본 연구는 NIH 보조금 (R15DA029863)에 의해 지원되었다, 플로리다 애틀랜틱 대학의 학부 연구 보조금 (M30014) 및 동물 용 의약품의 연구 보조금의 로스 대학. 우리는이 일을 위해 (±) 3,4-methylenedioxymethamphetamine (± MDMA)를 제공하는 국립 약물 남용 연구소 (락빌, MD)에 감사의 말씀을 전합니다.

아래에 설명 된 동물 사용 절차는 동물 용 의약품의 로스 대학에서 기관 동물 관리 및 사용위원회 (IACUC)와 플로리다 애틀랜틱 대학에 의해 승인되었다. 멸균 기술과 장갑이 필요하지만이 프로토콜을 사용하는 동안의 RNase없는 환경이 필요하지 않습니다. 1. 준비 <ol><li> 조직 준비와 절편 <ol><li> 세 그룹으로 무작위로 쥐를 할당 :,, SAL / 접두사 및 / 3,4-methylenedioxymethamphetamine 접두사 신선한 / 식염수 (0.9 % NaCl을 SAL) (MDMA를 표 1에서 자세한 내용을 참조). </li><li> 2 시간 간격으로 SAL 및 MDMA 그룹, 복강, 각각 1 ㎖ / ㎏ SAL 및 10 ㎎ / ㎏ MDMA의 세 가지 용량을 관리합니다. 동물 6 일 동안 치료 살아남을 수 있습니다. </li><li> 7 일에, 5 mg의 조합에 100 ㎎ / ㎏ 케타민을 관리 / 복강 깊은 마취에 대한 쥐 (에 자일 라진을 kg 즉, 각막 깜짝 및 타 손실김정일이) 반사 신경을 꼬집어. </li><li> 신선한 / SAL 그룹의 경우, 신속하게 쥐 목을 벨과 (기준 5에서 세부 사항을 참조) 신선한 뇌 테스트 뇌를 제거합니다. </li><li> SAL / 접두사와 접두사 / MDMA 그룹의 경우, 흉골 약 10 -12 cm 따라 절단을 한 후 흉골의 끝을 노출. </li><li> 지혈제와 흉골의 끝을 잡고 날카로운 가위로 양쪽 측면 다이어프램을 절단 한 후 폐에 갈비와 병렬을 통해 위로 잘라. </li><li> 한 손으로, 작은 집게로 마음의 복부 끝을 잡고. 다른 한편으로, 18 G 주사기 바늘 좌심실 피어스 (빙냉 SAL과 파라 포름 알데히드 및 용기 연동 펌프에 Y 자형 실리콘 호스와 연결되어 바늘 어댑터 측에 유의 참조 기준 9). </li><li> 유량 (~ 5 ml / 분)의 중간 수준에서 SAL 펌프를 켜고 반환 CIRC의 탈출을 할 수 있도록 집게로 우심방에 구멍위험률. 30 분 동안 SAL 관류를 유지한다. </li><li> 중간 수준에서 파라 포름 알데히드 펌프를 켜고 얼음처럼 차가운 4 % 파라 포름 알데히드는 30 분 동안 동물을 관류 할 수 있습니다. </li><li> 관류 악기를 제거하고 동물의 목을 벨. 두개골의 정중선을 통해 절단 후 전방을 확인하고 두개골 캐비티 (10)를 노출하는 두개골 플랩. </li><li> 두개골 캐비티에서 주걱으로 뇌를 제거하고 25 ml를 4 % 파라 포름 알데히드를 포함하는 50 ML의 원심 분리기 튜브에 두뇌를 놓습니다. 24 시간 동안 4 ºC 냉장고에서 파라 포름 알데히드 함유 튜브 내 뇌를 유지합니다. </li><li> 3 일 4 ºC에서 30 % 자당 용액 25 ㎖를 함유하는 50 ㎖ 원심 분리 튜브로 이동 뇌. 마지막으로, 사용까지 -80 ° C에서 비닐 봉지 내 뇌를 저장합니다. </li><li> 내장 미디어 척에 두뇌를 탑재하고 -26 ºC의 온도에서 저온 유지 장치에 뇌가 포함 된 내장 미디어를 동결. 신선한 동결을 잘라n 개의 20 μm의 섹션으로 뇌와 10 μm의 섹션으로 뇌를 파라 포름 알데히드는-접두사. 섹션에 슬라이드를 터치하여 RT 현미경 슬라이드에 섹션을 전송합니다. </li><li> 공기 건조 4 시간 동안 실온에서. 사용까지 -80 ° C에서 꽉 밀봉 된 봉투에 섹션 슬라이드를 저장합니다. </li></ol></li><li> 탈수 <ol><li> -80 ° C의 냉동고에서 슬라이드를 타고 1 ~ 3의 시험에 섹션을 할당합니다 HT2A, ppiB (양성 대조군) 또는 dapB (음성 대조군); 마크와 공 펜 라벨 섹션 (연필을 사용하지 마십시오). 5 분 동안 실온에서 100 % 알코올에 슬라이드를 담근다. 흄 후드에서 5 분 동안 슬라이드를 건조. </li></ol></li><li> 전처리 <ol><li> 피펫 슬라이드 부분에 전처리-1 시약 20 μL (알칼리 포스 파타 아제의 불 활성화). 수분 트레이 선반 레일에 슬라이드를 배치 (트레이 반응 solutio로부터 증발을 방지하기위한 높은 습도를 유지하는 덮개로 덮여 있음에 유의N). </li><li> 조심스럽게 10 분 동안 저속으로 수평 통에 습기 트레이를 흔들. 2 분 동안 두 번 증류수 (DDH 2 O)로 두 번 슬라이드를 씻으십시오. (파라 포름 알데히드 고정에 의한 가교 결합의 파괴) -2- 전처리 시약을 150 ㎖을 함유하는 200 ml의 비이커에 슬라이드를 담근다. 100 ºC (RNA 구조 (11)의 열 - 유도 복원)에서 5 분의 총 슬라이드를 끓인다. </li><li> 2 분 동안 DDH 2 O로 두 번 슬라이드를 씻으십시오. 