Work partially funded by Prostate Cancer Canada (grant # D2014-4 to SG and CJD) and the Canadian Institutes of Health Research (grant # MOP-111069 to SG). We would like to thank Dr. Richard Poulin for editorial assistance and Mrs. Chanel Dupont for technical assistance.

참고 : 동물과 인간의 암 세포가 구입하거나 친절하게 우리에게 제공 되었기 때문에 없음 윤리 고려. 1. 만들기 콜라겐 플러그 (의사 차 종양) <ol><li> 콜라겐 분산을 준비합니다. 이전에 17 일 또는 구입을보고 나도 추출하여 멸균 할 수 있습니다 쥐의 꼬리 힘줄 (RTT)에서 콜라겐 입력합니다. (; 다섯 2 분 실행 고속 설정) 균일 한 혼합을위한 동결 건조 된 RTT 콜라겐 (0.02 N 아세트산에 3.25-3.50 ㎎ / ㎖) 블렌더를 사용하여 분산. </li><li> 수확 (트립신 EDTA, 보통) 및 혈구를 사용하여 가능한 세포를 카운트 트리 판 블루 배제을 사용합니다. 원하는 세포 밀도 (플러그 당 5 × 10 4 세포)로 조정합니다. </li><li> 무균 조건 하에서 모든 솔루션 (수산화 나트륨, 소 태아 혈청, DMEM 5 배,의 NaHCO3) 별도로 (표 1)을 준비하고 얼음에 냉장 보관하십시오. 주 : 각종 용액의 첨가 순서는 셀 또는 산성 삼투압 충격을 방지하는 것이 중요하다. </li><li> 가능한 한 빨리 최종 콜라겐 용액 (5 mL)에 셀 분산액 (1.25 × 10 6 세포)를 수행한다. 기포를 방지하고 신속 96- 웰 플레이트의 각 웰에 즉시 사용 용액 200 μL를 배포하면서 (최대 피펫 아래쪽으로) 잘 섞는다. 부드럽게 기포를 제거하는 세포 배양 후드의 작업 영역 표면의 멀티 웰 플레이트를 찍는 웰 내부에서 균일 용액을 전파. </li><li> 모든 우물을 작성 후 인큐베이터에 보관 (이 단계는 96 웰 플레이트 당 약 15 ~ 20 분 소요). </li><li> 하룻밤에 2 시간에서 37 ° C에서 접시를 품어. 콜라겐 겔화 (즉, fibrillogenesis)는 30 분 이내에 발생합니다. 하룻밤 배양을 수행하기 위해 문화 문화 매체 (100 μL / 웰)를 추가합니다. </li></ol> 섬유소 젤 2. 첫 번째 레이어 <ol><li> 피브리노겐 용액 준비. 주 : 피브린 겔 같은 일괄 적 재현성 있습니다 END_STRONG_1 사용해야TS와 같은 피브린 겔 형성은 상업 동결 건조 피브리노겐의 다른 배치에 따라 다를 수 있습니다. <ol><li> 항상 새로 제조 피브리노겐 용액을 사용한다. 수화물 결정 형성을 방지하기 위해 유리 병을 열기 전에 실온으로 동결 건조 된 피브리노겐을 가지고. </li><li> 점진적으로 사전 예열 (37 ° C) 칼슘과 행크의 균형 소금 솔루션 (HBSS가) / 3 ㎎ / ㎖의 작업 농도의 Mg 2+ (최소 최종 부피의 15 % 초과를 준비 고려할 필요에서 피브리노겐을 용해 : 예를 들면, 5 ml의 솔루션에 대한 5.75 용액에 17.25 mg)을 얻었다. <ol><li> 피브리노겐 조각을 용해하기 위해 처음에 미리 예열 HBSS의 적하를 추가합니다. 비커에 주걱으로 더 큰 조각을 분해. 시간과 혼합 용이하게하기 위해 시간을 비커를 교반. 절차를 수행하는 동안 교반기 플레이트를 사용하지 마십시오. 위아래 정지를 피펫 팅하여 나머지 분말을 녹여. </li></ol></li><li> steri 동안 미지근한 피브리노겐 용액 유지0.22 ㎛의 필터에 통과시켜, 용액을 LIZING. 주 : HBSS 충분히 따뜻하지 않거나 피브리노겐이 완전히 용해되지 않은 경우, 솔루션은 필터를 막히게 할 수있다. 해당되는 경우, 피브리노겐 농도를 감소, 따라서 섬유소 응고 강성 수있는, 한 번 또는 두 번 필터를 교체합니다. </li><li> 다른 방법으로서, 최종 부피를 조절하면서 즉시 사용 피브리노겐 용액에 관심있는 세포 (예, 내피 세포)에 일시. </li></ol></li><li> 트롬빈 솔루션을 준비. <ol><li> DDH 2 O (50 NIH 단위 / ㎖)의 스톡 용액을 제조 한 후 0.22 ㎛의 필터를 사용하여 멸균. </li><li> 피브리노겐 / 트롬빈 비율 ≥1 사용 0.0075 (V / V)이 피브린 겔을 생성하기 위해서이다. </li></ol></li><li> 섬유소 젤을 생성. <ol><li> 멸균 피브리노겐을 유지하고 모든 다음 단계 동안 얼음에 재고 솔루션을 트롬빈. 섬유소 젤은 24 웰 플레이트에 형성 할 수 있습니다. </li><li> 즉시 오버레이 일각각의 E면 웰과 기포의 형성을 피하면서 피브리노겐 용액 (200 μL / 웰). 한 번에 6 우물을 처리합니다. </li><li> 피브리노겐 용액이 완전히 웰의 표면을 커버하면, 45 ° 각도로 플레이트를 기울 웰의 중심에 트롬빈 놓아 제 1 웰에 트롬빈 용액 1.5 μL를 추가 한 다음 부드럽게 대해 가로 판 소용돌이 1-2 초. <ol><li> 층류 후드 (5-10 분) 겔화 / 응고 과정이 완료 될 때까지 아래 안정 위치에서 상기 플레이트를 남겨 (NB : 중합 공정은 인큐베이터에 플레이트를 반송하여, 예를 들어 방해 안된다). </li></ol></li><li> 처음 여섯 우물이 중합 한 후 모든 우물이 처리 될 때까지, 다음 6 우물에 동일한 순서 (즉, 3 이전 단계)를 반복합니다. </li></ol></li></ol> 섬유소 젤과 샌드위치 콜라겐 플러그의 3 번째 레이어 <ol><li> 선택권A : (즉시 콜라겐 플러그를 사용). <ol><li> 섬유소 젤의 제 1 층 섬세 접시를 기울여 모든 우물에서 중합 것을 확인합니다. 콜라겐 플러그의 전송을 쉽게하기 위해 (섬유소 젤을 포함) 24 웰 플레이트 옆에 콜라겐 겔 플러그 측을 포함하는 96 웰 플레이트를 놓습니다. </li><li> 콜라겐 플러그를 함유하는 플레이트의 각 웰에 HBSS 한 방울을 추가한다. </li><li> 얇은 (핸들로 사용) 주사기에 장착 된 바늘 또는 (동영상 참조) 마이크로 스푼을 이용하여 우물에서 각 콜라겐 플러그를 제거합니다. 콜라겐 플러그 웰 웰에 중심을 그 불임성이 잘 유지되고 있는지 확인하면서, 하나 또는 두 개의 마이크로 숟가락을 사용하여 상기 제 피브린 겔 층에 각각 콜라겐 플러그를 옮긴다. </li><li> 피브리노겐 용액의 두번째 층이 미리 형성된 피브린 겔 오버레이 (300 μL / 웰) 및 2.3에 기재된 바와 같이 최소한 1 유지 트롬빈 소개 :. 한번에 0.0075 비율 여섯 웰 시퀀스 &lt;/ 리&gt; </ol></li><li> (성장 인자 - 감소 지하 막 (GFRBM)의 얇은 층으로 콜라겐 플러그 코팅) 옵션 B. <ol><li> 쿨 모든 준비 솔루션 및 악기 사전 및 GFRBM의 냉동 분취 이후 처리 과정 (예를 들면, 피펫, 조언, 테스트 튜브) 4 ° C 또는 얼음에 그들을 유지는 (제조업체의 지침에 따라) 해동시 과도한 가열 속도에 매우 민감하다 . </li><li> 플레이트 웰로부터 제거 후, ​​순수 GRFBM 용액 100 ㎕를 함유하는 얼음에 1.5 mL의 원심 분리 튜브에서 2 분 동안 각각 콜라겐 플러그 소크. </li><li> 전술 한 바와 같이 그것을 보장하는 것은 물론 중심 동안 첫 번째 섬유소 층에 각각 코팅 플러그를 전송합니다. 5 분의 GRFBM이 겔을 형성 할 수 있도록 37 ℃에서 플러그 - 함유 플레이트를 인큐베이션. 단계 3.1.4에서와 같이 두 번째 섬유소 층을 추가합니다. </li></ol></li></ol> 4. 세포 배양 중간 조건 <ol><li> (배지와 잘 4 각 채우기00 μL). 배양액 및 보조제는 세포주 및 실험 조건에 따라 선택 될 것이다. </li><li> 100 칼리 크레인 저해 단위 (KIU) / ㎖의 최종 농도로 배양 배지에 아프로 티닌, antifibrinolytic 제를 추가한다. 주 : 시험 된 세포주에 이용되는 조건 하에서 세포 배양 인큐베이터에서 플레이트를 저장. </li><li> 매일 신선한 매체와 문화를 보충하거나 실험 일정에 따라, 그리고 아프로 티닌을 추가합니다. 새로운 배지를 추가하기 전에 약간의 (a 30 ~ 35 ° 각도로) 판을 기울 조심스럽게 일정한 관찰에서 조정 배지를 흡입하는 동안 잘의 측면에 대해 피펫을 경사. </li></ol>

