우리는 촬영에 그들의 도움을, 조지 자비스, 마사 복, 그리고 베티 Hecox - 레아, 해양 생물 연구소에 감사하고 있습니다.

미디어의 1. 준비 참고 : 사용에게 염분 16.5 PPT (PSU)의 반 희석 Brujewicz 인공 해수를. 다른 인공 seawaters도 자주 문화 Brachionus의 로티퍼 (25), (26)에 사용된다. <ol><li> 454 mM의 염화나트륨을 추가, 26 밀리미터의 MgCl 2, 27 mM의 황산, 10 밀리미터의 KCl, 증류수 10 mM의 CaCl2를 4.5 L은 (최종 부피 5 L 될 것입니다). 또한, 탈 희석 물 대신에 증류수를 사용합니다. 다른 모든 염을 용해 후 CaCl2를 추가합니다. </li><li> 0.48 M의 NaHCO3 원액 (200 배 농도)를 준비합니다. 상기 용액에 25 ML을 추가합니다. NaHCO3을 최종 농도가 2.4 mm이다. </li><li> 0.4 M NaBr은 원액 (500 배 농도)를 준비합니다. 상기 용액에 10 ㎖를 추가합니다. NaBr은 최종 농도가 0.8 mm이다. 증류수로 5 L까지합니다. </li><li> 0.45 ㎛ 멤브레인 필터 솔루션 필터.사용하기 전에 그것을 멸균 수로 2 회 희석 (v / v)로. 참고 :이 원액으로 Brujewicz 인공 해수의 2 배 농도를 할 수있다. </li></ol> 2. 일반 문화 조건 <ol><li> 문화 실험실 제기 또는 20 및 30 °의 C 사이의 멸균 100 ㎖ 비이커에 야생 캡처 로티퍼. 높은 온도는 더 짧은 수명 가속 재생을 초래한다. 실험의 편의를 위해 25 ° C를 사용합니다. 로티퍼 밀도 또는 인공 해수의 부피는 여기에 큰 문제가되지 않습니다. </li><li> 인공 해수 (11) 문화식이 미세 조류 종. 스넬 등의 알을 참조하십시오. (2014) 자세한 내용은 11. 일반적으로, Tetraselmis의 tetrathele 사용 (~ 2 × 10 5 세포 / ㎖ 27,28), T. suecica (~ 6 × 10 5 세포 / ㎖ 25,29), 및 Nannochloropsis의 oculata (~ 7 × 10 6 세포 / ㎖ 30, 31). 다이어트 조류 때문에 (종, 문화 CONDIT이온, 생화학 적 조성물은) 상당히 모든 실험군에서 microalga 같은 많이 사용, Brachionus의 로티퍼의 생존 기간에 영향을 미친다. </li><li> 먹이 (예를 들어, 2 일마다 먹이를 매주 접종) 가끔 미디어를 변경하여 배치 문화에 로티퍼의 재고 인구를 유지합니다. 로티퍼가 최적의 상태에있을 때 많은 신생아 2-3 계란 베어링 성인 관찰 할 수있다. 참고 : 실험 로티퍼를 얻기 위해 또 다른 방법은 휴식 달걀을 부화하는 것입니다. 휴식 계란에서 부화 로티퍼 잘 동기화 된 것으로 간주, 그들의 수명은 amictic 계란 (11) 부화 로티퍼의 그것과 크게 다르지 않다된다. 그러나, 휴식 계란에서 로티퍼 이전 amictic 계란에서보다 재생을 시작합니다. 따라서,주의는 생식 특성의 측정이 필요하다. </li></ol> 사전 문화에 의해 로티퍼 3. 동기화 <ol><li> 보안 목표 명세서에서 하나의 로티퍼를 선택옥토퍼스의 인구와 문화로 실험에 사용되는 하위 집단을 설정 2.1-2.3에 설명. 2 주 동안 일반적으로 문화. </li><li> 하위 집단에서 계란 베어링 로티퍼를 수집 (실험에 사용되는 개인의 이중 번호를 수집). 단일 코호트 같은 배양을 (농도 : ~ 50 개인 / ㎖) 광고 무제한 공급하에 신선한 배지에서 2.1-2.3에서 설명한 바와 같이, 6 웰 배양 플레이트이다. 조절 된 매체가 Brachionus의 로티퍼 (32, 33)의 생식 생리에 영향을주기 때문에 인구 밀도를 제어하는 것이 중요합니다. </li><li> 새로 준비 문화 매체에 성인의 첫번째 계란에서 부화 신생아를 전송합니다. 2 ~ 3 세대에 걸쳐이 절차를 반복합니다. </li><li> 생존 시간을 측정하기위한 소정의 시간주기 (예를 들어, &lt;3 시간)에서 빗금 신생아를 사용한다. , 색인 전압 여러 가지를 사용하여 재현성을 확인 매우 희한하지만, 하나의 개인을 선택할 가능성 편견을 방지하기 위해늘어진 하위 집단. 참고 : 로티퍼는 일반적으로이 조건으로 만 무성 생식으로, 어떤 남성이 실험을 통해 존재하지 않는 확인합니다. 남성은 신생아보다 작은 일반적으로 빠른 여성보다 이동합니다. Mictic 여성은 특정 조건 (29)에서 amictic 여성 다른 수명을 가지고있다. </li></ol> 생존 시간 4. 측정 <ol><li> 플라스틱 접시에 배치 신생아 (인공 해수의 각 웰 포함 1 mL를 일반적으로 24 또는 48 웰 플레이트). </li><li> 24 시간 간격으로, 만약 높은 온도 (위 30 ° C 이상)에서 새로 제조 된 배양 배지 또는 12 시간 간격으로 로티퍼를 전송합니다. 자손의 수를 기록하고 각 개인은 죽은이나 살아 있는지 여부. 코로나의 섬모 운동이 완전히 정지했을 때 죽은로 로티퍼를 기록합니다. 참고 피퍼 종종 웰의 측벽에 부착. 물을 부드러운 피펫 그들을 찾는 데 도움이됩니다. 로티퍼를 찾을 또는 아칸소되지 않은 경우전자는 실수로 &quot;검열​​&quot;라고하지 &quot;죽은&quot;로, 그들을 기록, 피펫에 의해 손상. </li><li> 실험 로티퍼 적극적으로 재생 될 때 신생아를 제거합니다. 신생아 빠르게 성장하고 실험 피퍼 구별 때때로 어렵다. </li></ol> 5. 데이터 분석 <ol><li> 카플란 - 마이어 생존 곡선 (도 1 및 2)를 X 축, Y 축 및 시간을 누적 생존율을 플로팅하여 만들기. 이 생존 데이터의 일반적인 표현이다. 생존 시간 (34)의 통계 비교 (또한 벽난로 - 콕스 테스트라고도 함) 비모수 로그 순위 테스트를 사용합니다. 로그 순위 테스트는 또한 JMP와 R. 같은 다른 표준 통계 패키지에 포함되어 있습니다 주 : 정규 분포는 일반적으로 생존 데이터 (35)에 의해 충족되지 않기 때문에 학생의 t- 테스트 또는 파라 메트릭 다중 비교 다음 분산 (ANOVA) 분석을 사용하지 마십시오. 또한, 이러한 운전 방식DS는 계정에 검열 개인을하지 않습니다. 더 검열 데이터가없는 경우 맨 - 휘트니 U 시험을 이용할 수있다. </li></ol>

