Dieses Material basiert auf Arbeit unterstützt durch die grundlegende Wissenschaft Forschungsprogramm durch die National Research Foundation von Korea (NRF) gefördert durch das Ministerium für Wissenschaft, IKT und Zukunft planen (NRF-2017R1A2B4008053) und das Ministerium für Handel, Industrie und Energie ( MOTIE, Korea) unter Industrial Technology Innovation Programm Nr. 10052802 und Korea Institute for the Advancement of Technologie (KIAT) durch die Vergütungsprogramm für die Branchen der Region wirtschaftliche Zusammenarbeit (N0002310).

1. Herstellung von Nano-Micro Multiskalen-Struktur-Oberfläche mit einem AAO-Filter (Abbildung 1)
<ol><li>Kaufen Sie einen AAO-Filter mit einer Porengröße, Höhe und Durchmesser von 200 nm, 60 µm und 25 mm, bzw..</li>
	<li>1.2. Reinigen Sie die Oberfläche der Polyethylen Polyethylenterephthalat (PET) Folie mit einer Dicke von 100 μm, Aceton mit 99,8 % und Isopropylalkohol (IPA) mit 99,9 % für 5 min, zu verwenden und vollständig trocken für 3 min mit einem Luftgewehr.</li>
	<li>PET-Folien auf eine flache Oberfläche ohne Verunreinigungen und einen 0,1 mL Tropfen UV-härtbare Polyurethan-Acrylat (PUA)-Harz mit einer Viskosität von 257,4 cPs auf die Oberfläche geben.</li>
	<li>Den AAO-Filter auf dem Harz und drücken Sie gleichmäßig mit einer Gummirolle mit einem Durchmesser von 32 mm. Die Ausbreitung des Harzes wird visuell bestätigt, so dass die Walze wiederholt und sorgfältig muss beim Drücken geschoben werden. Achtung: Der AAO-Filter ist spröde und kann brechen, wenn Gewalt angewendet wird.</li>
	<li>Nach dem Walzen, aussetzen die Probe gemacht mit dem PET und AAO Filter (verbunden mit dem Harz) mit UV-Licht mit einer Wellenlänge von 365 nm für 30 s, das Harz zu heilen.</li>
	<li>Tauchen Sie die ausgehärtete Probe in 100 mL 2 M NaOH-Lösung für 10 min um den Filter zu lösen. Hinweis: Die SEM-Bilder zeigen den Querschnitt und die Oberfläche der Struktur (Abbildung 2).</li>
	<li>Reinigen Sie die Probe mit VE-Wasser, dann trocknen Sie komplett für 3 min mit Druckluft. Hinweis: EDX-Analyse bestätigt, dass Na und Al nicht erkannt wurden und völlig waren geätzt (Abbildung 3).</li>
</ol>2. Oberflächenbehandlungen
<ol><li>UV-Ozon-Behandlung</li>
	<li>Reinigen Sie die Probe mit Nano-Micro Multiskalen Strukturen mit IPA und DI Wasser für 5 Minuten, dann mit einem Luftgewehr für 3 min trocknen.</li>
	<li>Die Seite der Multiskalen Strukturen der Probe (die Seite mit Multiskalen Strukturen) zu bestrahlen mit UV-Bestrahlung (Wellenlänge von 185-254 nm) für 60 Minuten. Hinweis: Der UV-Ozon-Anlage hat eine Intensität von 25 mW/cm2.</li>
	<li>Octadecyltrichlorosilane (OTS) Selbstmontage</li>
	<li>Legen Sie eine heiße Platte in das Handschuhfach und Aufrechterhaltung einer N-2 -Umgebung für eine Dampf-Abscheidung.</li>
	<li>Befestigen Sie der Rand der Probe an einem Glas oder einer flachen Platte mit Klebeband. Stellen Sie sicher, dass die Größe des Glases oder Platte groß genug, um einen Becher (mit 8 mm Durchmesser und 13 mm Höhe) bedecken.</li>
	<li>Stellen Sie den Becher auf der Heizplatte mit 5 "x 7" und den Becher mit einer Pipette fügen Sie 2 mL OTS-Lösung hinzu.</li>
	<li>Decken Sie das Becherglas mit dem Glas oder Gesicht-auf-Platte mit der Probe nach unten in das Becherglas.</li>
	<li>Prozess für 60 min bei 100 ° C, dann entfernen Sie das Exemplar aus dem Handschuhfach. Hinweis: Nach der OTS-Beschichtungsprozess müssen der Becher und Handschuhfach gereinigt werden.</li>
</ol>3. Herstellung von funktionalen Oberfläche durch die Injektion von Schmierstoffen
<ol><li>Kaution ca. 0,2 mL Perfluorocarbon (PFC) Flüssigkeit auf die OTS-beschichtete selbst aggregiert Nanofaser-Montage.</li>
	<li>Beobachten Sie den Prozess der Benetzung der PFC mit einem optischen Mikroskop mit einem Objektiv 5 x-20 X.</li>
	<li>Entfernen Sie die überschüssige Flüssigkeit PFC, indem man die Proben in einer vertikalen Position für ein paar Stunden.</li>
</ol>

