We are grateful to Dr. Jos&#233; Luis Daniotti for comments. We thank the assistance to Dr. J. Arturo Pimentel and the Laboratorio Nacional de Microscop&#236;a Avanzada-UNAM for acquisition of confocal images. I.M.-D. and T.M.V.C. were supported by grants 157634 and 253596 from Consejo Nacional de Ciencia y Tecnolog&#236;a (CONACYT), Sociedad Latinoamericana de Glicobiolog&#236;a, A.C. T.M.V.-C. is recipient of a scholarship (245192) from CONACYT. We also thank the support of the Red Tem&#225;tica Glicociencia en Salud - CONACYT (253596).

건강한 남성 기증자로부터 말초 혈액 동의하고 센트로 드 Investigaciòn 엔 DINAMICA Celular- 대학교 자치시 델 에스 타도 데 모렐 로스의 생명 윤리위원회의 승인을 얻었다. 1. 분리 및 인간 나이브 CD4 + T 세포의 활성화 <ol><li> 동의서를 통해 건강한 인간 기증자로부터 유래 말초 혈액 2 ㎖를 수집하고 멸균 PBS-EDTA 2 ㎖로 희석 (1 배 인산염 완충 식염수 (PBS), 2 mM의 EDTA, pH를 7.4). 이전 8 설명한 바와 같이 1.077 밀도 자당 용액 3 ㎖의 상단에 천천히 희석 혈액을 추가합니다. 주 : 밀도 차이에 의한 원심 분리시 차등 마이그레이션 적혈구 침강 완전히 발생할 덜 조밀 한 단핵 세포의 층 위에 형성된다. 말초 혈액 2 ㎖를 purificati 후 약 0.5 × 106 나이브 CD4 + T 세포를 렌더링단계에. </li><li> 더 휴식 21 ° C (30mm의 고정 된 각도 둥근 바닥 튜브를 사용 로터) 250 XG에 원심 분리기 30 분 말초 혈액 단핵 세포 (PBMC를)의 기울기를 생성합니다. 원심 분리 후, PBMC를 명확히 백색 링으로서 관찰 될 수있다. 피펫으로 PBMC를 수집하고 세척 멸균 튜브에 전송합니다. </li><li> 10 분 동안 250 XG에 PBS-EDTA 용액으로 세척 한 후 세 나이브 CD4 + T 세포의 정제를 진행. 정렬 방법 또는 정제 키트 여러 종류의 이러한 목적으로 사용할 수있다. 바람직하게는, 정제&gt; 1 × 10 7 PBMC를 사용합니다. <ol><li> 자기 구슬과 음의 선택에 의해 순진한 CD4 + T 세포를 정화. 안티 CD45RO, CD8, CD14, CD15, CD16, CD19, CD25, CD34, CD36, CD56, CD123, 안티 TCRγ / δ, 안티 HLA-DR 및 CD235a (글리코 포린의 A) 항체와 부정적인 선택을 수행합니다. F 통한 CD4 + CD45RA + 세포를 측정하여 순도의 비율을 평가낮은 세포 계측법. 주 : 선택적으로, 밤새 37 ° C, 5 % 단핵 세포 부착을 촉진하고 나이브 CD4 + T 세포를 정제하여 계속 보충 된 10 ml의 배지에 1 × 106 세포 / ml의 농도로 CO 2에서 한 PBMC 배양 진행. 말초 혈에서 나이브 CD4 + T 세포의 효율적인 복구가 크게 정화 시스템에 의존한다. </li></ol></li><li> 5 μg의 / ㎖의 항 CD3 모노클로 날 항체와 PBS의 웰 당 250 μL를 첨가하여 24 웰 세포 배양 플레이트를 준비하고, 37 ℃에서 적어도 2 시간 동안 배양한다. 참고 : 96 웰 플레이트와 함께 사용할 수있다 나이브 CD4 + T 세포로부터 작은 수를 사용하는 경우 (예를 들어, X10 -1 2 × 105 (4)). </li><li> 24도 또는 96 웰 플레이트에서 항 CD3 항체 희석을 제거하고 두 번 멸균 1X PBS를 이용하여 접시를 씻으십시오. </li><li> + 순도&gt; 95 %로 나이브 CD4 + T 세포 (CD4 희석소 태아 혈청을 3 %로 보충 고급 RPMI 1640 배지에 1 × 106 세포 / ml의 밀도 CD45RA +)가 (혹은 RPMI 혈청의 10 %), 2 mM의 글루타민 및 항생제 (1 U / ㎖ 페니실린, 1 보충 μg의 / ㎖ 스트렙토 마이신). 참고 : 강글 리오 시드 현지화가 PBMC를 요구하는 경우 아래에 설명 된대로, 희석 및 자극에 대해 동일한 프로토콜을 따릅니다. </li><li> 항 CD3 코팅 우물과 24 웰 플레이트에서 비 코팅 된 웰 (대조군 세포)에 세포 희석 500 μl를 추가합니다. 대안 적으로, 상기 96 웰 플레이트에 세포 희석액 100 ㎕를 추가한다. </li><li> 항 CD28 항체 1 μg의 / ㎖를 첨가하여 항 CD3 피복 웰 나이브 CD4 + T 세포의 자극 조건을 완료. </li><li> 항 CD28 항체를 첨가하지 않은 웰의 코팅 대조군으로서 휴지 CD4 + T 세포를 유지한다. 37 °의 표준 조건 하에서 72 시간 0의 휴식과 활성화 된 CD4 + T 세포를 품어C, 5 % CO 2. </li><li> 37 ° C에서 배양 순진한 CD4 + T 세포를 휴식의 CD69 초기 활성화 마커 (16 시간 포스트 활성화) 또는 CD25 늦은 활성화 마커 (48 시간 포스트 활성화)의 발현 유동 세포 계측법에 의해 평가하고 활성화 적절한 활성화를 확인하려면 5 % 없거나 항 CD3 / CD28 항체 9,10의 존재하에 CO 2. </li></ol> 2. 휴식의 준수 및 활성화 나이브 CD4 + T 세포 <ol><li> 적어도 15 분간 고압 증기 멸균 및 자외선 노출에 의해 12mm 라운드 커버 슬립을 소독. </li><li> 멸균 24 웰 세포 배양 접시에 배치 된 커버. 주 : 1 미만 × 105 세포 배양의 경우는 커버 슬립에 세포의 분산을 방지하도록 작은 우물와 슬라이드 챔버를 사용하는 것이 바람직하다. </li><li> 코팅 된 커버 폴리 -L- 라이신으로 200 μL (또는 슬라이드 챔버) (MW 150-300 KDa의) 0.1 % (w / v)의 용액을 (R)에서 5 분 동안 배양움 온도 (RT)는 실온에서 적어도 1 시간 동안 제거하고 건조. </li><li> 신중하게 혼합하고 24 웰 플레이트에서 휴식 및 활성화 순진한 CD4 + T 세포를 수집합니다. 