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S., Degen, J. L. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Fibrinogen+and+Tumor+Cell+Metastasis.">Fibrinogen and Tumor Cell Metastasis.</a> Haemostasis. 31, 11-15 (2001).</li><li>Dvorak, H. F. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Tumor+Stroma,+Tumor+Blood+Vessels,+and+Antiangiogenesis+Therapy.">Tumor Stroma, Tumor Blood Vessels, and Antiangiogenesis Therapy.</a> Cancer J. 21 (4), 237-243 (2015).</li><li>Luoto, K. R., Kumareswaran, R., Bristow, R. G. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Tumor+Hypoxia+as+a+Driving+Force+in+Genetic+Instability.">Tumor Hypoxia as a Driving Force in Genetic Instability.</a> Genome Integr. 4 (1), 5 (2013).</li><li>Das, V., Bruzzese, F., Kone&#269;n&#253;, P., Iannelli, F., Budillon, A., Hajd&#250;ch, M. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Pathophysiologically+Relevant+In+Vitro+Tumor+Models+for+Drug+Screening.">Pathophysiologically Relevant In Vitro Tumor Models for Drug Screening.</a> Drug Discov Today. 20 (7), 848-855 (2015).</li><li>Longati, P., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=3D+Pancreatic+Carcinoma+Spheroids+Induce+a+Matrix-rich,+Chemoresistant+Phenotype+Offering+a+Better+Model+for+Drug+Testing.">3D Pancreatic Carcinoma Spheroids Induce a Matrix-rich, Chemoresistant Phenotype Offering a Better Model for Drug Testing.</a> BMC Cancer. 13 (95), (2013).</li><li>Tan, P. H., Chia, S. S., Toh, S. L., Goh, J. C., Nathanm, S. S. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Three-dimensional+Spatial+Configuration+of+Tumour+Cells+Confers+Resistance+to+Chemotherapy+Independent+of+Drug+Delivery.">Three-dimensional Spatial Configuration of Tumour Cells Confers Resistance to Chemotherapy Independent of Drug Delivery.</a> J Tissue Eng Regen Med. , (2013).</li><li>Koutsilieris, M., Reyes-Moreno, C., Choki, I., Sourla, A., Doillon, C., Pavlidis, N. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Chemotherapy+Cytotoxicity+of+Human+MCF-7+and+MDA-MB+231+Breast+Cancer+Cells+is+Altered+by+Osteoblast-Derived+Growth+Factors.">Chemotherapy Cytotoxicity of Human MCF-7 and MDA-MB 231 Breast Cancer Cells is Altered by Osteoblast-Derived Growth Factors.</a> Mol Med. 5 (2), 86-97 (1999).</li><li>Lang, N. R., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Biphasic+Response+of+Cell+Invasion+to+Matrix+Stiffness+in+Three-Dimensional+Biopolymer+Networks.">Biphasic Response of Cell Invasion to Matrix Stiffness in Three-Dimensional Biopolymer Networks.</a> Acta Biomater. 13, 61-67 (2015).</li></ol>