5 분 동안 100 % 알코올에 슬라이드를 놓습니다. 흄 후드에서 5 분 동안 슬라이드를 건조. 조직 섹션에서 선택된 영역 주위에 원을 그릴 소수성 펜을 사용하여 (예를 들어, 그림 2에 설명 된대로 시상과 시상 하부를 포함한 비 대뇌 피질의 구조). </li><li> 피펫 전처리-3 시약 선택한 각 영역 (프로브 침투의 증가)의 10 μL, 그리고 뚜껑 수분 트레이 커버. 하이브리드 오븐에서 트레이를 배치수평 교반기 장착 40 ºC 오븐 온도를 설정; 부드럽게 30 분 동안 트레이를 흔들. 2 분 동안 DDH 2 O로 두 번 슬라이드를 씻으십시오. </li></ol></li></ol> 2. 하이브리드 및 증폭 <ol><li> 피펫 선택된 영역에 각각 htr2a, ppiB 및 dapB 프로브 시약 10 μL,,. 시약의 증발을 방지하기 위해 뚜껑 수분 트레이 커버. 부드럽게 저속으로 설정 수평 진탕 기에서 흔들어. 2 시간 동안 오븐에서 40 ºC에서 슬라이드를 배양한다. </li><li> 2 분 동안 세척 버퍼로 두 번 슬라이드를 씻으십시오. 피펫 선택한 각 지역의 증폭-1 시약 10 μL, 흔들어 30 분간 40 ºC에서 슬라이드를 품어. </li><li> 2 분 동안 세척 버퍼로 두 번 슬라이드를 씻으십시오. 피펫 선택한 각 지역의 증폭-2 시약 10 μL, 흔들어 15 분 40 ºC에서 슬라이드를 품어. </li><li> 두 번 W 슬라이드를 씻으2 분 동안 세척 버퍼 번째. 피펫 선택한 각 지역의 증폭-3 시약 10 μL, 흔들어 30 분간 40 ºC에서 슬라이드를 품어. </li><li> 2 분 동안 세척 버퍼로 두 번 슬라이드를 씻으십시오. 피펫 선택한 각 지역의 증폭-4 시약 10 μL, 흔들어 15 분 40 ºC에서 슬라이드를 품어. </li><li> 2 분 동안 세척 버퍼로 두 번 슬라이드를 씻으십시오. 피펫은 각각의 선택된 영역 상에 증폭 -5- 시약 10 μL, 진탕​​하고, 30 분간 RT에서 슬라이드를 배양한다. </li><li> 2 분 동안 세척 버퍼로 두 번 슬라이드를 씻으십시오. 피펫 선택한 각 지역의 증폭-6 시약 10 μL, 흔들 실온에서 15 분 동안 슬라이드를 품어. 2 분 동안 세척 버퍼로 두 번 슬라이드를 씻으십시오. </li></ol> 3. 신호 감지 <ol><li> 각 선택 영역에 레드 시약의 피펫 10 μL은 (시약 레드-B와 레드의 혼합물이 1:60 비율로 내가 사용되어야합니다mmediately). 실온에서 수평 통에 습기 트레이에 슬라이드를 삽입하고 10 분 동안 저속으로 부드럽게 흔들어. </li><li> 10 분 동안 (DDH 2 O)로 두 번 슬라이드를 씻으십시오. 15 분 동안 오븐에서 60 ºC에서 슬라이드를 건조. 5 분 흄 후드에서 크실렌의 슬라이드를 놓습니다. 피펫 (20) 선택한 각 지역에 크실렌 기반 설치 미디어의 μL 및 커버 슬립 커버. </li></ol> 4. 이미지 캡처 <ol><li> 4 × 20 × 대물 렌즈의 배율 선택 영역 (예, 시상 하부는, 1과 3도)의 디지털 현미경 사진을 가져 가라. 이미지 파일을 저장합니다. </li></ol> 5. 이미지의 입자 분석 <ol><li> 드래그하여 주 ImageJ에 창에 이미지 파일을 놓습니다. 메뉴 표시 줄로 이동하여 &#39;이미지&#39;를 선택, 다음 드롭 다운 메뉴에서 &#39;형식&#39;을 선택하고 &#39;8 비트&#39;를 선택합니다. </li><li> 선택한 다음 &#39;의 Thr를 선택,&#39;조정 &#39;eshold은 &#39;대화 상자를 엽니 다. 원치 않는 배경이 제거되도록 대화 상자에서 낮은 바 값을 조정합니다. 다음 두 번째 대화 상자를 엽니 다 &#39;입자 분석&#39;을 선택, 메뉴 표시 줄로 이동하여 &#39;분석&#39;을 선택합니다. </li><li> (10)에서 입자 크기를 설정, 다음 &#39;쇼 개요&#39;를 선택하고 &#39;결과 표시&#39;와 &#39;요약한다&#39;상자를 선택합니다. 마지막으로, 대화 상자에 입자 데이터를 볼 수있는 &#39;확인&#39;을 클릭합니다. </li></ol> 6. 스프레드 시트 계산 <ol><li> 엑셀 시트에 데이터를 입력하고 기준으로 SAL 그룹에 입자의 수​​를 평균. 각 섹션의 백분율 레벨을 계산하고 그에 따라 그래프 (도 4)를 만든다. </li></ol>

