1. 뇌 미토콘드리아 절연 (브라운 MR 등에서 적응. 9) <ol><li> 기관 애니멀 케어 및 사용위원회 (IACUC)의 승인을 방법을 사용하여 쥐를 희생. </li><li> 잘린 동물의 머리를 잘라 피부를 잘라 두개골을 노출합니다. </li><li> 가위 또는 rongeur로 절단하여 부드럽게 두개골을 엽니 다. 뇌를 제거합니다. </li><li> 절연 버퍼에있는 소뇌 (표 1 참조)없이 정밀하게 뇌를 말하다 5 ML 유리 / 테프론 균질화 (장비 목록 참조)로 전송할 수 있습니다. </li><li> 조직 가볍게 10 회 (거품 없음), 약 5 분 균질화. </li><li> 4 10 분 ° C 벤치 탑 원심 분리기에서 1,500 × g에서 샘플을 원심 분리기. </li><li> 상층 액을 저장 (미토콘드리아와 synaptosomes)와 펠렛을 (핵 물질 및 세포 파편) 폐기합니다. 벤치 탑 원심 분리기 ° C 4에서 10 분간 16,000 × g에서 원심 분리기. </li><li> 폐기상층 액을 다시 중단 절연 버퍼 500 μL에 펠렛을. 세포 분열 용기 (장비 목록을 참조) synaptosomes을 방해. 빠른 압축 해제 한 다음 10 분, 1,200 PSI의 압력을 적용합니다. </li><li> 126,500에서 레이어 Ficoll 그라디언트 위에 혼합물 (표 2 참조), SW-50.1 로터와 원심 분리기에서 개최 × g에서 4시 20 분 ° 원심 분리기에서 C (장비 목록을 참조). 펠렛 정제 미토콘드리아이며, Ficoll의 서로 다른 밀도 사이의 계층 undisrupted synaptosomes입니다. </li><li> 16,000 절연 버퍼에서 원심 분리 × g을 4시 10 분 ° C에 대한 벤치 탑 원심 분리기에 의해 펠렛을 씻으십시오. </li></ol> 2. Submitochondrial 소포는 (SMV) 절연 (장 등. 10에서 발췌) <ol><li> 1 % digitonin의 동일한 볼륨과 함께 200 μL 절연 버퍼에 미토콘드리아 다시 중단하고 15 분 동안 얼음에 앉아 할 수 있습니다. </li><li> 더 격리 버프 추가16,000 어 원심 분리 × 4시 10 분 g ° 벤치 탑 원심 분리기 C. 두 번이 작업을 수행합니다. </li><li> 200 μL 절연 버퍼에 펠렛을 다시 일시 중지하고 10 % Lubrol PX (C12E9) 2 μl를 추가합니다. 혼합하고 15 분 동안 얼음에 앉아 할 수 있습니다. </li><li> 182,000에 절연 버퍼, SW-50.1 회에서 장소와 원심 분리기 위에 레이어 혼합 × 4에서 g ℃에서 1 시간 동안 C. </li><li> 4 ℃에서 10 분 동안 16,000에서 절연 버퍼의 탁상용 원심 분리기 × g에서 원심 분리하여 최종 펠렛을 씻으십시오 </li></ol> 3. 전기 생리학 기록 <ol><li> 전형적인 전기 생리학 장비는 증폭기, pClamp10.0 소프트웨어, 매니퓰레이터, 현미경, 진동 절연 테이블, 패러데이 케이지와 함께 Digidata 1440A 아날로그 - 디지털 컨버터 인터페이스가 장착 된 PC 시스템을 포함하고 있습니다. </li><li> 붕규산 유리 모세관 튜브는 불타는 / 브라운 micropipette의 풀러 모델 P-87에 삽입됩니다. 피펫 풀러 프로그램에 최적화되어 있습니다MΩ 80-100 사이의 저항과 피펫을 생성합니다. </li><li> 연 소식 기화기는 생리 세포 내 용액 (ATP를 촬영하는 동안 적절한시기에 추가됩니다) (표 3)에 배치됩니다. 패치 클램프 피펫은 동일한 솔루션 (아무 ATP)로 채워집니다. 녹음은 상온에서 연 소식 기화기 위에 기가 옴 실을 형성하여 만들어집니다. 소포는 니콘 자이스 거꾸로 현미경과 위상차 현미경에 의해 시각입니다. </li><li> 막 전위는 -100 MV ~ 10 초 동안 + mV에서 100 mV까지 전압으로 유지됩니다. 녹음은 앰프 회로를 사용하여 5 kHz에서 필터링됩니다. 이하 연평균 길잃은 전기 또는 비 특정 소음 수준은 레코딩하는 것이 바람직합니다. </li><li> 데이터 주파수 단일 채널 이벤트의 진폭을 결정하는 예를 들어 Clampfit 10.0 소프트웨어와 분석됩니다. 전압 의존성 전류 전압 관계를 플롯에 의해 결정됩니다. </li></ol>