The authors have no disclosure.

중요한 기술적 각주, 갭 중앙과 주변 겔 사이의 계면에 존재하지 않는 것이 중요하다. 그렇지 않으면 / 마이그레이션 피브린 겔 침투하는 전지의 용량을 줄일 수있다. 트롬빈 적절히 희석되지 않은 경우 콜라겐과 피브린 겔 사이의 공간은 배양의 처음 24 시간 동안 형성 할 수도있다. 콜라겐 겔을 초래할 수 시험 세포주 모두시켜 겔 사이에 형성하기 위해 상대적으로 큰 공간을 일으키는 동안 배양 ...

암 세포 침공 / 마이그레이션 및 후속 전이 설립의 기본 및 생물 의학 특성을 조사하는 강렬한 연구 1, 2의 주제이다. 전이 암의 최종 단계이며, 임상 관리하기 어려운 남아있다. 세포 및 분자 수준에서의 전이에 대한 이해는보다 효율적인 치료 (3)의 개발을 가능하게한다. 전이성 세포의 여러 특성은 자신의 stemness 및 마이그레이션 내에서 기본 종양 5 침공 전이 상태 (예를 들면, 상피 - 중간 엽 전이를) 획득 가능성을 포함하여 시험 관내 4 탐험 할 수 있습니다. 그것은 거의 혈액 / 림프 순환의 기여를 배제하기 때문에, 내습 / 전이 과정의 시험 관내 평가는 도전하고있다. 콜라겐 젤에 종양 조각을 삽입의 Organotypic 문화는 기존에 가지고교활한 암의 공격성을 모니터링하는 데 사용되었다. 종양의 복잡도가 보존되어 있지만 (예를 들면, 비 - 암성 세포의 존재), 종양 절편 샘플링 변동 제한된 확산 매체에 노출 및 기질 세포 (6)의 과도한 성장한다. 대안적인 방법은 3 차원 셀 환경을 모방 세포 외 기질 (ECM)의 구성 요소 내에서의 암세포 성장에있다. 콜라겐 겔 및 / 또는 기저막 유래 매트릭스 유방암 세포주의 증식 차원 세포 배양의 가장 특징으로하는 실시 예 사이이다. 특정 3 차원 세포 배양 환경을 사용하여 표준 조건 하에서 성장 유방암 세포에 대해 관찰 된 무질서 조립체 유방 꽈리 및 관상 구조 7-10의 자연 형성에 역전 될 수있다. 또한, 선암종 암세포 유래의 다세포 종양 타원체의 형성은 (서로 다른 기술을 이용하여 군집예를 들면, 현재 가장 일반적으로 사용되는 3 차원 세포 배양 분석법 11-13을 구성하는) 매립 한천, 타원체, 플로팅 방울 매달려. 그러나 이러한 분석은 구 상체를 형성 할 수있는 암 세포주의 제한된 세트에 의해 이러한 조건에서 세포를 연구 할 수 짧은 기간에 의해 제한된다. 이러한 시각화 방법에서, 우리는 본 명세서에서 관심있는 암세포 대안 기저막 유래 매트릭스로 피복 될 수있는 의사 원발 종양의 체외 형성을 허용하기 위해 콜라겐 겔에 포함 된 정교한 3D 세포 배양 분석을 소개한다. 형성되면, 가상 기본 종양 후 암세포 두 매트릭스 구획과의 계면을 통과 할 수있는 무 세포 기질 (본 경우 피브린 겔)에 끼워진다 (도 1 참조). 흥미롭게 공격적인 암세포와 함께 의사 원발 종양 유래 이차 종양 같은 구조가 나타나지섬유소 젤. 이러한 3 차원 배양 시스템은 예를 들어, 항암제, 유전자 발현 및 세포 - 세포 및 / 또는 세포 ECM 상호 14-16 조사하는 필요한 유연성을 제공한다. <img alt="그림 1" src="/files/ftp_upload/54322/54322fig1.jpg" /> 그림 1 :.. 방법의 개요 암 연구를위한 모델로 3D 세포 배양 시스템을 생성하는 방법의 도식 요약 <a href="https://www-jove-com.remotexs.ntu.edu.sg/files/ftp_upload/54322/54322fig1large.jpg" target="_blank">이 그림의 더 큰 버전을 보려면 여기를 클릭하십시오.</a>

