Name: state of the art cranial ultrasound imaging in neonates
Uploaded: 2015-02-02T13:00:00.000+00:00
Duration: 10 min 2 s
Description: Watch this Scientific Journal Video about State of the Art Cranial Ultrasound Imaging in Neonates at JoVE.com

We thank the nurses (appearing on film) for supporting the neonates. 
We thank J. Hagoort, MA, linguist, Department of Pediatric Surgery, Erasmus MC-Sophia Children&#8217;s Hospital, Rotterdam, the Netherlands, for reading and correcting the manuscript.

참고 :이 프로토콜은 로컬 인간의 연구 윤리위원회의 지침을 따른다. 1. 일반 고려 사항 참고 : 장비, 데이터 저장 및 안전에 관한 일반 사항은 토론에서 해결된다. <ol><li> 주파수 (설명 참조)의 밴드와 다중 트랜스 듀서와 고해상도 실시간 모바일 2D 초음파 기기를 이용하여 화상을 얻기. 일반적으로 7.5-8.5 MHz의 주파수 프로브를 사용하여 좋은 품질의 이미지를 얻을 수 있습니다. </li></ol> CUS 시험 2. 준비 <ol><li> 그러한 채혈 같은 또 다른 과정과 일치하지 않도록 CUS 시험 예약. </li><li> 이러한 신생아 개별화 발달 관리 및 평가 프로그램 (6)의 원칙에 따라 그와 같은 전략을 사용하여 검사하는 동안 신생아를 보건 의료 노동자 또는 부모가 지원할 수 있는지 확인 및 / 또는 편안함 &lt;/ SUP&gt;. </li></ol> 전방 Fontanel를 통해 3. 시험 <ol><li> 인큐베이터 또는 침대 함께 초음파 기계를 설치합니다. </li><li> 프로브와 피부 사이 좋은 접촉을 보장하기 위해 프로브 변환기 젤을 적용합니다. 사용하기 전에 젤을 따뜻하게 고려하십시오. </li><li> B-모드에서 볼록 프로브 전방 fontanel을 통해 영상을 시작합니다. 신생아의 우측으로 턴 프로브 마커 fontanel 중간에 프로브를 배치. 뇌의 왼쪽이어서 모니터 오른쪽에 표시된다. 주 : 전방 fontanel 통해 이미징는 3 번 위치에 신생아 수행 될 수있다. 연구 목적으로 그 표준 헤드 위치를 위해 노력하는 것이 필요할 수있다. <ol><li> 적어도 관상 다섯 다섯 시상면에서 기록 이미지. 제 화상의 윤곽을 포함하는 뇌, 섹터를 채우기 화상을 생성하는 깊이 이득 및 이득 보상 시간 설정을 조정 피하기너무 밝거나 어두운 이미지를 보내고 근처 깊은 구조에서 반사 사이의 균형을 목표로. </li><li> 관상면 참고 : 완벽하게 대칭 이미지를 얻기 위해보십시오. 전두엽 볼록 근처 병변이 의심되는 경우 하나의 반구가 더 나은 세부 사항 (그림 1)에 표시 될 수 있도록, 특정 경사 관상 섹션을 기록하는 것이 좋습니다. <ol><li> 관상 전두엽 이미지의 경우, 각 프로브가 전달은 후각 열구의 수준에서, 측뇌실의 정면 뿔에 앞쪽 전두엽을 시각화합니다. </li><li> Monro는 수준, 각도 측면 심실, cavum septi pellucidi, 뇌량, 고랑 cinguli의 정면 뿔을 묘사하는 TELA의 choroidea에 관상 섹션 전방을 시각화하는 프로브에서 관상 이미지하십시오. 기저핵의 일부의 에코을합니다. </li><li> 시상의 수준에서 관상 화상의 경우, 각 프로브는 거꾸로 늦은 동정을 행RAL 균열, 세 번째 뇌실과 측두엽의 지붕에 TELA의 choroidea. 기저핵과 관련하여 시상 ​​(특히 ventrolateral 핵)의 에코을합니다. pulvinar에서 해당 네트워크 부상 그냥 심방 앞에 여분의 관상 부분에 가시화 될 수도 있습니다. </li><li> 심방의 차원에서 이미지의 관상, 맥락막 신경총 레벨 측뇌실 시각화. 측두엽과 소뇌 반구를 확인합니다. 맥락총에 비해 뇌실 주위 백질의 에코을합니다. 미숙아 신생아의 심방에 위 및 측면 정상 에코의 영역과 광 방사선을 비교. </li><li> 관상 두정 후두 이미지의 경우, 두정 후두 고랑의 수준에 프로브 뒤로 각도는 두정엽과 후두엽을 식별합니다. </li></ol></li><li> 시상면 <ol><li> 신생아의 얼굴쪽으로 향하게 프로브에 마커로 프로브를 90 ° 회전합니다. 목즉 뇌의 앞쪽 부분이 모니터의 좌측에 표시한다. 다음과 같은 구조의 수준에서 기록 이미지 (그림 2). </li><li> midsagittal 이미지의 경우, 뇌량, cavum septi pellucidi (CSP), 세 번째와 네 번째 뇌실, vermis, 치스 테르 나디 라티 나 마그나, 뇌교와 중뇌를 시각화. 7 interpositi cavum Vergae의 존재와 cavum의 벨리을합니다. </li><li> 하나 gangliothalamic 난형를 통해 시상 이미지 (예를 들어, 오른쪽)의 경우, 뇌실를 통해 시상 뷰의 프로브 옆으로 각도. 맥락총를 확인하고 시상 및 기저핵의 에코를 확인합니다. 시상면의 스캔 측 적절 텍스트 도구로 표시해야합니다. </li><li> 섬엽을 통해 시상 편협한 이미지, 각도 프로브 더 측면하십시오. 횡 방향 균열 및 frontal-, temporal-, parietal-과 후두엽을 확인합니다. </li><li> t 반복 시상 이미지그 반대쪽 (즉, 왼쪽). </li></ol></li><li> 컬러 도플러 <ol><li> 색 도플러를 이용하여 볼록 프로브 전방 fontanel을 통해 영상을 계속합니다. 