세포를 세어 필요한 경우 폴리 -L- 리신 코팅 된 커버 슬립을 1 × 105 세포를 전송할 새로운 보충 배지로 조정한다. 37 O C에서 6 시간의 최소 5 % CO 2 세포를 품어. </li></ol> 3. 나이브 CD4 + T 세포를 수집 및 휴식의 고정 및 활성화 <ol><li> 조심스럽게 배양 휴식 및 활성화 순진한 CD4 + T 세포에서 매체를 제거합니다. </li><li> RT 멸균 PBS 500 μl를 천천히를 추가합니다. 참고 : 우물에서 솔루션의주의 추가 및 제거는 커버 슬립에서 세포의 분리를 방지 할 수 있습니다. </li><li> PBS를 폐기하고 철저하게 문화 매체를 제거하기 위해 또 다른 500 μl의 PBS를 추가합니다. </li><li> 500 μL 여과하고 4 % 파라 포름 알데히드의 첨가 (FILT하여 세포를 고정배급은 현미경 분석에 방해) 및 (선호) 또는 밤새 4 ° C에서 RT에서 30 분 동안 배양 할 수 미립자를 제거합니다. 주의 : 파라 포름 알데히드는 독성 및 휘발성 화합물이다. 인간 발암 물질로 알려져있다. 적절한 안전 프로토콜을 신중하게 사용합니다. </li><li> 정착액을 제거하고 RT에서 PBS로 두 배 이상 씻는다. </li><li> 다음 단계로 진행 또는 염색까지 몇 일 동안 4 ° C에서 PBS 500 μL와 함께 접시 우물을 유지한다. 참고 :이 과정에서 불임은 미생물의 성장을 방지 할 수 있습니다. </li></ol> 4. 염색, 공 초점 현미경에 의해 설치 및 시각화 <ol><li> 우물에서 PBS를 제거합니다. 차가운 블로킹 완충액 500 ㎕를 추가 (1X PBS, 0.5 %의 표준 등급의 소 혈청 알부민, 1 % 소 태아 혈청의 pH 7.4). 얼음에 20 분 동안 품어. </li><li> 신중하게 차단 버퍼를 제거하고 일차 항체 추가 (항 강글리오사이드 GD3 클론 R24을, GD2 클론 14G2a)PE-복합 항 CD25 및 APC - 복합 안티 TCR 및 2.5 μg의 / ㎖로 버퍼를 차단에 희석 컨트롤을 아이소 타입. </li><li> 얼음에 2 시간 또는 밤새 4 ° C를 품어. 주 : 느린 오비탈 교반이 바람직하다. </li><li> 조심스럽게 항체를 제거하고 PBS의 천천히 500 μl를 추가합니다. 두 번 반복합니다. </li><li> 이차 항체 0.1 μg의 / ㎖로 버퍼를 차단에 희석 (R24 안티 GD3, 알렉사 플 루어 14G2a 방지 GD2에 대한 488 공역 또는 알렉사 플 루어 647 - 복합 안티의 IgG2a에 대한 FITC 복합 항 IgG3)를 추가합니다. </li><li> 흔들림없이 어둠 속에서 얼음에 1 시간 동안 품어. </li><li> 4.4에 설명 된대로) PBS에 세 번 씻으십시오. 샘플의 탈수를 피하기 위해 충분한 PBS로 우물을 유지합니다. </li><li> 0.1 ㎍ / ml의 PBS에 희석 훽스트 333258 얼룩을 추가합니다. </li><li> 실온에서 15 분을 품어 제거합니다. PBS로 세 번 씻으십시오. </li><li> 종이 타월에 슬라이드를 삽입하고 설치 솔루션 (PBS에 50 % 글리세롤) 또는 상업적 장착 용액 20 μl를 추가들 페이딩 및 샘플에서 담금질 방지 할 수 있습니다. </li><li> 조심스럽게 고급 핀셋으로 커버 슬립을 선택하고 설치 솔루션에 놓습니다. 세포가 부착 된 커버 슬립의 측면이 용액과 접촉에 있는지 확인합니다. 매니큐어로 된 커버를 밀봉 형광 또는 공 초점 현미경을 사용하여 분석 할 수 있습니다. </li></ol> RNA의 5 격리 <ol><li> 항 CD3 항체 (5 μg의 / ㎖) 코팅 된 96 웰 플레이트를 준비합니다. 자극을 완료하기 위해 4 × 104 나이브 CD4 + T 세포 / 웰의 항 CD28 항체 (1 μg의 / ㎖)이 보충 된 배양 배지 100 μl를 부화. 0 ~ 72 시간 동안 CO 2를 37 ° C에서 품어 5 %. </li><li> 다른 후 활성화 시간 후 microcentrifuge 관에 세포를 배치합니다. </li><li> RT에서 5 분 250 XG에 500 PBS의 μL와 원심 분리기를 추가합니다. </li><li> 상층 액을 제거하고 1ml의 트리 졸 시약을 추가합니다. </li><li> RT에서 5 분 동안 품어에서 샘플을 유지 -8076 적어도 24 시간 동안 C. 필요할 때 RNA 분리를 진행합니다. 참고 : 최소 24 시간 동안 -80 ° C에서 샘플을 떠난다는 RNA 수율을 향상시킨다. 또한, 손 장갑 RNases 사용하여 RNA 분해를 방지하는 데 필수적이다. </li><li> 수욕에서 2 분 동안 37 ℃에서 항온 처리 샘플을 해동. </li><li> 200 μl의 클로로포름을 추가하고 30 초 (텍싱에 의해 RNA의 적극적인 혼합을 방지하기 위해)을 위해 손으로 격렬하게 흔들어. 실온에서 5 분 품어. </li><li> 4 ℃에서 12,000 XG에 원심 분리기 15 분. </li><li> 새로운 microcentrifuge 관에 수상을 복구 할 수 있습니다. </li><li> 500 ㎕의 이소프로판올을 추가하고 튜브를 세 번 반전. </li><li> 4 ° C에서 12,000 XG에 10 분 동안 10 RT에서 분 원심 분리기를 품어. </li><li> 반전에 의해 상층 액을 버린다. </li><li> 4 ℃에서 12,000 XG에 얼음 차가운 75 % 에탄올과 원심 분리기 10 분의 1 ML을 추가합니다. </li><li> 완전히 뜨는을 버리고 오픈 튜브의 캡을 떠나는하여 RNA 펠렛을 건조. 아니E :이 시점에서 펠릿을 명확하게 표시되지 않습니다. 어쨌든 진행합니다. </li><li> 분자 수준의 물 20 μL에 펠렛을 재현 탁. nanodrop를 사용하여 260 nm 내지 280 nm의 흡광도를 측정함으로써 농도 및 핵산의 순도를 계산한다. </li><li> 임의의 통상적 인 역전사 키트를 사용하여 제조자의 프로토콜에 따라 cDNA를 합성 심하게 진행. 주 : 약 0.5 μg의 RNA는 4 × 104 나이브 CD4 + T 세포로부터 얻어진다. cDNA를 RNA 100에서 NG synthetized 낮은 RNA 입력 장비의 필요없이 실시간 PCR 반응에서 사용될 수있다. </li></ol>