<table border="1" fo:keep-together.within-page="1" fo:keep-with-next.within-page="always">
	<tbody>
		<tr>
			<td>Freeze-dried collagen</td>
			<td>Sigma-Aldrich</td>
			<td>C7661</td>
			<td>from rat tail tendon (soluble dispersion) or home-made (see Rajan et al., ref.#14)</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Fibrinogen (freeze-dried)</td>
			<td>Sigma-Aldrich&#160;</td>
			<td>F8630</td>
			<td>Type I-S, 65-85% protein with &#8805;75% of protein is clottable</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Thrombin</td>
			<td>EMD Chemicals Inc.</td>
			<td>605157</td>
			<td>&#160;Gibbstown, NJ; NIH units/mg dry weight&#160;</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Growth factor-reduced Matrigel&#160;</td>
			<td>Corning</td>
			<td>356234</td>
			<td>Previously from BD Biosciences</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Aprotinin</td>
			<td>Sigma-Aldrich</td>
			<td>A6279&#160;</td>
			<td>&#160;solution at 5-10TIU/ml (Trypsin Inhibitor Unit)&#160;</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>&#160;Micro-spoons</td>
			<td>Fisher Scientific</td>
			<td>2140115</td>
			<td>Fisherbrand Handi-Hold Microspatula</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>96 well plate, round base</td>
			<td>Sarstedt</td>
			<td>3925500</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>24 well plate</td>
			<td>Sarstedt</td>
			<td>3922</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Dulbecco&#39;s modified Eagle&#39;s Medium</td>
			<td>Sigma Chemical, Co.</td>
			<td>D5546</td>
			<td>DMEM</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Fetal Bovine Serum</td>
			<td>VWR</td>
			<td>CAA15-701</td>
			<td>FBS, Canadian origin.</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Trypsin-EDTA</td>
			<td>Sigma Chemical, Co.</td>
			<td>T4049</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Hank&#8217;s Balanced Salt Solution&#160;</td>
			<td>Sigma Chemical, Co.</td>
			<td>H8264</td>
			<td>HBSS</td>
		</tr>
	</tbody>
</table>

three-dimensional culture assay to explore cancer cell invasiveness and satellite tumor formation

단일 층에서 포유 동물 세포 배양 널리 다양한 생리 학적 및 분자 과정을 연구하는 데 사용됩니다. 그러나 성장 세포를 연구하는이 방법은 종종 원치 않는 아티팩트를 생성합니다. 따라서, 주로 세포 외 기질 성분을 사용하여 3 차원 (3D) 환경에서 세포 배양이 때문에 생체 조직 또는 기관에서 고유로 그 유사성 흥미로운 대안으로 나타났다. 우리는 피브린 겔 이루어지는 의사 차 macrospherical 종양 및 (ⅱ) 주연 무 세포 격실 콜라겐 겔 연기에 포함 된 암 세포를 함유하는 중앙 구획 개의 구획, 즉 (i)를 이용하여 3 차원 세포 배양 시스템을 개발 즉, 센터에서 사용되는 다른 세포 외 매트릭스 성분이있는 암세포 마이그레이션 (내습 전면) 및 / 또는 보조 위성을 나타내는 종양 microspherical 종양을 형성 할 수있다. 주변 구획 위성 종양의 형성은이 현저 차원 배양 시스템의 차별화 네이티브 종양 세포의 공지 공격성 ​​또는 전이성 기원 상관. 이 세포 배양 방법은 암 세포의 침윤과 운동성, 세포 외 기질의 상호 작용 및 항암 약물의 특성을 평가하는 방법으로 평가하는 것으로 간주 될 수있다.

앞서 언급 한 바와 같이,이 3 차원 세포 배양 검정의 흥미로운 특징은 암세포에만 인접 피브린 겔 콜라겐 플러그 마이그레이션뿐만 아니라, 이차 종양 (예, 위성 종양 형 구조)를 확립 할 수 있다는 것이다. 이는 직접 특히 긴 작동 거리 응축기 (도 2)과, 겔의 두께를 통해 저 및 고 배율에서의 역 위상차 현미경으로 관찰 할 수있다. 다른 실험 셋업 (15)?...