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<li>Kaneko, G., Kinoshita, S., Yoshinaga, T., Tsukamoto, K., Watabe, S. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed?term=((Changes+in+expression+patterns+of+stress+protein+genes+during+population+growth+of+the+rotifer+Brachionus+plicatilis%5BTitle%5D)+AND+%22Fish.+Sci%22%5BJournal%5D)">Changes in expression patterns of stress protein genes during population growth of the rotifer Brachionus plicatilis.</a> Fish. Sci. 68 (6), 1317-1323 (2002).</li>
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<li>Bouliotis, G., Billingham, L. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed?term=((Crossing+survival+curves%3A+alternatives+to+the+log-rank+test%5BTitle%5D)+AND+%22Trials%22%5BJournal%5D)">Crossing survival curves: alternatives to the log-rank test.</a> Trials. 12, Suppl 1. A137(2011).</li>
<li>Yang, J., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed?term=((Changes+in+expression+of+manganese+superoxide+dismutase%2C+copper+and+zinc+superoxide+dismutase+and+catalase+in+Brachionus+calyciflorus+during+the+aging+process%5BTitle%5D)+AND+%22PloS+ONE%22%5BJournal%5D)">Changes in expression of manganese superoxide dismutase, copper and zinc superoxide dismutase and catalase in Brachionus calyciflorus during the aging process.</a> PloS ONE. 8 (2), e57186(2013).</li>
<li>Snell, T. W., Johnston, R. K., Rabeneck, B., Zipperer, C., Teat, S. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed?term=((Joint+inhibition+of+TOR+and+JNK+pathways+interacts+to+extend+the+lifespan+of+Brachionus+manjavacas+%28Rotifera%29%5BTitle%5D)+AND+%22Exp.+Gerontol%22%5BJournal%5D)">Joint inhibition of TOR and JNK pathways interacts to extend the lifespan of Brachionus manjavacas (Rotifera).</a> Exp. Gerontol. 52, 55-69 (2014).</li>
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The authors have nothing to disclose.

