produce superhydrophobic metal surfaces are presented in this work. Aluminum was chosen as the metal substrate due to its wide use in industry. The wettability of the produced surface was analyzed by bouncing drop experiments and the topography was analyzed by confocal microscopy. In addition, we show various methodologies to measure its durability and anti-icing properties. Superhydrophobic surfaces hold a special texture that must be preserved to keep their water-repellency. To fabricate durable surfaces, we followed two strategies to incorporate a resistant texture. The first strategy is a direct incorporation of roughness to the metal substrate by acid etching. After this surface texturization, the surface energy was decreased by silanization or fluoropolymer deposition. The second strategy is the growth of a ceria layer (after surface texturization) that should enhance the surface hardness and corrosion resistance. The surface energy was decreased with a stearic acid film.
The durability of the superhydrophobic surfaces was examined by a particle impact test, mechanical wear by lateral abrasion, and UV-ozone resistance. The anti-icing properties were explored by studying the ability to repeal subcooled water, freezing delay, and ice adhesion.

We illustrate several methodologies to produce superhydrophobic metal surfaces and to explore their durability and anti-icing properties.

防氷用超撥水の金属表面の作製

Several ways to produce superhydrophobic metal surfaces are presented in this work. Aluminum was chosen as the metal substrate due to its wide use in ...

マルチ スケール構造機能表面の刻印ナノファイバーによる集計

マルチスケール構造機能表面の刻印ナノファイバーによる集計