Watch this Scientific Journal Video about Three-Dimensional Culture Assay to Explore Cancer Cell Invasiveness and Satellite Tumor Formation at JoVE.com

Three-Dimensional Culture Assay to Explore Cancer Cell Invasiveness and Satellite Tumor Formation

Cancer cells are embedded in a collagen gel and then sandwiched in an acellular fibrin gel to generate a 3D culture system in which the invasiveness and formation of satellite tumors may be monitored.

암 세포 침윤 및 위성 종양 형성을 탐색하는 문화 분석 세 가지 차원

Mammalian cell culture in monolayers is widely used to study various physiological and molecular processes. However, this approach to study growing cells ...

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10.3K 조회수.  CHU de Québec Research Centre. Cancer cells are embedded in a collagen gel and then sandwiched in an acellular fibrin gel to generate a 3D culture system in which the invasiveness and formation of satellite tumors may be monitored.

비디오: Three-Dimensional Culture Assay to Explore Cancer Cell Invasiveness and Satellite Tumor Formation

Human Neuroendocrine Tumor Cell Lines as a Three-Dimensional Model for the Study of Human Neuroendocrine Tumor Therapy

Neuroendocrine tumors (NETs) are rare tumors, with an incidence of two per 100,&#x200A;000 individuals per year, and they account for 0.5% of all human malignancies.1 Other than surgery for the minority of patients who present with localized disease, there is little or no survival benefit of systemic therapy. Therefore, there is a great need to better understand the biology of NETs, and in particular define new therapeutic targets for patients with nonresectable or metastatic neuroendocrine tumors. 3D cell culture is becoming a popular method for drug screening due to its relevance in modeling the in vivo tumor tissue organization and microenvironment.2,3 The 3D multicellular spheroids could provide valuable information in a more timely and less expensive manner than directly proceeding from 2D cell culture experiments to animal (murine) models.
To facilitate the discovery of new therapeutics for NET patients, we have developed an in vitro 3D multicellular spheroids model using the human NET cell lines. The NET cells are plated in a non-adhesive agarose-coated 24-well plate and incubated under physiological conditions (5% CO2, 37 &deg;C) with a very slow agitation for 16-24 hr after plating. The cells form multicellular spheroids starting on the 3rd or 4th day. The spheroids become more spherical by the 6th day, at which point the drug treatments are initiated. The efficacy of the drug treatments on the NET spheroids is monitored based on the morphology, shape and size of the spheroids with a phase-contrast light microscope. The size of the spheroids is estimated automatically using a custom-developed MATLAB program based on an active contour algorithm. Further, we demonstrate a simple method to process the HistoGel embedding on these 3D spheroids, allowing the use of standard histological and immunohistochemical techniques. 
This is the first report on generating 3D spheroids using NET cell lines to examine the effect of therapeutic drugs. We have also performed histology on these 3D spheroids, and displayed an example of a single drug's effect on growth and proliferation of the NET spheroids. Our results support that the NET spheroids are valuable for further studies of NET biology and drug development.

We present a simple agarose overlay platform to grow 3D multicellular spheroids using neuroendocrine cancer cell lines. This method provides a very convenient way to examine the effect of therapeutic drugs on the neuroendocrine tumor cells. It could also help us establish human neuroendocrine tumor spheroids for cancer therapy.

인간 Neuroendocrine 종양 치료의 연구를위한 3 차원 모델로 인간 Neuroendocrine 종양 세포 라인

Neuroendocrine tumors (NETs) are rare tumors, with an incidence of two per 100,&#x200A;000 individuals per year, and they account for 0.5% of all human ...

연구

의학

Patient Derived Cell Culture and Isolation of CD133+ Putative Cancer Stem Cells from Melanoma

Despite improved treatments options for melanoma available today, patients with advanced malignant melanoma still have a poor prognosis for progression-free and overall survival. Therefore, translational research needs to provide further molecular evidence to improve targeted therapies for malignant melanomas. In the past, oncogenic mechanisms related to melanoma were extensively studied in established cell lines. On the way to more personalized treatment regimens based on individual genetic profiles, we propose to use patient-derived cell lines instead of generic cell lines. Together with high quality clinical data, especially on patient follow-up, these cells will be instrumental to better understand the molecular mechanisms behind melanoma progression.
Here, we report the establishment of primary melanoma cultures from dissected fresh tumor tissue. This procedure includes mincing and dissociation of the tissue into single cells, removal of contaminations with erythrocytes and fibroblasts as well as primary culture and reliable verification of the cells' melanoma origin.
Recent reports revealed that melanomas, like the majority of tumors, harbor a small subpopulation of cancer stem cells (CSCs), which seem to exclusively fuel tumor initiation and progression towards the metastatic state. One of the key markers for CSC identification and isolation in melanoma is CD133. To isolate CD133+ CSCs from primary melanoma cultures, we have modified and optimized the Magnetic-Activated Cell Sorting (MACS) procedure from Miltenyi resulting in high sorting purity and viability of CD133+ CSCs and CD133- bulk, which can be cultivated and functionally analyzed thereafter.

