이 작품은 CPRIT 부여 (RP140021-P5)과 줄리아 존스 매튜스 암 연구 학자 CPRIT 연구 훈련 상 (RP140106, CMW)에 의해 지원되었다.

참고 : (팬텀 설계) 두 3 ㎖ 챔버 Ultem의에서 가공 및 사출 및 배기 용 PEEK 튜브 (1.5875 mm 외경과 0.762 mm의 ID)를 장착 하였다. 챔버 물 (그림 1) 가득 50 ML의 원심 분리 관에 넣었다. 거품에 의해 생성 된 신호 공극을 방지하기 위해, 챔버와 라인은 탈 이온수 (DH 2 O) 사전 충전 하였다. 1. 솔루션 준비 <ol><li> 1 L의 완충액 (81.3 mM 트리스 pH가 7.6, 203.3 밀리미터의 NaCl)를 준비한다. 아웃 11.38 g 후, Trizma 사전 결정의 pH 7.6와 11.88 g의 NaCl을 달아 DH 2 O 1 L에 용해 </li><li> 50 mM의 NADH 솔루션을 준비합니다. β - 니코틴 아마이드 아데닌 다이 뉴클레오타이드 (NADH), 감소 된 칼륨 염 17.8 밀리그램을 달아 단계에서 제조 된 완충액 280 μL에 용해. </li><li> 250 U / ml의 효소 솔루션을 준비합니다. 락 테이트 탈수소 효소 (LDH)의 활성 78.75 단위를 계량 및 S로부터 315 ㎕의 버퍼에 녹여하나를 TEP. </li><li> 피루브산 믹스를 준비합니다. 21.4 mg의 Ox063 트리 틸 라디칼을 달아 (~ 1 ㎖) [1- (13) C] 피루브산 1.26 g에 용해. </li><li> 용해 미디어를 준비합니다 (40 mM 트리스의 pH 7.6, 40 mM의 수산화 나트륨, 0.27 mM의 EDTA, 50 mM의 염화나트륨). 후, Trizma 미리 결정 산도 7.6의 5.96 g, 수산화 나트륨 1.6 g, 0.1 g 에틸렌 디아민 테트라 아세트산이 나트륨 염에 탈수 (EDTA) 및 2.9 g의 NaCl을 달아 1 L의 DH 2 O.에 용해 </li><li> 1시 10분 gadoteridol 수용액 (50 mm)를 준비한다. DH 2 O. 9 μL에 gadoteridol 1 μl를 혼합 8 M [13 C] 우레아의 제조. 1.465 (5) [13 C] 요소를 달아 3 ㎖ DH 2 O.에 용해 </li></ol> 과분극 피루브산 2. 준비 <ol><li> 동적 핵 분극 (DNP) 시스템 피펫 gadoteridol 용액 0.3 μL와 피루브산 용액을 13 mg의 (~ 10 μL)에 대한 샘플 컵. </li><li> 간단히 피펫 팁과 샘플 컵이 혼합물을 교반한다. &lt;/ 리&gt; <li> DNP 시스템에 샘플을 삽입합니다. <ol><li> DNP 시스템의 문을 확인하는 폐쇄된다. DNP 시스템 콘솔에 삽입 샘플 버튼을 클릭하여 샘플 삽입 프로세스를 시작합니다. 샘플 마법사에서 다음 정상 시료를 선택하고 Enter 키를 누릅니다. </li><li> 샘플 컵을 유지하는 것은 수직 부드럽게 샘플 컵의 맨 위에 삽입 막대를 배치합니다. 메시지가 표시되면 DNP 시스템을 열고 삽입 막대를 사용하여 변수 온도 인서트 (VTI)로 컵을 삽입합니다. </li><li> 가변 온도 인덱스 시료를 해제 검체 삽입로드의 단부에 상기 플런저 당겨. 시스템에서 샘플 삽입 막대를 제거하고 DNP 시스템 콘솔에서 다음 버튼을 클릭합니다. </li></ol></li><li> 편광를 시작합니다. <ol><li> DNP 시스템 콘솔에 시작 편광 버튼을 클릭합니다. RINMR 소프트웨어 유형 .HYPERSENSENMR에서 소프트웨어를 모니터링 편광를 시작합니다. 1 구성을 구축하고 Enter 키를 누릅니다 설정합니다. 그리고 고체 빌드를 클릭 유피. </li><li> 저장 파일의 위치와 이름을 설정합니다. DNP 시스템 콘솔에 탭 드롭 다운 13-C에 대한 프로파일을 선택하고 다음을 클릭합니다. 300 초에 축적하는 동안 설정 샘플 시간을 샘플링하고 마침을 클릭 상자를 선택합니다. </li></ol></li><li> 3.85 g을 측정 (~ 4 ml)에 용해 매체 중 5 ML의 주사기와 부피 또는 규모를 사용하여 중량. </li></ol> 효소 팬텀 3. 준비 <ol><li> ~ 3 ㎖ [13 C] 우레아 용액과 microcentrifuge 관을 입력하고 50 ㎖ 원심 분리 튜브에 넣습니다. DH 2 O.로 50 ML의 원심 분리기 튜브를 입력 </li><li> 형성하는 거품을 플러시 돌보는, 3 ㎖ DH 팬텀의 주입 라인에 2 O ~ 주입하여 두 효소 챔버와 DH 2 O와 라인을 사전 입력합니다. </li><li> 사출 라인에 쉽게 접근 할 수있는 자석의 중심에 팬텀를 놓습니다. T로 밖으로 배출됩니다 액체를 잡기 위해 약간의 용기가 있는지 확인<html> 배기 라인을 그. </li><li> 고 활성 효소 혼합물 (17.14 mM의 NADH, 44.57 U / ㎖의 LDH)를 준비합니다. 