우리는 케 른 연구 특히 마크 헨 슨, 제레미 그레이엄과 호 코 레이 아에서에서이 시스템을 개발 하기 위해 우리와 함께 작업 하는 것을 감사 하 고 싶습니다. 우리 또한 감사 데이비드 웨일스어 및 Akhilesh 레디 (하 마)의 이전 피터 Laskey 뿐 아니라 설계 단계 동안 귀중 한 토론에 대 한 원고를 그의 중요 한 입력에 대 한 데모 카메라와 데이비드 웡의 대출을 정리.

<ol>
	<li>Morgan, L. W., Greene, A. V., Bell-Pedersen, D. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Circadian+and+light-induced+expression+of+luciferase+in+Neurospora+crassa.">Circadian and light-induced expression of luciferase in Neurospora crassa.</a> Fungal Genet. and Biol. 38 (3), 327-332 (2003).</li><li>Millar, A. J. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=A+Novel+Circadian+Phenotype+Based+on+Firefly+Luciferase+Expression+in+Transgenic+Plants.">A Novel Circadian Phenotype Based on Firefly Luciferase Expression in Transgenic Plants.</a> Plant Cell Online. 4 (9), 1075-1087 (1992).</li><li>Yu, W., Hardin, P. E. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Use+of+Firefly+Luciferase+Activity+Assays+to+Monitor+Circadian+Molecular+Rhythms+In+Vivo+and+In+Vitro.">Use of Firefly Luciferase Activity Assays to Monitor Circadian Molecular Rhythms In Vivo and In Vitro.</a> Circadian Rhythms: Methods and Protocols. , 465-480 (2007).</li><li>Yoo, S. -. H., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=PERIOD2::LUCIFERASE+real-time+reporting+of+circadian+dynamics+reveals+persistent+circadian+oscillations+in+mouse+peripheral+tissues.">PERIOD2::LUCIFERASE real-time reporting of circadian dynamics reveals persistent circadian oscillations in mouse peripheral tissues.</a> Proc Natl Acad Sci. 101 (15), 5339-5346 (2004).</li><li>Buhr, D. E., Yoo, S. -. H., Takahashi, J. S. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Temperature+as+a+universal+resetting+cue+for+mammalian+circadian+oscillators.">Temperature as a universal resetting cue for mammalian circadian oscillators.</a> Science. 330 (6002), 379-385 (2010).</li><li>Brown, S. A., Zumbrunn, G., Fleury-Olela, F., Preitner, N., Schibler, U. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Rhythms+of+mammalian+body+temperature+can+sustain+peripheral+circadian+clocks.">Rhythms of mammalian body temperature can sustain peripheral circadian clocks.</a> Current Biology. 12 (18), 1574-1583 (2002).</li><li>Balsalobre, A., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Resetting+of+circadian+time+in+peripheral+tissues+by+glucocorticoid+signaling.">Resetting of circadian time in peripheral tissues by glucocorticoid signaling.</a> Science. 289 (5488), 2344-2347 (2000).</li><li>Balsalobre, A., Marcacci, L., Schibler, U. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Multiple+signaling+pathways+elicit+circadian+gene+expression+in+cultured+Rat-1+fibroblasts.">Multiple signaling pathways elicit circadian gene expression in cultured Rat-1 fibroblasts.</a> Curr. Biol. CB. 10 (20), 1291-1294 (2000).</li><li>Hastings, M. H., Reddy, A. B., McMahon, D. G., Maywood, E. S. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Analysis+of+circadian+mechanisms+in+the+suprachiasmatic+nucleus+by+transgenesis+and+biolistic+transfection.">Analysis of circadian mechanisms in the suprachiasmatic nucleus by transgenesis and biolistic transfection.</a> Methods Enzymol. 393, 579-592 (2005).</li><li>Chen, Y., Stevens, B., Chang, J., Milbrandt, J., Ba Barres, ., Hell, J. W. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=NS21:+re-defined+and+modified+supplement+B27+for+neuronal+cultures.">NS21: re-defined and modified supplement B27 for neuronal cultures.</a> J. Neurosci Methods. 171 (2), 239-247 (2008).</li><li>Feeney, K. A., Putker, M., Brancaccio, M., ONeill, J. S. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=In-depth+Characterization+of+Firefly+Luciferase+as+a+Reporter+of+Circadian+Gene+Expression+in+Mammalian+Cells.">In-depth Characterization of Firefly Luciferase as a Reporter of Circadian Gene Expression in Mammalian Cells.</a> J. Biol. Rhythms. 31 (6), 540-550 (2016).</li><li>Schindelin, J., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Fiji:+an+open-source+platform+for+biological-image+analysis.">Fiji: an open-source platform for biological-image analysis.</a> Nature Methods. 9 (7), 676-682 (2012).</li><li>Hirota, T., Lewis, W. G., Liu, A. C., Lee, J. W., Schultz, P. G., Kay, S. A. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=A+chemical+biology+approach+reveals+period+shortening+of+the+mammalian+circadian+clock+by+specific+inhibition+of+GSK-3beta.">A chemical biology approach reveals period shortening of the mammalian circadian clock by specific inhibition of GSK-3beta.</a> Proc Natl Acad Sci. 105 (52), 20746-20751 (2008).</li><li>Meng, Q., Maywood, E. S., Bechtold, D. A., Lu, W., Li, J., Gibbs, J. E. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Entrainment+of+disrupted+circadian+behavior+through+inhibition+of+casein+kinase+1+(+CK1+)+enzymes.">Entrainment of disrupted circadian behavior through inhibition of casein kinase 1 ( CK1 ) enzymes.</a> Proc Natl Acad Sci. 1, 1-6 (2010).</li><li>Khabirova, E., Chen, K. -. F., O'Neill, J. S., Crowther, D. C. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Flyglow:+Single-fly+observations+of+simultaneous+molecular+and+behavioural+circadian+oscillations+in+controls+and+an+Alzheimer's+model.">Flyglow: Single-fly observations of simultaneous molecular and behavioural circadian oscillations in controls and an Alzheimer's model.</a> Sci. Rep. 6, 33759 (2016).</li></ol>

아니 이해 충돌 존재 한다.