Patient Derived Cell Culture and Isolation of CD133+ Putative Cancer Stem Cells from Melanoma

This article describes the preparation of freshly obtained melanoma tissue into primary cell cultures, and how to remove contaminations of erythrocytes and fibroblasts from the tumor cells. Finally, we describe how CD133+ putative melanoma stem cells are sorted from the CD133- bulk using Magnetic Activated Cell Sorting (MACS).

환자 유래 세포 배양 및 CD133의 절연<sup&gt; +</sup흑종에서&gt; Putative 암 줄기 세포

Despite improved treatments options for melanoma available today, patients with advanced malignant melanoma still have a poor prognosis for ...

The Use of Reverse Phase Protein Arrays (RPPA) to Explore Protein Expression Variation within Individual Renal Cell Cancers

Currently there is no curative treatment for metastatic clear cell renal cell cancer, the commonest variant of the disease. A key factor in this treatment resistance is thought to be the molecular complexity of the disease 1. Targeted therapy such as the tyrosine kinase inhibitor (TKI)-sunitinib have been utilized, but only 40% of patients will respond, with the overwhelming majority of these patients relapsing within 1 year 2. As such the question of intrinsic and acquired resistance in renal cell cancer patients is highly relevant 3.
In order to study resistance to TKIs, with the ultimate goal of developing effective, personalized treatments, sequential tissue after a specific period of targeted therapy is required, an approach which had proved successful in chronic myeloid leukaemia 4. However the application of such a strategy in renal cell carcinoma is complicated by the high level of both inter- and intratumoral heterogeneity, which is a feature of renal cell carcinoma5,6 as well as other solid tumors 7. Intertumoral heterogeneity due to transcriptomic and genetic differences is well established even in patients with similar presentation, stage and grade of tumor. In addition it is clear that there is great morphological (intratumoral) heterogeneity in RCC, which is likely to represent even greater molecular heterogeneity. Detailed mapping and categorization of RCC tumors by combined morphological analysis and Fuhrman grading allows the selection of representative areas for proteomic analysis.
Protein based analysis of RCC8 is attractive due to its widespread availability in pathology laboratories; however, its application can be problematic due to the limited availability of specific antibodies 9. Due to the dot blot nature of the Reverse Phase Protein Arrays (RPPA), antibody specificity must be pre-validated; as such strict quality control of antibodies used is of paramount importance. Despite this limitation the dot blot format does allow assay miniaturization, allowing for the printing of hundreds of samples onto a single nitrocellulose slide. Printed slides can then be analyzed in a similar fashion to Western analysis with the use of target specific primary antibodies and fluorescently labelled secondary antibodies, allowing for multiplexing. Differential protein expression across all the samples on a slide can then be analyzed simultaneously by comparing the relative level of fluorescence in a more cost-effective and high-throughput manner.

The Use of Reverse Phase Protein Arrays RPPA to Explore Protein Expression Variation within Individual Renal Cell Cancers

RPPA enables the protein expression of hundreds of samples, printed on nitrocellulose slides to be interrogated simultaneously, using fluorescently labelled antibodies. This technique has been applied to study the effect of drug treatment heterogeneity within clear cell renal carcinoma.

개인 신장 세포 암에서 단백질 표현 변화를 탐험하기 위해 역 위상 단백질 배열 (RPPA)의 사용

Currently there is no curative treatment for metastatic clear cell renal cell cancer, the commonest variant of the disease. A key factor in this treatment ...

A Three-dimensional Tissue Culture Model to Study Primary Human Bone Marrow and its Malignancies

Tissue culture has been an invaluable tool to study many aspects of cell function, from normal development to disease. Conventional cell culture methods rely on the ability of cells either to attach to a solid substratum of a tissue culture dish or to grow in suspension in liquid medium. Multiple immortal cell lines have been created and grown using such approaches, however, these methods frequently fail when primary cells need to be grown ex vivo. Such failure has been attributed to the absence of the appropriate extracellular matrix components of the tissue microenvironment from the standard systems where tissue culture plastic is used as a surface for cell growth. Extracellular matrix is an integral component of the tissue microenvironment and its presence is crucial for the maintenance of physiological functions such as cell polarization, survival, and proliferation. Here we present a 3-dimensional tissue culture method where primary bone marrow cells are grown in extracellular matrix formulated to recapitulate the microenvironment of the human bone (rBM system). Embedded in the extracellular matrix, cells are supplied with nutrients through the medium supplemented with human plasma, thus providing a comprehensive system where cell survival and proliferation can be sustained for up to 30 days while maintaining the cellular composition of the primary tissue. Using the rBM system we have successfully grown primary bone marrow cells from normal donors and patients with amyloidosis, and various hematological malignancies. The rBM system allows for direct, in-matrix real time visualization of the cell behavior and evaluation of preclinical efficacy of novel therapeutics. Moreover, cells can be isolated from the rBM and subsequently used for in vivo transplantation, cell sorting, flow cytometry, and nucleic acid and protein analysis. Taken together, the rBM method provides a reliable system for the growth of primary bone marrow cells under physiological conditions.

In standard culture methods cells are taken out of their physiological environment and grown on the plastic surface of a dish. To study the behavior of primary human bone marrow cells we created a 3-D culture system where cells are grown under conditions recapitulating the native microenvironment of the tissue.