현재의 프로토콜 Brachionus 피퍼의 생존 시간을 측정하는 방법을 설명한다. 중요한 단계는 여러 세대에 걸쳐 로티퍼 상태의 동기화이다. 실험 피퍼 잘 동기화되면 여러 선행 연구 18,24,37,38에보고 된 일반적인 유형 I 생존 곡선은 거의 조기 사망이 관찰된다. 생존 시간의 표준 편차 따라서 높은 통계 전력의 결과로 가난하게 동기화 로티퍼에 비해 작아진다. 동기화는 또한 생존 시간 측정의 재현성을 향상 할 것으로 예상된다 - 엄마 최적 조건에서 배양되므로, 현재 프로토콜 모체 세대의 가능한 해로운 효과를 상쇄. 조기 사망률이 여전히 조심 동기화 후 관찰되는 경우, 새로 준비 문화 미디어 사용을 고려, 즉 먹이 조류, 또는 새로 설립 된 실험 집단의 다른 많은 (,) 프로토콜 3.1에서 시작합니다. 이 프로토콜의 제한은 잘 동기화 로티퍼 잠재적 통해 문자를 구분한다는 것입니다. 예를 들어, 수명을 연장 화학 물질의 심사에 따라,이 프로토콜에 의해 상영 일부 화학 물질은 제대로 동기화 로티퍼의 수명에 심각한 영향을 감지하지 못할 수 있습니다 (예를 들어, 야생 및 배치 배양 인구에서 개인). 따라서, 이러한 실험 결과는 신중하게 해석되어야한다. 자손의 생존 기간에 산모의 나이의 효과는 과일 파리 초파리 melanogaster의 및 Caenorhabditis 엘레은 39, 40 엘레 간스 선충을 포함한 다른 무척추 동물 모델에서보고되었다. 더 시간 소모적이 장수 모델이지만 이들 동물이 생존 시간의 측정 실험에서의 변화를 감소시키기 위해 여러 세대에 걸쳐 동기화 절차에 유용하다.

로티퍼는 문 Rotifera 1을 구성하는 미세한 국제 동물 플랑크톤 (&lt;1mm)입니다. 이들은 약 1000 체세포과 특성 차륜 형 섬모 장치 이루어지는 간단한 신체 운동 계획 및 공급을 위해 사용되는 코로나라고있다. 대부분의 로티퍼는 약 1,600과 500 종 각각 2를 포함하는 클래스 단 소강 또는 질 형목에 속한다. bdelloid 로티퍼가 의무 처녀 생식 (3)에 의해 재생하는 동안 단 소강 로티퍼는 일반적으로 모두 성적과 무성 생식 단계 (순환 처녀 생식)가 있습니다. 이 실험에서 높은 재현성을 보장 전적으로 동일한 로티퍼 개인을 얻는 것이 가능하다. 또한, 그들은 짧은 수명, 배양 용이성, 게놈과 transcriptomic 4-7 시퀀스 데이터의 가용성, 및로부터 떨어진 독특한 계통 위치로서 모델 생물 여러 다른 장점을 가지고rthropods 및 선충 8. 로티퍼 따라서 생태 학적, 독성의 무척추 동물 모델을 약속하고, 연구 9-12 노화된다. 환경 스트레스 또는 화학 물질에 노출 하에서 생존 시간이 13-19 연구 분야에서 자주 측정 된 파라미터이다. 이 어머니의 환경 조건에 민감하기 때문에 피퍼의 생존 시간을 측정하는 경우에는주의가 필요하다. 즉, 단 소강 로티퍼 Brachionus의 manjavacas에 세 어머니에서 여성 자손은 젊은 산모에서보다 짧은 수명을 가지고, 그러나 산모의 칼로리 제한 (CR)은 부분적으로 고급 산모의 나이 (20)의 해로운 효과를 상쇄. B.에서 plicatilis, 산모 CR은 자손의 수명, 기아에서 오래 생존 기간 및 항산화 효소 (21, 22)의 강화 된 표현과 관련된 높은 산화 스트레스 저항을 제공한다. 임산부 연령 효과또한 bdelloid 로티퍼 (23)에서 관찰되었다. 따라서, 실험 로티퍼의 조건을주의 깊게 생존 시간을 측정하기 전에 몇 세대에 걸쳐 동기화되어야합니다. 여기에서 우리는 여러 세대에 걸쳐 배양 조건의 동기화 다음 Brachionus의 로티퍼의 생존 시간의 측정을위한 프로토콜을 제공합니다. 간헐적 단식 (IF), 피퍼 주기적으로 공급되는 CR의 변형은 22, 24에 의한 장수 IF의 잘 알려진 효과 동기화의 효과를 나타 내기 위해 적용 하였다.