동시에 240 ㎕를 NADH 용액, 125 μL의 LDH 용액 및 335 ㎕의 완충액을 혼합하고 주입 라인에 부착 될 수있는 3 ㎖ 주사기 유지. 참고 : DNP 시스템에서 40 mM의 피루브산의 500 μL와 결합되면, 최종 팬텀 볼륨 ~ 16.7 mM의 피루브산, 10 mM의 NADH, pH를 가진 트리스 완충 용액에 26 U / L의 LDH의 농도가 1.2 ml의 것입니다 7.5. </li><li> 낮은 활성 효소 혼합물 (17.14 mM의 NADH 26.79 U / ㎖의 LDH) 함께 240 ㎕의 NADH 솔루션, 75 μL의 LDH 용액 385 μL 버퍼를 혼합하고 주입 라인에 부착 할 수있는 별도의 3 ML의 주사기에 유지를 준비합니다. 참고 : DNP 시스템에서 40 mM의 피루브산의 500 μL와 결합하면 최종 팬텀 볼륨 ~ 7.5 16.7 mM의 피루브산, 10 mM의 NADH의 농도가 1.2 ml의 pH를 가진 트리스 완충 용액에서 15.625 U / L의 LDH 될 것입니다 . </li></ol>jove_title &quot;&gt; 4. 어떤 품질 보증 (QA) 및 위치 검사를 실행 <ol><li> 초기 위치. <ol><li> 동작 모드 [1 H] TX / RX 볼륨 모드에서 새 FLASH 위치 검색을로드합니다. 2 설정 크기를 변경합니다 분광계 관리 도구 -&gt; 편집 GS -&gt; 설정 치수 -&gt; 2. 분광계 제어에 GSP와 자석의 중앙까지 팬텀 이동합니다. 분광계 제어에 다음을 눌러 STOP을 눌러 GOP. </li></ol></li><li> 파일럿 스캔. <ol><li> 동작 모드 [1 H] TX / RX 볼륨 모드에서 새 TriPiolt 위치 검색을로드합니다. 위치 조각 : 스캔 제어 -&gt; 슬라이스 도구 -가&gt; 조각을 이동 (, 슬라이스 패키지 슬라이더 이동을 선택 슬라이스 M에게 키 클릭과 드래그를 개최). </li><li> 워블 1 H 코일 : 분광계 관리 도구 -&gt; ACQ -&gt; 워블. 조정 및 자석 누릅니다 STOP 뒤에 경기 1 H 코일. 시프트 키를 눌러에게 주사 제어 창에서 신호등을 누른 상태. </li></ol></li></ol><p클래스 = &quot;jove_title&quot;&gt; 5. 레이디 얼 에코 평면 스펙트럼 이미징 스캔 설정 <ol><li> 새로운 반경 에코 평면 분광 이미징로드 (radEPSI)의 동작 모드 [13 C] TX / RX 볼륨 모드로 스캔합니다. 위치 조각 : 스캔 제어에 조각 도구와 이동 조각 (; 슬라이스 패키지 슬라이더 이동을 선택 슬라이스 M에게 키 클릭과 드래그를 개최). </li><li> 분광계 관리 도구를 클릭하여 워블 (13) C 코일 -&gt; ACQ -&gt; 워블. 분광계에 1,000-2,000에 수신기 이득을 설정합니다. </li><li> 최종 시스템 검사를 수행합니다. 순서에 따라 스카우트 프로토콜의 요소 챔버에서 탄소 13 신호를 관찰합니다. 참고 :이 시스템이 비가 역적 용해 프로세스를 시작하기 전에 제대로 설정되어 있는지 확인합니다. </li></ol> 6. 실행 해산 <ol><li> 피루 베이트는 (~ 1 시간), 솔루션과 팬텀 준비하고 스캔이 DNP 한건데에 실행 용해 버튼을 클릭하여 구성되어&gt; 90 % 편광을 달성하면콘솔 줄기. </li><li> 시는 작동 위치에 용해 스틱을 이동하고 용해 미디어를 삽입하라는 메시지가. DNP 시스템을 닫고 DNP 시스템 콘솔에 완성 된 버튼을 클릭합니다. 다음 마침을 클릭하라는 메시지가 표시되면 위치를 쉬고 다시 용해 스틱을 이동합니다. </li><li> DNP 시스템은 과분극 피루브산을 전송할 때 (~ 가열 시작 후 2 분)이 각각 높고 낮은 효소 농도의 용액을 주사기로 피루 베이트 용액 500 μl를 철회. 천천히 (~ 10 초)이 주사 라인에 각각 주입 주사기. 참고 : 스캔 전에 주입에 또는 언제든지 사용되는 검사 프로토콜에 따라 3 분 후 주입까지 시작되었을 수 있습니다. </li></ol> 7. 이미지 처리 참고 :이 팬텀 많은 이미지 전략을 사용하기 위해 설계되었습니다. 라드-EPSI 이미지가 matlab에를 사용하여 처리 된 방법의 예를 들어, 그림 2 참조하십시오. <ol><li> 버팀대 파일에서 원시 데이터를로드합니다. Resha실수 부 및 허수 쌍으로 저장된 데이터 포인트 에코 및 계정 판독 돌기의 수와 일치하는 데이터 퍼가기. 짝수와 홀수 에코 포인트를 분리합니다. </li><li> 푸리에는 에코 차원에서 짝수 또는 홀수 에코를 변환. 시각 피루브산과 젖산의 주파수 대역을 식별합니다. 단순성을 위해 스펙트럼의 절대 값을 사용 하였다. </li><li> 각 대사 밴드를 분리하고 푸리에 각 대사 산물에 대한 격리 sinograms를 얻을 수있는 주파수 인코딩 방향을 따라 변환. 역 라돈은 락 테이트 또는 피루 베이트 하나의 이미지를 생성하기 위해 별도의 sinograms 변환. </li></ol>