대뇌 동맥과 정맥의 흐름 속도를 평가하고 도출 된 지표를 얻는 것이 좋습니다. 참고 : - 끝 이완기 속도 / 최대 수축기 속도 저항 지수 (RI)는 최대 수축기 속도로 정의된다. RI는 각 독립적이며, 절대 속도 값은 8-10되지 않습니다. RI는 다른 구경의 동맥에서 유사하지 않다. 같은 선박의 동일한 위치에 수행 한 경우 직렬 측정에만 유용하다. </li></ol></li><li> 다음 선박 (그림 3)의 관상면에서 기록 이미지 : <ol><li> 소뇌 수준 횡 부비동 시각화. 하나 또는 아무것도 횡 부비동이 가시화되지 않는 경우, 펄스 반복 주파수 (PRF)를 낮출. 여전히 하나 또는 가로 부비동의 없음 다음의 경우전방 fontanel을 통해 식별 될 수 있고, 유상 돌기 fontanel 통해 시각화 고주파 선형 프로브를 사용하여 (섹션 4.4.2 참조). </li><li> 경동맥 동맥, 중뇌 동맥 윌리스의 원을 시각화하고 측뇌실의 정면 뿔의 수준에서 뇌동맥을 전방. 좌우 전방 뇌동맥을 구별하는 것은 종종 도전적이지만, 일반적으로 불필요하다. 동맥의 선조체 촛대를 확인합니다. </li><li> 각 프로브는 뒤로 인접한 경정맥과 기저 동맥을 시각화합니다. </li><li> 더 뒤로 각도는 내부 뇌와 thalamostriate 혈관을 시각화한다. </li></ol></li><li> 한 전방 대뇌 동맥 (그림 4)의 시상면에 이미지를 기록합니다. (일반적으로 뇌량의 제누 아래)이 선박의 특정 부분에서 유속 및 RI를 평가합니다. 근처를 내부 대뇌 정맥의 중간 선 속도가 될 수 있습니다쉽게 측정. </li><li> 전방 fontanel에서 관상 평면 내에 선형 고주파 프로브를 이용하여, 우수한 시상 동을 식별. 이것이 실패 할 경우에 fontanel 프로브 가해진 압력의 양을 감소시킨다. 참고 : 선형 프로브가 표면 구조 (수막, 지주막과 경막 하 공간, 피질)의 상세한 시각화에 사용할 수 있습니다. 접선 혈관은 지주막 하 공간에 있습니다. 이상적으로는, 이전 단계에서 설명한 바와 같이 도플러 이미징은 신생아의 제 CUS 검사 중에 수행한다. 추적 검사 중 일부 단계는 생략 될 수있다. 의심 대뇌 혈전증 sinovenous 도플러 촬상 경우 단계 3.3.5.1, 3.3.7 및 4.4.2에서 수행되어야 바와 같이. </li></ol></li></ol> 대체 음향 창을 통해 4. 시험 <ol><li> 다음, 다른 음향 창을 통해 검사를 계속합니다. </li><li> (POS lambdoid을 통해 이미지를 기록하는 고려terior) 볼록 프로브 (도 5)를 사용 fontanel. 후방 fontanel은 시상과 lambdoid 봉합 3,11의 교차점에 위치하고 있습니다. 측와위로 신생아를 배치하여 후방 fontanel 스루 화상. 참고 : 만족스러운 이미지는 앙와위 3 유아와 시상 봉합의 후방 측면을 통해 얻을 수있다 많은 미숙아에서. <ol><li> 시상 뷰 후방 fontanel의 중간으로 프로브를 위치. 각도 약간 중간 선 오프 프로브가 뇌실의 몸과 후두 경적을 식별합니다. 관상보기를 얻기 위해 프로브 약 90 °를 돌립니다. 측뇌실의 후두 뿔을 확인합니다. </li></ol></li><li> (그림 6) 귀 위에 볼록 또는 선형 프로브를 사용하여 측면 (시간) 창을 통해 이미지를 기록하는 것이 좋습니다. <ol><li> 필요한 경우, 수 있도록 측방 창을 통해 화상을 얻기뇌간 (12)의 상세보기. 귀 앞에 수평으로 위의 약간 프로브를 놓습니다. 대뇌 꽃자루가 가시화 될 때까지 프로브를 이동합니다. 참고 : 다른 구조를 식별 할 수있는 제 3 뇌실, 수로 및 측두엽 있습니다. 색 도플러를 사용하여, 윌리스의 원이 가시화 될 수있다. </li></ol></li><li> 유양 돌기 fontanel을 통해 기록 이미지 (그림 7). 유양 돌기 fontanel는 시간적, 정수리와 뒤통수 뼈 (4)의 교차점에, 귀 뒤에 있습니다. 측와위 (3)에 배치하여 신생아 유양동 fontanel 스루 화상. 참고 : 유양 돌기의 fontanel을 통해 이미지를 얻을 때 우리의 경험에 의하면, 신생아는 종종 불편의 징후를 표시합니다. 따라서, 전방 fontanel 및 기타 음향 창문을 통해 영상화 한 후이 작업을 수행하는 가장 좋은 것입니다. 우리는이 불편 함이 PULS 청각 반응의 메커니즘에 의해 발생 될 수 있다는 가설무선 주파수 에너지 (13)의 말이지. <ol><li> 볼록 프로브를 사용하여 유양 돌기의 fontanel을 통해 이미지. 관상보기를 얻기 위해 귀에 프로브 병렬 배치합니다. 소뇌 반구, vermis, 세 번째와 네 번째 뇌실, 뇌교 및 치스 테르 나디 라티 나 마그나를 식별하기 위해 앞뒤로 프로브를 쓸어. 작은 preterms에서 반대편 소뇌 반구 잘 묘사 할 수있다. </li><li> 선형 프로브를 사용하여 유양 돌기의 fontanel을 통해 이미지. (중 하나)의 횡 부비동은 전방 fontanel을 통해 식별 할 수없는 경우, 유상 돌기 fontanel 통해 시각화 고주파 선형 프로브를 사용한다. 관상보기를 얻기 위해 귓불에 프로브 병렬 배치합니다. <ol><li> 소뇌 반구와 네 번째 뇌실을 확인합니다. 컬러 도플러를 사용하여, 횡 방향 및 S 자형 동, 동과 사자 tentorial 정맥을 식별. </li></ol></li></ol></li><li> 난원 매그넘 (14)를 통해 후두의 추가 시각화를 생각해 보자. </li></ol>