<ol>
	<li>Cheng, W. C., Berman, S. B., Ivanovska, I., Jonas, E. A., Lee, S. J., Chen, Y., Kaczmarek, L. K., Pineda, F., Hardwick, J. M. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Mitochondrial+factors+with+dual+roles+in+death+and+survival.">Mitochondrial factors with dual roles in death and survival.</a> Oncogene. 25, 4697-4705 (2006).</li><li>Duchen, M. R., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Mitochondria+and+calcium+in+health+and+disease.">Mitochondria and calcium in health and disease.</a> Cell Calcium. 44, 1-5 (2008).</li><li>Lemasters, J. J. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Modulation+of+mitochondrial+membrane+permeability+in+pathogenesis,+autophagy+and+control+of+metabolism.">Modulation of mitochondrial membrane permeability in pathogenesis, autophagy and control of metabolism.</a> J. Gastroenterol. Hepatol. 22, S31-S37 (2007).</li><li>Cox, G. B., Jans, D. A., Fimmel, A. L., Gibson, F., Hatch, L. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Hypothesis.+The+mechanism+of+ATP+synthase.+Conformational+change+by+rotation+of+the+beta-subunit.">Hypothesis. The mechanism of ATP synthase. Conformational change by rotation of the beta-subunit.</a> Biochim. Biophys. Acta. 768, 201-208 (1984).</li><li>Cox, G. B., Fimmel, A. L., Gibson, F., Hatch, L. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=The+mechanism+of+ATP+synthase:+a+reassessment+of+the+functions+of+the+b+and+a+subunits.">The mechanism of ATP synthase: a reassessment of the functions of the b and a subunits.</a> Biochim. Biophys. Acta. 849, 62-69 (1986).</li><li>Cory, S., Huang, D. C., Adams, J. M. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=The+Bcl-2+family:+roles+in+cell+survival+and+oncogenesis.">The Bcl-2 family: roles in cell survival and oncogenesis.</a> Oncogene. 22, 8590-8607 (2003).</li><li>Vander Heiden, M. G., Thompson, C. B. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Bcl-2+proteins:+regulators+of+apoptosis+or+of+mitochondrial+homeostasis.">Bcl-2 proteins: regulators of apoptosis or of mitochondrial homeostasis.</a> Nat. Cell Biol. 1, 209-216 (1999).</li><li>Alavian, K. N., Li, H., Collis, L., Bonanni, L., Zeng, L., Sacchetti, S., Lazrove, E., Nabili, P., Flaherty, B., Graham, M., Chen, Y., Messerli, S. M., Mariggio, M. A., Rahner, C., McNay, E., Shore, G. C., Smith, P. J. S., Hardwick, J. M., Jonas, E. A. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Bcl-xL+regulates+metabolic+efficiency+of+neurons+through+interaction+with+the+mitochondrial+F1FO+ATP+synthase.">Bcl-xL regulates metabolic efficiency of neurons through interaction with the mitochondrial F1FO ATP synthase.</a> Nat. Cell Biol. 13 (10), 1224-1233 (2011).</li><li>Brown, M. R., Sullivan, P. G., Dorenbos, K. A., Modafferi, E. A., Geddes, J. W., Steward, O. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Nitrogen+disruption+of+synaptoneurosomes:+an+alternative+method+to+isolate+brain+mitochondria.">Nitrogen disruption of synaptoneurosomes: an alternative method to isolate brain mitochondria.</a> Journal of Neuroscience Methods. 137, 299-303 (2004).</li><li>Chan, T. L., Greenawalt, J. W., Pedersen, P. L. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Biochemical+and+ultrastructural+properties+of+a+mitochondrial+inner+membrane+fraction+deficient+in+outer+membrane+and+matrix+activities.">Biochemical and ultrastructural properties of a mitochondrial inner membrane fraction deficient in outer membrane and matrix activities.</a> J. Cell Biol. 45 (2), 291-305 (1970).</li><li>Young, H. K. o., Delannoy, M., Hullihen, J., Chiu, W., Pedersen, P. L. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Mitochondrial+ATP+Synthasomes.">Mitochondrial ATP Synthasomes.</a> J. Biol. Chem. 278 (14), 12305-12309 (2003).</li></ol>

관심 없음 충돌 선언하지 않습니다.