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S. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Differential+regulation+of+5-HT2A+receptor+mRNA+expression+following+withdrawal+from+a+chronic+escalating+dose+regimen+of+D-amphetamine.">Differential regulation of 5-HT2A receptor mRNA expression following withdrawal from a chronic escalating dose regimen of D-amphetamine.</a> Brain Re. 1390, 10-20 (2011).</li><li>Mocci, G., Jimenez-Sanchez, L., Adell, A., Cortes, R., Artigas, F. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Expression+of+5-HT2A+receptors+in+prefrontal+cortex+pyramidal+neurons+projecting+to+nucleus+accumbens.+Potential+relevance+for+atypical+antipsychotic+action.">Expression of 5-HT2A receptors in prefrontal cortex pyramidal neurons projecting to nucleus accumbens. Potential relevance for atypical antipsychotic action.</a> Neuropharmacolog. 79, 49-58 (2014).</li><li>Reneman, L., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=The+acute+and+chronic+effects+of+MDMA+('Ecstasy')+on+cortical+5-HT2A+receptors+in+rat+and+human.">The acute and chronic effects of MDMA ('Ecstasy') on cortical 5-HT2A receptors in rat and human.</a> 26, 387-396 (2002).</li></ol>

저자는 그들이 더 경쟁 재정적 이익이 없다는 것을 선언합니다.

One of the major concerns of in situ hybridization test is to choose appropriate techniques used for RNA preservation because of RNase enzymes. It is well known that these enzymes are widely present in the cells and environment which can affect the results. However, enzyme activity can be quickly distinguished by placing the tissue in the dry ice/alcohol solution5,12. Although quick preservation is critical for hybridization using a riboprobe13, little is known about experimental conditions for oligonucleotide probes. In this study using oligonucleotide probes, we found that there was no difference between the paraformaldehyde-prefixed and fresh brains quickly preserved in the ice/alcohol solution. This suggests that brain RNA prefixed by paraformaldehyde had no significant effect on the quality of hybridization using the oligonucleotide probe. Since the prefixed brain is easily sectioned compared to the fresh brain, this protocol provides an alternative tissue preparation for the hybridization test. 
We believe that keeping the brain tissue sections inside the sealed moisture tray with constant shaking on the horizontal shaker is essential for successful hybridization. Failure to follow those steps may result in uneven hybridization or high background. To eliminate possibilities of false-negative or false-positive results, tests should include necessary control slides. We found that the dapB probe did not show a visible signal. This is not surprising since dapB is a bacterial gene that is unlikely found in mammalian cells. In contrast, the area hybridized with the ppiB probe showed signals homogenously distributed throughout the region examined. This is predictable since the housekeeping gene should be present in any kind of mammalian cells. It has been suggested that 5-HT2A mRNA is distributed heterogeneously in the brain nuclei, including the hypothalamus14,15. As expected, htr2a signals are present in certain nuclei in the region of the hypothalamus although the probe has been applied to all of the selected areas. It should be kept in mind that the use of alcohol should be avoided after the Red reagent (step 3.1) since red signals can be easily decolored by alcohol. We found that, after cellular RNA stained with the Red reagent, cells cannot be counterstained with hematoxylin or crystal violet although the exact cause of counterstaining failure is unknown. In summary, a characteristic distribution of htr2a mRNA supports the idea that these oligonucleotide probes are gene-specific despite the shorter sequence relative to other probes16,17. 
Background signals are another major concern, which likely affects the quality and faithfulness of data analysis. Unlike the high background produced by riboprobes13, oligonucleotide probes normally show a very low background. Thus, image can be easily and reasonably quantified using publicly-available NIH ImageJ software. In this study, we showed an example of this technique by examining changes in htr2a expression in response to systemic MDMA at 10 mg/kg. We demonstrated that MDMA caused a 20% reduction in htr2a expression, supporting previous reports18. 
In addition to the three genes outlined above, this protocol has been validated with two other gene probes (trh, thyrotropin-release hormone gene, and trhr, thyrotropin-releasing hormone receptor gene; data not shown), demonstrating a high sensitivity and accuracy in detecting mRNA levels. Since most reactions require only 10 &#181;l of reagents, the cost of an assay is also significantly reduced, compared to radioactive riboprobes. Furthermore, it is important to note that this protocol does not require the RNase-free environment. In conclusion, this protocol improves the speed of in situ hybridization assay, and increases reproducibility with relatively low cost.

Serotonin (5-hydroxytryptamine; 5-HT) syndrome is an acute neurologic disorder caused by 5-HT-promoting drugs such as antidepressants1, while also occurring in situations of MDMA use for recreational purposes2. Molecular mechanisms responsible for mood swings, learning and memory deficits that occur in association with the acute syndrome are not well understood3,4. In situ hybridization is a powerful research tool allowing the detection and quantification of specific mRNAs expressed potentially at a single-cell level. The conventional way to perform in situ hybridization is to utilize a radioactive-labeled riboprobe that specifically hybridizes the gene of interest. However, a major drawback is that the method requires complicated and time-consuming probe preparation and hybridization steps, as well as access to fresh frozen tissues maintained in an RNase-free environment5,6. 
Oligonucleotide probes have been recently developed to hybridize shorter RNA fragments than those required for riboprobes7. Furthermore, the probes produce a low background signal without sacrificing specificity8. This newly-developed probe technology can be used in situ hybridization on paraformaldehyde-prefixed brain tissues commonly available in immunocytochemical laboratories.
Here, we describe a protocol for in situ hybridization using oligonucleotide probes on paraformaldehyde-prefixed rat brain and compare findings with those noted in a fresh frozen brain5,6. This protocol is used to test the hypothesis that MDMA substance abuse causes changes in 5-HT2A receptor gene htr2a mRNA in the brain. We began the procedure with MDMA treatment followed by paraformaldehyde tissue perfusion of the animal, in situ hybridization of the thr2a probe, and data analysis. Note that dapB (the bacterial gene coding for dihydrodipicolinate reductase) is used as a negative control, and ppiB (housekeeping gene coding for peptidylprolyl isomerase B) as a positive control.