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S., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Detection+of+transgene+expression+using+hyperpolarized+13C+urea+and+diffusion-weighted+magnetic+resonance+spectroscopy.">Detection of transgene expression using hyperpolarized 13C urea and diffusion-weighted magnetic resonance spectroscopy.</a> Magnetic resonance in medicine : official journal of the Society of Magnetic Resonance in Medicine / Society of Magnetic Resonance in Medicine. 73, 1401-1406 (2015).</li></ol>

이 비디오 문서의 공개는 브루 커 법인에 의해 지원됩니다.

과분극 대사 산물의 실시간 영상 시퀀스 설계, 검증 및 품질 관리를위한 많은 고유 한 문제가있다. 시공간 스펙트럼 이질성을 해결하는 능력은 상당한 임상 잠재력을 제공하지만 기존의 MRI와 관련된 품질 보증 및 검증 방법을 배제한다. 복합 촬상 서열 또는 재구성 알고리즘들이 어려운 특징 또는 이미징 실험의 외측을 검증 렌더링 미묘한 종속성을 가질 수있다. 생물학적 얼룩이 다른 실질적인 ?...

13 C - 표지 화합물의 과분극 자기 공명 영상 (MRI)의 임상 효과는 실시간 자기 공명 분광법과 분광 화상 1-5 화학 전환율을 측정 할 수있는 능력에 매우 의존한다. 서열 개발 및 검증 동안 동적 화성는 일반적으로 생체 내에서 또는 제한된 제어와 재현성을 제공하는 시험 관내 모델 6-9을 통해 달성된다. 강력한 시험 및 품질 보증이 측정 발병 화성을 보존 더 제어 시스템이 바람직 할 것이다. 우리는 단일 동적 효소 팬텀을 이용하여 재생 가능한 방식으로 상기 전환을 달성하는 방법을 설명합니다. 과분극 (13) C 에이전트와 대부분의 연구가 작동하는 생물학적 환경에서 분극 기판 이미징에 초점을 맞 춥니 다. 목표는 생물학을 공부하는 경우는 명백한 선택이다알은 처리 또는 임상 치료에 미치는 영향에 대한 가능성을 결정합니다. 일부 측정 시스템 또는 데이터 처리 알고리즘의 특성이 요구되는 경우, 생물학적 모델은 고유 한 공간 및 시간 변동 (10)로서 다수의 결점을 갖는다. 그러나, 종래의 정적 팬텀 과분극 기판 MRI에서 일차 임상 적 이익을 구동 화성이 부족하고, 전환율 또는 다른 동적 파라미터 (11)의 검출을 특성화하기 위해 사용될 수 없다. 우리가 동적 촬상 전략 엄격한 시험을 가능하게 제어하고 재현성 화성을 제공하는 단일 효소 시스템을 사용 가능. 이 시스템은 과분극 기판에 대한 이미지 전략을 개발 및 대체 방법에 대한 비교를 위해 성능을 특성화하고자하는 연구자에 관한 것이다. 정적 측정을 원하는 엔드 포인트 인 경우 그 다음 13 C-labled 대사는 위스콘신 정적 팬텀11 충분할 것이다. 다른 쪽 끝에서 더 복잡한 생물학적 특성은 실제 생물학적 모델이 12-14 필요합니다 방법 (배달, 세포 밀도 등)에 매우 중요합니다. 이 시스템은 겉보기 화성 비율의 정량적 측정 값을 제공하는 것을 목표로 촬상 전략의 평가에 적합하다.