여기에 설명 된 프로토콜 끼얹는다 고 정적 조건 모두 포유류 세포 배양입니다. 그러나, 악어 쉽게 다른 모델 시스템에 적용할 수 있습니다. 실제로, 그것은 이미 표시 되었습니다 동시 운동, 수 면, 그리고 주변 유전자 초파리 melanogaster 상수 어둠15. 유지에 식 리듬의 모니터링을 위한 뛰어난 플랫폼을 제공 하 그것은 또한 응용 프로그램에 따라 여기에 언급 된 그 외 카메라 유형을 적절 한 있을 수 있습니다, 지적 했다. 우리는 적절 한 필터와 함께 현재 설치의 수정된 된 버전 보안 주체에 사용 될 수 형광 정량화 정시.
악어 적절 한 않을 수 있습니다 유일한 응용 프로그램은 특히 높은 공간 해상도 필요할는 포유류의 organotypic 조각에 PER2::LUC 식의 spatiotemporal 조직의 이미징 suprachiasmatic 핵, 또는 다른 작은 조직 조각입니다.
악어는 지금 까지는 되지 않은 기존의 레코딩 기술에 의해 쉽게 달성 많은 실험을을 수행할 수 있습니다. 생물 발광의 측정을 위한 현재 방법과 비교해, 악어 셀 문화 접시 또는 사용할 수 있는 슬라이드, 외부 미디어 조건, 감도, 및 processivity 두 유형의 증가 유연성을 제공 합니다.
이것은 특히 적합 한 번에 3D organoid 문화 시스템이 향해 문화 모델은 표준 2D 셀에서 이동이 있을 때. 이와 같이, 악어는 생물 발광은 많은 일 및 광범위 한 조건 아래 주에 측정 될 수 있다 적응 방법을 제공할 것입니다 예상 된다.

유전자 발현 및 단백질 활동의 기자로 luciferases 사용 하 여 분자 및 세포 생물학 연구에서 인기 있는 기술 되고있다. 이것은 사실이 circadian 필드, 반딧불 luciferase 합성 및 촉매 비활성화의 속도 약 24 h circadian 주기 동안 발생 하는 유전자 발현의 경도 변화를 보고 하는 데 특히 적합. 이와 같이, luciferase 생물, 균 류, 식물, 파리, 그리고 포유류1,2,,34를 포함 하 여의 넓은 범위에 걸쳐 circadian 기자로 채택 된다.
Circadian 유전자 식에 체 외에서측정 될 때 광 전 증폭 관 관 (PMT) 발광 신호를 기록 하는 데 주로 사용 됩니다. 그러나 PMT 기반 측정 제한 유연성, 일반적으로 미리 정해진된 접시 또는 접시 크기에 제한 되 고. 그것은 불가능도 luciferase 식에서 공간 변화를 보여 주는 샘플을 이미징 하는 경우 정보의 손실에 지도할 수 있는 PMT를 사용 하 여 모니터링 샘플에서 공간 정보를 수집 합니다. 또한, PMT와 관련된 전자는 표준 셀 문화 인큐베이터의 습도 환경에 노출 되 면 오작동 하는 경향이, Pmt를 사용 하 여 경도 luciferase 녹음은 항상 비 습도 인큐베이터에서 수행 됩니다. 결과, 셀 문화 요리 공기 증발을 통해 수 분 손실을 방지 하기 위해 꽉 밀봉 해야 합니다 및 3-따라서 문화 미디어를 버퍼링 해야 합니다 (N-morpholino) propanesulfonic 산 (MOPS) 또는 4-(2-hydroxyethyl)-1- piperazineethanesulfonic 산 (HEPES), vivo 기능 그리고 포유류 조직 문화에서 일상적으로 사용 하는 시스템을 버퍼링 CO2/bicarbonate 보다는.
이러한 제한의 결과로 Pmt에 의해 생물 발광의 측정은 일반적으로 세포 실험 동안 유지 되는 조건에 꽉 제한을 장소. 이러한 문제를 극복 하 고 또한 가능한 실험 조건의 범위를 증가, 우리는 표준 공동2/N2 170 L 조직 문화 인큐베이터는 물 냉장 전자-멀티의 추가 의해 적응 되었습니다 사용 하 여 전 하 결합 소자 (EMCCD) 카메라 anti-mist 광학 및 디지털 제어 온도 가스 레벨의. 이 가스 이미징 Luciferase 자동 경도 및 Temperature-Optimized 레코더, 또는 악어 별명은. 악어 발광 이미징, 모두 표준 조직 배양 플레이트의 높은 처리량 이미징의 유연성을 크게 증가 수 있습니다 (동시에 최대 6 x 96-또는 384-잘 접시)와 또한 비표준 조직 문화 시스템에 대 한 이러한 끼얹는다 셀으로 미세 장치에서 성장. 이 악기는 또한 가변 제어 모두 CO2 와 O2 부분 압력으로 온도 습도 조건 하에서 발생 하는 화상 진 찰에 대 한 수 있습니다.
프로토콜 아래 포유류 세포와 악어 (이제부터 '생물 발광 인큐베이터' 라고도 함)를 사용 하 여 조직 문화 시스템의 발광 녹음 하는 방법을 설명 합니다. 그러나 그것은,, 시스템 발광 영상 하 고 또한, 일부 수정, 형광 이미징, 다른 생물 학적 시스템 및 컨텍스트 수에 적합 될 것 이라고 주목 한다.