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Die Autoren haben keine finanziellen Interessenkonflikte offenlegen.

Der entscheidende Schritt in der Fertigung der Baugruppe selbst aggregierten Nanofaser soll sicherstellen, dass die spröde AAO-Filter nicht bricht, wenn das Harz mit der Gummiwalzen anwenden. In der Tat sollte sichergestellt werden, dass der AAO-Filter nicht zu jedem Zeitpunkt vor dem Ätzen Schritt bricht. Da der AAO-Filter 25 mm im Durchmesser ist, ist die Größe des Substrats ca. 30 x 30 mm.
Selbst aggregierten Nanofaser-Montage ermöglicht es uns, verschiedene funktionale Oberflächen du...

Nanoskaligen texturiert Strukturen wie Nanopartikel, Nanoröhren und Nanofasern in der wissenschaftlichen Gemeinschaft aufgefallen sind, wie sie einzigartige Eigenschaften in verschiedene Anwendungen einschließlich elektrische, Biomedizinische Optik und Oberfläche zeigen Engineering-1,2,3,4,5,6,7,8. Insbesondere sind die Nanofasern verbreitet in dehnbar und transparente Elektroden9, tragbare Sensoren10,11, Verbindungsleitungen12,13und Nano-Optik-Anwendungen 14. unter den verschiedenen Methoden der Herstellung von nanoskaligen Strukturen, wie Sol-Gel-Verfahren, Selbstmontage, Lithographie und Replikation15,16,17,18, 19,20, direkten Replikation mithilfe einer Vorlage gilt derzeit eine vielversprechende Methode, weil es einfach, kostengünstig und für verschiedene heilbar Materialien21,22 ist , 23 , 24 , 25 , 26.
Aufgrund der Multiskalen Struktur mit einer großen Anzahl von nanoskalige Poren und Mikromaßstab Höhe ist AAO als Vorlage für die Herstellung von Nanofasern und Nanoröhren mit ein hohes Aspektverhältnis27,28,29 verbreitet , 30. jedoch aufgrund der Oberflächenspannung auf solch eine hohe Streckung, Nanofasern neigen dazu, leicht zu aggregieren,31,32,33. Bisherige Forschung hat bewiesen, dass Nanofasern mit einem Seitenverhältnis größer als 15:1 nicht aufrecht stehen aber stattdessen aggregieren, während diejenigen, die ein Verhältnis weniger als 5:1 ohne Aggregation33,34einzeln isoliert sind. Kapillare Kraft und Oberflächenspannung spielen eine wichtige Rolle bei der Entfernung von Tonerde mit einem Ätzmittel, ist einer der Prozesse während der Nanofaser Herstellung. Wenn Seitenverhältnis erhöht, tendenziell Oberflächenspannung unter Nanofasern ziehen sie näher zueinander, wodurch Aggregation. Mehrere Studien konzentrierten sich auf Methoden, solche Aggregation35, zu verhindern, vor allem in Polymer und metallischen Nanofasern beobachtet wird. Unter diesen kann Hydratation der Nanofaser Oberfläche die Agglomeration verringern, weil wenn eine Flüssigkeit die Zwischenräume Nanofasern einnimmt, Oberflächenspannung verringert. Darüber hinaus kann die Gefriertrocknung Methode auch Aggregation durch eine Verringerung der Oberflächenspannung zwischen Nanofasern verringern. Dennoch, trotz verschiedener Bemühungen, die Begradigung von Nanofasern mit einem hohen Seitenverhältnis bleibt eine Herausforderung.
Zu diesem Zweck haben wir eine einzigartige Methode für die Herstellung von Multiskalen Strukturen der verworrenen Nanofaser durch Ausnutzung der Aggregation Phänomen in einer positiven Weise Berichten. Hier prägt die Nanofaser-Struktur mit einem AAO Filter und Polyurethan-Acrylat (PUA)-geben Sie Harze mit einer Viskosität von 257,4 cP. Nach UV-Nano-Imprint Lithografie (UV-NIL) durchgeführt wird, wird die Form mit einer NaOH-Lösung geätzt. Um die vorgeschlagenen Multiskalen Strukturen zu charakterisieren, untersuchen wir die Muster Verhalten der Probe mit aggregierten Nanofasern und die Benetzbarkeit der Oberfläche nach dem richtigen Oberflächenbehandlungen wie Beschichtung mit einem selbst-zusammengebauten monomolekularen Film und UV-Ozon-Behandlung . Darüber hinaus schlagen wir vor, die Multiskalen poröse Oberfläche einfach auf eine glatte Oberfläche mit einem Schmierstoff-infundiert Verfahren umgewandelt werden kann.