<table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" width="1045">
	<tbody>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:259px;">BioSpect 7T</td>
			<td style="width:147px;">Bruker</td>
			<td style="width:195px;">BioSpec 70/30 USR</td>
			<td style="width:445px;">7 Tesla Pre-Clinical MRI Scanner</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:259px;">HyperSense</td>
			<td style="width:147px;">Oxford Instruments</td>
			<td style="width:195px;">Hypersense DNP Polarizer</td>
			<td>Dynamic Nuclear Polarizer for MRI agents</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:259px;">1-13C-Pyrvic Acid</td>
			<td style="width:147px;">Sigma Aldrich</td>
			<td style="width:195px;">677175</td>
			<td>Carbon 13 labled neat pyruvic acid</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:259px;">Trityl Radical</td>
			<td style="width:147px;">GE Healthcare</td>
			<td style="width:195px;">OX063</td>
			<td>Free radical used in Dynamic Nuclear Polarization</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:259px;">NaOH</td>
			<td style="width:147px;">Sigma Aldrich</td>
			<td style="width:195px;">S8045</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:259px;">EDTA</td>
			<td style="width:147px;">Sigma Aldrich</td>
			<td style="width:195px;">E6758</td>
			<td style="width:445px;">Ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:259px;">LDH</td>
			<td style="width:147px;">Worthingthon</td>
			<td style="width:195px;">LS002755</td>
			<td>Lactate Dehydrogenase from rabbit muscle</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:259px;">NADH</td>
			<td style="width:147px;">Sigma Aldrich</td>
			<td style="width:195px;">N4505</td>
			<td>&#946;-Nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide, reduced dipotassium salt</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:259px;">Trizma</td>
			<td style="width:147px;">Sigma Aldrich</td>
			<td style="width:195px;">T7943</td>
			<td>Trizma&#174;&#160;Pre-set crystals</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:259px;">NaCl</td>
			<td style="width:147px;">Sigma Aldrich</td>
			<td style="width:195px;">S7653</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
	</tbody>
</table>

use of a multi-compartment dynamic single enzyme phantom for studies of hyperpolarized magnetic resonance agents

자기 공명에 의해 분극 기판의 영상은 실시간으로 중요한 생화학 적 과정의 평가를위한 훌륭한 임상 약속을 보여줍니다. 때문에 분극 상태에 의해 부과 된 근본적인 제약, 이국적인 이미징 및 재건 기술이 일반적으로 사용된다. 동적 멀티 스펙트럼 영상 방법의 특성에 대한 실제적인 시스템이 매우 필요하다. 이러한 시스템은 재현성 정상 및 병적 조직의 중요한 화학적 동역학 요점을 되풀이한다. 현재까지 가장 널리 사용되는 기판은 암 대사 평가 [1-13 C] -pyruvate 분극된다. 우리는 젖산을 피루브산의 전환을 매개하는 효소 기반 가상 시스템을 설명한다. 반응은 반응 속도를 조절 시약의 농도를 변화 각각 포함 팬텀 내의 다중 챔버 내로 과분극 제의 주입에 의해 초기화된다. 여러 구획이되도록하는 데 필요한 심상카 서열을 충실하게 조직의 공간 및 신진 대사 이질성을 캡처합니다. 이 시스템은 생체 내에서 할 수 없습니다 화학적 기존의 팬텀에서 사용할 수없는 역학뿐만 아니라 제어 및 재현성을 제공하여 고급 이미징 전략의 개발과 검증에 도움이됩니다.

슬라이스 선택 2D 이미지 스냅 샷 radEPSI 시퀀스를 사용하여 획득 하였다. 대사 이미지는 다시 여과 투사를 사용하여 재구성 하였다. 도 2에 도시 된 바와 같이 대사 화상이 아니라, 양성자 이미지 정렬 하였다.이 시스템 과분극 락트산 신호에서만 분극 피루브산의 효소 적 전환으로부터 생성 될 수있다. LDH 높은 농도도 4 하부 챔버에서 강한 락트산 ...

Watch this Scientific Journal Video about Use of a Multi-compartment Dynamic Single Enzyme Phantom for Studies of Hyperpolarized Magnetic Resonance Agents at JoVE.com

Use of a Multi-compartment Dynamic Single Enzyme Phantom for Studies of Hyperpolarized Magnetic Resonance Agents

A multi-compartment dynamic phantom is used to simulate some biology of interest for metabolic studies using hyperpolarized magnet resonance agents.