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B. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Cerebral+Blood-Flow+Velocity+in+the+Human+Newborn+-+the+Value+of+Its+Determination.">Cerebral Blood-Flow Velocity in the Human Newborn - the Value of Its Determination.</a> Pediatrics. 70 (1), 147-152 (1982).</li><li>Correa, F., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Posterior+fontanelle+sonography:+An+acoustic+window+into+the+neonatal+brain.">Posterior fontanelle sonography: An acoustic window into the neonatal brain.</a> American Journal of Neuroradiology. 25 (7), 1274-1282 (2004).</li><li>Helmke, K., Winkler, P., Kock, C. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Sonographic+examination+of+the+brain+stem+area+in+infants.+An+echographic+and+anatomic+analysis.">Sonographic examination of the brain stem area in infants. An echographic and anatomic analysis.</a> Pediatric Radiology. 17 (1), 1-6 (1987).</li><li>Elder, J. A., Chou, C. K. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Auditory+response+to+pulsed+radiofrequency+energy.">Auditory response to pulsed radiofrequency energy.</a> Bioelectromagnetics. , S162-S173 (2003).</li><li>Brennan, C. M., Taylor, G. A. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Sonographic+imaging+of+the+posterior+fossa+utilizing+the+foramen+magnum.">Sonographic imaging of the posterior fossa utilizing the foramen magnum.</a> Pediatric Radiology. 40 (8), 1411-1416 (2010).</li><li>Rutherford, M. A., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Magnetic+resonance+imaging+of+white+matter+diseases+of+prematurity.">Magnetic resonance imaging of white matter diseases of prematurity.</a> Neuroradiology. 52 (6), 505-521 (2010).</li><li>Wezel-Meijler, G., Steggerda, S. J., Leijser, L. M. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Cranial+Ultrasonography+in+Neonates:+Role+and+Limitations.">Cranial Ultrasonography in Neonates: Role and Limitations.</a> Seminars in Perinatology. 34 (1), 28-38 (2010).</li><li>Leijser, L. M., de Vries, L. S., Cowan, F. M. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Using+cerebral+ultrasound+effectively+in+the+newborn+infant.">Using cerebral ultrasound effectively in the newborn infant.</a> Early Human Development. 82 (12), 827-835 (2006).</li><li>Houston, L. E., Odibo, A. O., Macones, G. A. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=The+safety+of+obstetrical+ultrasound:+a+review.">The safety of obstetrical ultrasound: a review.</a> Prenatal Diagnosis. 29 (13), 1204-1212 (2009).</li><li>Torloni, M. R., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Safety+of+ultrasonography+in+pregnancy:+WHO+systematic+review+of+the+literature+and+meta-analysis.">Safety of ultrasonography in pregnancy: WHO systematic review of the literature and meta-analysis.</a> Ultrasound in Obstetrics &amp; Gynecology. 33 (5), 599-608 (2009).</li></ol>