<table>
	<tbody>
		<tr>
			<td>MINS 511RM</td>
			<td>Minuta Tech</td>
			<td></td>
			<td>UV curable resin</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Octadecyltrichlorosilane (OTS)</td>
			<td>Aldrich</td>
			<td></td>
			<td>Surface treatment</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Sodium oxidanide</td>
			<td>SAMCHUN</td>
			<td></td>
			<td>Etching solution</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Anopore Inoganic Membranes</td>
			<td>Whatman</td>
			<td></td>
			<td>25mm/0.2&#181;m</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>MT-UV-A 47</td>
			<td>Meiji Techno</td>
			<td></td>
			<td>UV curing equipment</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>UVC-30</td>
			<td>Jaesung Engineering</td>
			<td></td>
			<td>UVO treatment equipment</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Smart Drop Plus</td>
			<td>FEMTOFAB</td>
			<td></td>
			<td>Contact angle measurement</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Fluorinert FC-70</td>
			<td>3M</td>
			<td></td>
			<td>liquid mixture of completely fluorinated aliphatic compounds</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Polyethylene terephthalate film</td>
			<td>Sunchem</td>
			<td></td>
			<td>Substrate</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Acetone (99.8%)</td>
			<td>Daejung</td>
			<td></td>
			<td>Cleaning solution</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Isopropyl alcohol (99.9%)</td>
			<td>Daejung</td>
			<td></td>
			<td>Cleaning solution</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Rubber roller</td>
			<td>Hwahong</td>
			<td></td>
			<td>For application of resin</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Corning Stirring Hot Plates</td>
			<td>Corning</td>
			<td></td>
			<td>Hot plate equipment (5&#34; x 7&#34;)</td>
		</tr>
	</tbody>
</table>

multiscale structures aggregated by imprinted nanofibers for functional surfaces

Multiskalen Oberflächenstrukturen haben zunehmende Interesse aufgrund mehrere Anwendungsmöglichkeiten im Surface-Geräte. Allerdings ist eine bestehende Herausforderung auf dem Gebiet der Herstellung von Hybrid-Mikro-Nano-Strukturen mit einer einfache, kostengünstige und Hochdurchsatz-Methode. Um diese Herausforderungen zu bewältigen, schlägt dieses Papier ein Protokoll zur Multiskalen Strukturen mit nur ein Abdruck-Verfahren mit einem anodische Aluminiumoxid (AAO)-Filter und eine Verdunstung selbst-Aggregation-Prozess von Nanofasern zu fabrizieren. Im Gegensatz zu früheren versuchen, die Nanofasern Begradigen ausgerichtet haben, zeigen wir Ihnen eine einzigartige Herstellungsverfahren für Multiskalen aggregierten Nanofasern mit hohen Seitenverhältnisse. Darüber hinaus wurden die Oberflächenmorphologie und Benetzbarkeit dieser Strukturen auf verschiedenen Flüssigkeiten untersucht, um ihre Verwendung in multifunktionale Flächen zu erleichtern.