<table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" width="647">
	<tbody>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:216px;">DMEM (1x) + GlutaMAX</td>
			<td style="width:145px;">Gibco</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">31966-021</td>
			<td style="width:167px;"></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:216px;">Hyclone FetalClone III Serum</td>
			<td style="width:145px;">GE Healthcare</td>
			<td>SH30109.03</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:216px;">Neurobasal medium</td>
			<td style="width:145px;">Thermofisher</td>
			<td>21103049</td>
			<td>basal medium</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:216px;">Bovine Serum Albumin</td>
			<td style="width:145px;">Sigma</td>
			<td>A4919</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:216px;">Catalase</td>
			<td style="width:145px;">Sigma</td>
			<td>C40</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:216px;">Glutathione</td>
			<td style="width:145px;">Sigma</td>
			<td>G6013</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:216px;">Insulin</td>
			<td style="width:145px;">Sigma</td>
			<td>I1882</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:216px;">Superoxide Dismutase</td>
			<td style="width:145px;">Sigma</td>
			<td>S5395</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:216px;">Holo-transferrin</td>
			<td style="width:145px;">Calbiochem</td>
			<td>616424</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:216px;">T3 (triiodo-L-thyronine</td>
			<td style="width:145px;">Sigma</td>
			<td>T6397</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:216px;">L-Carnitine</td>
			<td style="width:145px;">Sigma</td>
			<td>C7518</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:216px;">Ethanolamine</td>
			<td style="width:145px;">Sigma</td>
			<td>E9508</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:216px;">D (+)-Galactose</td>
			<td style="width:145px;">Sigma</td>
			<td>G0625</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:216px;">Putrescine</td>
			<td style="width:145px;">Sigma</td>
			<td>P5780</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:216px;">Sodium Selenite</td>
			<td style="width:145px;">Sigma</td>
			<td>S9133</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:216px;">Corticosterone</td>
			<td style="width:145px;">Sigma</td>
			<td>C2505</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:216px;">Linoleic Acid</td>
			<td style="width:145px;">Sigma</td>
			<td>L1012</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:216px;">Linolenic Acid</td>
			<td style="width:145px;">Sigma</td>
			<td>L2376</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:216px;">Lipoic Acid</td>
			<td style="width:145px;">Sigma</td>
			<td>T1395</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:216px;">Progesterone</td>
			<td style="width:145px;">Sigma</td>
			<td>P8783</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:216px;">Retinol Acetate</td>
			<td style="width:145px;">Sigma</td>
			<td>R7882</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:216px;">Retinol, all trans</td>
			<td style="width:145px;">Sigma</td>
			<td>95144</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:216px;">D,L-alpha-Tocopherol</td>
			<td style="width:145px;">Sigma</td>
			<td>95240</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:216px;">D,L-alpha-Tocopherol acetate</td>
			<td style="width:145px;">Sigma</td>
			<td>T3001</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:216px;">Sodium Bicarbonate Solution</td>
			<td style="width:145px;">Sigma</td>
			<td>S8761-100ML</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:216px;">GlutaMAX (100x)</td>
			<td style="width:145px;">Gibco</td>
			<td>35050-038</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">Penicillin-Streptomycin</td>
			<td style="width:145px;">Sigma</td>
			<td>P4333</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">Galaxy 170R incubator&#160;</td>
			<td style="width:145px;">Eppendorf</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">CO17301001</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">Luciferin</td>
			<td style="width:145px;">Biosynth</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">L-8220</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">D -(+)-Glucose solution</td>
			<td style="width:145px;">Sigma</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">G8644-100ML</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:216px;">DMEM powder</td>
			<td style="width:145px;">Sigma</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">D5030</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:216px;">MOPS</td>
			<td style="width:145px;">Sigma</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">PHG0007</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">1 mm I.D. silicone tubing&#160;</td>
			<td style="width:145px;">GE Healthcare</td>
			<td>19-4692-01</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:216px;">Elbow luer connector</td>
			<td style="width:145px;">Ibidi</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">10802</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:216px;">Male luer fittings</td>
			<td style="width:145px;">Ibidi</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">10826</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:216px;">Female luer fittings</td>
			<td style="width:145px;">Ibidi</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">10825</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:216px;">&#181;-slide luer I 0.6</td>
			<td style="width:145px;">Ibidi</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">80196</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:216px;">BD plastipak 20ml syringe</td>
			<td style="width:145px;">Becton Dickinson</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">300613</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:216px;">1mm I.D. ETFE tubing</td>
			<td style="width:145px;">GE Healthcare</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">18-1142-38</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:216px;">PF670462</td>
			<td style="width:145px;">Sigma</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">SML0795</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:216px;">B27 Supplement (50x)</td>
			<td style="width:145px;">ThermoFisher</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">17504044</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:216px;">iXon Ultra EMCCD camera</td>
			<td style="width:145px;">Andor</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">iXon 888</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:216px;">Fiji</td>
			<td style="width:145px;">ImageJ</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">N/A</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:216px;">Prism 7.0</td>
			<td style="width:145px;">Graphpad Software</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">N/A</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:216px;">Trypan blue</td>
			<td style="width:145px;">Sigma</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">T8154</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:216px;">Deltaphase Isothermal Pad</td>
			<td style="width:145px;">Braintree Scientific</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">39DP</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">Heated neutral density filter&#160;</td>
			<td style="width:145px;">Cairn Research</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">Custom item</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:216px;">Osmomat 030</td>
			<td style="width:145px;">Gonotech</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">Discontinued</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="42">
			<td height="42" style="height:42px;width:216px;">300 mOsmol/kg calibration standard</td>
			<td style="width:145px;">Gonotech</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">30.9.0020</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:216px;">Measuring vessel</td>
			<td style="width:145px;">Gonotech</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">30.9.0010</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:216px;">Focusing cylinder</td>
			<td style="width:145px;">Cairn Research</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">Custom item</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="42">
			<td height="42" style="height:42px;width:216px;">NE-1600 programmable syringe pump</td>
			<td style="width:145px;">Pump Systems inc.</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">NE-1600</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:216px;">Andor Solis Software</td>
			<td style="width:145px;">Andor</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">N/A</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
	</tbody>
</table>

flexible measurement of bioluminescent reporters using an automated longitudinal luciferase imaging gas- and temperature-optimized recorder (alligator)

세포 유전자 발현의 기자 luciferase 기반 둘 다 경도 대 한 광범위 한 사용에 있고 끝점 생물 학적 활동의 분석 실험. Circadian 리듬 연구, 예를 들어 반딧불 luciferase와 시계 유전자 융해 일으키 강력한 리듬에 많은 일 동안 유지 세포 생물 발광. 광 전 증폭 관 관 (PMT)와 관련 된 기술 제한 또는 생물 발광 정량화에 대 한 기존의 현미경-기반 방법 일반적으로 세포와 조직 중 아주 비 생리 적 조건 하에서 유지 될 요구 했다 녹음, 감도 처리량 사이 교환. 여기, 우리 수 있도록 장기적인 생물 발광 영상 높은 감도와 처리량을 문화 조건, 습도 제어, 가변 가스 등의 광범위 한 범위를 지원 하 고 많은 종류를 원하는 다른 이전 방법의 상세 보고 조직 문화 접시 그리고 요리입니다. 또한 가스 온도 최적화 레코더 (악어) 이미징이 자동화 경도 luciferase 셀 단층 또는 전통에 의해 쉽게 관찰 될 수 없습니다. 있는 조직, luciferase 식 공간 변이의 관측 수 방법입니다. 우리는 악어 기존의 방법에 비해 luciferase 활동의 탐지에 대 한 대폭 증가 유연성을 제공 하는 방법을 강조 표시 합니다.