<ol>
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C., Barral, A., Barral Netto, M. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=A+simple+method+for+human+peripheral+blood+monocyte+isolation.">A simple method for human peripheral blood monocyte isolation.</a> Mem Inst Oswaldo Cruz. 95 (2), 221-223 (2000).</li><li>O'Neil-Andersen, N. J., Lawrence, D. A. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Differential+modulation+of+surface+and+intracellular+protein+expression+by+T+cells+after+stimulation+in+the+presence+of+monensin+or+brefeldin+A.">Differential modulation of surface and intracellular protein expression by T cells after stimulation in the presence of monensin or brefeldin A.</a> Clin Diagn Lab Immunol. 9 (2), 243-250 (2002).</li><li>Mannering, S. I., Zhong, J., Cheers, C. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=T-cell+activation,+proliferation+and+apoptosis+in+primary+Listeria+monocytogenes+infection.">T-cell activation, proliferation and apoptosis in primary Listeria monocytogenes infection.</a> Immunology. 106 (1), 87-95 (2002).</li><li>Marconi, S., Acler, M., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Anti-GD2-like+IgM+autoreactivity+in+multiple+sclerosis+patients.">Anti-GD2-like IgM autoreactivity in multiple sclerosis patients.</a> Mult Scler. 12 (3), 302-308 (2006).</li><li>Park, J. E., Wu, D. Y., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Fine+specificity+of+natural+killer+T+cells+against+GD3+ganglioside+and+identification+of+GM3+as+an+inhibitory+natural+killer+T-cell+ligand.">Fine specificity of natural killer T cells against GD3 ganglioside and identification of GM3 as an inhibitory natural killer T-cell ligand.</a> Immunology. 123 (1), 145-155 (2008).</li><li>Simon, B. M., Malisan, F., Testi, R., Nicotera, P., Leist, M. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Disialoganglioside+GD3+is+released+by+microglia+and+induces+oligodendrocyte+apoptosis.">Disialoganglioside GD3 is released by microglia and induces oligodendrocyte apoptosis.</a> Cell Death Differ. 9 (7), 758-767 (2002).</li><li>Beske, O., Reichelt, M., Taylor, M. P., Kirkegaard, K., Andino, R. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Poliovirus+infection+blocks+ERGIC-to-Golgi+trafficking+and+induces+microtubule-dependent+disruption+of+the+Golgi+complex.">Poliovirus infection blocks ERGIC-to-Golgi trafficking and induces microtubule-dependent disruption of the Golgi complex.</a> J Cell Sci. 120 (18), 3207-3218 (2007).</li><li>Zuber, C., Spiro, M. J., Guhl, B., Spiro, R. G., Roth, J. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Golgi+apparatus+immunolocalization+of+endomannosidase+suggests+post-endoplasmic+reticulum+glucose+trimming:+implications+for+quality+control.">Golgi apparatus immunolocalization of endomannosidase suggests post-endoplasmic reticulum glucose trimming: implications for quality control.</a> Mol Biol Cell. 11 (12), 4227-4240 (2000).</li><li>Yamashiro, S., Okada, M., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Expression+of+(GD3+synthase)+gene+in+human+cancer+cell+lines:+high+level+expression+in+melanomas+and+up-regulation+in+activated+T+lymphocytes.">Expression of (GD3 synthase) gene in human cancer cell lines: high level expression in melanomas and up-regulation in activated T lymphocytes.</a> Glycoconj J. 12 (6), 894-900 (1995).</li><li>Wipfler, D., Srinivasan, G. V., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Differentially+regulated+expression+of+9-O-acetyl+GD3+(CD60b)+and+7-O-acetyl-GD3+(CD60c)+during+differentiation+and+maturation+of+human+T+and+B+lymphocytes.">Differentially regulated expression of 9-O-acetyl GD3 (CD60b) and 7-O-acetyl-GD3 (CD60c) during differentiation and maturation of human T and B lymphocytes.</a> Glycobiology. 21 (9), 1161-1172 (2011).</li><li>Pukel, C. S., Lloyd, K. O., Travassos, L. R., Dippold, W. G., Oettgen, H. F., Old, L. J. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=GD3,+a+prominent+ganglioside+of+human+melanoma.+Detection+and+characterisation+by+mouse+monoclonal+antibody.">GD3, a prominent ganglioside of human melanoma. Detection and characterisation by mouse monoclonal antibody.</a> J Exp Med. 155 (4), 1133-1147 (1982).</li></ol>

The authors have nothing to disclose.