Wir zeigten eine schnelle und einfache Methode für die Herstellung von Multiskalen Nano-Mikro-Hybrid-Strukturen mit einem AAO-Filter als eine Form der Prägung. Der gesamte Vorgang dauerte 30 min (Abbildung 4). Es wurde festgestellt, dass nach Durchlaufen der Ätzvorgang mit NaOH, die resultierende Oberfläche eine deckende Farbe ähnlich wie die Originalfilter AAO, aufgrund der aggregierten Nanofaser-Versammlung verursacht durch Oberflächenspannung ausgest...

Watch this Scientific Journal Video about Multiscale Structures Aggregated by Imprinted Nanofibers for Functional Surfaces at JoVE.com

Multiscale Structures Aggregated by Imprinted Nanofibers for Functional Surfaces

Multiskalen Strukturen aggregiert nach aufgedruckten Nanofasern für funktionale Oberflächen

Dargestellt ist eine einfache Methode, Nano-Micro Multiskalen Strukturen, für funktionale Oberflächen durch Aggregation Nanofasern hergestellt unter Verwendung eines anodischen Aluminiumoxid-Filters zu fabrizieren.

Multiscale surface structures have attracted increasing interest owing to several potential applications in surface devices. However, an existing ...

multiscale-structures-aggregated-imprinted-nanofibers-for-functional

Research

JoVE Journal

Engineering

6.5K Aufrufe.  Changwon National University. Dargestellt ist eine einfache Methode, Nano-Micro Multiskalen Strukturen, für funktionale Oberflächen durch Aggregation Nanofasern hergestellt unter Verwendung eines anodischen Aluminiumoxid-Filters zu fabrizieren.

Serie: Multiscale Structures Aggregated by Imprinted Nanofibers for Functional Surfaces

Probing and Mapping Electrode Surfaces in Solid Oxide Fuel Cells

Solid oxide fuel cells (SOFCs) are potentially the most efficient and cost-effective solution to utilization of a wide variety of fuels beyond hydrogen 1-7. The performance of SOFCs and the rates of many chemical and energy transformation processes in energy storage and conversion devices in general are limited primarily by charge and mass transfer along electrode surfaces and across interfaces. Unfortunately, the mechanistic understanding of these processes is still lacking, due largely to the difficulty of characterizing these processes under in situ conditions. This knowledge gap is a chief obstacle to SOFC commercialization. The development of tools for probing and mapping surface chemistries relevant to electrode reactions is vital to unraveling the mechanisms of surface processes and to achieving rational design of new electrode materials for more efficient energy storage and conversion2. Among the relatively few in situ surface analysis methods, Raman spectroscopy can be performed even with high temperatures and harsh atmospheres, making it ideal for characterizing chemical processes relevant to SOFC anode performance and degradation8-12. It can also be used alongside electrochemical measurements, potentially allowing direct correlation of electrochemistry to surface chemistry in an operating cell. Proper in situ Raman mapping measurements would be useful for pin-pointing important anode reaction mechanisms because of its sensitivity to the relevant species, including anode performance degradation through carbon deposition8, 10, 13, 14 ("coking") and sulfur poisoning11, 15 and the manner in which surface modifications stave off this degradation16. The current work demonstrates significant progress towards this capability. In addition, the family of scanning probe microscopy (SPM) techniques provides a special approach to interrogate the electrode surface with nanoscale resolution. Besides the surface topography that is routinely collected by AFM and STM, other properties such as local electronic states, ion diffusion coefficient and surface potential can also be investigated17-22. In this work, electrochemical measurements, Raman spectroscopy, and SPM were used in conjunction with a novel test electrode platform that consists of a Ni mesh electrode embedded in an yttria-stabilized zirconia (YSZ) electrolyte. Cell performance testing and impedance spectroscopy under fuel containing H2S was characterized, and Raman mapping was used to further elucidate the nature of sulfur poisoning. In situ Raman monitoring was used to investigate coking behavior. Finally, atomic force microscopy (AFM) and electrostatic force microscopy (EFM) were used to further visualize carbon deposition on the nanoscale. From this research, we desire to produce a more complete picture of the SOFC anode.