이 문서는 악어 (생물 발광 인큐베이터)를 사용 하 여 포유류 세포의 발광 영상에 대 한 프로토콜을 설명 합니다. 이 기술은 발광 시스템 이미징 extracellular 조건과 실제 설치의 유연성에 대 한 수 있습니다. 간단한 정적 조직 문화 (그림 1, 보조 비디오 1) 및 (그림 2, 보조 비디오 2) 끼얹는다 세포 배양 방법을 설명 하지만 다른 많은 설정을이 시스템을 사용 하 여 이미지 수 있습니다. 모든 데이터 섹션 7에 설명 된 방법을 사용 하 여 정량 했다.
그림 1A PER2::LUC fibroblasts4를 포함 하는 6 x 96 잘 접시에서 녹음 하는 생물 발광의 비디오는 예를 보여 줍니다. 이들은이 실험에 필요한으로 바깥쪽 웰 스 셀을 포함 하지 않습니다. 녹음에 대 한 지속적인 37 ° C에서 개최 되 고 전에 셀 차동 온도 유입, 그것에 의하여 그들은 32 ° C 12 h 72 h 또는 대화 (12 h, 12 h 72 h에 32 ° C에 뒤 37 ° C에서), 37 ° C에 의해 다음에 12 h의 어느 온도 사이클을 받게 받은 합니다. 60 분 노출 매 시간을 촬영 했다. 이러한 조건 중 두 개는 그림 1B에서 정량.
그림 2A 끼얹는다 조직 문화에 대 한 시스템의 설치의 회로도 보여준다. 배관으로 연결 하는 두 개의 채널 슬라이드 이것에 의하여 이루어져 있다. 미디어 셀에 걸쳐 주사기 펌프에 의해 구동 됩니다. 이 슬라이드의 첫 번째 가스 투과성 거품 트랩 (버퍼 슬라이드) 역할을 하며, 두 번째 셀 포함 생물 발광은 기록 하는 셀을 포함 하. 이 시스템에서 비디오를 녹화 하는 대표는 그림 2B에 표시 됩니다. 15 분 노출 매 15 분을 촬영 했다. 표준 관류 조건 또는 카 세 인 키 니 아 제 억제 물 PF670462, 이전 circadian 기간을 길게 하 고 경작에 시계 유전자 식 리듬의 진폭을 감소를 보여왔다 존재 셀의 유지 관리 하는 자, 포유류 세포14. PER2::LUC 식에 미치는 영향의 정량화와 그림 2C (하단 패널)에 표시 된 표준 정적 셀 문화 조건 하에서 약물의 동일한 농도로 처리 하는 셀에 대 한 그림 2C (상단 패널)에 표시 됩니다. 그림 2D에 나와 있습니다. 그것은 이것에서 PF670462 치료 조건의 두 세트에서 PER2::LUC 식 영향입니다. 그러나, 동안 셀 끼얹는다 조건 표시 기간 길어 약 3 h (3 ±0.9 h)에서 PF670462로 치료, 약물으로 치료 하는 정적 조건에서 셀 표시의 기간에 실질적으로 더 큰 기간 길이 &#62; 48 h. 이 섹션 7에 설명 된 대로 감쇠 코사인으로 들어갈 수 있는 (사각형의 여분 합계 F 대 직선 p 테스트 &#60; 0.0001). 흥미롭게도, 관류에서 기간 연장의 진도 훨씬 vivo에서14관찰에 가까운 이다.
<img alt="Figure 1" class="xfigimg" src="/files/ftp_upload/56623/56623fig1v2.jpg"> 
그림 1: 데이터 예제. (A) 예를 들어 6 x 96에서 불멸 하 게 PER2::LUC에서 생물 발광의 비디오 스냅샷 잘 생물 발광 인큐베이터에 접시. 웰 스를 측정할 수 있다 보조 비디오 1에서 노란색으로 강조 되었다. A.에서 생물 발광의 부 량 (B) 두 셀의 3 판 서로 반대 PER2 단백질 식의 단계 생산을 반대로 phasic 했다 온도 사이클 (32 ° c h 12; 12 h, 37 ° C에서)를 사용 하 여 개입 했다 (n = 6, ± SEM을 의미). <a href="//ecsource-jove-com.remotexs.ntu.edu.sg/files/ftp_upload/56623/56623fig1v2large.jpg" target="_blank">이 그림의 더 큰 버전을 보려면 여기를 클릭 하십시오.</a>
<img alt="Figure 2" class="xfigimg" src="/files/ftp_upload/56623/56623fig2v2.jpg"> 
그림 2: CK1δ 억제제와 관류. 관류 시스템의 (A) 회로도 (B) 예를 들어 PER2::LUC에서 기록 하는 생물 발광의 비디오 스냅샷 관류에서 세포. 정량화의 샘플 영역 노란색으로 강조 표시 됩니다. PER2::LUC 섬유 아 세포 관류에서 고 3 µ M CK1 억제제 PF670462 없이 정적 조건에서의 생물 발광의 (C) 정량화 (n = 3, ± SEM을 의미). 생물 발광은 최소 및 최대 값을 정규화 되었습니다. (D) 분석 기간 (양방향 ANOVA, Holm Sidak 여러 비교 테스트).<a href="//ecsource-jove-com.remotexs.ntu.edu.sg/files/ftp_upload/56623/56623fig2v2large.jpg" target="_blank">이 그림의 더 큰 버전을 보려면 여기를 클릭 하십시오.</a>
<table border="1" fo:keep-together.within-page="1" fo:keep-with-next.within-page="always">
	<tbody>
		<tr>
			<td>구성 요소</td>
			<td>최종 중간 농도 (μ M)</td>
			<td>주식 (mg/mL)</td>
			<td>400 mL NS21에 대 한</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>소 민</td>
			<td>37</td>
			<td>-</td>
			<td>50 g</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>카 탈 라 제</td>
			<td>0.01</td>
			<td>-</td>
			<td>50 mg</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>티</td>
			<td>3.2</td>
			<td>-</td>
			<td>20 mg</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>인슐린</td>
			<td>0.6</td>
			<td>10</td>
			<td>8 mL</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Superoxide dismutase</td>
			<td>0.077</td>
			<td>-</td>
			<td>50 mg</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>홀로 처리가</td>
			<td>0.062</td>
			<td>-</td>
			<td>100 mg</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>T3 (triiodo-L-thyronine)</td>
			<td>0.0026</td>
			<td>2</td>
			<td>20 Μ L</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>L-카 르 니 틴</td>
			<td>12</td>
			<td>-</td>
			<td>40 mg</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>방법</td>
			<td>16</td>
			<td>액체 (1 g/ml)</td>
			<td>20 Μ L</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>D (+)-갈 락 토스</td>
			<td>83</td>
			<td>-</td>
			<td>300 밀리 그램</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Putrescine</td>
			<td>183</td>
			<td>-</td>
			<td>322 밀리 그램</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>나트륨 Selenite</td>
			<td>0.083</td>
			<td>1</td>
			<td>280 Μ L</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Corticosterone</td>
			<td>0.058</td>
			<td>2</td>
			<td>0.2 mL</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>리 놀 레 산</td>
			<td>3.5</td>
			<td>100</td>
			<td>0.2 mL</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>리 놀 렌 산</td>
			<td>3.5</td>
			<td>100</td>
			<td>0.2 mL</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>리 포 산</td>
			<td>0.2</td>
			<td>4.7</td>
			<td>0.2 mL</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>황 체 호르몬</td>
			<td>0.02</td>
			<td>3.2</td>
			<td>0.04 mL</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>레 티 놀 아세테이트</td>
			<td>0.2</td>
			<td>20</td>
			<td>0.1 mL</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Retinol, 모든 트랜스</td>
			<td>0.3</td>
			<td>10</td>
			<td>0.2 mL</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>D, L-알파-토 코 페 롤</td>
			<td>2.3</td>
			<td>100</td>
			<td>0. 2 mL</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>D, L-알파-토 코 페 롤 아세테이트</td>
			<td>2.1</td>
			<td>100</td>
			<td>0.2 mL</td>
		</tr>
	</tbody>
</table>
표 1: NS21 준비입니다.
보충 비디오 1: 예제 비디오 잘 플레이트에서 생물 발광의. 예를 들어 생물 발광 인큐베이터에서 6 x 96 잘 접시에서 불멸 하 게 PER2::LUC에서 생물 발광의 비디오 스냅샷. 웰 스 측정할 수를 노란색으로 강조 표시 됩니다. <a href="https://ecsource-jove-com.remotexs.ntu.edu.sg/files/ftp_upload/56623/Video_1A_Revision-1.avi">이 파일을 다운로드 하려면 여기를 클릭 하십시오.</a>
보충 비디오 2: PER2::LUC에서 기록 하는 생물 발광의 예제 비디오 스냅샷 세포 관류에서. 정량화의 샘플 영역 노란색으로 강조 표시 됩니다. <a href="https://ecsource-jove-com.remotexs.ntu.edu.sg/files/ftp_upload/56623/Video_2B_Revision-1.avi">이 파일을 다운로드 하려면 여기를 클릭 하십시오.</a>