차 사람 골수 및 악성 종양을 연구하는 세 가지 차원 조직 배양 모델

Tissue culture has been an invaluable tool to study many aspects of cell function, from normal development to disease. Conventional cell culture methods ...

A Mouse Tumor Model of Surgical Stress to Explore the Mechanisms of Postoperative Immunosuppression and Evaluate Novel Perioperative Immunotherapies

Surgical resection is an essential treatment for most cancer patients, but surgery induces dysfunction in the immune system and this has been linked to the development of metastatic disease in animal models and in cancer patients. Preclinical work from our group and others has demonstrated a profound suppression of innate immune function, specifically NK cells in the postoperative period and this plays a major role in the enhanced development of metastases following surgery. Relatively few animal studies and clinical trials have focused on characterizing and reversing the detrimental effects of cancer surgery. Using a rigorous animal model of spontaneously metastasizing tumors and surgical stress, the enhancement of cancer surgery on the development of lung metastases was demonstrated. In this model, 4T1 breast cancer cells are implanted in the mouse mammary fat pad. At day 14 post tumor implantation, a complete resection of the primary mammary tumor is performed in all animals. A subset of animals receives additional surgical stress in the form of an abdominal nephrectomy. At day 28, lung tumor nodules are quantified. When immunotherapy was given immediately preoperatively, a profound activation of immune cells which prevented the development of metastases following surgery was detected. While the 4T1 breast tumor surgery model allows for the simulation of the effects of abdominal surgical stress on tumor metastases, its applicability to other tumor types needs to be tested. The current challenge is to identify safe and promising immunotherapies in preclinical mouse models and to translate them into viable perioperative therapies to be given to cancer surgery patients to prevent the recurrence of metastatic disease.

A mouse tumor model of surgical stress is used to explore how postoperative immune suppression promotes metastatic disease and to evaluate immunostimulatory perioperative therapies.

수술 후 면역 억제의 메커니즘을 탐색 소설 수술 전후 면역 요법을 평가하기 위해 수술 스트레스의 마우스 종양 모델

Surgical resection is an essential treatment for most cancer patients, but surgery induces dysfunction in the immune system and this has been linked to ...

Three Dimensional Cultures: A Tool To Study Normal Acinar Architecture vs. Malignant Transformation Of Breast Cells

Invasive breast carcinomas are a group of malignant epithelial tumors characterized by the invasion of adjacent tissues and propensity to metastasize. The interplay of signals between cancer cells and their microenvironment exerts a powerful influence on breast cancer growth and biological behavior1. However, most of these signals from the extracellular matrix are lost or their relevance is understudied when cells are grown in two dimensional culture (2D) as a monolayer. In recent years, three dimensional (3D) culture on a reconstituted basement membrane has emerged as a method of choice to recapitulate the tissue architecture of benign and malignant breast cells. Cells grown in 3D retain the important cues from the extracellular matrix and provide a physiologically relevant ex&#160;vivo system2,3. Of note, there is growing evidence suggesting that cells behave differently when grown in 3D as compared to 2D4. 3D culture can be effectively used as a means to differentiate the malignant phenotype from the benign breast phenotype and for underpinning the cellular and molecular signaling involved3. One of the distinguishing characteristics of benign epithelial cells is that they are polarized so that the apical cytoplasm is towards the lumen and the basal cytoplasm rests on the basement membrane. This apico-basal polarity is lost in invasive breast carcinomas, which are characterized by cellular disorganization and formation of anastomosing and branching tubules that haphazardly infiltrates the surrounding stroma. These histopathological differences between benign gland and invasive carcinoma can be reproduced in 3D6,7. Using the appropriate read-outs like the quantitation of single round acinar structures, or differential expression of validated molecular markers for cell proliferation, polarity and apoptosis in combination with other molecular and cell biology techniques, 3D culture can provide an important tool to better understand the cellular changes during malignant transformation and for delineating the responsible signaling.

Three dimensional culture of mammary epithelial cells on a reconstituted basement membrane is a useful method to recapitulate the in vivo architecture of the benign breast, and to differentiate the malignant phenotype from the benign breast phenotype. Importantly, this system can be applied to study invasive carcinomas in other tissues.

세 가지 차원 문화 : 유방 세포의 악성 변형 대 일반 선포 건축을 연구하는 도구

Invasive breast carcinomas are a group of malignant epithelial tumors characterized by the invasion of adjacent tissues and propensity to metastasize. The ...

Quantification of Breast Cancer Cell Invasiveness Using a Three-dimensional (3D) Model

It is now well known that the cellular and tissue microenvironment are critical regulators influencing tumor initiation and progression. Moreover, the extracellular matrix (ECM) has been demonstrated to be a critical regulator of cell behavior in culture and homeostasis in vivo. The current approach of culturing cells on two-dimensional (2D), plastic surfaces results in the disturbance and loss of complex interactions between cells and their microenvironment. Through the use of three-dimensional (3D) culture assays, the conditions for cell-microenvironment interaction are established resembling the in vivo microenvironment. This article provides a detailed methodology to grow breast cancer cells in a 3D basement membrane protein matrix, exemplifying the potential of 3D culture in the assessment of cell invasion into the surrounding environment. In addition, we discuss how these 3D assays have the potential to examine the loss of signaling molecules that regulate epithelial morphology by immunostaining procedures. These studies aid to identify important mechanistic details into the processes regulating invasion, required for the spread of breast cancer.