We present a unique platform for characterizing electrode surfaces in solid oxide fuel cells (SOFCs) that allows simultaneous performance of multiple characterization techniques (e.g. in situ Raman spectroscopy and scanning probe microscopy alongside electrochemical measurements). Complementary information from these analyses may help to advance toward a more profound understanding of electrode reaction and degradation mechanisms, providing insights into rational design of better materials for SOFCs.

Sondieren und Mapping-Elektrode Oberflächen in Solid Oxide Fuel Cells

Solid oxide fuel cells (SOFCs) are potentially the most efficient and cost-effective solution to utilization of a wide variety of fuels beyond hydrogen ...

Forschung

Ingenieurwesen

Fabrication of Nano-engineered Transparent Conducting Oxides by Pulsed Laser Deposition

Nanosecond Pulsed Laser Deposition (PLD) in the presence of a background gas allows the deposition of metal oxides with tunable morphology, structure, density and stoichiometry by a proper control of the plasma plume expansion dynamics. Such versatility can be exploited to produce nanostructured films from compact and dense to nanoporous characterized by a hierarchical assembly of nano-sized clusters. In particular we describe the detailed methodology to fabricate two types of Al-doped ZnO (AZO) films as transparent electrodes in photovoltaic devices: 1) at low O2 pressure, compact films with electrical conductivity and optical transparency close to the state of the art transparent conducting oxides (TCO) can be deposited at room temperature, to be compatible with thermally sensitive materials such as polymers used in organic photovoltaics (OPVs); 2) highly light scattering hierarchical structures resembling a forest of nano-trees are produced at higher pressures. Such structures show high Haze factor (&gt;80%) and may be exploited to enhance the light trapping capability. The method here described for AZO films can be applied to other metal oxides relevant for technological applications such as TiO2, Al2O3, WO3 and Ag4O4.

We describe the experimental method to deposit nanostructured oxide thin films by nanosecond Pulsed Laser Deposition (PLD) in the presence of a background gas. By using this method Al-doped ZnO (AZO) films, from compact to hierarchically structured as nano-tree forests, can be deposited.

Herstellung von transparenten leitenden Oxide durch Pulsed Laser Deposition Nano-engineered

Nanosecond Pulsed  Laser Deposition (PLD) in the presence of a background gas allows the deposition  of metal oxides with tunable morphology, structure, ...

High-speed Particle Image Velocimetry Near Surfaces

Multi-dimensional and transient flows play a key role in many areas of science, engineering, and health sciences but are often not well understood. The complex nature of these flows may be studied using particle image velocimetry (PIV), a laser-based imaging technique for optically accessible flows. Though many forms of PIV exist that extend the technique beyond the original planar two-component velocity measurement capabilities, the basic PIV system consists of a light source (laser), a camera, tracer particles, and analysis algorithms. The imaging and recording parameters, the light source, and the algorithms are adjusted to optimize the recording for the flow of interest and obtain valid velocity data. 
Common PIV investigations measure two-component velocities in a plane at a few frames per second. However, recent developments in instrumentation have facilitated high-frame rate (&gt; 1 kHz) measurements capable of resolving transient flows with high temporal resolution. Therefore, high-frame rate measurements have enabled investigations on the evolution of the structure and dynamics of highly transient flows. These investigations play a critical role in understanding the fundamental physics of complex flows.
A detailed description for performing high-resolution, high-speed planar PIV to study a transient flow near the surface of a flat plate is presented here. Details for adjusting the parameter constraints such as image and recording properties, the laser sheet properties, and processing algorithms to adapt PIV for any flow of interest are included.