Watch this Scientific Journal Video about Flexible Measurement of Bioluminescent Reporters Using an Automated Longitudinal Luciferase Imaging Gas- and Temperature-optimized Recorder ALLIGATOR at JoVE.

Flexible Measurement of Bioluminescent Reporters Using an Automated Longitudinal Luciferase Imaging Gas- and Temperature-optimized Recorder ALLIGATOR

유전자 인코딩된 luciferase 유전자 발현의 인기 있는 비-침략 적 기자입니다. 자동된 경도 luciferase 가스 온도 최적화 레코더 (악어) 이미징의 사용에는 다양 한 조건에서 발광 세포에서 경도 녹음 수 있습니다. 여기 우리가 어떻게 악어 circadian 리듬 연구의 맥락에서 사용할 수 있습니다 보여줍니다.

자동된 경도 Luciferase 가스 온도 최적화 레코더 (악어) 이미지를 사용 하 여 발광 기자 들의 유연한 측정

Luciferase-based reporters of cellular gene expression are in widespread use for both longitudinal and end-point assays of biological activity. In ...

flexible-measurement-bioluminescent-reporters-using-an-automated

Nanyang Technological University

Research

JoVE Journal

Biology

Flexible Measurement of Bioluminescent Reporters Using an Automated Longitudinal Luciferase Imaging Gas- and Temperature-optimized Recorder (ALLIGATOR)

7.8K 조회수.  MRC Laboratory of Molecular Biology. 유전자 인코딩된 luciferase 유전자 발현의 인기 있는 비-침략 적 기자입니다. 자동된 경도 luciferase 가스 온도 최적화 레코더 (악어) 이미징의 사용에는 다양 한 조건에서 발광 세포에서 경도 녹음 수 있습니다. 여기 우리가 어떻게 악어 circadian 리듬 연구의 맥락에서 사용할 수 있습니다 보여줍니다.