과분극 자기 공명 에이전트의 연구 다중 구획 동적 단일 효소 팬텀의 사용

Imaging of hyperpolarized substrates by magnetic resonance shows great clinical promise for assessment of critical biochemical processes in real time. Due ...

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6.8K 조회수.  University of Texas M.D. Anderson Cancer Center. A multi-compartment dynamic phantom is used to simulate some biology of interest for metabolic studies using hyperpolarized magnet resonance agents.

비디오: Use of a Multi-compartment Dynamic Single Enzyme Phantom for Studies of Hyperpolarized Magnetic Resonance Agents

Hyperpolarized Xenon for NMR and MRI Applications

Nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) spectroscopy and imaging (MRI) suffer from intrinsic low sensitivity because even strong external magnetic fields of ~10 T generate only a small detectable net-magnetization of the sample at room temperature 1. Hence, most NMR and MRI applications rely on the detection of molecules at relative high concentration (e.g., water for imaging of biological tissue) or require excessive acquisition times. This limits our ability to exploit the very useful molecular specificity of NMR signals for many biochemical and medical applications. However, novel approaches have emerged in the past few years: Manipulation of the detected spin species prior to detection inside the NMR/MRI magnet can dramatically increase the magnetization and therefore allows detection of molecules at much lower concentration 2.
Here, we present a method for polarization of a xenon gas mixture (2-5% Xe, 10% N2, He balance) in a compact setup with a ca. 16000-fold signal enhancement. Modern line-narrowed diode lasers allow efficient polarization 7 and immediate use of gas mixture even if the noble gas is not separated from the other components. The SEOP apparatus is explained and determination of the achieved spin polarization is demonstrated for performance control of the method.
The hyperpolarized gas can be used for void space imaging, including gas flow imaging or diffusion studies at the interfaces with other materials 8,9. Moreover, the Xe NMR signal is extremely sensitive to its molecular environment 6. This enables the option to use it as an NMR/MRI contrast agent when dissolved in aqueous solution with functionalized molecular hosts that temporarily trap the gas 10,11. Direct detection and high-sensitivity indirect detection of such constructs is demonstrated in both spectroscopic and imaging mode.

The production of hyperpolarized xenon by means of spin exchange optical pumping (SEOP) is described. This method yields a ~10000-fold enhancement of the nuclear spin polarization of Xe-129 and has applications in nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy and imaging. Examples of gas phase and solution state experiments are given.

NMR과 MRI 응용 프로그램 용 Hyperpolarized 지논

Nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) spectroscopy and imaging (MRI) suffer from intrinsic low sensitivity because even strong external magnetic fields of ~10 ...

연구

공학

Analysis of Contact Interfaces for Single GaN Nanowire Devices

Single GaN nanowire (NW) devices fabricated on SiO2 can exhibit a strong degradation after annealing due to the occurrence of void formation at the contact/SiO2 interface. This void formation can cause cracking and delamination of the metal film, which can increase the resistance or lead to a complete failure of the NW device. In order to address issues associated with void formation, a technique was developed that removes Ni/Au contact metal films from the substrates to allow for the examination and characterization of the contact/substrate and contact/NW interfaces of single GaN NW devices. This procedure determines the degree of adhesion of the contact films to the substrate and NWs and allows for the characterization of the morphology and composition of the contact interface with the substrate and nanowires. This technique is also useful for assessing the amount of residual contamination that remains from the NW suspension and from photolithographic processes on the NW-SiO2 surface prior to metal deposition. The detailed steps of this procedure are presented for the removal of annealed Ni/Au contacts to Mg-doped GaN NWs on a SiO2 substrate.

A technique was developed that removes Ni/Au contact metal films from their substrate to allow for the examination and characterization of the contact/substrate and contact/NW interfaces of single GaN nanowire devices.

단 하나의 GaN 나노 와이어 장치에 대한 문의 인터페이스의 분석

Single GaN nanowire (NW) devices fabricated on SiO2 can exhibit  a strong degradation after annealing due to the  occurrence of void formation at the ...