<table><tbody><tr><td>Sodium chloride</td><td>Wako</td><td>190-13921</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Magnesium chloride</td><td>Wako</td><td>136-03995</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Magnesium sulfate</td><td>Wako</td><td>131-00427</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Potassium chloride</td><td>Wako</td><td>168-22111</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Calcium chloride</td><td>Wako</td><td>035-00455</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Sodium bicarbonate</td><td>Wako</td><td>199-05985</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Sodium bromide</td><td>Wako</td><td>190-01515</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Membrane filter (0.45 &amp;micro;m pore size)</td><td>Millipore</td><td>HAWP04700</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Culture plate, 6-well, non-treated</td><td>Thomas Scientific</td><td>6902D01</td><td>Flat bottom</td></tr><tr><td>Culture plate, 48-well, non-treated</td><td>Thomas Scientific</td><td>6902D07</td><td>Flat bottom</td></tr><tr><td>Tetraselmis, Living</td><td>Carolina Biological Supply Company</td><td>152610</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>PRISM 6</td><td>GraphPad Software</td><td>Version 6.0d</td><td></td></tr></tbody></table>

measurement of survival time in brachionus rotifers: synchronization of maternal conditions

Rotifers are microscopic cosmopolitan zooplankton used as models in ecotoxicological and aging studies due to their several advantages such as short lifespan, ease of culture, and parthenogenesis that enables clonal culture. However, caution is required when measuring their survival time as it is affected by maternal age and maternal feeding conditions. Here we provide a protocol for powerful and reproducible measurement of the survival time in Brachionus rotifers following a careful synchronization of culture conditions over several generations. Empirically, poor synchronization results in early mortality and a gradual decrease in survival rate, thus resulting in weak statistical power. Indeed, under such conditions, calorie restriction (CR) failed to significantly extend the lifespan of B. plicatilis although CR-induced longevity has been demonstrated with well-synchronized rotifer samples in past and present studies. This protocol is probably useful for other invertebrate models, including the fruitfly Drosophila melanogaster and the nematode Caenorhabditis elegans, because maternal age effects have also been reported in these species.

그림 1은 제대로 동기화 인구 (두 개의 복제 만점)의 대표적인 생존 곡선을 보여줍니다. 이 실험에서, 로티퍼이었다 중 공급 일상 [광고 무제한 (AL) 그룹] 또는 (그룹 IF) 매일. 평균 생존 기간은 각각 그룹화 AL 및 IF (13) 18 일이었다. 이를 잘 IF는 로티퍼의 수명을 연장하는 것이 알려져 있지만,이 실험은 AL 및 그룹 IF 수명 사이의 유의 한 차이를 검출하지 못했다. 경험적 조기 사망률과 생존율의 점진적인 감소가 불충분 동기화 결과는이 실험에서 관찰했다. 하위 집단에 대한 부적절한 처리 또는 낮은 수질로 인한 로티퍼 손상과 유사한 결과를 얻을하는 경향이있다. 로티퍼 조건이 최적 잘 동기화되면, 조기 사망은 거의 관찰되지 및 accordin된다의 Gly 로티퍼 실험 (그림 2)의 나중 단계에서 동기화 된 방식으로 죽는 경향이있다. 평균 생존 기간은 각각 그룹화 AL 및 IF (13) 20 일이었다. 적은 수의 동물이도 1의 실험보다 사용되었지만, 이들 그룹 간의 수명의 차이는 통계 학적으로 유의 하였다. 이것은 이전에 22 게시 된 개 이상 실험의 대표적인 결과입니다. <img alt="그림 1" src="/files/ftp_upload/54126/54126fig1.jpg" /> 그림 1 :.은 IF 그룹이 매일 공급 된 반면, 간헐적 단식 (IF)를 실시 제대로 동기화 개인에 대한 카플란 - 마이어 곡선은 AL 그룹은 실험을하는 동안 광고 무제한을 공급 하였다. N은 AL에 대해 11, N = 12 및 그룹 = 경우 각각 (N은 실험에 사용 된 개개의 개수를 나타낸다). 실험을 하였다 perfor의대 25 ° C에서. 로그 순위 테스트 (P = 0.1207)를 사용했을 때 수명에 유의 한 차이가 발견되지 않았다. 그러나,이 데이터는 시험 36 강력한 것으로 알려져 있지만 로그 - 랭크 시험을 두 횡단 생존 곡선을 비교하기 위해 사용되지 않아야하기 때문에 해석하는 것이 곤란하다. 확립 된 방법은 현재 검열 데이터와 생존 곡선을 교차 할 수 없습니다. <a href="https://www-jove-com.remotexs.ntu.edu.sg/files/ftp_upload/54126/54126fig1large.jpg" target="_blank">이 그림의 더 큰 버전을 보려면 여기를 클릭하십시오.</a> <img alt="그림 2" src="/files/ftp_upload/54126/54126fig2.jpg" /> 그림 2 :. IF를 실시 동기화 개인 카플란 - 마이어 곡선은 예비 배양에 의해 얻어진 로티퍼 코호트는, (매일 먹이) 같은 IF 일정을 하였다. N = 6, AL에 대한 N = 8 및 그룹 IF, 각각. 실험은 25 ℃에서 수행 하였다. 기록-순위 테스트, P = 0.0057. <a href="https://www-jove-com.remotexs.ntu.edu.sg/files/ftp_upload/54126/54126fig2large.jpg" target="_blank">이 그림의 더 큰 버전을 보려면 여기를 클릭하십시오.</a>