A procedure for studying transient flows near boundaries using high-resolution, high-speed particle image velocimetry (PIV) is described here. PIV is a non-intrusive measurement technique applicable to any optically accessible flow by optimizing several parameter constraints such as the image and recording properties, the laser sheet properties, and analysis algorithms.

High-Speed-Particle Image Velocimetry Nahe Surfaces

Multi-dimensional and transient flows play a key role in many areas of science, engineering, and health sciences but are often not well understood. The ...

Monolayer Contact Doping of Silicon Surfaces and Nanowires Using Organophosphorus Compounds

Monolayer Contact Doping (MLCD) is a simple method for doping of surfaces and nanostructures1. MLCD results in the formation of highly controlled, ultra shallow and sharp doping profiles at the nanometer scale. In MLCD process the dopant source is a monolayer containing dopant atoms.
In this article a detailed procedure for surface doping of silicon substrate as well as silicon nanowires is demonstrated. Phosphorus dopant source was formed using tetraethyl methylenediphosphonate monolayer on a silicon substrate. This monolayer containing substrate was brought to contact with a pristine intrinsic silicon target substrate and annealed while in contact. Sheet resistance of the target substrate was measured using 4 point probe. Intrinsic silicon nanowires were synthesized by chemical vapor deposition (CVD) process using a vapor-liquid-solid (VLS) mechanism; gold nanoparticles were used as catalyst for nanowire growth. The nanowires were suspended in ethanol by mild sonication. This suspension was used to dropcast the nanowires on silicon substrate with a silicon nitride dielectric top layer. These nanowires were doped with phosphorus in similar manner as used for the intrinsic silicon wafer. Standard photolithography process was used to fabricate metal electrodes for the formation of nanowire based field effect transistor (NW-FET). The electrical properties of a representative nanowire device were measured by a semiconductor device analyzer and a probe station.

A detailed procedure for surface doping of Silicon interfaces is provided. The ultra-shallow surface doping is demonstrated by using phosphorus containing monolayers and rapid annealing process. The method can be used for doping of macroscopic area surfaces as well as nanostructures.

Monolayer Kontakt Dotierung von Silizium-Oberflächen und Nanodrähte Mit Phosphororganische Verbindungen

Monolayer Contact Doping (MLCD) is a simple method for doping of surfaces and nanostructures1. MLCD results in the formation of highly controlled, ultra ...

Seedless Growth of Bismuth Nanowire Array via Vacuum Thermal Evaporation

Here a seedless and template-free technique is demonstrated to scalably grow bismuth nanowires, through thermal evaporation in high vacuum at RT. Conventionally reserved for the fabrication of metal thin films, thermal evaporation deposits bismuth into an array of vertical single crystalline nanowires over a flat thin film of vanadium held at RT, which is freshly deposited by magnetron sputtering or thermal evaporation. By controlling the temperature of the growth substrate the length and width of the nanowires can be tuned over a wide range. Responsible for this novel technique is a previously unknown nanowire growth mechanism that roots in the mild porosity of the vanadium thin film. Infiltrated into the vanadium pores, the bismuth domains (~ 1 nm) carry excessive surface energy that suppresses their melting point and continuously expels them out of the vanadium matrix to form nanowires. This discovery demonstrates the feasibility of scalable vapor phase synthesis of high purity nanomaterials without using any catalysts.

A protocol for seedless and high yield growth of bismuth nanowire arrays through vacuum thermal evaporation technique is presented.

Seedless Wachstum von Wismut Nanodraht-Array über Vacuum Thermal Evaporation

Here a seedless and template-free technique is demonstrated to scalably grow bismuth nanowires, through thermal evaporation in high vacuum at RT. ...