Scalable Nanohelices for Predictive Studies and Enhanced 3D Visualization

Spring-like materials are ubiquitous in nature and of interest in nanotechnology for energy harvesting, hydrogen storage, and biological sensing applications.&#160; For predictive simulations, it has become increasingly important to be able to model the structure of nanohelices accurately.&#160; To study the effect of local structure on the properties of these complex geometries one must develop realistic models.&#160; To date, software packages are rather limited in creating atomistic helical models.&#160; This work focuses on producing atomistic models of silica glass (SiO2) nanoribbons and nanosprings for molecular dynamics (MD) simulations. Using an MD model of &#8220;bulk&#8221; silica glass, two computational procedures to precisely create the shape of nanoribbons and nanosprings are presented.&#160; The first method employs the AWK programming language and open-source software to effectively carve various shapes of silica nanoribbons from the initial bulk model, using desired dimensions and parametric equations to define a helix.&#160; With this method, accurate atomistic silica nanoribbons can be generated for a range of pitch values and dimensions.&#160; The second method involves a more robust code which allows flexibility in modeling nanohelical structures.&#160; This approach utilizes a C++ code particularly written to implement pre-screening methods as well as the mathematical equations for a helix, resulting in greater precision and efficiency when creating nanospring models.&#160; Using these codes, well-defined and scalable nanoribbons and nanosprings suited for atomistic simulations can be effectively created.&#160; An added value in both open-source codes is that they can be adapted to reproduce different helical structures, independent of material.&#160; In addition, a MATLAB graphical user interface (GUI) is used to enhance learning through visualization and interaction for a general user with the atomistic helical structures.&#160; One application of these methods is the recent study of nanohelices via MD simulations for mechanical energy harvesting purposes.

Accurate modeling of nanohelical structures is important for predictive simulation studies leading to novel nanotechnology applications.&#160; Currently, software packages and codes are limited in creating atomistic helical models.&#160; We present two procedures designed to create atomistic nanohelical models for simulations, and a graphical interface to enhance research through visualization.

예측 연구 확장 Nanohelices 향상된 3D 시각화

Spring-like materials are ubiquitous in nature and of interest in nanotechnology for energy harvesting, hydrogen storage, and biological sensing ...

High-Sensitivity Nuclear Magnetic Resonance at Giga-Pascal Pressures: A New Tool for Probing Electronic and Chemical Properties of Condensed Matter under Extreme Conditions

Nuclear Magnetic Resonance (NMR) is one of the most important techniques for the study of condensed matter systems, their chemical structure, and their electronic properties. The application of high pressure enables one to synthesize new materials, but the response of known materials to high pressure is a very useful tool for studying their electronic structure and developing theories. For example, high-pressure synthesis might be at the origin of life; and understanding the behavior of small molecules under extreme pressure will tell us more about fundamental processes in our universe. It is no wonder that there has always been great interest in having NMR available at high pressures. Unfortunately, the desired pressures are often well into the Giga-Pascal (GPa) range and require special anvil cell devices where only very small, secluded volumes are available. This has restricted the use of NMR almost entirely in the past, and only recently, a new approach to high-sensitivity GPa NMR, which has a resonating micro-coil inside the sample chamber, was put forward. This approach enables us to achieve high sensitivity with experiments that bring the power of NMR to Giga-Pascal pressure condensed matter research. First applications, the detection of a topological electronic transition in ordinary aluminum metal and the closing of the pseudo-gap in high-temperature superconductivity, show the power of such an approach. Meanwhile, the range of achievable pressures was increased tremendously with a new generation of anvil cells (up to 10.1 GPa), that fit standard-bore NMR magnets. This approach might become a new, important tool for the investigation of many condensed matter systems, in chemistry, geochemistry, and in physics, since we can now watch structural changes with the eyes of a very versatile probe.

Nuclear magnetic resonance is one of the most important spectroscopic tools. Here, the development of a new approach under high pressure, currently up to 10.1 GPa, is presented. This opens a new window into condensed matter physics and chemistry, where high-pressure research is of great importance.

극한의 상황에서도 응집 물질의 전자 화학적 특성을 프로빙을위한 새로운 도구 : 기가 파스칼의 압력에서 고감도 핵 자기 공명

Nuclear Magnetic Resonance (NMR) is one of the most important techniques for the study of condensed matter systems, their chemical structure, and their ...

A Method for Studying the Temperature Dependence of Dynamic Fracture and Fragmentation

The dynamic fracture of a body is a late-stage phenomenon typically studied under simplified conditions, in which a sample is deformed under uniform stress and strain rate. This can be produced by evenly loading the inner surface of a cylinder. Due to the axial symmetry, as the cylinder expands the wall is placed into a tensile hoop stress that is uniform around the circumference. While there are various techniques to generate this expansion such as explosives, electromagnetic drive, and existing gas gun techniques they are all limited in the fact that the sample cylinder must be at room temperature. We present a new method using a gas gun that facilitates experiments on cylinders from 150 K to 800 K with a consistent, repeatable loading. These highly diagnosed experiments are used to examine the effect of temperature on the fracture mechanisms responsible for failure, and their resulting influence on fragmentation statistics. The experimental geometry employs a steel ogive located inside the target cylinder, with the tip located about halfway in. A single stage light gas gun is then used to launch a polycarbonate projectile into the cylinder at 1,000 m/sec-1. The projectile impacts and flows around the rigid ogive, driving the sample cylinder from the inside. The use of a non-deforming ogive insert allows us to install temperature control hardware inside the rear of the cylinder. Liquid nitrogen (LN2) is used for cooling and a resistive high current load for heating. Multiple channels of upshifted photon Doppler velocimetry (PDV) track the expansion velocity along the cylinder enabling direct comparison to computer simulations, while High speed imaging is used to measure the strain to failure. The recovered cylinder fragments are also subject to optical and electron microscopy to ascertain the failure mechanism.