<table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" width="873">
	<tbody>
		<tr>
			<td>RNAscope Negative Control Probe-DapB</td>
			<td>Advanced cell diagnostic, INC</td>
			<td>310098</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>RNAscope Pretreat 4</td>
			<td>Advanced cell diagnostic, INC</td>
			<td>320046</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>RNAscope 2.0 HD Reagent Kit - Red</td>
			<td>Advanced cell diagnostic, INC</td>
			<td>310036</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>RNAscope Probe - Rn-Ppib</td>
			<td>Advanced cell diagnostic, INC</td>
			<td>313921</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Rat Htr2a</td>
			<td>Advanced cell diagnostic, INC</td>
			<td>300031</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Cryostat</td>
			<td>Leica</td>
			<td>CM 1850</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Horizontal shaker</td>
			<td>VWR</td>
			<td>88032-088</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Hybridization oven</td>
			<td>Thermo Fisher Scientific</td>
			<td>222000</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Superfrost Plus microscope slide</td>
			<td>Fisher Scientific</td>
			<td>12-550-15</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Hydrophobic pen</td>
			<td>Vector</td>
			<td>H-4000</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Microscope</td>
			<td>Olympus</td>
			<td>Provis AX70</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
	</tbody>
</table>

rapid in situ hybridization using oligonucleotide probes on paraformaldehyde-prefixed brain of rats with serotonin syndrome

3,4-Methylenedioxymethamphetamine (MDMA; ecstasy) toxicity may cause region-specific changes in serotonergic mRNA expression due to acute serotonin (5-hydroxytryptamine; 5-HT) syndrome. This hypothesis can be tested using in situ hybridization to detect the serotonin 5-HT2A receptor gene htr2a. In the past, such procedures, utilizing radioactive riboprobe, were difficult because of the complicated workflow that needs several days to perform and the added difficulty that the technique required the use of fresh frozen tissues maintained in an RNase-free environment. Recently, the development of short oligonucleotide probes has simplified in situ hybridization procedures and allowed the use of paraformaldehyde-prefixed brain sections, which are more widely available in laboratories. Here, we describe a detailed protocol using non-radioactive oligonucleotide probes on the prefixed brain tissues. Hybridization probes used for this study include dapB (a bacterial gene coding for dihydrodipicolinate reductase), ppiB (a housekeeping gene coding for peptidylprolyl isomerase B), and htr2a (a serotonin gene coding for 5-HT2A receptors). This method is relatively simply, cheap, reproducible and requires less than two days to complete.