The authors have nothing to disclose.

우리는 설명하고 신생아 도플러 CUS에 대한 최첨단 접근 방식을 보여줍니다. 숙련 된 손,이 안전, 시리얼 침대 옆 신생아의 뇌 영상을위한 훌륭한 도구입니다. 많은 NICUs에서 설명 된 가능성이 최적으로 사용되지 않습니다. 도플러 연구를 추가하면 두개 내 동맥과 정맥의 개통의 심사 수 있습니다. 유속 및 평가 지표를 얻을 수있다. 도플러 CUS 뇌졸중이 이전에 치료 개입을 가능 부비동 각도...

Since its clinical introduction in the late 1970&#8217;s cranial ultrasound (CUS) has been widely used for detecting congenital anomalies and acquired brain lesions during the neonatal period. In many neonatal intensive care units (NICUs), CUS has become indispensable in the care for critically ill neonates. Major advantages are its relatively low cost and the fact that it can be performed at bedside, even when a patient is unstable. In addition it is radiation-free and allows for serial imaging. Another technique often used for neuroimaging in critically ill neonates is magnetic resonance imaging (MRI). MRI provides excellent image quality, but its clinical use in NICU&#8217;s is currently limited because of logistic and safety issues1. 
Over time, quality of CUS has drastically improved, with advancing technique leading to higher resolution, faster image processing and digital display and back-up. Important brain structures can be adequately visualized using optimal settings. Traditionally, images are obtained through the anterior fontanel. This approach is less suitable for evaluation of infratentorial structures because they are located far away from the transducer and the highly echoic tentorium impedes their assessment. Use of high-frequency linear transducers through alternative acoustic windows and adapted settings also provides access to these brain regions. Examples of these supplemental acoustic windows are the lambdoid (posterior), mastoid and lateral (temporal) fontanels. So far, however, only few NICUs use these additional acoustic windows routinely2-5. Doppler techniques can be used for screening patency of intracranial vessels. Flow velocities and indices in cerebral arteries can also be obtained. Some manufacturers now provide hardware to visualize flow around 2 cm/sec (Raets, et al., unpublished data). Small vessels are well displayed: medullary trunks and channels, subependymal veins tributing to the thalamostriate veins, and perforator arteries. 
We present our approach of neonatal CUS, focusing on the use of different transducers, multiple acoustic windows and Doppler techniques. Neonatologists and radiologists use this approach in daily clinical practice but is also suitable for research purposes. In the practical part of the video we demonstrate bedside use in the NICU.

<table><tbody><tr><td>MyLab 70</td><td>Esaote (Genoa, Italy)</td><td></td><td>Ultrasound system</td></tr></tbody></table>

state of the art cranial ultrasound imaging in neonates

Cranial ultrasound (CUS) is a reputable tool for brain imaging in critically ill neonates. It is safe, relatively cheap and easy to use, even when a patient is unstable. In addition it is radiation-free and allows serial imaging. CUS possibilities have steadily expanded. However, in many neonatal intensive care units, these possibilities are not optimally used. We present a comprehensive approach for neonatal CUS, focusing on optimal settings, different probes, multiple acoustic windows and Doppler techniques. This approach is suited for both routine clinical practice and research purposes. In a live demonstration, we show how this technique is performed in the neonatal intensive care unit. Using optimal settings and probes allows for better imaging quality and improves the diagnostic value of CUS in experienced hands. Traditionally, images are obtained through the anterior fontanel. Use of supplemental acoustic windows (lambdoid, mastoid, and lateral fontanels) improves detection of brain injury. Adding Doppler studies allows screening of patency of large intracranial arteries and veins. Flow velocities and indices can be obtained. Doppler CUS offers the possibility of detecting cerebral sinovenous thrombosis at an early stage, creating a window for therapeutic intervention prior to thrombosis-induced tissue damage. Equipment, data storage and safety aspects are also addressed.