기술 된 프로토콜은 CD4 + T 세포 또는 세포의 수가 적은부터 다른 면역 세포 (예 PMBCs,도 5)의 세포 현탁액 갱글 또는 단백질 지역화하는데 사용될 수있다. 때문에 T 세포 비 접착 특성의 작은 크기의 불량 정보 또는 낮은 품질의 형광 현미경 사진의 결과를 취득 셀이 올바르게 부착되지 않은 경우. 이 선도, 치료 중 강글리오사이드의 공간 지역화 및 ?...

CD4 + T 세포는 항원 제시 세포에 의해 활성화 한 후 자신의 이펙터 기능을 통해 면역 반응을 조율. 활성화 과정에서 변조 된 세포 메커니즘 연구는 면역 기능의 기본 과정에 대한 통찰력을 할 수 있습니다. 그들이 주변 혈액이 세포의 매우 작은 모집단을 대표하기 때문에, 나이브 CD4 + T 세포의 연구는 복잡해질 수있다. 형광 현미경을 통해 여러보고 CD4 + T 세포 활성화에 관여하는 다른 분자 플라즈마 막 (3)에 주로 연관 단백질의 위치 파악을 연구 하였다. 강글리오사이드는 시알 산 함유 글리 고스되어 있으며 광범위가 같은 면역 세포로서 풍부한 다른 세포 인 신경 세포 연구되었지만 또한 생물학적으로 중요한 기능과 4,5- 강글리오사이드를 표현한다. 우리는 이전에 그쪽을보고ST8Sia 1 (GD3 합성 효소)과 GM2 / GD2 합성 효소 시알 산 전이 효소 α2,8의 상향 조절이 인간의 순진한 CD4 + T 세포의 활성화 동안 t, 즉 GD2의 중요한 표면 neoexpression 및 GD3의 강글 리오 시드 (6)의 상향 조절을 유도한다. 면역 세포 GD3, GD2 강글 리오 시드 등의 추가의 연구는 면역 기능의 단백질 기반의 부분도를 보완 할 필요가있다. 일반적 갱글 발현 연구는 박층 크로마토 그래피 (TLC) (7)과 같은 기술에 기초하지만, 이러한 기술은 생물학적 분석을 제한하는 세포막 또는 세포 내 구획 강글리오사이드의 공간적 위치 파악을 허용하지 않는다. 이 작품에서 우리는 항 CD3 / 안티 CD28 활성화 후 인간의 순진한 CD4 + T 세포와 PBMC를에 GD3 및 GD2 강글리오사이드의 항체 매개 식별 및 위치 파악을위한 프로토콜을 설명합니다. 이 프로토콜의 IT 내가 함께림프구의 작은 크기 (9 μm의)을 고려하여, 고품질의 화상 (6)의 획득과, 현탁액 중의 세포의 낮은 숫자의 강글리오사이드의 유전자 발현 및 분자를 분석하는 것도 가능하다.

<table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" width="1052">
	<tbody>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:481px;">Advanced RPMI 1640&#160;</td>
			<td style="width:241px;">Thermo Fisher Scientific</td>
			<td style="width:137px;">12633-012</td>
			<td style="width:193px;">Suplemented with 3% FBS</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">mouse anti human CD3 antibody</td>
			<td>eBioscience</td>
			<td>16-0037-81</td>
			<td>OKT3 clone</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">mouse anti human CD28 antibody</td>
			<td>ebioscience</td>
			<td>16-0288-81</td>
			<td>CD28.6 clone</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">mouse anti human GD3&#160; antibody</td>
			<td>Abcam</td>
			<td>ab11779</td>
			<td>R24 clone</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">mouse anti human GD2 antibody</td>
			<td>Santa Cruz Biotechnology</td>
			<td>sc-53831</td>
			<td>14G2a clone</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="42">
			<td height="42" style="height:42px;width:481px;">FITC-conjugated anti-mouse IgG3 
			antibody</td>
			<td>Abcam</td>
			<td>ab97259</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">Alexa Fluor 488 conjugated antimouse</td>
			<td>Thermo Fisher Scieni&#161;tific</td>
			<td>A-21131</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">IgG2a antibody</td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">Alexa Fluor 647 conjugated antimouse</td>
			<td>Thermo Fisher Scieni&#161;tific</td>
			<td>A-21241</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">IgG2a antibody</td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">Hoechst 333258</td>
			<td>Sigma-Aldrich</td>
			<td>861405</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">&#160;Ficoll Paque-Plus</td>
			<td>GE</td>
			<td>17-1440-02&#160;</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">Trizol Reagent</td>
			<td>Invitrogen</td>
			<td>15596-026</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">Naive CD4+ T Cell Isolation Kit II, human</td>
			<td>MACS Miltenyi Biotec</td>
			<td>130-094-131</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">BD FACSAria II</td>
			<td>BD Biosciences</td>
			<td></td>
			<td>Sorting&#160;</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">Nunc Lab-tek chamber slide system</td>
			<td>Sigma-Aldrich</td>
			<td>C7182</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">Olympus FV 1000 Laser Confocal Microscope (Olympus)&#160;</td>
			<td>Olympus</td>
			<td></td>
			<td>Upright BX61WI and IX81&#160;</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">Forward sequence primer GD3 synthase</td>
			<td>5&#180;-GAGCGTTCAGGAAACAAATGG- 3&#180;</td>
			<td></td>
			<td>Ref. 7</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">Reverse sequence primer GD3 synthase</td>
			<td>5&#180;-CCTGTGGGAAGAGAGAGTAAG-3&#180;</td>
			<td></td>
			<td>Ref. 7</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">Forward sequence primer GM2/GD2 synthase</td>
			<td>5&#180;-CAACACAGCAGACACAGTCC-3&#180;</td>
			<td></td>
			<td>Ref. 7</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">Reverse sequence primer GM2/GD2 synthase</td>
			<td>5&#180;-GTGGCAATCGTGACTAGAGC-3&#180;</td>
			<td></td>
			<td>Ref. 7</td>
		</tr>
	</tbody>
</table>

preparation of cd4+ t cells for analysis of gd3 and gd2 ganglioside membrane expression by microscopy