올리고 뉴클레오티드 RNA 프로브 (&lt;25 NT)를 사용하여, 하이브리드는 파라 포름 알데히드 - 접두사 및 냉동 뇌에서 준비 시상 하부 세포에서 빨간 점으로 검출 할 수있다. htr2a mRNA의 분자 (실선 화살표로 표시됨) 일부 셀에 존재하는, 그러나 기타 (개방 화살표). 우리는 파라 포름 알데히드 접두어 및 냉동 조직 (도 1) 사이에 차이가없는 것을 관찰했다. 성공적인 하이브리드는 육안 (그림 2)에 의해 처음으로 평가 될 수있다. 우리는 dapB 프로브와 하이브리드 (원 표시) 선택된 영역이 육안 (도 2A-B)에 보이는 신호를 표시하지 않은 것으로 나타났다. 대조적으로, ppiB 프로브와 하이브리드 영역은 균일하게 조사 영역 (도 2C-D)에 걸쳐 분산 신호를 보여 주었다. htr2a 테스트 중에, 신호는 화살표로 나타낸 특정 핵 (존재한다; <strong&gt;도 2E-F), 모든 영역은 원으로 htr2a 프로브와 하이브리드 하였지만. 흥미롭게도, MDMA 슬라이드의 신호는 SAL 슬라이드에 비해 상대적으로 약한했다. 혼성화 신호의 실질적인 세부 사항은 현미경 하에서 기기 평가 될 수있다. ppiB 프로브 (그림 3C-D)와 하이브리드 현미경 분야에 걸쳐 볼 수있는 신호 반면 dapB 프로브와 하이브리드 세포에는 빨간색 점 (그림 3A-B)는 없다. htr2a 신호는 주로 시상 하부 (그림 3E-F)의 특정 핵에 있습니다. 우리는 ImageJ에 정량적 분석을 사용하여 결정될 수있다 이전에 10 ㎎ / ㎏로 MDMA 전신 치료 뇌 조직에서 htr2a 신호의 감소를 관찰 하였다. 도 4에 도시 된 바와 같이, 우리는 htr2a 발현의 20 % 감소를 알았다. 결론적으로, 우리의 결과는 올리고을 사용하는 것으로 나타났다뉴클레오티드 프로브는 접두사 뇌 조직에 대한 구체적인, 그리고 적합하다. 또한, 반응계에 포함 혼성화 프로토콜 절차는, 신호 검출 및 분석 데이터 2 일 이내에 완료 될 수있다. <img alt="그림 1" src="/files/ftp_upload/53165/53165fig1.jpg" /> 냉동 두뇌 사용도 신선하고 접두어 냉동 조직 1. 비교. 절차는 다른 곳에서 5 설명 하였다. 10 μm의에서 동결 절편을 고정하면서 신선한 동결 절편 두께 20 μm의에서 절단합니다. 올리고 뉴클레오티드 프로브는 시상 하부에서의 5-HT 2A 수용체의 mRNA를 혼성화 htr2a이었다. 실선 화살표는 냉동 (A)에 htr2a의 mRNA 분자를 함유하는 세포와 조직 접두어 (B)를 나타낸다. 열기 화살표, 더 htr2a mRNA의 분자가 검출되지. 바 : 20 μm의. NIH 사용ImageJ에 분석, htr2a 세었다. htr2a 카운트의 숫자가 신선하고 파라 포름 알데히드 - 접두사 냉동 조직 (C) 사이의 차이가 있습니다. <a href="https://www-jove-com.remotexs.ntu.edu.sg/files/ftp_upload/53165/53165fig1large.jpg" target="_blank">이 그림의 더 큰 버전을 보려면 여기를 클릭하십시오.</a> <img alt="그림 2" src="/files/ftp_upload/53165/53165fig2.jpg" /> 하이브리드 신호 그림 2. 맨눈으로보기. 조직은 이전에 생리 식염수 (SAL)와 3,4-methylenedioxymethamphetamine (MDMA)로 처리 깊이 마취 된 쥐에서 파라 포름 알데히드로 시작되었다. 흰 점선은 올리고 뉴클레오티드 프로브와 하이브리드 영역을 나타냅니다. 붉은 색은 육안으로 mRNA의 신호를 나타낸다. SAL-전처리 (A)의 섹션이나 MDMA 전처리 쥐에 하이브리드 dapB 프로브를 사용하는 동안 어떤 빨간 신호는 B (관찰되지 </st룽&gt;). ppiB 프로브 (CD)를 사용하는 동안 반대로, 빨간 신호가 균일하게 시상 하부 지역에 분포되어있다. 흥미롭게도, htr2a 프로브에 의해 생성 된 빨간 신호는 일부 지역에 (EF, 화살표 시상 하부 영역을 나타낸다). 정위 좌표 : 브레 그마에 -3.50 ~ -3.80 상대를. 3V, 제 3 뇌실이. <a href="https://www-jove-com.remotexs.ntu.edu.sg/files/ftp_upload/53165/53165fig2large.jpg" target="_blank">이 그림의 더 큰 버전을 보려면 여기를 클릭하십시오.</a> <img alt="그림 3" src="/files/ftp_upload/53165/53165fig3.jpg" /> 그림 3. 하이브리드 신호의 광학 현미경보기. 조직은 이전에 생리 식염수 (SAL)와 3,4-methylenedioxymethamphetamine (MDMA)로 처리 깊이 마취 된 쥐에서 파라 포름 알데히드로 시작되었다. 올리고 뉴클레오티드 프로브는 dapB (AB), PPI 있습니다B (CD) 및 htr2a (EF). (바 : 200 μm의) 하이브리드 신호가 4 × 이르기까지 목적 배율의 힘을 사용하여 빨간색 점으로 식별됩니다. 20 × (삽입 된 현미경 사진)에 <a href="https://www-jove-com.remotexs.ntu.edu.sg/files/ftp_upload/53165/53165fig3large.jpg" target="_blank">이 그림의 더 큰 버전을 보려면 여기를 클릭하십시오.</a> <img alt="그림 4" src="/files/ftp_upload/53165/53165fig4.jpg" /> 래트의 시상 하부 htr2a 발현에 미치는 영향도 4는 이전 MDMA로 처리 하였다. 샘플을 세 번 중복으로 분석하고 반복 하였다. 데이터는 SAL 그룹 평균 ± SEM 백분율 (본 연구에 사용 된 8 래트의 합계)로 표현된다. * P &lt;0.05 대. 스튜던트 t 검정을 이용 SAL 기. <table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0"><tbody><tr><t<html> D&gt; </td><td> 신선한 </td><td></td><td colspan="2"> 파라 포름 알데히드 - 접두사 </td></tr><tr><td></td><td> SAL의 B </td><td></td><td> SAL의 B </td><td> MDMA의 C </td></tr><tr><td> 대상 프로브 (htr2a) </td><td> √ </td><td></td><td> √ </td><td> √ </td></tr><tr><td> 긍정적 인 프로브 (ppiB) </td><td> - </td><td></td><td> √ </td><td> √ </td></tr><tr><td> 음의 프로브 (dapB) </td><td> - </td><td></td><td> √ </td><td> √ </td></tr></tbody></table> √, 본 연구에서 올리고 뉴클레오티드 프로브와 검사 그룹을 나타냅니다. - 조사하지; 각 그룹은 4 가지 동물을 포함, B, 물리적 식염수로 복강 전처리 그룹 (SAL 0.9 %의 NaCl); C, 10 ㎎ / ㎏ MDMA 복강 전처리. &quot;jove_content&gt; 표 1. 실험 설계

Watch this Scientific Journal Video about Rapid In Situ Hybridization using Oligonucleotide Probes on Paraformaldehyde-prefixed Brain of Rats with Serotonin Syndrome at JoVE.com

Rapid In Situ Hybridization using Oligonucleotide Probes on Paraformaldehyde-prefixed Brain of Rats with Serotonin Syndrome

This protocol describes a rapid and simplified in situ hybridization method ideal forparaformaldehyde-prefixed brain, thus reducing the need for prolonged complex steps while using fresh frozen tissues. The method is validated using the identification of the serotonin 5-HT2A receptor gene htr2a in rats.