비디오: Flexible Measurement of Bioluminescent Reporters Using an Automated Longitudinal Luciferase Imaging Gas- and Temperature-optimized Recorder ALLIGATOR

In vivo Bioluminescent Imaging of Mammary Tumors Using IVIS Spectrum

4T1 mouse mammary tumor cells can be implanted sub-cutaneously in nu/nu mice to form palpable tumors in 15 to 20 days. This xenograft tumor model system is valuable for the pre-clinical in vivo evaluation of putative antitumor compounds.
The 4T1 cell line has been engineered to constitutively express the firefly luciferase gene (luc2). When mice carrying 4T1-luc2 tumors are injected with Luciferin the tumors emit a visual light signal that can be monitored using a sensitive optical imaging system like the IVIS Spectrum. The photon flux from the tumor is proportional to the number of light emitting cells and the signal can be measured to monitor tumor growth and development. IVIS is calibrated to enable absolute quantitation of the bioluminescent signal and longitudinal studies can be performed over many months and over several orders of signal magnitude without compromising the quantitative result.
Tumor growth can be monitored for several days by bioluminescence before the tumor size becomes palpable or measurable by traditional physical means. This rapid monitoring can provide insight into early events in tumor development or lead to shorter experimental procedures.
Tumor cell death and necrosis due to hypoxia or drug treatment is indicated early by a reduction in the bioluminescent signal. This cell death might not be accompanied by a reduction in tumor size as measured by physical means. The ability to see early events in tumor necrosis has significant impact on the selection and development of therapeutic agents.
Quantitative imaging of tumor growth using IVIS provides precise quantitation and accelerates the experimental process to generate results.

In vivo Bioluminescent Imaging of Mammary Tumors Using IVIS Spectrum

Mammary tumor cells expressing luciferase are implanted subcutaneously in mice and visualized using optical imaging to monitor tumor growth and development non-invasively in a longitudinal study.

IVIS 스펙트럼을 사용하여 내유 종양의 생체내 이미징에서 발광 생물

4T1 mouse mammary tumor cells can be implanted sub-cutaneously in nu/nu mice to form palpable tumors in 15 to 20 days. This xenograft tumor model system ...

연구

생물학

Development of automated imaging and analysis for zebrafish chemical screens. 

We demonstrate the application of image-based high-content screening (HCS) methodology to identify small molecules that can modulate the FGF/RAS/MAPK pathway in zebrafish embryos. The zebrafish embryo is an ideal system for in vivo high-content chemical screens. The 1-day old embryo is approximately 1mm in diameter and can be easily arrayed into 96-well plates, a standard format for high throughput screening. During the first day of development, embryos are transparent with most of the major organs present, thus enabling visualization of tissue formation during embryogenesis. The complete automation of zebrafish chemical screens is still a challenge, however, particularly in the development of automated image acquisition and analysis. We previously generated a transgenic reporter line that expresses green fluorescent protein (GFP) under the control of FGF activity and demonstrated their utility in chemical screens 1. To establish methodology for high throughput whole organism screens, we developed a system for automated imaging and analysis of zebrafish embryos at 24-48 hours post fertilization (hpf) in 96-well plates 2. In this video we highlight the procedures for arraying transgenic embryos into multiwell plates at 24hpf and the addition of a small molecule (BCI) that hyperactivates FGF signaling 3. The plates are incubated for 6 hours followed by the addition of tricaine to anesthetize larvae prior to automated imaging on a Molecular Devices ImageXpress Ultra laser scanning confocal HCS reader. Images are processed by Definiens Developer software using a Cognition Network Technology algorithm that we developed to detect and quantify expression of GFP in the heads of transgenic embryos. In this example we highlight the ability of the algorithm to measure dose-dependent effects of BCI on GFP reporter gene expression in treated embryos.

Development of automated imaging and analysis for zebrafish chemical screens.

We report the development of a system for automated imaging and analysis of zebrafish transgenic embryos in multiwell plates. This demonstrates the ability to measure dose dependent effects of a small molecule, BCI, on Fibroblast Growth Factor reporter gene expression and provide technology for establishing high-throughput zebrafish chemical screens.

zebrafish 화학 화면을위한 자동화 이미징 및 분석의 개발.

We demonstrate the application of image-based high-content screening (HCS) methodology to identify small molecules that can modulate the FGF/RAS/MAPK ...

Monitoring Cell-autonomous Circadian Clock Rhythms of Gene Expression Using Luciferase Bioluminescence Reporters

In mammals, many aspects of behavior and physiology such as sleep-wake cycles and liver metabolism are regulated by endogenous circadian clocks (reviewed1,2). The circadian time-keeping system is a hierarchical multi-oscillator network, with the central clock located in the suprachiasmatic nucleus (SCN) synchronizing and coordinating extra-SCN and peripheral clocks elsewhere1,2. Individual cells are the functional units for generation and maintenance of circadian rhythms3,4, and these oscillators of different tissue types in the organism share a remarkably similar biochemical negative feedback mechanism. However, due to interactions at the neuronal network level in the SCN and through rhythmic, systemic cues at the organismal level, circadian rhythms at the organismal level are not necessarily cell-autonomous5-7. Compared to traditional studies of locomotor activity in vivo and SCN explants ex vivo, cell-based in vitro assays allow for discovery of cell-autonomous circadian defects5,8. Strategically, cell-based models are more experimentally tractable for phenotypic characterization and rapid discovery of basic clock mechanisms5,8-13.
Because circadian rhythms are dynamic, longitudinal measurements with high temporal resolution are needed to assess clock function. In recent years, real-time bioluminescence recording using firefly luciferase as a reporter has become a common technique for studying circadian rhythms in mammals14,15, as it allows for examination of the persistence and dynamics of molecular rhythms. To monitor cell-autonomous circadian rhythms of gene expression, luciferase reporters can be introduced into cells via transient transfection13,16,17 or stable transduction5,10,18,19. Here we describe a stable transduction protocol using lentivirus-mediated gene delivery. The lentiviral vector system is superior to traditional methods such as transient transfection and germline transmission because of its efficiency and versatility: it permits efficient delivery and stable integration into the host genome of both dividing and non-dividing cells20. Once a reporter cell line is established, the dynamics of clock function can be examined through bioluminescence recording. We first describe the generation of P(Per2)-dLuc reporter lines, and then present data from this and other circadian reporters. In these assays, 3T3 mouse fibroblasts and U2OS human osteosarcoma cells are used as cellular models. We also discuss various ways of using these clock models in circadian studies. Methods described here can be applied to a great variety of cell types to study the cellular and molecular basis of circadian clocks, and may prove useful in tackling problems in other biological systems.

Circadian clocks function within individual cells, i.e., they are cell-autonomous. Here, we describe methods for generating cell-autonomous clock models using non-invasive, luciferase-based real-time bioluminescence technology. Reporter cells provide tractable, functional model systems for studying circadian biology.