Watch this Scientific Journal Video about Measurement of Survival Time in Brachionus Rotifers: Synchronization of Maternal Conditions at JoVE.com

Measurement of Survival Time in Brachionus Rotifers: Synchronization of Maternal Conditions

Rotifers are microscopic zooplankton used as models in ecotoxicological and aging studies. Here we provide a protocol for powerful and reproducible measurement of survival time in Brachionus rotifers. Synchronization of culture conditions over several generations is of particular importance because maternal condition affects life history of offspring.

생존 시간의 측정에<em&gt; Brachionus</em&gt; 로티퍼 : 산모 조건의 동기화

Rotifers are microscopic cosmopolitan zooplankton used as models in ecotoxicological and aging studies due to their several advantages such as short ...

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Measurement of Survival Time in Brachionus Rotifers: Synchronization of Maternal Conditions

8.4K 조회수.  The University of Tokyo. Rotifers are microscopic zooplankton used as models in ecotoxicological and aging studies. Here we provide a protocol for powerful and reproducible measurement of survival time in Brachionus rotifers. Synchronization of culture conditions over several generations is of particular importance because maternal condition affects life history of offspring.

비디오: Measurement of Survival Time in Brachionus Rotifers: Synchronization of Maternal Conditions

The Replica Set Method: A High-throughput Approach to Quantitatively Measure Caenorhabditis elegans Lifespan

The Replica Set method is an approach to quantitatively measure lifespan or survival of Caenorhabditis elegans nematodes in a high-throughput manner, thus allowing a single investigator to screen more treatments or conditions over the same amount of time without loss of data quality. The method requires common equipment found in most laboratories working with C. elegans and is thus simple to adopt. The approach centers on assaying independent samples of a population at each observation point, rather than a single sample over time as with traditional longitudinal methods. Scoring entails adding liquid to the wells of a multi-well plate, which stimulates C. elegans to move and facilitates quantifying changes in healthspan. Other major benefits of the Replica Set method include reduced exposure of agar surfaces to airborne contaminants (e.g. mold or fungus), minimal handling of animals, and robustness to sporadic mis-scoring (such as calling an animal as dead when it is still alive). To appropriately analyze and visualize the data from a Replica Set style experiment, a custom software tool was also developed. Current capabilities of the software include plotting of survival curves for both Replica Set and traditional (Kaplan-Meier) experiments, as well as statistical analysis for Replica Set. The protocols provided here describe the traditional experimental approach and the Replica Set method, as well as an overview of the corresponding data analysis.

The Replica Set Method: A High-throughput Approach to Quantitatively Measure Caenorhabditis elegans Lifespan

Here we describe the Replica Set method, an approach to quantitatively measure C. elegans lifespan/survival and healthspan in a high-throughput and robust manner, thus allowing screening of many conditions without sacrificing data quality. This protocol details the strategy and provides a software tool for analysis of Replica Set data.

복제 설정된 방법: 양적 측정 꼬마 선 충 수명에 접근 높은 처리량

The Replica Set method is an approach to quantitatively measure lifespan or survival of Caenorhabditis elegans nematodes in a high-throughput manner, thus ...