방법에서와 같이 본 발명이 방법으로 phenotypes.SMVspurified 세포의 구별없이 뇌 전체에서 2 단계 이후 단계 1 submitochondrial 소포 (연 소식 기화기)의 끝에서 다른 세포 내 소기관에 의한 오염이 필수적으로 순수 미토콘드리아의 분리를하는 수 기술 그림 1과 우리의 이전 작업 (Alavian KN 등. 8)와 이전의 동결 구조적 및 기능적 무결성을 유지합니다. 냉동 및 해동 후, 미토콘드리?...

<table border="1">
 <tbody>
 <tr>
 <td>Name </td>
 <td>Company</td>
 <td>Catalogue number</td>
 </tr>
 <tr>
 <td>Potter-Elvehjem Tissue Grinder withPTFEPestle</td>
 <td>Krackeler Scientific, Inc.</td>
 <td>1-7725T-5 </td>
 </tr>
 <tr>
 <td>Eppendorf Centrifuge 5424 </td>
 <td>Eppendorf </td>
 <td>5424 000.410</td>
 </tr>
 <tr>
 <td>4639 Cell Disruption Vessel</td>
 <td>Parr Instrument Company</td>
 <td>4639</td>
 </tr>
 <tr>
 <td>Ficoll</td>
 <td>Sigma-Aldrich</td>
 <td>F5415</td>
 </tr>
 <tr>
 <td>Polycarbonate centrifuge tubes</td>
 <td>Beckman Coulter</td>
 <td>P20314</td>
 </tr>
 <tr>
 <td>SW-50.1 rotor </td>
 <td>Beckman Coulter</td>
 <td></td>
 </tr>
 <tr>
 <td>L8-70M Ultracentrifuge</td>
 <td>Beckman Coulter</td>
 <td></td>
 </tr>
 <tr>
 <td>Digitonin</td>
 <td>Sigma-Aldrich</td>
 <td>D5628 </td>
 </tr>
 <tr>
 <td>Lubrol PX (C12E9) </td>
 <td>Calbiochem</td>
 <td>205534</td>
 </tr>
 <tr>
 <td>Axopatch 200B </td>
 <td>Axon Instruments </td>
 <td></td>
 </tr>
 <tr>
 <td>Digidata 1440A </td>
 <td>Molecular Device</td>
 <td></td>
 </tr>
 <tr>
 <td>pClamp10.0</td>
 <td>Molecular Device</td>
 <td></td>
 </tr>
 <tr>
 <td>Manipulator</td>
 <td>Sutter Instrument</td>
 <td></td>
 </tr>
 <tr>
 <td>Borosilicate glass capillary</td>
 <td>World Precision Instruments</td>
 <td>1308325</td>
 </tr>
 <tr>
 <td>Flaming/Brown Micropipette Puller Model P-87</td>
 <td>Sutter Instrument</td>
 <td></td>
 </tr>
 </tbody>
</table>

f1fo atpase vesicle preparation and technique for performing patch clamp recordings of submitochondrial vesicle membranes