루시 페라 제 Bioluminescence 기자를 사용하여 유전자 발현의 셀 자치 Circadian 시계 리듬을 모니터링

In mammals, many aspects of behavior and physiology such as sleep-wake cycles and liver metabolism are regulated by endogenous circadian clocks ...

LeafJ: An ImageJ Plugin for Semi-automated Leaf Shape Measurement

High throughput phenotyping (phenomics) is a powerful tool for linking genes to their functions (see review1 and recent examples2-4). Leaves are the primary photosynthetic organ, and their size and shape vary developmentally and environmentally within a plant. For these reasons studies on leaf morphology require measurement of multiple parameters from numerous leaves, which is best done by semi-automated phenomics tools5,6. Canopy shade is an important environmental cue that affects plant architecture and life history; the suite of responses is collectively called the shade avoidance syndrome (SAS)7. Among SAS responses, shade induced leaf petiole elongation and changes in blade area are particularly useful as indices8. To date, leaf shape programs (e.g. SHAPE9, LAMINA10, LeafAnalyzer11, LEAFPROCESSOR12) can measure leaf outlines and categorize leaf shapes, but can not output petiole length. Lack of large-scale measurement systems of leaf petioles has inhibited phenomics approaches to SAS research. In this paper, we describe a newly developed ImageJ plugin, called LeafJ, which can rapidly measure petiole length and leaf blade parameters of the model plant Arabidopsis thaliana. For the occasional leaf that required manual correction of the petiole/leaf blade boundary we used a touch-screen tablet. Further, leaf cell shape and leaf cell numbers are important determinants of leaf size13. Separate from LeafJ we also present a protocol for using a touch-screen tablet for measuring cell shape, area, and size. Our leaf trait measurement system is not limited to shade-avoidance research and will accelerate leaf phenotyping of many mutants and screening plants by leaf phenotyping.

Demonstration of key methods for high throughput leaf measurements. These methods can be used to accelerate leaf phenotyping when studying many plant mutants or otherwise screening plants by leaf phenotype.

LeafJ : 세미 자동 리프 형상 측정을위한 ImageJ 플러그인

High throughput phenotyping (phenomics) is a powerful tool for linking genes to their functions (see review1 and recent examples2-4). Leaves are the ...

Using an Automated 3D-tracking System to Record Individual and Shoals of Adult Zebrafish

Like many aquatic animals, zebrafish (Danio rerio) moves in a 3D space. It is thus preferable to use a 3D recording system to study its behavior. The presented automatic video tracking system accomplishes this by using a mirror system and a calibration procedure that corrects for the considerable error introduced by the transition of light from water to air. With this system it is possible to record both single and groups of adult zebrafish. Before use, the system has to be calibrated. The system consists of three modules: Recording, Path Reconstruction, and Data Processing. The step-by-step protocols for calibration and using the three modules are presented. Depending on the experimental setup, the system can be used for testing neophobia, white aversion, social cohesion, motor impairments, novel object exploration etc. It is especially promising as a first-step tool to study the effects of drugs or mutations on basic behavioral patterns. The system provides information about vertical and horizontal distribution of the zebrafish, about the xyz-components of kinematic parameters (such as locomotion, velocity, acceleration, and turning angle) and it provides the data necessary to calculate parameters for social cohesions when testing shoals.

The use of a 3D automatic video system that can track individual and groups of zebrafish is described. As application example we explore the effects of the NMDA-receptor antagonist MK-801 on shoals of zebrafish.

기록 개인과 성인 Zebrafish의 떼에 자동 3D 추적 시스템을 사용하여

Like many aquatic animals, zebrafish (Danio rerio) moves in a 3D space. It is thus preferable to use a 3D recording system to study its behavior. The ...

Semi-automated Imaging of Tissue-specific Fluorescence in Zebrafish Embryos

Zebrafish embryos are a powerful tool for large-scale screening of small molecules. Transgenic zebrafish that express fluorescent reporter proteins are frequently used to identify chemicals that modulate gene expression. Chemical screens that assay fluorescence in live zebrafish often rely on expensive, specialized equipment for high content screening. We describe a procedure using a standard epifluorescence microscope with a motorized stage to automatically image zebrafish embryos and detect tissue-specific fluorescence. Using transgenic zebrafish that report estrogen receptor activity via expression of GFP, we developed a semi-automated procedure to screen for estrogen receptor ligands that activate the reporter in a tissue-specific manner. In this video we describe procedures for arraying zebrafish embryos at 24-48 hours post fertilization (hpf) in a 96-well plate and adding small molecules that bind estrogen receptors. At 72-96 hpf, images of each well from the entire plate are automatically collected and manually inspected for tissue-specific fluorescence. This protocol demonstrates the ability to detect estrogens that activate receptors in heart valves but not in liver.

Described here is a protocol for semi-automated imaging of tissue-specific fluorescence in zebrafish embryos.

Zebrafish의 태아의 조직 특이 형광의 반 자동화 이미징

Zebrafish embryos are a powerful tool for large-scale screening of small molecules. Transgenic zebrafish that express fluorescent reporter proteins are ...

Measurement of Extracellular Ion Fluxes Using the Ion-selective Self-referencing Microelectrode Technique

Cells from animals, plants and single cells are enclosed by a barrier called the cell membrane that separates the cytoplasm from the outside. Cell layers such as epithelia also form a barrier that separates the inside from the outside or different compartments of multicellular organisms. A key feature of these barriers is the differential distribution of ions across cell membranes or cell layers. Two properties allow this distribution: 1) membranes and epithelia display selective permeability to specific ions; 2) ions are transported through pumps across cell membranes and cell layers. These properties play crucial roles in maintaining tissue physiology and act as signaling cues after damage, during repair, or under pathological condition. The ion-selective self-referencing microelectrode allows measurements of specific fluxes of ions such as calcium, potassium or sodium at single cell and tissue levels. The microelectrode contains an ionophore cocktail which is selectively permeable to a specific ion. The internal filling solution contains a set concentration of the ion of interest. The electric potential of the microelectrode is determined by the outside concentration of the ion. As the ion concentration varies, the potential of the microelectrode changes as a function of the log of the ion activity. When moved back and forth near a source or sink of the ion (i.e. in a concentration gradient due to ion flux) the microelectrode potential fluctuates at an amplitude proportional to the ion flux/gradient. The amplifier amplifies the microelectrode signal and the output is recorded on computer. The ion flux can then be calculated by Fick&#8217;s law of diffusion using the electrode potential fluctuation, the excursion of microelectrode, and other parameters such as the specific ion mobility. In this paper, we describe in detail the methodology to measure extracellular ion fluxes using the ion-selective self-referencing microelectrode and present some representative results.