연구

유전학

Resurrection of Dormant Daphnia magna: Protocol and Applications

Long-term studies enable the identification of eco-evolutionary processes that occur over extended time periods. In addition, they provide key empirical data that may be used in predictive modelling to forecast evolutionary responses of natural ecosystems to future environmental changes. However, excluding a few exceptional cases, long-term studies are scarce because of logistic difficulties associated with accessing temporal samples. Temporal dynamics are frequently studied in the laboratory or in controlled mesocosm experiments with exceptional studies that reconstruct the evolution of natural populations in the wild.
Here, a standard operating procedure (SOP) is provided to revive or resurrect dormant Daphnia magna, a widespread zooplankton keystone species in aquatic ecosystems, to dramatically advance the state-of-the-art longitudinal data collection in natural systems. The field of Resurrection Ecology was defined in 1999 by Kerfoot and co-workers, even though the first attempts at hatching diapausing zooplankton eggs date back to the late 1980s. Since Kerfoot&#39;s seminal paper, the methodology of resurrecting zooplankton species has been increasingly frequently applied, though propagated among laboratories only via direct knowledge transfer. Here, an SOP is described that provides a step-by-step protocol on the practice of resurrecting dormant Daphnia magna eggs.
Two key studies are provided in which the fitness response of resurrected Daphnia magna populations to warming is measured, capitalizing on the ability to study historical and modern populations in the same settings. Finally, the application of next generation sequencing technologies to revived or still dormant stages is discussed. These technologies provide unprecedented power in dissecting the processes and mechanisms of evolution if applied to populations that have experienced changes in selection pressure over time.

Resurrection of Dormant Daphnia magna: Protocol and Applications

Long-term studies are essential to understanding the process of evolution and the mechanisms of adaptation. Generally, these studies require commitments beyond the life-time of researchers. Here, a powerful method is described that dramatically advances state-of-the-art data collection to generate longitudinal data in natural systems.

부활의 휴면 벼룩 마그나: 프로토콜 및 응용 프로그램

Long-term studies enable the identification of eco-evolutionary processes that occur over extended time periods. In addition, they provide key empirical ...

환경과학

Measuring Replicative Life Span in the Budding Yeast

Aging is a degenerative process characterized by a progressive deterioration of cellular components and organelles resulting in mortality. The budding yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae has been used extensively to study the biology of aging, and several determinants of yeast longevity have been shown to be conserved in multicellular eukaryotes, including worms, flies, and mice 1. Due to the lack of easily quantified age-associated phenotypes, aging in yeast has been assayed almost exclusively by measuring the life span of cells in different contexts, with two different life span paradigms in common usage 2. Chronological life span refers to the length of time that a mother cell can survive in a non-dividing, quiescence-like state, and is proposed to serve as a model for aging of post-mitotic cells in multicellular eukaryotes. Replicative life span, in contrast, refers the number of daughter cells produced by a mother cell prior to senescence, and is thought to provide a model of aging in mitotically active cells. Here we present a generalized protocol for measuring the replicative life span of budding yeast mother cells. The goal of the replicative life span assay is to determine how many times each mother cell buds. The mother and daughter cells can be easily differentiated by an experienced researcher using a standard light microscope (total magnification 160X), such as the Zeiss Axioscope 40 or another comparable model. Physical separation of daughter cells from mother cells is achieved using a manual micromanipulator equipped with a fiber-optic needle. Typical laboratory yeast strains produce 20-30 daughter cells per mother and one life span experiment requires 2-3 weeks.

In this article we present a general protocol for measuring the replicative life span of yeast mother cells.

버딩 효모에 Replicative 수명 측정

Aging is a degenerative process characterized by a progressive deterioration of cellular components and organelles resulting in mortality. The budding ...

생물학

Surveying Low-Cost Methods to Measure Lifespan and Healthspan in Caenorhabditis elegans

The discovery and development of Caenorhabditis elegans as a model organism was influential in biology, particularly in the field of aging. Many historical and contemporary studies have identified thousands of lifespan-altering paradigms, including genetic mutations, transgenic gene expression, and hormesis, a beneficial, low-grade exposure to stress. With its many advantages, including a short lifespan, easy and low-cost maintenance, and fully sequenced genome with homology to almost two-thirds of all human genes, C. elegans has quickly been adopted as an outstanding model for stress and aging biology. Here, several standardized methods are surveyed for measuring lifespan and healthspan that can be easily adapted into almost any research environment, especially those with limited equipment and funds. The incredible utility of C. elegans is featured, highlighting the capacity to perform powerful genetic analyses in aging biology without the necessity of extensive infrastructure. Finally, the limitations of each analysis and alternative approaches are discussed for consideration.

Surveying Low-Cost Methods to Measure Lifespan and Healthspan in Caenorhabditis elegans

Caenorhabditis elegans serve as an excellent model system with robust and low-cost methods for surveying healthspan, lifespan, and resilience to stress.

Caenorhabditis elegans의 수명과 건강 상태를 측정하기위한 저비용 방법 조사

The discovery and development of Caenorhabditis elegans as a model organism was influential in biology, particularly in the field of aging. Many ...