Quantification of Breast Cancer Cell Invasiveness Using a Three-dimensional 3D Model

This article provides detailed methodologies for the use of three-dimensional (3D) assays to quantify breast cancer cell invasion. Specifically, we discuss the procedures required to set up such assays, quantification, and data analysis, as well as methods to examine the loss of membrane integrity that occurs when cells invade.

3 차원 (3D) 모델을 사용하여 유방암 세포 침윤의 정량화

It is now well known that the cellular and tissue microenvironment are critical regulators influencing tumor initiation and progression. Moreover, the ...

Three-dimensional Co-culture Model for Tumor-stromal Interaction

Cancer progression (initiation, growth, invasion and metastasis) occurs through interactions between malignant cells and the surrounding tumor stromal cells. The tumor microenvironment is comprised of a variety of cell types, such as fibroblasts, immune cells, vascular endothelial cells, pericytes and bone-marrow-derived cells, embedded in the extracellular matrix (ECM). Cancer-associated fibroblasts (CAFs) have a pro-tumorigenic role through the secretion of soluble factors, angiogenesis and ECM remodeling. The experimental models for cancer cell survival, proliferation, migration, and invasion have mostly relied on two-dimensional monocellular and monolayer tissue cultures or Boyden chamber assays. However, these experiments do not precisely reflect the physiological or pathological conditions in a diseased organ. To gain a better understanding of tumor stromal or tumor matrix interactions, multicellular and three-dimensional cultures provide more powerful tools for investigating intercellular communication and ECM-dependent modulation of cancer cell behavior. As a platform for this type of study, we present an experimental model in which cancer cells are cultured on collagen gels embedded with primary cultures of CAFs.

Here we present a protocol to co-culture in three-dimensions, which is useful for investigating multicellular interactions and extracellular matrix-dependent modulation of cancer cell behavior. In this experimental model, cancer cells are cultured on collagen gels embedded with human cancer-associated fibroblasts.

종양 기질 상호 작용에 대한 세 가지 차원의 공동 문화 모델

Cancer progression (initiation, growth, invasion and metastasis) occurs through interactions between malignant cells and the surrounding tumor stromal ...

Mammosphere Formation Assay from Human Breast Cancer Tissues and Cell Lines

Similar to healthy tissues, many blood and solid malignancies are now thought to be organised hierarchically, with a subset of stem-like cancer cells that self-renew while giving rise to more differentiated progeny. Understanding and targeting these cancer stem cells in breast cancer, which may possess enhanced chemo- and radio-resistance compared to the non-stem tumor bulk, has become an important research area. Markers including CD44, CD24, and ALDH activity can be assessed using fluorescence activated cell sorting (FACS) to prospectively isolate cells that display enhanced tumorigenicity when implanted into immunocompromised mice: the mammosphere assay has also become widely used for its ability to retrospectively identify sphere-forming cells that develop from single stem cell-like clones. Here we outline approaches for the appropriate culturing of mammospheres from cell lines or primary patient samples, their passaging, and calculations to estimate sphere forming efficiency (SFE). First we discuss key considerations and pitfalls in the appropriate planning and interpretation of mammosphere experiments.

Floating mammosphere assays can investigate the subset of stem-like breast cancer cells that survive in suspension conditions and show enhanced tumorigenesis when implanted into mice. This protocol provides a convenient in vitro measure of sphere-forming ability, a proxy for in vivo tumorigenesis, while facilitating analysis of the stem-associated transcriptional landscape.

인간 유방암 조직과 세포주에서 Mammosphere 형성 분석

Similar to healthy tissues, many blood and solid malignancies are now thought to be organised hierarchically, with a subset of stem-like cancer cells that ...

Three-Dimensional (3D) Tumor Spheroid Invasion Assay

Invasion of surrounding normal tissues is generally considered to be a key hallmark of malignant (as opposed to benign) tumors. For some cancers in particular (e.g., brain tumors such as glioblastoma multiforme and squamous cell carcinoma of the head and neck &#8211; SCCHN) it is a cause of severe morbidity and can be life-threatening even in the absence of distant metastases. In addition, cancers which have relapsed following treatment unfortunately often present with a more aggressive phenotype. Therefore, there is an opportunity to target the process of invasion to provide novel therapies that could be complementary to standard anti-proliferative agents. Until now, this strategy has been hampered by the lack of robust, reproducible assays suitable for a detailed analysis of invasion and for drug screening. Here we provide a simple micro-plate method (based on uniform, self-assembling 3D tumor spheroids) which has great potential for such studies. We exemplify the assay platform using a human glioblastoma cell line and also an SCCHN model where the development of resistance against targeted epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) inhibitors is associated with enhanced matrix-invasive potential. We also provide two alternative methods of semi-automated quantification: one using an imaging cytometer and a second which simply requires standard microscopy and image capture with digital image analysis.

Three-Dimensional 3D Tumor Spheroid Invasion Assay

Invasion of surrounding normal tissues is a defining characteristic of malignant tumors. We provide here a simple, semi-automated micro-plate assay of invasion into a natural 3D biomatrix that has been exemplified with a number of models of advanced human cancers.

3 차원 (3D) 종양 회전 타원체 침공 분석

Invasion of surrounding normal tissues is generally considered to be a key hallmark of malignant (as opposed to benign) tumors. For some cancers in ...