7 - 기술 된 프로토콜에 따라 만든 영상의 예는 그림 1에 제시되어있다. 이미지는 관찰자 신중 경험에 의해 해석되어야한다. 대칭 영상은 전방 fontanel (그림 1)를 통한 관상 이미지의 적절한 해석이 필요하다. 의심되는 병변은 전방 fontanel 이외의 음향 창을 통해 모두 관상 (MID) 시상면 또는 시각화 시각화한다. 뇌내의 혈관 시각화 (도 3, 4, 6 및 <strong...

Watch this Scientific Journal Video about State of the Art Cranial Ultrasound Imaging in Neonates at JoVE.com

State of the Art Cranial Ultrasound Imaging in Neonates

Cranial ultrasound (CUS) is a valuable tool for brain imaging in critically ill neonates. This video shows a comprehensive approach for neonatal (Doppler) CUS for both clinical and research purposes, including a bedside demonstration of the technique.

신생아의 예술 두개골 초음파 이미징의 주

Cranial ultrasound (CUS) is a reputable tool for brain imaging in critically ill neonates. It is safe, relatively cheap and easy to use, even when a ...

state-of-the-art-cranial-ultrasound-imaging-in-neonates

Research

JoVE Journal

Medicine

24.1K 조회수.  Erasmus MC-Sophia Children's Hospital. Cranial ultrasound (CUS) is a valuable tool for brain imaging in critically ill neonates. This video shows a comprehensive approach for neonatal (Doppler) CUS for both clinical and research purposes, including a bedside demonstration of the technique. 

비디오: State of the Art Cranial Ultrasound Imaging in Neonates

Contrast Imaging in Mouse Embryos Using High-frequency Ultrasound

Ultrasound contrast-enhanced imaging can convey essential quantitative information regarding tissue vascularity and perfusion and, in targeted applications, facilitate the detection and measure of vascular biomarkers at the molecular level. Within the mouse embryo, this noninvasive technique may be used to uncover basic mechanisms underlying vascular development in the early mouse circulatory system and in genetic models of cardiovascular disease. The mouse embryo also presents as an excellent model for studying the adhesion of microbubbles to angiogenic targets (including vascular endothelial growth factor receptor 2 (VEGFR2) or &#945;v&#946;3) and for assessing the quantitative nature of molecular ultrasound. We therefore developed a method to introduce ultrasound contrast agents into the vasculature of living, isolated embryos. This allows freedom in terms of injection control and positioning, reproducibility of the imaging plane without obstruction and motion, and simplified image analysis and quantification. Late gestational stage (embryonic day (E)16.6 and E17.5) murine embryos were isolated from the uterus, gently exteriorized from the yolk sac and microbubble contrast agents were injected into veins accessible on the chorionic surface of the placental disc. Nonlinear contrast ultrasound imaging was then employed to collect a number of basic perfusion parameters (peak enhancement, wash-in rate and time to peak) and quantify targeted microbubble binding in an endoglin mouse model. We show the successful circulation of microbubbles within living embryos and the utility of this approach in characterizing embryonic vasculature and microbubble behavior.

Here, we present a protocol to inject ultrasound microbubble contrast agents into living, isolated late-gestation stage murine embryos. This method enables the study of perfusion parameters and of vascular molecular markers within the embryo using contrast-enhanced high-frequency ultrasound imaging.

고주파 초음파를 사용하여 마우스 태아에 대비 이미징

Ultrasound contrast-enhanced imaging can convey essential quantitative information regarding tissue vascularity and perfusion and, in targeted ...