서스펜션의 순진한 CD4 + T 세포의 활성화를 위해 본원에 기술 된 방법 및 공 초점 현미경 분석 된 커버에서의 준수는 실험을 프로파일 링하는 보수 표현 유동 세포 계측법 등의 CD4 + T 세포 활성화에 관여하는 강글리오사이드의 공간 현지화 및 시각화를 허용, 서부 블 롯팅 또는 실시간 PCR. 유동 세포 계측법 및 현미경을 통해 세포 지역화 통해 강글리오사이드 발현의 정량화는 높은 친화력과 특이성 안티 - 강글리오사이드 항체의 사용에 의해 얻을 수있다. 그럼에도 불구하고, 현탁액 중의 세포의 적절한 처리가 형광 또는 초점 현미경 취득 요구 필요한 접착 성을 촉진하는 배양 플레이트의 치료를 포함한다. 이 작품에서 우리는 순진한 CD4 + T 세포 활성화하는 동안 GD3 및 GD2 강글 리오 시드의 표현과 TCR와 colocalization을 결정하기위한 프로토콜을 설명합니다. 또한, 리얼 t&lt;40,000 세포를 사용 IME PCR 실험은 세포의 낮은 숫자 및 추가 저 입력 RNA 키트의 필요없이 수행 될 수있는 유전자 분석 실험을 보여주는 상기 GD3 및 GM2 / GD2 합성 효소 유전자의 결정을 위해 설명된다.

이 논문에 기술 된 프로토콜은 배양의 좋은 품질과 접착 휴식 및 활성화 인간의 순진한 CD4 + T 세포 (그림 1) 렌더링합니다. 활성화 된 CD4 + T 세포는 휴면 상태 (도 1A)와 비교하여 특징적인 증식 프로파일 (도 1B)를 도시한다. CD25 늦은 활성화 마커 공 초점 현미경 (그림 1C)에 의해 관찰 72 시간의 효율적인 활?...

Watch this Scientific Journal Video about Preparation of CD4+ T Cells for Analysis of GD3 and GD2 Ganglioside Membrane Expression by Microscopy at JoVE.com

Preparation of CD4+ T Cells for Analysis of GD3 and GD2 Ganglioside Membrane Expression by Microscopy

우리는 쉬고 강글리오사이드 활성화 인간 나이브 CD4 + T 세포의 세포막 발현 및 위치 파악을 결정 현미경에 사용하기위한 표준 항체 염색 프로토콜을 설명한다. 또한 실시간 PCR 실험은 &lt;추가 낮은 입력 RNA 키트를 필요로하지 않는 40,000 세포를 사용하는 기술.

CD4의 준비<sup&gt; +</sup&gt; 현미경으로 GD3 및 GD2 강글 리오 시드 멤브레인 식의 분석을위한 T 세포

The methods described herein for activation of na&#239;ve CD4+ T cells in suspension and their adherence in coverslips for confocal microscopy analysis ...

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JoVE Journal

Immunology and Infection

Preparation of CD4+ T Cells for Analysis of GD3 and GD2 Ganglioside Membrane Expression by Microscopy

8.4K 조회수.  Universidad Autónoma del Estado de Morelos.  우리는 쉬고 강글리오사이드 활성화 인간 나이브 CD4 + T 세포의 세포막 발현 및 위치 파악을 결정 현미경에 사용하기위한 표준 항체 염색 프로토콜을 설명한다. 또한 실시간 PCR 실험은 

비디오: Preparation of CD4+ T Cells for Analysis of GD3 and GD2 Ganglioside Membrane Expression by Microscopy

Preparation and Use of HIV-1 Infected Primary CD4+ T-Cells as Target Cells in Natural Killer Cell Cytotoxic Assays

Natural killer (NK) cells are a vital component of the innate immune response to virus-infected cells. It is important to understand the ability of NK cells to recognize and lyse HIV-1 infected cells because identifying any aberrancy in NK cell function against HIV-infected cells could potentially lead to therapies that would enhance their cytolytic activity. There is a need to use HIV-infected primary T-cell blasts as target cells rather then infected-T-cell lines in the cytotoxicity assays. T-cell lines, even without infection, are quite susceptible to NK cell lysis. Furthermore, it is necessary to use autologous primary cells to prevent major histocompatibility complex class I mismatches between the target and effector cell that will result in lysis. Early studies evaluating NK cell cytolytic responses to primary HIV-infected cells failed to show significant killing of the infected cells 1,2. However, using HIV-1 infected primary T-cells as target cells in NK cell functional assays has been difficult due the presence of contaminating uninfected cells 3. This inconsistent infected cell to uninfected cell ratio will result in variation in NK cell killing between samples that may not be due to variability in donor NK cell function. Thus, it would be beneficial to work with a purified infected cell population in order to standardize the effector to target cell ratios between experiments 3,4. Here we demonstrate the isolation of a highly purified population of HIV-1 infected cells by taking advantage of HIV-1's ability to down-modulate CD4 on infected cells and the availability of commercial kits to remove dead or dying cells 3-6. The purified infected primary T-cell blasts can then be used as targets in either a degranulation or cytotoxic assay with purified NK cells as the effector population 5-7. Use of NK cells as effectors in a degranulation assay evaluates the ability of an NK cell to release the lytic contents of specialized lysosomes 8 called "cytolytic granules". By staining with a fluorochrome conjugated antibody against CD107a, a lysosomal membrane protein that becomes expressed on the NK cell surface when the cytolytic granules fuse to the plasma membrane, we can determine what percentage of NK cells degranulate in response to target cell recognition. Alternatively, NK cell lytic activity can be evaluated in a cytotoxic assay that allows for the determination of the percentage of target cells lysed by release of 51Cr from within the target cell in the presence of NK cells.