빠른<em&gt; 현장에서</em세로토닌 증후군 쥐의 파라 포름 알데히드 - 접두사 뇌에 올리고 뉴클레오티드 프로브를 사용하여&gt; 하이브리드

3,4-Methylenedioxymethamphetamine (MDMA; ecstasy) toxicity may cause region-specific changes in serotonergic mRNA expression due to acute serotonin ...

rapid-situ-hybridization-using-oligonucleotide-probes-on

Nanyang Technological University

Research

JoVE Journal

Neuroscience

Rapid In Situ Hybridization using Oligonucleotide Probes on Paraformaldehyde-prefixed Brain of Rats with Serotonin Syndrome

8.8K 조회수.  Ross University School of Veterinary Medicine. This protocol describes a rapid and simplified in situ hybridization method ideal forparaformaldehyde-prefixed brain, thus reducing the need for prolonged complex steps while using fresh frozen tissues. The method is validated using the identification of the serotonin 5-HT2A receptor gene htr2a in rats.

비디오: Rapid In Situ Hybridization using Oligonucleotide Probes on Paraformaldehyde-prefixed Brain of Rats with Serotonin Syndrome

Double Fluorescence in situ Hybridization in Fresh Brain Sections

Here we describe a modified version of a double fluorescence in situ hybridization (dFISH) method optimized for detecting two mRNAs of interest in fresh frozen brain sections. Our group has successfully used this approach to study gene co-regulation. More specifically, we have used this dFISH method to explore the anatomical organization, neurochemical properties, and the impact of sensory experience in central sensory circuits, at single cell resolution. This protocol has been validated in brain tissue from mice, rats and songbirds but is expected to be easily adaptable to other vertebrate species, as well as to an array of non-neural tissues. In this film we provide a detailed demonstration of the main steps of this procedure.

Double Fluorescence in situ Hybridization in Fresh Brain Sections

This protocol involves a non-radioactive in-situ hybridization procedure that enables the simultaneous identification of two transcript species, at a single cell resolution, in thin sections of the vertebrate brain.

더블 형광 현장에서</em신선한 두뇌 섹션> 하이브 리다이 제이션

Here we describe a modified version of a double fluorescence in situ hybridization (dFISH) method optimized for detecting two mRNAs of interest in fresh ...

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신경과학

TMS: Using the Theta-Burst Protocol to Explore Mechanism of Plasticity in Individuals with Fragile X Syndrome and Autism

Fragile X Syndrome (FXS), also known as Martin-Bell Syndrome, is a genetic abnormality found on the X chromosome.1,2 Individuals suffering from FXS display abnormalities in the expression of FMR1 - a protein required for typical, healthy neural development.3 Recent data has suggested that the loss of this protein can cause the cortex to be hyperexcitable thereby affecting overall patterns of neural plasticity.4,5
In addition, Fragile X shows a strong comorbidity with autism: in fact, 30% of children with FXS are diagnosed with autism, and 2 - 5% of autistic children suffer from FXS.6
Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation (a non-invasive neurostimulatory and neuromodulatory technique that can transiently or lastingly modulate cortical excitability via the application of localized magnetic field pulses 7,8) represents a unique method of exploring plasticity and the manifestations of FXS within affected individuals. More specifically, Theta-Burst Stimulation (TBS), a specific stimulatory protocol shown to modulate cortical plasticity for a duration up to 30 minutes after stimulation cessation in healthy populations, has already proven an efficacious tool in the exploration of abnormal plasticity.9,10 
Recent studies have shown the effects of TBS last considerably longer in individuals on the autistic spectrum - up to 90 minutes.11 This extended effect-duration suggests an underlying abnormality in the brain's natural plasticity state in autistic individuals - similar to the hyperexcitability induced by Fragile X Syndrome.
In this experiment, utilizing single-pulse motor-evoked potentials (MEPs) as our benchmark, we will explore the effects of both intermittent and continuous TBS on cortical plasticity in individuals suffering from FXS and individuals on the Autistic Spectrum.

In this article, we examine the effects of Theta-Burst TMS stimulation on cortical plasticity in individuals suffering from Fragile X syndrome and individuals on the autistic spectrum.

TMS : 연약한 X 증후군 및 자폐증과 개인의 소성의 Mechasnism를 탐험하는 세타 - 버스트 프로토콜을 사용하여

Fragile X Syndrome (FXS), also known as Martin-Bell Syndrome, is a genetic abnormality found on the X chromosome.1,2 Individuals suffering from FXS ...

Combining Lipophilic dye, in situ Hybridization, Immunohistochemistry, and Histology

Going beyond single gene function to cut deeper into gene regulatory networks requires multiple mutations combined in a single animal. Such analysis of two or more genes needs to be complemented with in situ hybridization of other genes, or immunohistochemistry of their proteins, both in whole mounted developing organs or sections for detailed resolution of the cellular and tissue expression alterations. Combining multiple gene alterations requires the use of cre or flipase to conditionally delete genes and avoid embryonic lethality. Required breeding schemes dramatically enhance effort and cost proportional to the number of genes mutated, with an outcome of very few animals with the full repertoire of genetic modifications desired. Amortizing the vast amount of effort and time to obtain these few precious specimens that are carrying multiple mutations necessitates tissue optimization. Moreover, investigating a single animal with multiple techniques makes it easier to correlate gene deletion defects with expression profiles. We have developed a technique to obtain a more thorough analysis of a given animal; with the ability to analyze several different histologically recognizable structures as well as gene and protein expression all from the same specimen in both whole mounted organs and sections. Although mice have been utilized to demonstrate the effectiveness of this technique it can be applied to a wide array of animals. To do this we combine lipophilic dye tracing, whole mount in situ hybridization, immunohistochemistry, and histology to extract the maximal possible amount of data.

Combining Lipophilic dye, in situ Hybridization, Immunohistochemistry, and Histology

A combination of different techniques to maximize data collection from mouse tissue is presented.

Lipophilic 염료를 결합, 현장에서 하이브리드화, Immunohistochemistry, 그리고 조직학

Going beyond single gene function to cut deeper into gene regulatory networks requires multiple mutations combined in a single animal.  Such analysis of ...