Evanescent Field Based Photoacoustics: Optical Property Evaluation at Surfaces

Here, we present a protocol to estimate material and surface optical properties using the photoacoustic effect combined with total internal reflection. Optical property evaluation of thin films and the surfaces of bulk materials is an important step in understanding new optical material systems and their applications. The method presented can estimate thickness, refractive index, and use absorptive properties of materials for detection. This metrology system uses evanescent field-based photoacoustics (EFPA), a field of research based upon the interaction of an evanescent field with the photoacoustic effect. This interaction and its resulting family of techniques allow the technique to probe optical properties within a few hundred nanometers of the sample surface. This optical near field allows for the highly accurate estimation of material properties on the same scale as the field itself such as refractive index and film thickness. With the use of EFPA and its sub techniques such as total internal reflection photoacoustic spectroscopy (TIRPAS) and optical tunneling photoacoustic spectroscopy (OTPAS), it is possible to evaluate a material at the nanoscale in a consolidated instrument without the need for many instruments and experiments that may be cost prohibitive.

Here we present a protocol to estimate material and surface optical properties using the photoacoustic effect combined with total internal reflection. This technique evanescent field-based photoacoustics can be used to create a photoacoustic metrology system to estimate materials&#39; thicknesses, bulk and thin film refractive indices, and explore their optical properties.

Abklingende Feld Basierend Photoakustik: Optische Objektbewertung an Oberflächen

Here, we present a protocol to estimate material and surface optical properties using the photoacoustic effect combined with total internal reflection. ...

Strain Sensing Based on Multiscale Composite Materials Reinforced with Graphene Nanoplatelets

The electrical response of NH2-functionalized graphene nanoplatelets composite materials under strain was studied. Two different manufacturing methods are proposed to create the electrical network in this work: (a) the incorporation of the nanoplatelets into the epoxy matrix and (b) the coating of the glass fabric with a sizing filled with the same nanoplatelets. Both types of multiscale composite materials, with an in-plane electrical conductivity of ~10-3 S/m, showed an exponential growth of the electrical resistance as the strain increases due to distancing between adjacent functionalized graphene nanoplatelets and contact loss between overlying ones. The sensitivity of the materials analyzed during this research, using the described procedures, has been shown to be higher than commercially available strain gauges. The proposed procedures for self-sensing of the structural composite material would facilitate the structural health monitoring of components in difficult to access emplacements such as offshore wind power farms. Although the sensitivity of the multiscale composite materials was considerably higher than the sensitivity of metallic foils used as strain gauges, the value reached with NH2 functionalized graphene nanoplatelets coated fabrics was nearly an order of magnitude superior. This result elucidated their potential to be used as smart fabrics to monitor human movements such as bending of fingers or knees. By using the proposed method, the smart fabric could immediately detect the bending and recover instantly. This fact permits precise monitoring of the time of bending as well as the degree of bending.

The integration of conductive nanoparticles, such as graphene nanoplatelets, into glass fiber composite materials creates an intrinsic electrical network susceptible to strain. Here, different methods to obtain strain sensors based on the addition of graphene nanoplatelets into the epoxy matrix or as a coating on glass fabrics are proposed.

Dehnungsmess Basierend auf Multiskalige Composite Materials Verstärkt durch Graphene Nanoplättchen

The electrical response of NH2-functionalized graphene nanoplatelets composite materials under strain was studied. Two different manufacturing methods are ...

Preparation of Liquid Crystal Networks for Macroscopic Oscillatory Motion Induced by Light

A strategy based on doped liquid crystalline networks is described to create mechanical self-sustained oscillations of plastic films under continuous light irradiation. The photo-excitation of dopants that can quickly dissipate light into heat, coupled with anisotropic thermal expansion and self-shadowing of the film, gives rise to the self-sustained deformation. The oscillations observed are influenced by the dimensions and the modulus of the film, and by the directionality and intensity of the light. The system developed offers applications in energy conversion and harvesting for soft-robotics and automated systems.
The general method described here consists of creating free-standing liquid crystalline films and characterizing the mechanical and thermal effects observed. The molecular alignment is achieved using alignment layers (rubbed polyimide), commonly used in the display manufacturing industry. To obtain actuators with large deformation, the mesogens are aligned and polymerized in a splay/bend configuration, i.e., with the director of the liquid crystals (LCs) going gradually from planar to homeotropic through the film thickness. Upon irradiation, the mechanical and thermal oscillations obtained are monitored with a high-speed camera. The results are further quantified by image analysis using an image processing program.