연구

발생학

Murine Fetal Echocardiography

Transgenic mice displaying abnormalities in cardiac development and function represent a powerful tool for the understanding the molecular mechanisms underlying both normal cardiovascular function and the pathophysiological basis of human cardiovascular disease. Fetal and perinatal death is a common feature when studying genetic alterations affecting cardiac development 1-3. In order to study the role of genetic or pharmacologic alterations in the early development of cardiac function, ultrasound imaging of the live fetus has become an important tool for early recognition of abnormalities and longitudinal follow-up. Noninvasive ultrasound imaging is an ideal method for detecting and studying congenital malformations and the impact on cardiac function prior to death 4. It allows early recognition of abnormalities in the living fetus and the progression of disease can be followed in utero with longitudinal studies 5,6. Until recently, imaging of fetal mouse hearts frequently involved invasive methods. The fetus had to be sacrificed to perform magnetic resonance microscopy and electron microscopy or surgically delivered for transillumination microscopy. An application of high-frequency probes with conventional 2-D and pulsed-wave Doppler imaging has been shown to provide measurements of cardiac contraction and heart rates during embryonic development with databases of normal developmental changes now available 6-10. M-mode imaging further provides important functional data, although, the proper imaging planes are often difficult to obtain. High-frequency ultrasound imaging of the fetus has improved 2-D resolution and can provide excellent information on the early development of cardiac structures 11.

Fetal and perinatal death is a common feature when studying genetic alterations affecting cardiac development. High-frequency ultrasound imaging has improved 2-D resolution and can provide excellent information on early cardiac development and is an ideal method to detect the impact on cardiac structure and function prior to death.

손쥐 태아 Echocardiography

Transgenic mice displaying abnormalities in  cardiac development and function represent a powerful tool for the understanding  the molecular mechanisms ...

의학

Fetal Mouse Cardiovascular Imaging Using a High-frequency Ultrasound (30/45MHZ) System

Congenital heart defects (CHDs) are the most common cause of childhood morbidity and early mortality. Prenatal detection&#160;of the underlying molecular mechanisms of CHDs is&#160;crucial for inventing new preventive and therapeutic strategies. Mutant mouse models are powerful tools to discover new&#160;mechanisms&#160;and environmental stress modifiers that drive cardiac development and their potential&#160;alteration in CHDs. However, efforts to establish the causality of these putative contributors have been limited to histological&#160;and molecular studies&#160;in non-survival animal experiments, in which&#160;monitoring the key physiological and hemodynamic parameters is&#160;often absent. Live imaging technology has become an essential tool to establish the&#160;etiology of CHDs. In particular,&#160;ultrasound imaging can be used prenatally without surgically exposing the fetuses,&#160;allowing maintaining&#160;their baseline physiology while monitoring the impact of environmental stress&#160;on the hemodynamic and structural aspects of cardiac chamber development. Herein, we use the High-Frequency Ultrasound (30/45)&#160;system to examine the cardiovascular system in fetal mice at E18.5 in utero at the baseline and in response to prenatal hypoxia exposure. We demonstrate the feasibility of the system to measure cardiac chamber size, morphology, ventricular function, fetal heart rate, and umbilical artery flow indices, and their alterations in fetal mice exposed to systemic chronic hypoxia in utero in real time.

Fetal Mouse Cardiovascular Imaging Using a High-frequency Ultrasound 30/45MHZ System

High-frequency ultrasound imaging of the fetal mouse has improved imaging resolution and can provide precise non-invasive characterization of cardiac development and structural defects. The protocol outlined herein is designed to perform real-time fetal mice echocardiography in vivo.

태아 마우스 심장 혈관 이미징 높은 주파수 초음파 (30/45 m h Z) 시스템을 사용 하 여

Congenital heart defects (CHDs) are the most common cause of childhood morbidity and early mortality. Prenatal detection&#160;of the underlying molecular ...

Non-invasive Parenchymal, Vascular and Metabolic High-frequency Ultrasound and Photoacoustic Rat Deep Brain Imaging

Photoacoustics and high frequency ultrasound stands out as powerful tools for neurobiological applications enabling high-resolution imaging on the central nervous system of small animals. However, transdermal and transcranial neuroimaging is frequently affected by low sensitivity, image aberrations and loss of space resolution, requiring scalp or even skull removal before imaging. To overcome this challenge, a new protocol is presented to gain significant insights in brain hemodynamics by photoacoustic and high-frequency ultrasounds imaging with the animal skin and skull intact. The procedure relies on the passage of ultrasound (US) waves and laser directly through the fissures that are naturally present on the animal cranium. By juxtaposing the imaging transducer device exactly in correspondence to these selected areas where the skull has a reduced thickness or is totally absent, one can acquire high quality deep images and explore internal brain regions that are usually difficult to anatomically or functionally describe without an invasive approach. By applying this experimental procedure, significant data can be collected in both sonic and optoacoustic modalities, enabling to image the parenchymal and the vascular anatomy far below the head surface. Deep brain features such as parenchymal convolutions and fissures separating the lobes were clearly visible. Moreover, the configuration of large and small blood vessels was imaged at several millimeters of depth, and precise information were collected about blood fluxes, vascular stream velocities and the hemoglobin chemical state. This repertoire of data could be crucial in several research contests, ranging from brain vascular disease studies to experimental techniques involving the systemic administration of exogenous chemicals or other objects endowed with imaging contrast enhancement properties. In conclusion, thanks to the presented protocol, the US and PA techniques become an attractive noninvasive performance-competitive means for cortical and internal brain imaging, retaining a significant potential in many neurologic fields.