Measuring Embryonic Viability and Brood Size in Caenorhabditis elegans

Caenorhabditis elegans is an excellent model organism for the study of meiosis, fertilization, and embryonic development. C. elegans exist as self-fertilizing hermaphrodites, which produce large broods of progeny-when males are present, they can produce even larger broods of cross progeny. Errors in meiosis, fertilization, and embryogenesis can be rapidly assessed as phenotypes of sterility, reduced fertility, or embryonic lethality. This article describes a method to determine embryonic viability and brood size in C. elegans. We demonstrate how to set up this assay by picking a worm onto an individual Modified Youngren's, Only Bacto-peptone (MYOB) plate, establish the appropriate timeframe to count viable progeny and non-viable embryos, and explain how to accurately count live worm specimens. This technique can be used to determine viability in self-fertilizing hermaphrodites as well as cross-fertilization by mating pairs. These relatively simple experiments are easily adoptable for new researchers, such as undergraduate students and first-year graduate students.

Measuring Embryonic Viability and Brood Size in Caenorhabditis elegans

Here, we present a general method to determine the embryonic viability and total number of embryos produced (brood) using the model organism C. elegans.

Caenorhabditis elegans의 배아 생존력 및 무리 크기 측정

Caenorhabditis elegans is an excellent model organism for the study of meiosis, fertilization, and embryonic development. C. elegans exist as ...

Measurement of Lifespan in Drosophila melanogaster

Aging is a phenomenon that results in steady physiological deterioration in nearly all organisms in which it has been examined, leading to reduced physical performance and increased risk of disease. Individual aging is manifest at the population level as an increase in age-dependent mortality, which is often measured in the laboratory by observing lifespan in large cohorts of age-matched individuals. Experiments that seek to quantify the extent to which genetic or environmental manipulations impact lifespan in simple model organisms have been remarkably successful for understanding the aspects of aging that are conserved across taxa and for inspiring new strategies for extending lifespan and preventing age-associated disease in mammals.
The vinegar fly, Drosophila melanogaster, is an attractive model organism for studying the mechanisms of aging due to its relatively short lifespan, convenient husbandry, and facile genetics. However, demographic measures of aging, including age-specific survival and mortality, are extraordinarily susceptible to even minor variations in experimental design and environment, and the maintenance of strict laboratory practices for the duration of aging experiments is required. These considerations, together with the need to practice careful control of genetic background, are essential for generating robust measurements. Indeed, there are many notable controversies surrounding inference from longevity experiments in yeast, worms, flies and mice that have been traced to environmental or genetic artifacts1-4. In this protocol, we describe a set of procedures that have been optimized over many years of measuring longevity in Drosophila using laboratory vials. We also describe the use of the dLife software, which was developed by our laboratory and is available for download (<a href="http://sitemaker.umich.edu/pletcherlab/software">http://sitemaker.umich.edu/pletcherlab/software</a>). dLife accelerates throughput and promotes good practices by incorporating optimal experimental design, simplifying fly handling and data collection, and standardizing data analysis. We will also discuss the many potential pitfalls in the design, collection, and interpretation of lifespan data, and we provide steps to avoid these dangers.

Measurement of Lifespan in Drosophila melanogaster

Drosophila melanogaster is a powerful model organism for exploring the molecular basis of longevity regulation. This protocol will discuss the steps involved in generating a reproducible, population-based measurement of longevity as well as potential pitfalls and how to avoid them.

의 수명 측정<em&gt; Drosophila melanogaster</em

Aging is a phenomenon that results in steady physiological deterioration in nearly all organisms in which it has been examined, leading to reduced ...

Observation and Quantification of Mating Behavior in the Pinewood Nematode, Bursaphelenchus xylophilus

A method for observing and quantifying the mating behavior of the pinewood nematode, Bursaphelenchus xylophilus, was established under a stereomicroscope. To improve the mating efficiency of B. Xylophilus and to increase the chances of mating observation, virgin adults were cultured and used for the investigation. Eggs were obtained by keeping the nematodes in water and allowing the females to lay eggs for 10 min. The second-stage juveniles (J2) were synchronized by incubating the eggs for 24 h at 25 &#176;C in the dark, and the early J4 were obtained by culturing the J2 with grey mold, Botrytis cinerea, for another 52 h. At this time point, most J4 nematodes could be clearly distinguished as being male or female using their genital morphology. The male and female J4 were collected and cultured separately in two different Petri dishes for 24 h to get virgin adult nematodes. A virgin male and a virgin female were paired in a drop of water in the well of a concave slide. The mating behavior was filmed with a video recorder under a stereomicroscope. The whole period of the mating process was 82.8 &#177;3.91 min (mean &#177;SE) and could be divided into 4 different phases: searching, contacting, copulating, and lingering. The mean minutes of duration were 21.8 &#177; 2.0, 28.0 &#177; 1.9, 25.8 &#177; 0.7 and 7.2 &#177; 0.5, respectively. Eleven sub-behaviors were described: cruising, approaching, encountering, touching, hooping, locating, attaching, ejaculating, separating, quiescence, and roaming. Interestingly, obvious intra-sexual competition was observed when one female was grouped with 3 males or one male with 3 females. This protocol is useful and valuable, not only in investigating the mating behavior of B. xylophilus, but also in acting as a reference for ethological studies of other nematodes.