Fracture and fragmentation are late stage phenomena in dynamic loading scenarios and are typically studied using explosives. We present a technique for driving expansion using a gas gun which uniquely enables control of both loading rate and sample temperature.

The dynamic fracture of a body is a late-stage phenomenon typically studied under simplified conditions, in which a sample is deformed under uniform ...

A Cost-effective and Reliable Method to Predict Mechanical Stress in Single-use and Standard Pumps

Pumps are mainly used when transferring sterile culture broths in biopharmaceutical and biotechnological production processes. However, during the pumping process shear forces occur which can lead to qualitative and/or quantitative product loss. To calculate the mechanical stress with limited experimental expense, an oil-water emulsion system was used, whose suitability was demonstrated for drop size detections in bioreactors1. As drop breakup of the oil-water emulsion system is a function of mechanical stress, drop sizes need to be counted over the experimental time of shear stress investigations. In previous studies, the inline endoscopy has been shown to be an accurate and reliable measurement technique for drop size detections in liquid/liquid dispersions. The aim of this protocol is to show the suitability of the inline endoscopy technique for drop size measurements in pumping processes. In order to express the drop size, the Sauter mean diameter d32 was used as the representative diameter of drops in the oil-water emulsion. The results showed low variation in the Sauter mean diameters, which were quantified by standard deviations of below 15%, indicating the reliability of the measurement technique.

Shear stress investigations on an oil-water emulsion system result in drop breakup over the experimental time. To count drop sizes in pumping processes, the suitability of inline endoscopy was successfully demonstrated in this protocol.

Pumps are mainly used when transferring sterile culture broths in biopharmaceutical and biotechnological production processes. However, during the pumping ...

Design and Use of a Full Flow Sampling System (FFS) for the Quantification of Methane Emissions

The use of natural gas continues to grow with increased discovery and production of unconventional shale resources. At the same time, the natural gas industry faces continued scrutiny for methane emissions from across the supply chain, due to methane&#39;s relatively high global warming potential (25-84x that of carbon dioxide, according to the Energy Information Administration). Currently, a variety of techniques of varied uncertainties exists to measure or estimate methane emissions from components or facilities. Currently, only one commercial system is available for quantification of component level emissions and recent reports have highlighted its weaknesses.
In order to improve accuracy and increase measurement flexibility, we have designed, developed, and implemented a novel full flow sampling system (FFS) for quantification of methane emissions and greenhouse gases based on transportation emissions measurement principles. The FFS is a modular system that consists of an explosive-proof blower(s), mass airflow sensor(s) (MAF), thermocouple, sample probe, constant volume sampling pump, laser based greenhouse gas sensor, data acquisition device, and analysis software. Dependent upon the blower and hose configuration employed, the current FFS is able to achieve a flow rate ranging from 40 to 1,500 standard cubic feet per minute (SCFM). Utilization of laser-based sensors mitigates interference from higher hydrocarbons (C2+). Co-measurement of water vapor allows for humidity correction. The system is portable, with multiple configurations for a variety of applications ranging from being carried by a person to being mounted in a hand drawn cart, on-road vehicle bed, or from the bed of utility terrain vehicles (UTVs). The FFS is able to quantify methane emission rates with a relative uncertainty of &#177; 4.4%. The FFS has proven, real world operation for the quantification of methane emissions occurring in conventional and remote facilities.

Design and Use of a Full Flow Sampling System FFS for the Quantification of Methane Emissions

We have designed, developed, and implemented a novel full flow sampling system (FFS) for quantification of methane emissions and greenhouse gases from across the natural gas supply chain.

메탄 배출량의 정량화를위한​​ 설계 및 전체 흐름 샘플링 시스템 (FFS)의 사용

The use of natural gas continues to grow with increased discovery and production of unconventional shale resources. At the same time, the natural gas ...

A Modular Microfluidic Technology for Systematic Studies of Colloidal Semiconductor Nanocrystals