The goal of the protocol is to create liquid crystalline polymer films that can mechanically oscillate under continuous light irradiation. We describe in great detail the conception of free-standing films, from the liquid crystal alignment method to the photo-actuation. The experimental protocol applied to prepare this material is broadly applicable.

Vorbereitung der Flüssigkristall-Netzwerke für makroskopische oszillierende Bewegung, die durch Licht induzierten

A strategy based on doped liquid crystalline networks is described to create mechanical self-sustained oscillations of plastic films under continuous ...

Fabricating Reactive Surfaces with Brush-like and Crosslinked Films of Azlactone-Functionalized Block Co-Polymers

In this paper, fabrication methods that generate novel surfaces using the azlactone-based block co-polymer, poly (glycidyl methacrylate)-block-poly (vinyl dimethyl azlactone) (PGMA-b-PVDMA), are presented. Due to the high reactivity of azlactone groups towards amine, thiol, and hydroxyl groups, PGMA-b-PVDMA surfaces can be modified with secondary molecules to create chemically or biologically functionalized interfaces for a variety of applications. Previous reports of patterned PGMA-b-PVDMA interfaces have used traditional top-down patterning techniques that generate non-uniform films and poorly controlled background chemistries. Here, we describe customized patterning techniques that enable precise deposition of highly uniform PGMA-b-PVDMA films in backgrounds that are chemically inert or that have biomolecule-repellent properties. Importantly, these methods are designed to deposit PGMA-b-PVDMA films in a manner that completely preserves azlactone functionality through each processing step. Patterned films show well-controlled thicknesses that correspond to polymer brushes (~90 nm) or to highly crosslinked structures (~1-10 &#956;m). Brush patterns are generated using either the parylene lift-off or interface directed assembly methods described and are useful for precise modulation of overall chemical surface reactivity by adjusting either the PGMA-b-PVDMA pattern density or the length of the VDMA block. In contrast, the thick, crosslinked PGMA-b-PVDMA patterns are obtained using a customized micro-contact printing technique and offer the benefit of higher loading or capture of secondary material due to higher surface area to volume ratios. Detailed experimental steps, critical film characterizations, and trouble-shooting guides for each fabrication method are discussed.

Surface fabrication methods for patterned deposition of nanometer thick brushes or micron thick, crosslinked films of an azlactone block co-polymer are reported. Critical experimental steps, representative results, and limitations of each method are discussed. These methods are useful for creating functional interfaces with tailored physical features and tunable surface reactivity.

Herstellung von reaktiven Oberflächen mit Pinsel-Like und querverbunden Filme von Azlactone funktionalisiert Block-Copolymere

In this paper, fabrication methods that generate novel surfaces using the azlactone-based block co-polymer, poly (glycidyl methacrylate)-block-poly (vinyl ...

Fabrication of Superhydrophobic Metal Surfaces for Anti-Icing Applications

Several ways to produce superhydrophobic metal surfaces are presented in this work. Aluminum was chosen as the metal substrate due to its wide use in industry. The wettability of the produced surface was analyzed by bouncing drop experiments and the topography was analyzed by confocal microscopy. In addition, we show various methodologies to measure its durability and anti-icing properties. Superhydrophobic surfaces hold a special texture that must be preserved to keep their water-repellency. To fabricate durable surfaces, we followed two strategies to incorporate a resistant texture. The first strategy is a direct incorporation of roughness to the metal substrate by acid etching. After this surface texturization, the surface energy was decreased by silanization or fluoropolymer deposition. The second strategy is the growth of a ceria layer (after surface texturization) that should enhance the surface hardness and corrosion resistance. The surface energy was decreased with a stearic acid film.
The durability of the superhydrophobic surfaces was examined by a particle impact test, mechanical wear by lateral abrasion, and UV-ozone resistance. The anti-icing properties were explored by studying the ability to repeal subcooled water, freezing delay, and ice adhesion.

We illustrate several methodologies to produce superhydrophobic metal surfaces and to explore their durability and anti-icing properties.

Herstellung von Superhydrophob Metalloberflächen für Anti-Icing-Anwendungen

Several ways to produce superhydrophobic metal surfaces are presented in this work. Aluminum was chosen as the metal substrate due to its wide use in ...