Observation and Quantification of Mating Behavior in the Pinewood Nematode, Bursaphelenchus xylophilus

A protocol for investigating the mating behavior of the pinewood nematode, Bursaphelenchus xylophilus, is presented. Behavioral features of B. xylophilus are described in the mating process.

파인 우드 선충의 관측 및 짝짓기 행동의 정량화,<em&gt; 소나무 재선충</em

A method for observing and quantifying the mating behavior of the pinewood nematode, Bursaphelenchus xylophilus, was established under a stereomicroscope. ...

Measurement of Oxygen Consumption Rates in Intact Caenorhabditis elegans

Optimal mitochondrial function is critical for healthy cellular activity, particularly in cells that have high energy demands like those in the nervous system and muscle. Consistent with this, mitochondrial dysfunction has been associated with a myriad of neurodegenerative diseases and aging in general. Caenorhabditis elegans have been a powerful model system for elucidating the many intricacies of mitochondrial function. Mitochondrial respiration is a strong indicator of mitochondrial function and recently developed respirometers offer a state-of-the-art platform to measure respiration in cells. In this protocol, we provide a technique to analyze live, intact C. elegans. This protocol spans a period of ~7 days and includes steps for (1) growing and synchronization of C. elegans, (2) preparation&#160;of compounds to be injected and hydration of probes, (3) drug loading and cartridge equilibration, (4) preparation of worm assay plate and assay run, and (5) post-experiment data analysis.

Measurement of Oxygen Consumption Rates in Intact Caenorhabditis elegans

Mitochondrial respiration is critical for organismal survival; therefore, oxygen consumption rate is an excellent indicator of mitochondrial health. In this protocol, we describe the use of a commercially available respirometer to measure basal and maximal oxygen consumption rates in live, intact, and freely-motile Caenorhabditis elegans.

그대로 꼬마 선 충 에 산소 소비 속도의 측정

Optimal mitochondrial function is critical for healthy cellular activity, particularly in cells that have high energy demands like those in the nervous ...

Measurements of Physiological Stress Responses in C. Elegans

Organisms are often exposed to fluctuating environments and changes in intracellular homeostasis, which can have detrimental effects on their proteome and physiology. Thus, organisms have evolved targeted and specific stress responses dedicated to repair damage and maintain homeostasis. These mechanisms include the unfolded protein response of the endoplasmic reticulum (UPRER), the unfolded protein response of the mitochondria (UPRMT), the heat shock response (HSR), and the oxidative stress response (OxSR). The protocols presented here describe methods to detect and characterize the activation of these pathways and their physiological consequences in the nematode, C. elegans. First, the use of pathway-specific fluorescent transcriptional reporters is described for rapid cellular characterization, drug screening, or large-scale genetic screening (e.g., RNAi or mutant libraries). In addition, complementary, robust physiological assays are described, which can be used to directly assess sensitivity of animals to specific stressors, serving as functional validation of the transcriptional reporters. Together, these methods allow for rapid characterization of the cellular and physiological effects of internal and external proteotoxic perturbations.

Measurements of Physiological Stress Responses in C. Elegans

Here, we characterize cellular proteotoxic stress responses in the nematode C. elegans by measuring the activation of fluorescent transcriptional reporters and assaying sensitivity to physiological stress.

C. Elegans의 생리적 스트레스 반응 측정

Organisms are often exposed to fluctuating environments and changes in intracellular homeostasis, which can have detrimental effects on their proteome and ...

Nematode Synchronization: A Method to Obtain Populations of Worms in Identical Stages of Development

Source: Sarasija, S. and Norman, K. R. <a href="https://www-jove-com.remotexs.ntu.edu.sg/video/59277/measurement-oxygen-consumption-rates-intact-caenorhabditis">Measurement of Oxygen Consumption Rates in Intact&#160;Caenorhabditis elegans</a>.&#160;J. Vis. Exp. (2019).
In this video, we show a method of producing a developmentally synchronized population of sterile adult C. elegans. The example protocol synchronizes worms to study oxygen consumption rates in live animals.

선충 동기화(Nematode Synchronization): 동일한 발달 단계에 있는 벌레 개체군을 얻는 방법

Source: Sarasija, S. and Norman, K. R. Measurement of Oxygen Consumption Rates in Intact&#160;Caenorhabditis elegans.&#160;J. Vis. Exp. (2019).
In this ...

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