미토콘드리아는 신진 대사, 생존 1, 개발 및 칼슘 2 신호 등 많은 중요한 세포 기능에 참여하고 있습니다. 가장 중요한 미토콘드리아 기능의 두 ATP, 산화 인산화에 의한 세포의 에너지 통화 및 프로그램 된 세포의 죽음 3 신호 조정의 효율적인 생산에 관련되어 있습니다. ATP의 생산을 주로 담당하는 효소는 ATP 합성 효소 4-5이라는 F1FO-ATP 합성 효소이다. 최근 몇 년 동안, 세포 자멸사 및 괴사 세포 죽음에서 미토콘드리아의 역할은 상당한 주목을 받고있다. 사멸 세포 죽음, 이러한 백스 같은 BCL-2 가족 단백질은 미토콘드리아 외막를 입력 올리고머 및 세포질 6에 직업 세포 사멸 인자를 방출, 외부 막을 permeabilize. 고전적인 괴사 된 세포의 죽음, 이러한 신경 세포의 허혈이나 excitotoxicity에,이 Larg에 의해 생성 된 것과매트릭스 칼슘 전자, 제대로 규제 증가는 내부 멤브레인 기공, 미토콘드리아 투과성 전이 기공 또는 MPTP의 개통에 기여하고 있습니다. 이 내부 막 탈분극 및 외부 막 파열, 직업 세포 사멸 인자의 릴리스 및 신진 대사 장애에 기여하고, 삼투압 변화가 발생합니다. BCL-XL 7을 (를) 포함하여 많은 단백질 F1FO ATP 합성 효소, 조절의 기능과 상호 작용합니다. BCL-XL은 F1FO ATP 합성 효소의 베타 소단위와 직접 상호 작용이 상호 작용 F1FO ATPase의 활성 8시 F1FO에 의한 H +의 그물 전송함으로써 증가하는 미토콘드리아의 효율성을 증가 F1FOATPasecomplex에서 누수가 전도성을 감소시킨다. ATP 합성 효소의 활동 및 변조를 연구하기 위해, 우리는 F1FO ATPase의를 포함한 설치류 뇌 submitochondrial의 소포 (연 소식 기화기)에서 분리. Alavian 등과 같이 연 소식 기화기는 F1FO ATPase의의 구조와 기능 무결성을 유지합니다. 여기, 우리는 방법을 설명우리는 쥐의 뇌에서 연 소식 기화기의 격리를 위해 성공적으로 사용하고 우리는 연 소식 기화기 (이온 누출 전도도) 채널의 활동을 분석 할 수있는 패치 클램프 기술을 묘사합니다.

우리의 프로토콜의 첫 번째 단계는 그림 1과 서양 얼룩에 의해 그림과 같이 미토콘드리아 정제 분리 할 수 있습니다. 그림 2에서 두뇌 파생 submitochondrial 소포 패치 기록의 예를 보여줍니다. 내부 아웃 패치 구성을 사용하여 우리는 ATP에 의해 변조 채널 활동을 보여줍니다. 제어 (CTL) 녹음 (왼쪽) 평균 600 P의 최대 전도도와 멀티 전도성 채널 활동을 보여줍니다. 그 즉시 화장...

Watch this Scientific Journal Video about F1FO ATPase Vesicle Preparation and Technique for Performing Patch Clamp Recordings of Submitochondrial Vesicle Membranes at JoVE.com

F1FO ATPase Vesicle Preparation and Technique for Performing Patch Clamp Recordings of Submitochondrial Vesicle Membranes

쥐의 뇌에서 F1FO ATP 합성 효소 복합체 충실 submitochondrial 소포를 분리하는 방법이 설명되어 있습니다. 이 소포는 F1FO ATPase의 복잡하고 패치 클램프 녹음의 기술을 사용하여 변조의 활동의 연구를 할 수 있습니다.

<sub&gt; 1</sub&gt; F<sub&gt; O</subSubmitochondrial 소포 막 패치 클램프 녹음을 공연&gt; ATPase의 소포의 준비와 기술

Mitochondria are involved in many important cellular  functions including metabolism, survival1, development and, calcium signaling2. Two of the most ...

f1fo-atpase-vesicle-preparation-technique-for-performing-patch-clamp

Research

JoVE Journal

Neuroscience

F1FO ATPase Vesicle Preparation and Technique for Performing Patch Clamp Recordings of Submitochondrial Vesicle Membranes

10.2K 조회수.  Yale University. 쥐의 뇌에서 F1FO ATP 합성 효소 복합체 충실 submitochondrial 소포를 분리하는 방법이 설명되어 있습니다. 이 소포는 F1FO ATPase의 복잡하고 패치 클램프 녹음의 기술을 사용하여 변조의 활동의 연구를 할 수 있습니다.