Cytotoxicity assays to measure natural killer cell lytic responses to HIV-infected cells is limited by the purity of the target cells. We demonstrate here the isolation of a highly purified population of HIV-1 infected primary T-cell blasts by taking advantage of HIV-1 s ability to down-modulate CD4.

준비 및 사용 HIV - 1 차 감염된 CD4 + 대상 세포로 T 세포 자연 킬러 세포 세포 독성 Assays에서

 Natural killer (NK) cells are a vital component of the innate immune response to virus-infected cells. It is important to understand the ability of NK ...

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Accelerated Type 1 Diabetes Induction in Mice by Adoptive Transfer of Diabetogenic CD4+ T Cells

The nonobese diabetic (NOD) mouse spontaneously develops autoimmune diabetes after 12 weeks of age and is the most extensively studied animal model of human Type 1 diabetes (T1D). Cell transfer studies in irradiated recipient mice have established that T cells are pivotal in T1D pathogenesis in this model. We describe herein a simple method to rapidly induce T1D by adoptive transfer of purified, primary CD4+ T cells from pre-diabetic NOD mice transgenic for the islet-specific T cell receptor (TCR) BDC2.5 into NOD.SCID recipient mice. The major advantages of this technique are that isolation and adoptive transfer of diabetogenic T cells can be completed within the same day, irradiation of the recipients is not required, and a high incidence of T1D is elicited within 2 weeks after T cell transfer. Thus, studies of pathogenesis and therapeutic interventions in T1D can proceed at a faster rate than with methods that rely on heterogenous T cell populations or clones derived from diabetic NOD mice.

We provide a reproducible method to induce type 1 diabetes (T1D) in mice within two weeks by the adoptive transfer of islet antigen-specific, primary CD4+ T cells.

Diabetogenic CD4의 입양 전송하여 마우스의 가속 제 1 형 당뇨병 유도 + T 세포

The nonobese diabetic (NOD) mouse spontaneously develops autoimmune diabetes after 12 weeks of age and is the most extensively studied animal model of ...

Adenoviral Transduction of Naive CD4 T Cells to Study Treg Differentiation

Regulatory T cells (Tregs) are essential to provide immune tolerance to self as well as to certain foreign antigens. Tregs can be generated from naive CD4 T cells in vitro with TCR- and co-stimulation in the presence of TGF&beta; and IL-2. This bears enormous potential for future therapies, however, the molecules and signaling pathways that control differentiation are largely unknown.
Primary T cells can be manipulated through ectopic gene expression, but common methods fail to target the most important naive state of the T cell prior to primary antigen recognition. Here, we provide a protocol to express ectopic genes in naive CD4 T cells in vitro before inducing Treg differentiation. It applies transduction with the replication-deficient adenovirus and explains its generation and production. The adenovirus can take up large inserts (up to 7 kb) and can be equipped with promoters to achieve high and transient overexpression in T cells. It effectively transduces naive mouse T cells if they express a transgenic Coxsackie adenovirus receptor (CAR). Importantly, after infection the T cells remain naive (CD44low, CD62Lhigh) and resting (CD25-, CD69-) and can be activated and differentiated into Tregs similar to non-infected cells. Thus, this method enables manipulation of CD4 T cell differentiation from its very beginning. It ensures that ectopic gene expression is already in place when early signaling events of the initial TCR stimulation induces cellular changes that eventually lead into Treg differentiation.

Adenoviral gene transfer into naive CD4 T cells with transgenic expression of the Coxsackie adenovirus receptor enables the molecular analysis of regulatory T cell differentiation in vitro.

나이브 CD4의 아데노 바이러스 형질은 Treg의 분화를 연구하는 세포를 T

Regulatory T cells (Tregs) are essential to provide immune tolerance to self as well as to certain foreign antigens. Tregs can be generated from naive CD4 ...

Isolation and Th17 Differentiation of Na&iuml;ve CD4 T Lymphocytes

Th17 cells are a distinct subset of T cells that have been found to produce interleukin 17 (IL-17), and differ in function from the other T cell subsets including Th1, Th2, and regulatory T cells. Th17 cells have emerged as a central culprit in overzealous inflammatory immune responses associated with many autoimmune disorders. In this method we purify T lymphocytes from the spleen and lymph nodes of C57BL/6 mice, and stimulate purified CD4+ T cells under control and Th17-inducing environments. The Th17-inducing environment includes stimulation in the presence of anti-CD3 and anti-CD28 antibodies, IL-6, and TGF-&#946;. After incubation for at least 72 hours and for up to five days at 37 &#176;C, cells are subsequently analyzed for the capability to produce IL-17 through flow cytometry, qPCR, and ELISAs. Th17 differentiated CD4+CD25- T cells can be utilized to further elucidate the role that Th17 cells play in the onset and progression of autoimmunity and host defense. Moreover, Th17 differentiation of CD4+CD25- lymphocytes from distinct murine knockout/disease models can contribute to our understanding of cell fate plasticity.

Isolation and Th17 Differentiation of Na&#239;ve CD4 T Lymphocytes

With effector functions distinct from other T cell subsets, Th17 cells have been centrally implicated in inflammatory autoimmunity. This in vitro Th17 differentiation protocol provides a means to determine whether na&#239;ve CD4+ T lymphocytes can differentiate into Th17 cells, and to further examine their role in autoimmunity and host response.

분리 및 나이브 CD4 T 림프구의 TH17 분화

Th17 cells are a distinct subset of T cells that have been found to produce interleukin 17 (IL-17), and differ in function from the other T cell subsets ...

Assessing the Innate Sensing of HIV-1 Infected CD4+ T Cells by Plasmacytoid Dendritic Cells Using an Ex vivo Co-culture System.