Colloidal semiconductor nanocrystals, known as quantum dots (QDs), are a rapidly growing class of materials in commercial electronics, such as light emitting diodes (LEDs) and photovoltaics (PVs). Among this material group, inorganic/organic perovskites have demonstrated significant improvement and potential towards high-efficiency, low-cost PV fabrication due to their high charge carrier mobilities and lifetimes. Despite the opportunities for perovskite QDs in large-scale PV and LED applications, the lack of fundamental and comprehensive understanding of their growth pathways has inhibited their adaptation within continuous nanomanufacturing strategies. Traditional flask-based screening approaches are generally expensive, labor-intensive, and imprecise for effectively characterizing the broad parameter space and synthesis variety relevant to colloidal QD reactions. In this work, a fully autonomous microfluidic platform is developed to systematically study the large parameter space associated with the colloidal synthesis of nanocrystals in a continuous flow format. Through the application of a novel translating three-port flow cell and modular reactor extension units, the system may rapidly collect fluorescence and absorption spectra across reactor lengths ranging 3 - 196 cm. The adjustable reactor length not only decouples the residence time from the velocity-dependent mass transfer, it also substantially improves the sampling rates and chemical consumption due to the characterization of 40 unique spectra within a single equilibrated system. Sample rates may reach up to 30,000 unique spectra per day, and the conditions cover 4 orders of magnitude in residence times ranging 100 ms - 17 min. Further applications of this system would substantially improve the rate and precision of the material discovery and screening in future studies. Detailed within this report are the system materials and assembly protocols with a general description of the automated sampling software and offline data processing.

Detailed herein are the operation and assembly protocols of a modular microfluidic screening platform for the systematic characterization of colloidal semiconductor nanocrystal syntheses. Through fully adjustable system arrangements, highly efficient spectra collection may be carried out across 4 orders of magnitude reaction time scales within a mass transfer-controlled sampling space.

콜 로이드 반도체 나노의 체계적인 연구를 위한 모듈형 미세 기술

Colloidal semiconductor nanocrystals, known as quantum dots (QDs), are a rapidly growing class of materials in commercial electronics, such as light ...

Fabrication of Magnetic Nanostructures on Silicon Nitride Membranes for Magnetic Vortex Studies Using Transmission Microscopy Techniques

Electron and x-ray magnetic microscopies allow for high-resolution magnetic imaging down to tens of nanometers. However, the samples need to be prepared on transparent membranes which are very fragile and difficult to manipulate. We present processes for the fabrication of samples with magnetic micro- and nanostructures with spin configurations forming magnetic vortices suitable for Lorentz transmission electron microscopy and magnetic transmission x-ray microscopy studies. The samples are prepared on silicon nitride membranes and the fabrication consists of a spin coating, UV and electron-beam lithography, the chemical development of the resist, and the evaporation of the magnetic material followed by a lift-off process forming the final magnetic structures. The samples for the Lorentz transmission electron microscopy consist of magnetic nanodiscs prepared in a single lithography step. The samples for the magnetic x-ray transmission microscopy are used for time-resolved magnetization dynamic experiments, and magnetic nanodiscs are placed on a waveguide which is used for the generation of repeatable magnetic field pulses by passing an electric current through the waveguide. The waveguide is created in an extra lithography step.

A protocol for the fabrication of magnetic micro- and nanostructures with spin configurations forming magnetic vortices suitable for transmission electron microscopy (TEM) and magnetic transmission x-ray microscopy (MTXM) studies is presented.

자기 소용돌이 연구 전송 현미경 검사 법 기술을 사용 하 여 실리콘 질 화 막에 자석 Nanostructures의 제조

Electron and x-ray magnetic microscopies allow for high-resolution magnetic imaging down to tens of nanometers. However, the samples need to be prepared ...

A 100 KW Class Applied-field Magnetoplasmadynamic Thruster

Applied-field magnetoplasmadynamic thrusters (AF-MPD thrusters) are hybrid accelerators in which electromagnetic and gas dynamic processes accelerate plasma to high speed; they have considerable potential for future space applications with the significant advantages of high specific impulse and thrust density. In this paper, we present a series of protocols for designing and manufacturing a 100 kW class of AF-MPD thruster with water-cooling structures, a 130 V maximum discharge voltage, a 800 A maximum discharge current, and a 0.25 T maximum strength of magnetic field. A hollow tantalum tungsten cathode acts as the only propellant inlet to inhibit the radial discharge, and it is positioned axially at the rear of the anode in order to relieve anode starvation. A cylindrical divergent copper anode is employed to decrease anode power deposition, where the length has been reduced to decrease the wall-plasma connecting area. Experiments utilized a vacuum system that can achieve a working vacuum of 0.01 Pa for a total propellant mass flow rate lower than 40 mg/s and a target thrust stand. The thruster tests were carried out to measure the effects of the working parameters such as propellant flow rates, the discharge current, and the strength of applied magnetic field on the performance and to allow appropriate analysis. The thruster could be operated continuously for significant periods of time with little erosion on the hollow cathode surface. The maximum power of the thruster is 100 kW, and the performance of this water-cooled configuration is comparable with that of thrusters reported in the literature.

The goal of this protocol is to introduce the design of a 100 kW class applied-field magnetoplasmadynamic thruster and relevant experimental methods.

100 KW 클래스 적용 필드 Magnetoplasmadynamic 로켓

Applied-field magnetoplasmadynamic thrusters (AF-MPD thrusters) are hybrid accelerators in which electromagnetic and gas dynamic processes accelerate ...