비디오: F1FO ATPase Vesicle Preparation and Technique for Performing Patch Clamp Recordings of Submitochondrial Vesicle Membranes

Patch Clamp Recordings from Mouse Retinal Neurons in a Dark-adapted Slice Preparation

Our visual experience is initiated when the visual pigment in our retinal photoreceptors absorbs photons of light energy and initiates a cascade of intracellular events that lead to closure of cyclic-nucleotide-gated channels in the cell membrane. The resulting change in membrane potential leads in turn to reductions in the amount of neurotransmitter release from both rod and cone synaptic terminals. To measure how the light-evoked change in photoreceptor membrane potential leads to downstream activity in the retina, scientists have made electrophysiological recordings from retinal slice preparations for decades1,2. In the past these slices have been cut manually with a razor blade on retinal tissue that is attached to filter paper; in recent years another method of slicing has been developed whereby retinal tissue is embedded in low gelling temperature agar and sliced in cool solution with a vibrating microtome3,4. This preparation produces retinal slices with less surface damage and very robust light-evoked responses. Here we document how this procedure can be done under infrared light to avoid bleaching the visual pigment.

Here we describe a procedure for generating dark-adapted slices of the mouse retina for electrophysiological recordings.

어두운 적응 슬라이스 준비에 마우스 망막 뉴런에서 패치 클램프 레코딩

Our visual experience is initiated when the visual pigment in our retinal photoreceptors absorbs photons of light energy and initiates a cascade of ...

연구

신경과학

Paired Patch Clamp Recordings from Motor-neuron and Target Skeletal Muscle in Zebrafish

Larval zebrafish represent the first vertebrate model system to allow simultaneous patch clamp recording from a spinal motor-neuron and target muscle. This is a direct consequence of the accessibility to both cell types and ability to visually distinguish the single segmental CaP motor-neuron on the basis of morphology and location. This video demonstrates the microscopic methods used to identify a CaP motor-neuron and target muscle cells as well as the methodologies for recording from each cell type. Identification of the CaP motor-neuron type is confirmed by either dye filling or by the biophysical features such as action potential waveform and cell input resistance. Motor-neuron recordings routinely last for one hour permitting long-term recordings from multiple different target muscle cells. Control over the motor-neuron firing pattern enables measurements of the frequency-dependence of synaptic transmission at the neuromuscular junction. Owing to a large quantal size and the low noise provided by whole cell voltage clamp, all of the unitary events can be resolved in muscle. This feature permits study of basic synaptic properties such as release properties, vesicle recycling, as well as synaptic depression and facilitation. The advantages offered by this in vivo preparation eclipse previous neuromuscular model systems studied wherein the motor-neurons are usually stimulated by extracellular electrodes and the muscles are too large for whole cell patch clamp. The zebrafish preparation is amenable to combining electrophysiological analysis with a wide range of approaches including transgenic lines, morpholino knockdown, pharmacological intervention and in vivo imaging. These approaches, coupled with the growing number of neuromuscular disease models provided by mutant lines of zebrafish, open the door for new understanding of human neuromuscular disorders.

Larval zebrafish represent the first vertebrate model system to allow simultaneous patch clamp recording from a spinal motor-neuron and target skeletal muscle. This video demonstrates the microscopic methods used to identify a segmental CaP motor-neuron and target muscle cells as well as the methodologies for recording from each cell type.

모터 신경 세포의 이점 패치 클램프 레코딩과 Zebrafish의 대상 골격근

Larval zebrafish represent the first vertebrate model system to allow simultaneous patch clamp recording from a spinal motor-neuron and target muscle.  ...