Rapid Determination of the Thermal Nociceptive Threshold in Diabetic Rats

Painful diabetic neuropathy (PDN) is characterized by hyperalgesia i.e., increased sensitivity to noxious stimulus, and allodynia i.e., hypersensitivity to normally innocuous stimuli1. Hyperalgesia and allodynia have been studied in many different rodent models of diabetes mellitus2. However, as stated by B&ouml;lcskei et al, determination of "pain" in animal models is challenging due to its subjective nature3. Moreover, the traditional methods used to determine behavioral responses to noxious thermal stimuli usually lack reproducibility and pharmacological sensitivity3. For instance, by using the hot-plate method of Ankier4, flinch, withdrawal and/or licking of either hind- and/or fore-paws is quantified as reflex latencies at constant high thermal stimuli (52-55 &deg;C). However, animals that are hyperalgesic to thermal stimulus do not reproducibly show differences in reflex latencies using those supra-threshold temperatures3,5. As the recently described method of B&ouml;lcskei et al.6, the procedures described here allows for the rapid, sensitive and reproducible determination of thermal nociceptive thresholds (TNTs) in mice and rats. The method uses slowly increasing thermal stimulus applied mostly to the skin of mouse/rat plantar surface. The method is particularly sensitive to study anti-nociception during hyperalgesic states such as PDN. The procedures described bellow are based on the ones published in detail by Alm&aacute;si et al 5 and B&ouml;lcskei et al 3. The procedures described here have been approved the Laboratory Animal Care and Use Committee (LACUC), Wright State University.

Here, we describe a rapid reliable and simple procedure to determine the lowest temperature at which rats or mice show nocifensive behavior, i.e. the thermal nociceptive threshold (TNT). This method applies a slowly increasing thermal stimulus allowing precise and reproducible estimation of TNTs with minimum, if any, stress to the animals.

당뇨병 쥐의 열전달 Nociceptive 본부 신속한 결정

Painful diabetic neuropathy (PDN) is characterized by hyperalgesia i.e., increased sensitivity to noxious stimulus, and allodynia i.e., hypersensitivity ...

Complete Spinal Cord Injury and Brain Dissection Protocol for Subsequent Wholemount In Situ Hybridization in Larval Sea Lamprey

After a complete spinal cord injury, sea lampreys at first are paralyzed below the level of transection. However, they recover locomotion after several weeks, and this is accompanied by short distance regeneration (a few mm) of propriospinal axons and spinal-projecting axons from the brainstem. Among the 36 large identifiable spinal-projecting neurons, some are good regenerators and others are bad regenerators. These neurons can most easily be identified in wholemount CNS preparations. In order to understand the neuron-intrinsic mechanisms that favor or inhibit axon regeneration after injury in the vertebrates CNS, we determine differences in gene expression between the good and bad regenerators, and how expression is influenced by spinal cord transection. This paper illustrates the techniques for housing larval and recently transformed adult sea lampreys in fresh water tanks, producing complete spinal cord transections under microscopic vision, and preparing brain and spinal cord wholemounts for in situ hybridization. Briefly, animals are kept at 16&#160;&#176;C and anesthetized in 1% Benzocaine in lamprey Ringer. The spinal cord is transected with iridectomy scissors via a dorsal approach and the animal is allowed to recover in fresh water tanks at 23 &#176;C. For in situ hybridization, animals are reanesthetized and the brain and cord removed via a dorsal approach.

Complete Spinal Cord Injury and Brain Dissection Protocol for Subsequent Wholemount In Situ Hybridization in Larval Sea Lamprey

Lampreys recover locomotion after a complete spinal cord injury. However, some spinal-projecting neurons are good regenerators and others are not. This paper illustrates the techniques for housing sea lamprey larvae (and recently transformed adults), producing complete spinal cord transections and preparing wholemount brains and spinal cords for in situ hybridization.

이후 Wholemount을위한 완벽한 척수 손상 및 뇌 해부 프로토콜<em&gt; 제자리에서</em&gt; 애벌레 바다 장어의 하이브리드

After a complete spinal cord injury, sea lampreys at first are paralyzed below the level of transection. However, they recover locomotion after several ...

Detection of Axonally Localized mRNAs in Brain Sections Using High-Resolution In Situ Hybridization

mRNAs are frequently localized to vertebrate axons and their local translation is required for axon pathfinding or branching during development and for maintenance, repair or neurodegeneration in postdevelopmental periods. High throughput analyses have recently revealed that axons have a more dynamic and complex transcriptome than previously expected. These analysis, however have been mostly done in cultured neurons where axons can be isolated from the somato-dendritic compartments. It is virtually impossible to achieve such isolation in whole tissues in vivo. Thus, in order to verify the recruitment of mRNAs and their functional relevance in a whole animal, transcriptome analyses should ideally be combined with techniques that allow the visualization of mRNAs in situ. Recently, novel ISH technologies that detect RNAs at a single-molecule level have been developed. This is especially important when analyzing the subcellular localization of mRNA, since localized RNAs are typically found at low levels. Here we describe two protocols for the detection of axonally-localized mRNAs using a novel ultrasensitive RNA ISH technology. We have combined RNAscope ISH with axonal counterstain using fluorescence immunohistochemistry or histological dyes to verify the recruitment of Atf4 mRNA to axons in vivo in the mature mouse and human brains.

Detection of Axonally Localized mRNAs in Brain Sections Using High-Resolution In Situ Hybridization

RNA in situ hybridization (ISH) enables the visualization of RNAs in cells and tissues. Here we show how combination of RNAscope ISH with immunohistochemistry or histological dyes can be successfully used to detect mRNAs localized to axons in sections of mouse and human brains.

고해상도를 사용하여 뇌 섹션에서 Axonally 지역화 된 mRNA를 검출<em&gt; 현장에서</em&gt; 하이브리드

mRNAs are frequently localized to vertebrate axons and their local translation is required for axon pathfinding or branching during development and for ...