The present work describes a new protocol to perform non-invasive high-frequency ultrasound and photoacoustic based imaging on rat brain, to efficiently visualize deep subcortical regions and their vascular patterns by directing signals on skull foramina naturally present on animal cranium.

비 침습적 실질, 혈관 및 대사 고주파 초음파 및 광 음향 쥐 뇌 심부 이미징

Photoacoustics and high frequency ultrasound stands out as powerful tools for neurobiological applications enabling high-resolution imaging on the central ...

신경과학

Real-Time Intravital Multiphoton Microscopy to Visualize Focused Ultrasound and Microbubble Treatments to Increase Blood-Brain Barrier Permeability

The blood-brain barrier (BBB) is a key challenge for the successful delivery of drugs to the brain. Ultrasound exposure in the presence of microbubbles has emerged as an effective method to transiently and locally increase the permeability of the BBB, facilitating para- and transcellular transport of drugs across the BBB. Imaging the vasculature during ultrasound-microbubble treatment will provide valuable and novel insights on the mechanisms and dynamics of ultrasound-microbubble treatments in the brain.
Here, we present an experimental procedure for intravital multiphoton microscopy using a cranial window aligned with a ring transducer and a 20x objective lens. This set-up enables high spatial and temporal resolution imaging of the brain during ultrasound-microbubble treatments. Optical access to the brain is obtained via an open-skull cranial window. Briefly, a 3-4 mm diameter piece of the skull is removed, and the exposed area of the brain is sealed with a glass coverslip. A 0.82 MHz ring transducer, which is attached to a second glass coverslip, is mounted on top. Agarose (1% w/v) is used between the coverslip of the transducer and the coverslip covering the cranial window to prevent air bubbles, which impede ultrasound propagation. When sterile surgery procedures and anti-inflammatory measures are taken, ultrasound-microbubble treatments and imaging sessions can be performed repeatedly over several weeks. Fluorescent dextran conjugates are injected intravenously to visualize the vasculature and quantify ultrasound-microbubble induced effects (e.g., leakage kinetics, vascular changes). This paper describes the cranial window placement, ring transducer placement, imaging procedure, common troubleshooting steps, as well as advantages and limitations of the method.

This protocol describes the surgical and technical procedures that enable real-time in vivo multiphoton fluorescence imaging of the rodent brain during focused ultrasound and microbubble treatments to increase blood-brain barrier permeability.

혈액-뇌 장벽 투과성을 높이기 위해 집중된 초음파 및 마이크로 버블 치료를 시각화하는 실시간 인트라바이탈 다광원 현미경 검사법

The blood-brain barrier (BBB) is a key challenge for the successful delivery of drugs to the brain. Ultrasound exposure in the presence of microbubbles ...

생체공학

In Vivo Two-photon Imaging of Cortical Neurons in Neonatal Mice

Two-photon imaging is a powerful tool for the in vivo analysis of neuronal circuits in the mammalian brain. However, a limited number of in vivo imaging methods exist for examining the brain tissue of live newborn mammals. Herein we summarize a protocol for imaging individual cortical neurons in living neonatal mice. This protocol includes the following two methodologies: (1) the Supernova system for sparse and bright labeling of cortical neurons in the developing brain, and (2) a surgical procedure for the fragile neonatal skull. This protocol allows the observation of temporal changes of individual cortical neurites during neonatal stages with a high signal-to-noise ratio. Labeled cell-specific gene silencing and knockout can also be achieved by combining the Supernova with RNA interference and CRISPR/Cas9 gene editing systems. This protocol can, thus, be used for analyzing the developmental dynamics of cortical neurons, molecular mechanisms that control the neuronal dynamics, and changes in neuronal dynamics in disease models.

In Vivo Two-photon Imaging of Cortical Neurons in Neonatal Mice

We present an in vivo two-photon imaging protocol for imaging the cerebral cortex of neonatal mice. This method is suitable for analyzing the developmental dynamics of cortical neurons, the molecular mechanisms that control the neuronal dynamics, and the changes in neuronal dynamics in disease models.

Vivo에서 신생아 쥐에 있는 대뇌 피 질의 뉴런의 두 광자 영상

Two-photon imaging is a powerful tool for the in vivo analysis of neuronal circuits in the mammalian brain. However, a limited number of in vivo imaging ...