Culturing and Electrophysiology of Cells on NRCC Patch-clamp Chips

Due to its exquisite sensitivity and the ability to monitor and control individual cells at the level of ion channels, patch-clamping is the gold standard of electrophysiology applied to disease models and pharmaceutical screens alike 1. The method traditionally involves gently contacting a cell with a glass pipette filled by a physiological solution in order to isolate a patch of the membrane under its apex 2. An electrode inserted in the pipette captures ion-channel activity within the membrane patch or, when ruptured, for the whole cell. In the last decade, patch-clamp chips have been proposed as an alternative 3, 4: a suspended film separates the physiological medium from the culture medium, and an aperture microfabricated in the film replaces the apex of the pipette. Patch-clamp chips have been integrated in automated systems and commercialized for high-throughput screening 5. To increase throughput, they include the fluidic delivery of cells from suspension, their positioning on the aperture by suction, and automated routines to detect cell-to-probe seals and enter into whole cell mode. We have reported on the fabrication of a silicon patch-clamp chip with optimized impedance and orifice shape that permits the high-quality recording of action potentials in cultured snail neurons 6; recently, we have also reported progress towards interrogating mammalian neurons 7. Our patch-clamp chips are fabricated at the Canadian Photonics Fabrication Centre 8, a commercial foundry, and are available in large series. We are eager to engage in collaborations with electrophysiologists to validate the use of the NRCC technology in different models. The chips are used according to the general scheme represented in Figure 1: the silicon chip is at the bottom of a Plexiglas culture vial and the back of the aperture is connected to a subterranean channel fitted with tubes at either end of the package. Cells are cultured in the vial and the cell on top of the probe is monitored by a measuring electrode inserted in the channel.The two outside fluidic ports facilitate solution exchange with minimal disturbance to the cell; this is an advantage compared to glass pipettes for intracellular perfusion.
<img alt="Figure 1" src="/files/ftp_upload/3288/3288fig1.jpg" />
Figure 1. Principle of measurement using the NRCC patch-clamp chip
We detail here the protocols to sterilize and prime the chips, load them with medium, plate them with cells, and finally use them for electrophysiological recordings.

We show how planar patch-clamp chips fabricated at the National Research Council of Canada are sterilized, primed, loaded with medium, plated with cells, and used for electrophysiological recordings.

NRCC 패치 - 클램프 칩에 대한 세포의 Culturing 및 전기 생리학

Due to its exquisite sensitivity and the ability to monitor and control individual cells at the level of ion channels, patch-clamping is the gold standard ...

Patch Clamp Recordings in Inner Ear Hair Cells Isolated from Zebrafish

Patch clamp analyses of the voltage-gated channels in sensory hair cells isolated from a variety of species have been described previously1-4 but this video represents the first application of those techniques to hair cells from zebrafish. Here we demonstrate a method to isolate healthy, intact hair cells from all of the inner ear end-organs: saccule, lagena, utricle and semicircular canals. Further, we demonstrate the diversity in hair cell size and morphology and give an example of the kinds of patch clamp recordings that can be obtained. The advantage of the use of this zebrafish model system over others stems from the availability of zebrafish mutants that affect both hearing and balance. In combination with the use of transgenic lines and other techniques that utilize genetic analysis and manipulation, the cell isolation and electrophysiological methods introduced here should facilitate greater insight into the roles hair cells play in mediating these sensory modalities.

The purpose of this video is to demonstrate procedures for obtaining healthy, intact hair cells from the inner ear organs of adult zebrafish and then using them for patch clamp studies aimed at characterizing the biophysical properties of their voltage-gated channels.

귀에 세포의 패치 클램프 녹음 절연 Zebrafish에서

Patch  clamp analyses of the voltage-gated channels in sensory hair cells isolated  from a variety of species have been described previously1-4 but this  ...

Isolation of Sensory Neurons of Aplysia californica for Patch Clamp Recordings of Glutamatergic Currents

The marine gastropod mollusk Aplysia californica has a venerable history as a model of nervous system function, with particular significance in studies of learning and memory. The typical preparations for such studies are ones in which the sensory and motoneurons are left intact in a minimally dissected animal, or a technically elaborate neuronal co-culture of individual sensory and motoneurons. Less common is the isolated neuronal preparation in which small clusters of nominally homogeneous neurons are dissociated into single cells in short term culture. Such isolated cells are useful for the biophysical characterization of ion currents using patch clamp techniques, and targeted modulation of these conductances. A protocol for preparing such cultures is described. The protocol takes advantage of the easily identifiable glutamatergic sensory neurons of the pleural and buccal ganglia, and describes their dissociation and minimal maintenance in culture for several days without serum.

Isolation of Sensory Neurons of Aplysia californica for Patch Clamp Recordings of Glutamatergic Currents

We describe the dissection of the nervous system of the marine sea hare Aplysia after anesthesia, the isolation of neurons for short term-tissue culture, and recordings of single cell ion currents via the patch clamp technique.

의 감각 뉴런의 분리<em&gt; 군소 californica</em&gt; 글루타메이트 전류의 패치 클램프 녹음을위한

The marine gastropod mollusk Aplysia californica has a venerable  history as a model of nervous system function, with particular significance in  studies ...