Transporters in cell membranes allow differential segregation of ions across cell membranes or cell layers and play crucial roles during tissue physiology, repair and pathology. We describe the ion-selective self-referencing microelectrode that allows the measurement of specific ion fluxes at single cells and tissues in vivo.

이온 선택적 자체 참조 미세 전극 기술을 이용하여 세포 외 이온 플럭스 측정

Cells from animals, plants and single cells are enclosed by a barrier called the cell membrane that separates the cytoplasm from the outside. Cell layers ...

Drosophila Preparation and Longitudinal Imaging of Heart Function In Vivo Using Optical Coherence Microscopy (OCM)

Longitudinal study of the heartbeat in small animals contributes to understanding structural and functional changes during heart development. Optical coherence microscopy (OCM) has been demonstrated to be capable of imaging small animal hearts with high spatial resolution and ultrahigh imaging speed. The high image contrast and noninvasive properties make OCM ideal for performing longitudinal studies without requiring tissue dissections or staining. Drosophila has been widely used as a model organism in cardiac developmental studies due to its high number of orthologous human disease genes, its similarity of molecular mechanisms and genetic pathways with vertebrates, its short life cycle, and its low culture cost. Here, the experimental protocols are described for the preparation of Drosophila and optical imaging of the heartbeat with a custom OCM system throughout the life cycle of the specimen. By following the steps provided in this report, transverse M-mode and 3D OCM images can be acquired to conduct longitudinal studies of the Drosophila cardiac morphology and function. The en face and axial sectional OCM images and the heart rate (HR) and cardiac activity period (CAP) histograms, were also shown to analyze the heart structural changes and to quantify the heart dynamics during Drosophila metamorphosis, combined with the videos constructed with M-mode images to trace cardiac activity intuitively. Due to the genetic similarity between Drosophila and vertebrates, longitudinal study of heart morphology and dynamics in fruit flies could help reveal the origins of human heart diseases. The protocol here would provide an effective method to perform a wide range of studies to understand the mechanisms of cardiac diseases in humans.

Drosophila Preparation and Longitudinal Imaging of Heart Function In Vivo Using Optical Coherence Microscopy OCM

Here, the experimental protocols are described for preparing Drosophila at different developmental stages and performing longitudinal optical imaging of Drosophila heartbeats using a custom optical coherence microscopy (OCM) system. The cardiac morphological and dynamical changes can be quantitatively characterized by analyzing the heart structural and functional parameters from OCM images.

초파리 준비 및 빛 간섭 현미경을 사용하여 생체 내에서 심장 기능의 세로 이미징 (OCM)

Longitudinal study of the heartbeat in small animals contributes to understanding structural and functional changes during heart development. Optical ...

An Efficient and Flexible Cell Aggregation Method for 3D Spheroid Production

Monolayer cell culture does not adequately model the in vivo behavior of tissues, which involves complex cell-cell and cell-matrix interactions. Three-dimensional (3D) cell culture techniques are a recent innovation developed to address the shortcomings of adherent cell culture. While several techniques for generating tissue analogues in vitro have been developed, these methods are frequently complex, expensive to establish, require specialized equipment, and are generally limited by compatibility with only certain cell types. Here, we describe a rapid and flexible protocol for aggregating cells into multicellular 3D spheroids of consistent size that is compatible with growth of a variety of tumor and normal cell lines. We utilize varying concentrations of serum and methyl cellulose (MC) to promote anchorage-independent spheroid generation and prevent the formation of cell monolayers in a highly reproducible manner. Optimal conditions for individual cell lines can be achieved by adjusting MC or serum concentrations in the spheroid formation medium. The 3D spheroids generated can be collected for use in a wide range of applications, including cell signaling or gene expression studies, candidate drug screening, or in the study of cellular processes such as tumor cell invasion and migration. The protocol is also readily adapted to generate clonal spheroids from single cells, and can be adapted to assess anchorage-independent growth and anoikis-resistance. Overall, our protocol provides an easily modifiable method for generating and utilizing 3D cell spheroids in order to recapitulate the 3D microenvironment of tissues and model the in vivo growth of normal and tumor cells.

Here, we describe a rapid and flexible protocol for the formation of 3D cell spheroids through cell aggregation. This is easily adapted to multiple cell types and is suitable for use in a variety of applications including cell migration, invasion, or anoikis assays, and for imaging and quantifying cell-matrix interactions.

3D 회전 타원체 생산을위한 효율적이고 유연한 셀 집계 방법

Monolayer cell culture does not adequately model the in vivo behavior of tissues, which involves complex cell-cell and cell-matrix interactions. ...

Measuring the Confluence of iPSCs Using an Automated Imaging System

This study focuses on understanding how growing iPSCs on different ECM coating substrates can affect cell confluence. A protocol to assess iPSC confluence in real time has been established without the need to count cells in single cell suspension to avoid any growth perturbation. A high-content image analysis system was used to assess iPCS confluence on 4 different ECMs over time in an automated manner. Different analysis settings were used to assess cell confluence of adherent iPSCs and only a slight difference (at 24 and 48 hours with laminin) has been observed whether a 60, 80 or 100% mask was applied. We also show that laminin lead to the best confluence compared to Matrigel, vitronectin and fibronectin.

The goal of the protocol is to compare different extracellular matrix (ECM) coating conditions to assess how differential coating affects the growth rate of induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSCs). In particular, we aim to set up conditions to obtain optimal growth of iPSC cultures.

자동 이미징 시스템을 사용한 iPSC의 합류점 측정.

This study focuses on understanding how growing iPSCs on different ECM coating substrates can affect cell confluence. A protocol to assess iPSC confluence ...