A High-Throughput Image-Guided Stereotactic Neuronavigation and Focused Ultrasound System for Blood-Brain Barrier Opening in Rodents

The blood-brain barrier (BBB) has been a major hurdle for the treatment of various brain diseases. Endothelial cells, connected by tight junctions, form a physiological barrier preventing large molecules (&#62;500 Da) from entering the brain tissue. Microbubble-mediated focused ultrasound (FUS) can be used to induce a transient local BBB opening, allowing larger drugs to enter the brain parenchyma.
In addition to large-scale clinical devices for clinical translation, preclinical research for therapy response assessment of drug candidates requires dedicated small animal ultrasound setups for targeted BBB opening. Preferably, these systems allow high-throughput workflows with both high-spatial precision as well as integrated cavitation monitoring, while still being cost effective in both initial investment and running costs.
Here, we present a bioluminescence and X-ray guided stereotactic small animal FUS system that is based on commercially available components and fulfills the aforementioned requirements. A particular emphasis has been placed on a high degree of automation facilitating the challenges typically encountered in high-volume preclinical drug evaluation studies. Examples of these challenges are the need for standardization in order to ensure data reproducibility, reduce intra-group variability, reduce sample size and thus comply with ethical requirements and decrease unnecessary workload. The proposed BBB system has been validated in the scope of BBB opening facilitated drug delivery trials on patient-derived xenograft models of glioblastoma multiforme and diffuse midline glioma.

The blood-brain barrier (BBB) can be temporarily disrupted with microbubble-mediated focused ultrasound (FUS). Here, we describe a step-by-step protocol for high-throughput BBB opening in vivo using a modular FUS system accessible for non-ultrasound experts.

설치류의 혈액 뇌 장벽 개방을 위한 고처리량 이미지 유도 입체 신경 탐색 및 집중 초음파 시스템

The blood-brain barrier (BBB) has been a major hurdle for the treatment of various brain diseases. Endothelial cells, connected by tight junctions, form a ...

마우스 신생아 뇌 Micro-CT 스캐닝 및 이미지 처리

Micro-CT Imaging and Morphometric Analysis of Mouse Neonatal Brains

Neuroimages are a valuable tool for studying brain morphology in experiments using animal models. Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) has become the standard method for soft tissues, although its low spatial resolution poses some limits for small animals. Here, we describe a protocol for obtaining high-resolution three-dimensional (3D) information on mouse neonate brains and skulls using micro-computed tomography (micro-CT). The protocol includes those steps needed to dissect the samples, stain and scan the brain, and obtain morphometric measurements of the whole organ and regions of interest (ROIs). Image analysis includes the segmentation of structures and the digitization of point coordinates. In sum, this work shows that the combination of micro-CT and Lugol's solution as a contrast agent is a suitable alternative for imaging the perinatal brains of small animals. This imaging workflow has applications in developmental biology, biomedicine, and other sciences interested in assessing the effect of diverse genetic and environmental factors on brain development.

저자 스포트라이트: 생쥐 신생아 뇌의 고해상도 이미징 – Lugol&#39;s Solution Contrast Agent를 사용한 Micro-CT 프로토콜

This study describes the steps for obtaining high-resolution images of neonatal mouse brains by combining micro-computed tomography (micro-CT) and a contrast agent in ex vivo samples. We describe basic morphometric analyses to quantify brain size and shape in these images.

Micro-CT 영상 및 생쥐 신생아 뇌의 형태 분석

Neuroimages are a valuable tool for studying brain morphology in experiments using animal models. Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) has become the standard ...

신생아의 예술 두개골 초음파 이미징의 주

요약

더 많은 비디오 탐색

이 비디오의 챕터

고주파 초음파를 사용하여 마우스 태아에 대비 이미징

손쥐 태아 Echocardiography

태아 마우스 심장 혈관 이미징 높은 주파수 초음파 (30/45 m h Z) 시스템을 사용 하 여

비 침습적 실질, 혈관 및 대사 고주파 초음파 및 광 음향 쥐 뇌 심부 이미징

혈액-뇌 장벽 투과성을 높이기 위해 집중된 초음파 및 마이크로 버블 치료를 시각화하는 실시간 인트라바이탈 다광원 현미경 검사법

Vivo에서 신생아 쥐에 있는 대뇌 피 질의 뉴런의 두 광자 영상

설치류의 혈액 뇌 장벽 개방을 위한 고처리량 이미지 유도 입체 신경 탐색 및 집중 초음파 시스템

Micro-CT 영상 및 생쥐 신생아 뇌의 형태 분석

Micro-CT 영상 및 생쥐 신생아 뇌의 형태 분석

Micro-CT 영상 및 생쥐 신생아 뇌의 형태 분석