Patch Clamp Recordings from Embryonic Zebrafish Mauthner Cells

Mauthner cells (M-cells) are large reticulospinal neurons located in the hindbrain of teleost fish. They are key neurons involved in a characteristic behavior known as the C-start or escape response that occurs when the organism perceives a threat. The M-cell has been extensively studied in adult goldfish where it has been shown to receive a wide range of excitatory, inhibitory and neuromodulatory signals1. We have been examining M-cell activity in embryonic zebrafish in order to study aspects of synaptic development in a vertebrate preparation. In the late 1990s Ali and colleagues developed a preparation for patch clamp recording from M-cells in zebrafish embryos, in which the CNS was largely intact2,3,4. The objective at that time was to record synaptic activity from hindbrain neurons, spinal cord neurons and trunk skeletal muscle while maintaining functional synaptic connections within an intact brain-spinal cord preparation. This preparation is still used in our laboratory today. To examine the mechanisms underlying developmental synaptic plasticity, we record excitatory (AMPA and NMDA-mediated)5,6 and inhibitory (GABA and glycine) synaptic currents from developing M-cells. Importantly, this unique preparation allows us to return to the same cell (M-cell) from preparation to preparation to carefully examine synaptic plasticity and neuro-development in an embryonic organism. The benefits provided by this preparation include 1) intact, functional synaptic connections onto the M-cell, 2) relatively inexpensive preparations, 3) a large supply of readily available embryos 4) the ability to return to the same cell type (i.e. M-cell) in every preparation, so that synaptic development at the level of an individual cell can be examined from fish to fish, and 5) imaging of whole preparations due to the transparent nature of the embryos.

We have developed an intact brain-spinal cord preparation to record and monitor electrical activity via patch clamp recording from the Mauthner neurons and other reticulospinal cells in zebrafish embryos. Thus, we are able to record excitatory and inhibitory synaptic currents, voltage-gated channel activity and action potentials from key neurons in a developing embryo.

배아 Zebrafish의 MAUTHNER 세포에서 패치 클램프 녹음

Mauthner cells (M-cells) are large  reticulospinal neurons located in the hindbrain of teleost fish. They are key  neurons involved in a characteristic ...

Whole-cell Patch-clamp Recordings from Morphologically- and Neurochemically-identified Hippocampal Interneurons

GABAergic inhibitory interneurons play a central role within neuronal circuits of the brain. Interneurons comprise a small subset of the neuronal population (10-20%), but show a high level of physiological, morphological, and neurochemical heterogeneity, reflecting their diverse functions. Therefore, investigation of interneurons provides important insights into the organization principles and function of neuronal circuits. This, however, requires an integrated physiological and neuroanatomical approach for the selection and identification of individual interneuron types. Whole-cell patch-clamp recording from acute brain slices of transgenic animals, expressing fluorescent proteins under the promoters of interneuron-specific markers, provides an efficient method to target and electrophysiologically characterize intrinsic and synaptic properties of specific interneuron types. Combined with intracellular dye labeling, this approach can be extended with post-hoc morphological and immunocytochemical analysis, enabling systematic identification of recorded neurons. These methods can be tailored to suit a broad range of scientific questions regarding functional properties of diverse types of cortical neurons.

Cortical networks are controlled by a small, but diverse set of inhibitory interneurons. Functional investigation of interneurons therefore requires targeted recording and rigorous identification. Described here is a combined approach involving whole-cell recordings from single or synaptically-coupled pairs of neurons with intracellular labeling, post-hoc morphological and immunocytochemical analysis.

Morphologically- 및 Neurochemically 확인 된 해마의 interneurons에서 전체 세포 패치 클램프 녹음

GABAergic inhibitory interneurons play a central role within neuronal circuits of the brain. Interneurons comprise a small subset of the neuronal ...