HIV-1 innate sensing requires direct contact of infected CD4+ T cells with plasmacytoid dendritic cells (pDCs). In order to study this process, the protocols described here use freshly isolated human peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) or plasmacytoid dendritic cells (pDCs) to sense infections in either T cell line (MT4) or heterologous primary CD4+ T cells. In order to ensure proper sensing, it is essential that PBMC are isolated immediately after blood collection and that optimal percentage of infected T cells are used. Furthermore, multi-parametric flow cytometric staining can be used to confirm that PBMC samples contain the different cell lineages at physiological ratios. A number of controls can also be included to evaluate viability and functionality of pDCs. These include, the presence of specific surface markers, assessing cellular responses to known agonist of Toll-Like Receptors (TLR) pathways, and confirming a lack of spontaneous type-I interferon (IFN) production. In this system, freshly isolated PBMCs or pDCs are co-cultured with HIV-1 infected cells in 96 well plates for 18-22 hr. Supernatants from these co-cultures are then used to determine the levels of bioactive type-I IFNs by monitoring the activation of the ISGF3 pathway in HEK-Blue IFN-&#945;/&#946; cells. Prior and during co-culture conditions, target cells can be subjected to flow cytometric analysis to determine a number of parameters, including the percentage of infected cells, levels of specific surface markers, and differential killing of infected cells. Although, these protocols were initially developed to follow type-I IFN production, they could potentially be used to study other imuno-modulatory molecules released from pDCs and to gain further insight into the molecular mechanisms governing HIV-1 innate sensing.

Assessing the Innate Sensing of HIV-1 Infected CD4+ T Cells by Plasmacytoid Dendritic Cells Using an Ex vivo Co-culture System.

Unlike cell-free HIV-1 particles, infected CD4+ T cells are effectively sensed by plasmacytoid dendritic cells (pDCs). This manuscript describes a method where peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) or isolated pDCs are co-cultured with HIV-1 infected T cells to evaluate innate sensing by pDCs as assessed by release of type-I IFN.

HIV-1 감염 CD4의 타고난 감지 평가<sup&gt; +</sup&gt;를 사용하여 형질 수지상 세포에 의한 T 세포<em&gt; 예 생체 내</em&gt; 공동 문화 시스템.

HIV-1 innate sensing requires direct contact of infected CD4+ T cells with plasmacytoid dendritic cells (pDCs). In order to study this process, the ...

Induction of Murine Intestinal Inflammation by Adoptive Transfer of Effector CD4+CD45RBhigh T Cells into Immunodeficient Mice

There are many different animal models available for studying the pathogenesis of human inflammatory bowel diseases (IBD), each with its own advantages and disadvantages. We describe here an experimental colitis model that is initiated by adoptive transfer of syngeneic splenic CD4+CD45RBhigh T cells into T and B cell deficient recipient mice. The CD4+CD45RBhigh T cell population that largely consists of na&#239;ve effector cells is capable of inducing chronic intestinal inflammation, closely resembling key aspects of human IBD. This method can be manipulated to study aspects of disease onset and progression. Additionally it can be used to study the function of innate, adaptive, and regulatory immune cell populations, and the role of environmental exposures, i.e., the microbiota, in intestinal inflammation. In this article we illustrate the methodology for inducing colitis with a step-by-step protocol. This includes a video demonstration of key technical aspects required to successfully develop this murine model of experimental colitis for research purposes.

Induction of Murine Intestinal Inflammation by Adoptive Transfer of Effector CD4+CD45RBhigh T Cells into Immunodeficient Mice

Here, we present a protocol to induce colonic inflammation in mice by adoptive transfer of syngeneic CD4+CD45RBhigh T cells into T and B cell deficient recipients. Clinical and histopathological features mimic human inflammatory bowel diseases. This method allows the study of the initiation of colonic inflammation and progression of disease.

이펙터 CD4의 입양 전송하여 쥐과 장내 염증의 유도<sup&gt; +</sup&gt; CD45RB<sup&gt; 높은</sup&gt; 면역 결핍 마우스에게 T 세포

There are many different animal models available for studying the pathogenesis of human inflammatory bowel diseases (IBD), each with its own advantages ...

Imaging CD4 T Cell Interstitial Migration in the Inflamed Dermis

The ability of CD4 T cells to carry out effector functions is dependent upon the rapid and efficient migration of these cells in inflamed peripheral tissues through an as-yet undefined mechanism. The application of multiphoton microscopy to the study of the immune system provides a tool to measure the dynamics of immune responses within intact tissues. Here we present a protocol for non-invasive intravital multiphoton imaging of CD4 T cells in the inflamed mouse ear dermis. Use of a custom imaging platform and a venous catheter allows for the visualization of CD4 T cell dynamics in the dermal interstitium, with the ability to interrogate these cells in real-time via the addition of blocking antibodies to key molecular components involved in motility. This system provides advantages over both in vitro models and surgically invasive imaging procedures. Understanding the pathways used by CD4 T cells for motility may ultimately provide insight into the basic function of CD4 T cells as well as the pathogenesis of both autoimmune diseases and pathology from chronic infections.

The mechanisms that govern the interstitial motility of CD4 effector T cells at sites of inflammation are relatively unknown. We present a non-invasive approach to visualize and manipulate in vitro-primed CD4 T cells in the inflamed ear dermis, allowing for study of the dynamic behavior of these cells in situ.

염증이 진피의 이미징 CD4 T 세포 간질 마이그레이션

The ability of CD4 T cells to carry out effector functions is dependent upon the rapid and efficient migration of these cells in inflamed peripheral ...