Combining Double Fluorescence In Situ Hybridization with Immunolabelling for Detection of the Expression of Three Genes in Mouse Brain Sections

Detection of gene expression in different types of brain cells e.g., neurons, astrocytes, oligodendrocytes, oligodendrocyte precursors and microglia, can be hampered by the lack of specific primary or secondary antibodies for immunostaining. Here we describe a protocol to detect the expression of three different genes in the same brain section using double fluorescence in situ hybridization with two gene-specific probes followed by immunostaining with an antibody of high specificity directed against the protein encoded by a third gene. The Aspartoacyclase (ASPA) gene, mutations of which can lead to a rare human white matter disease - Canavan disease - is thought to be expressed in oligodendrocytes and microglia but not in astrocytes and neurons. However, the precise expression pattern of ASPA in the brain has yet to be established. This protocol has allowed us to determine that ASPA is expressed in a subset of mature oligodendrocytes and it can be generally applied to a wide range of gene expression pattern studies.

Combining Double Fluorescence In Situ Hybridization with Immunolabelling for Detection of the Expression of Three Genes in Mouse Brain Sections

Localizing gene expression to specific cell types can be challenging due to the lack of specific antibodies. Here we describe a protocol for simultaneous triple detection of gene expression by combining double fluorescence RNA in situ hybridization with immunostaining.

더블 형광 결합<em&gt; 현장에서</em&gt; 마우스 뇌 섹션에서 세 가지 유전자의 발현의 검출을위한 Immunolabelling와 하이브리드

Detection of gene expression in different types of brain cells e.g., neurons, astrocytes, oligodendrocytes, oligodendrocyte precursors and microglia, can ...

Recording EEG in Freely Moving Neonatal Rats Using a Novel Method

EEG is a useful method to detect electrical activity in the brain. Moreover, it is a widely used diagnostic tool for various neurological conditions, such as epilepsy and neurodegenerative disorders. However, it is technically difficult to obtain EEG recordings in neonates as it requires specialized handling and great care. Here, we present a novel method to record EEG in neonatal rat pups (P8-P15). We designed a simple and reliable electrode using computer pin loci; it can be easily implanted into the skull of a rat pup to record high-quality EEG signals in the normal and epileptic brain. Pups were given an intraperitoneal (i.p.) injection of the neurotoxin kainic acid (KA) to induce epileptic seizures. The surgical implantation performed in this procedure is less expensive than other EEG procedures for neonates. This method allows one to record high-quality and stable EEG signals for more than 1 week. Furthermore, this procedure can also be applied to adult rats and mice to study epilepsy or other neurological disorders.

Here, we introduce a novel technique designed to record electroencephalography (EEG) in freely moving neonatal epileptic pups and describe its procedures, features, and applications. This method allows one to record EEG for more than 1 week.

새로운 방법으로 자유롭게 움직이는 신생아 쥐의 뇌파 기록

EEG is a useful method to detect electrical activity in the brain. Moreover, it is a widely used diagnostic tool for various neurological conditions, such ...

Localization of Odorant Receptor Genes in Locust Antennae by RNA In Situ Hybridization

Insects have evolved sophisticated olfactory reception systems to sense exogenous chemical signals. These chemical signals are transduced by Olfactory Receptor Neurons (ORNs) housed in hair-like structures, called chemosensilla, of the antennae. On the ORNs&#39; membranes, Odorant Receptors (ORs) are believed to be involved in odor coding. Thus, being able to identify genes localized to the ORNs is necessary to recognize OR genes, and provides a fundamental basis for further functional in situ studies. The RNA expression levels of specific ORs in insect antennae are very low, and preserving insect tissue for histology is challenging. Thus, it is difficult to localize an OR to a specific type of sensilla using RNA in situ hybridization. In this paper, a detailed and highly effective RNA in situ hybridization protocol particularly for lowly expressed OR genes of insects, is introduced. In addition, a specific OR gene was identified by conducting double-color fluorescent in situ hybridization experiments using a co-expressing receptor gene, Orco, as a marker.

Localization of Odorant Receptor Genes in Locust Antennae by RNA In Situ Hybridization

This paper describes a detailed and highly effective RNA in situ hybridization protocol particularly for low-level expressed Odorant Receptor (OR) genes, as well as other genes, in insect antennae using digoxigenin (DIG)-labeled or biotin-labeled probes.

RNA에 의한 Locust Antenna 내의 악취 수용체 유전자의 국산화<em&gt; 현장에서</em&gt; 하이브리드 화

Insects have evolved sophisticated olfactory reception systems to sense exogenous chemical signals. These chemical signals are transduced by Olfactory ...

Induction of Diffuse Axonal Brain Injury in Rats Based on Rotational Acceleration

Traumatic brain injury (TBI) is a major cause of death and disability. Diffuse axonal injury (DAI) is the predominant mechanism of injury in a large percentage of TBI patients requiring hospitalization. DAI involves widespread axonal damage from shaking, rotation or blast injury, leading to rapid axonal stretch injury and secondary axonal changes that are associated with a long-lasting impact on functional recovery. Historically, experimental models of DAI without focal injury have been difficult to design. Here we validate a simple, reproducible and reliable rodent model of DAI that causes widespread white matter damage without skull fractures or contusions.

This protocol validates a reliable, easy-to-perform and reproducible rodent model of brain diffuse axonal injury (DAI) that induces widespread white matter damage without skull fractures or contusions.

회전 가속도에 따라 쥐에 확산 축 차 뇌 손상의 유도

Traumatic brain injury (TBI) is a major cause of death and disability. Diffuse axonal injury (DAI) is the predominant mechanism of injury in a large ...