Whole-cell Patch-clamp Recordings in Brain Slices

Whole-cell patch-clamp recording is an electrophysiological technique that allows the study of the&#160;electrical properties of a substantial part of the neuron. In this configuration, the micropipette is in tight contact with the cell membrane, which prevents current leakage and thereby provides more accurate ionic current measurements than the previously used intracellular sharp electrode recording method. Classically, whole-cell recording can be performed on neurons in various types of preparations, including cell culture models, dissociated neurons, neurons in brain slices, and in intact anesthetized or awake animals. In summary, this technique has immensely contributed to the understanding of passive and active biophysical properties of excitable cells. A major advantage of this technique is that it provides information on how specific manipulations (e.g., pharmacological, experimenter-induced plasticity) may alter specific neuronal functions or channels in real-time. Additionally, significant opening of the plasma membrane allows the internal pipette solution to freely diffuse into the cytoplasm, providing means for introducing drugs, e.g., agonists or antagonists of specific intracellular proteins, and manipulating these targets without altering their functions in neighboring cells. This article will focus on whole-cell recording performed on neurons in brain slices,&#160;a preparation that has the advantage of recording neurons in relatively well preserved brain circuits, i.e., in a physiologically relevant context. In particular,&#160;when combined with appropriate pharmacology, this technique is a powerful tool allowing identification of specific neuroadaptations that occurred following any type of experiences, such as learning, exposure to drugs of abuse, and stress. In summary, whole-cell patch-clamp recordings in brain slices provide means to measure in ex vivo preparation long-lasting changes in neuronal functions that have developed in intact awake animals.

This protocol describes basic procedural steps for performing whole-cell patch-clamp recordings. This technique allows the study of&#160;the electrical behavior of neurons, and when performed in brain slices, allows the assessment of various neuronal functions from neurons that are still integrated in relatively well preserved brain circuits.

뇌 조각에서 전체 셀 패치 클램프 녹음

Whole-cell patch-clamp recording is an electrophysiological technique that allows the study of the&#160;electrical properties of a substantial part of the ...

Subcellular Patch-clamp Recordings from the Somatodendritic Domain of Nigral Dopamine Neurons

Dendrites of dopaminergic neurons receive and convey synaptic input, support action potential back-propagation and neurotransmitter release. Understanding these fundamental functions will shed light on the information transfer in these neurons. Dendritic patch-clamp recordings provide the possibility to directly examine the electrical properties of dendrites and underlying voltage-gated ion channels. However, these fine structures are not easily accessible to patch pipettes because of their small diameter. This report describes a step-by-step procedure to collect stable and reliable recordings from the dendrites of dopaminergic neurons in acute slices. Electrophysiological measurements are combined with post hoc recovery of cell morphology. Successful experiments rely on improved preparation of slices, solutions and pipettes, adequate adjustment of the optics and stability of the pipette in contact with the recorded structure. Standard principles of somatic patch-clamp recording are applied to dendrites but with a gentler approach of the pipette. These versatile techniques can be implemented to address various questions concerning the excitable properties of dendrites.

Subcellular patch-clamp recordings offer the possibility to investigate the functional properties of dendrites. However these fine structures are not easily accessible due to their small diameter. The protocol described here aims to facilitate the collection of stable and reliable recordings from the dendrites of dopamine neurons in slices in vitro.

흑색질 도파민 뉴런의 Somatodendritic 도메인에서 세포 내 패치 클램프 녹음

Dendrites of dopaminergic neurons receive and convey synaptic input, support action potential back-propagation and neurotransmitter release. Understanding ...

Whole-cell Patch-clamp Recordings for Electrophysiological Determination of Ion Selectivity in Channelrhodopsins

Over the past decade, channelrhodopsins became indispensable in neuroscientific research where they are used as tools to non-invasively manipulate electrical processes in target cells. In this context, ion selectivity of a channelrhodopsin is of particular importance. This article describes the investigation of chloride selectivity for a recently identified anion-conducting channelrhodopsin of Proteomonas sulcata via electrophysiological patch-clamp recordings on HEK293 cells. The experimental procedure for measuring light-gated photocurrents demands a fast switchable &#8211; ideally monochromatic &#8211; light source coupled into the microscope of an otherwise conventional patch-clamp setup. Preparative procedures prior to the experiment are outlined involving preparation of buffered solutions, considerations on liquid junction potentials, seeding and transfection of cells, and pulling of patch pipettes. The actual recording of current-voltage relations to determine the reversal potentials for different chloride concentrations takes place 24 h to 48 h after transfection. Finally, electrophysiological data are analyzed with respect to theoretical considerations of chloride conduction.

This article describes how the ion selectivity of channelrhodopsin is determined with electrophysiological whole-cell patch-clamp recordings using HEK293 cells. Here, the experimental procedure for investigating chloride selectivity of an anion-selective channelrhodopsin is demonstrated. However, the procedure is transferable to other channelrhodopsins of distinct selectivity.