Cortical Actin Flow in T Cells Quantified by Spatio-temporal Image Correlation Spectroscopy of Structured Illumination Microscopy Data

Filamentous-actin plays a crucial role in a majority of cell processes including motility and, in immune cells, the formation of a key cell-cell interaction known as the immunological synapse. F-actin is also speculated to play a role in regulating molecular distributions at the membrane of cells including sub-membranous vesicle dynamics and protein clustering. While standard light microscope techniques allow generalized and diffraction-limited observations to be made, many cellular and molecular events including clustering and molecular flow occur in populations at length-scales far below the resolving power of standard light microscopy. By combining total internal reflection fluorescence with the super resolution imaging method structured illumination microscopy, the two-dimensional molecular flow of F-actin at the immune synapse of T cells was recorded. Spatio-temporal image correlation spectroscopy (STICS) was then applied, which generates quantifiable results in the form of velocity histograms and vector maps representing flow directionality and magnitude. This protocol describes the combination of super-resolution imaging and STICS techniques to generate flow vectors at sub-diffraction levels of detail. This technique was used to confirm an actin flow that is symmetrically retrograde and centripetal throughout the periphery of T cells upon synapse formation.

To investigate flow velocities and directionality of filamentous-actin at the T cell immunological synapse, live-cell super-resolution imaging is combined with total internal reflection fluorescence and quantified with spatio-temporal image correlation spectroscopy.

구조화 조명 현미경 데이터의 시공간적 이미지 상관 분광학에 의해 정량화 T 세포에서 대뇌 피질 굴지 흐름

Filamentous-actin plays a crucial role in a majority of cell processes including motility and, in immune cells, the formation of a key cell-cell ...

In Vitro Differentiation of Human CD4+FOXP3+ Induced Regulatory T Cells (iTregs) from Na&#239;ve CD4+ T Cells Using a TGF-&#946;-containing Protocol

Regulatory T cells (Tregs) are an integral part of peripheral tolerance, suppressing immune reactions against self-structures and thus preventing autoimmune diseases. Clinical approaches to adoptively transfer Tregs, or to deplete Tregs in cancer, are underway with promising first outcomes. 
Because the number of naturally occurring Tregs (nTregs) is very limited, studying certain Treg features using in vitro induced Tregs (iTregs) can be advantageous. To date, the best although not absolutely specific protein marker to delineate Tregs is the transcription factor FOXP3. Despite the importance of Tregs including non-redundant roles of peripherally induced Tregs, the protocols to generate iTregs are currently controversial, particularly for human cells. This protocol therefore describes the in vitro differentiation of human CD4+FOXP3+ iTregs from human na&#239;ve T cells using a range of Treg-inducing factors (TGF-&#946; plus IL-2 only, or their combination with retinoic acid, rapamycin or butyrate) in parallel. It also describes the phenotyping of these cells by flow cytometry and qRT-PCR. 
These protocols result in reproducible expression of FOXP3 and other Treg signature genes and enable the study of general FOXP3-regulatory mechanisms as well as protocol-specific effects to delineate the impact of certain factors. iTregs can be utilized to study various phenotypic aspects as well as molecular mechanisms of Treg induction. Detailed molecular studies are facilitated by relatively large cell numbers that can be obtained. 
A limitation for the application of iTregs is the relative instability of FOXP3 expression in these cells compared to nTregs. iTregs generated by these protocols can also be used for functional assays such as studying their suppressive function, in which iTregs induced by TGF-&#946; plus retinoic acid and rapamycin display superior suppressive activity. However, the suppressive capacity of iTregs can differ from nTregs and the use of appropriate controls is crucial.

This protocol describes the reproducible generation and phenotyping of human induced regulatory T cells (iTregs) from na&#239;ve CD4+ T cells in vitro. Different protocols for FOXP3 induction allow for the study of specific iTreg phenotypes obtained with respective protocols.

TGF-β 함유 프로토콜을 사용하여 나이브 CD4 + T 세포에서 인간의 CD4 + Foxp3의 + 유도 규제 T 세포 (iTregs)의 체외 분화

Regulatory T cells (Tregs) are an integral part of peripheral tolerance, suppressing immune reactions against self-structures and thus preventing ...

Single-cell Quantitation of mRNA and Surface Protein Expression in Simian Immunodeficiency Virus-infected CD4+ T Cells Isolated from Rhesus macaques

Single-cell analysis is an important tool for dissecting heterogeneous populations of cells. The identification and isolation of rare cells can be difficult. To overcome this challenge, a methodology combining indexed flow cytometry and high-throughput multiplexed quantitative polymerase chain reaction (qPCR) was developed. The objective was to identify and characterize simian immunodeficiency virus (SIV)-infected cells present within rhesus macaques. Through quantitation of surface protein by fluorescence-activated cell sorting (FACS) and mRNA by qPCR, virus-infected cells are identified by viral gene expression, which is combined with host gene and protein measurements to create a multidimensional profile. We term the approach, targeted Single-Cell Proteo-transcriptional Evaluation, or tSCEPTRE. To perform the method, viable cells are stained with fluorescent antibodies specific for surface markers used for FACS isolation of a cell subset and/or downstream phenotypic analysis. Single cells are sorted followed by immediate lysis, multiplex reverse transcription (RT), PCR pre-amplification, and high throughput qPCR of up to 96 transcripts. FACS measurements are recorded at the time of sorting and subsequently linked to the gene expression data by well position to create a combined protein and transcriptional profile. To study SIV-infected cells directly ex vivo, cells were identified by qPCR detection of multiple viral RNA species. The combination of viral transcripts and the quantity of each provide a framework for classifying cells into distinct stages of the viral life cycle (e.g., productive versus non-productive). Moreover, tSCEPTRE of SIV+ cells were compared to uninfected cells isolated from the same specimen to assess differentially expressed host genes and proteins. The analysis revealed previously unappreciated viral RNA expression heterogeneity among infected cells as well as in vivo SIV-mediated post-transcriptional gene regulation with single-cell resolution. The tSCEPTRE method is relevant for the analysis of any cell population amenable to identification by expression of surface protein marker(s), host or pathogen gene(s), or combinations thereof.

Single-cell Quantitation of mRNA and Surface Protein Expression in Simian Immunodeficiency Virus-infected CD4+ T Cells Isolated from Rhesus macaques

Described is a methodology to quantitate the expression of 96 genes and 18 surface proteins by single cells ex vivo, allowing for the identification of differentially expressed genes and proteins in virus-infected cells relative to uninfected cells. We apply the approach to study SIV-infected CD4+ T cells isolated from rhesus macaques.