저자 크리스티안 Pahrmann (연구소 관리자)를 주셔서 감사합니다.

<ol><li> 남성 Balb / C 마우스 (8-12주)는 찰스 리버 연구소 (Sulzfeld, 독일)에서 구입하고 있습니다. 생쥐는 종래의 조건, 공급 표준 쥐 음식과 물 광고 libitum 아래에 위치해 있습니다. </li><li> 2 % Isofluran는 마취에 사용됩니다. </li></ol> 기증자 준비 <ol><li> 복부 머리를 면도하고 betaisodona를 사용하여 지역을 소독. </li><li> 미세한 보려면 아래에서 후두의 수준에서 흉골에 정중선 자궁 절개를 수행합니다. </li><li> 기관의 명확한 전망을 얻을 수있는 피하 지방과 스트랩 근육을 제거합니다. </li><li> 식도, 신경, 동맥, 그리고 결합 조직과 같은 모든 주변 조직에서 기관을 절개하다. </li><li> 전체 기관을 (분기점으로 후두에서)를 제거합니다. </li><li> 감기에 식염수에 이식를 플러시하고 4 그래프트를 저장 ° C. </li><li> 기증자는 기관의 수확 다음과 같은 자궁 전위에 의해 euthanized있다. </li></ol> 받는 사람 : HETEROTOPIC 이식 <ol><li> 절개 사이트 주변에 넓은 여백에 복부 머리를 면도하고 지역에게 알코올 다음 betaisodona (betadine)를 사용하여 세 번 소독. 눈을 밖으로 건조로부터 각막을 방지하기 위해 안과 연고 제품과 윤활해야합니다. </li><li> 중앙 분리대 개복술을 수행하고 살균, moistured 장갑에 소장을 놓으십시오. </li><li> 신중하게 더 큰 omentum을 전파. 중앙에 그래프트를 놓고 8-0을 (Prolene, Ethicon, 독일)를 사용하여 하나의 치료로 흥분시키는. </li><li> 완전 큰 omentum로 이식을 커버하고 하나의 봉합사를 8-0 (Prolene, Ethicon, 독일)와 그래프트를 수정. </li><li> 복부에 다시​​ 창자를 변경하고 폐쇄하기 전에 따뜻한 무균 식염수에 플러시. </li><li> 이 레이어에서 주변 지역 - 피부 근육과 7-0 Vicryl을위한 7-0 Prolene을 사용하여 지속적인 패턴으로 복벽과 피부의 레이어를. </li></ol> 받는 사람 : ORTHOTOPIC 이식 <ol><li> 절개 사이트 주변에 넓은 여백에 복부 머리를 면도하고 지역에게 알코올 다음 betaisodona (betadine)를 사용하여 세 번 소독. 눈을 밖으로 건조로부터 각막을 방지하기 위해 안과 연고 제품과 윤활해야합니다. </li><li> 전체 laryngotracheal 복잡한 시각화하기 위해 스트랩 근육을 나눕니다. </li><li> 신중하게, 주변 조직에서 기관을 절개하다 회귀 후두 신경을 보존하는데주의를 기울여야. </li><li> 반지의 꼬리기도 세 개의 반지를 나누십시오. 동물 tracheostomy를 통해 physiologic 호흡을 유지한다. </li><li> 받는 사람뿐만 아니라 이식에 tracheal 가장자리 청소를 보장합니다. </li><li> 이식은받는 tracheal 결함 및 해부 극성을 유지하기 위해 지향 사이 interposed입니다. </li><li> anastomose 말초 (mediastinal) 기관과 기증자의 수술이 (Prolene, Ethicon, 독일) 8-0를 사용. 문합의 후부 측면은 지속적으로 실행하는 방식으로 수행됩니다. 앞쪽에 나서 중단 바늘을 사용하여 완료됩니다. </li><li> 기도로부터 분비물을 제거합니다. </li><li> 근위 문합은 다음 말초 것과 같은 방식으로 완료됩니다. </li><li> 기도와 적절한, 자발적인 호흡의 무결성을 보장합니다. </li><li> 스트랩 근육을 재배치하고 피하 조직과 지속적인 패턴으로 6-0 봉합을 (Vicryl, Ethicon, 독일)를 사용하여 피부의 레이어를 닫습니다. </li><li> 따라서 동물이 호흡 관을 통해 생리 호흡 유지되며,받는 사람에 대한 사출 마취를 사용합니다. 75/1/0.2 MG / propofol, medetomidine 각각 펜타 닐의 kg의 조합은 생쥐에서 IP 마취에 사용됩니다. </li></ol><img src="/files/ftp_upload/1437/1437Fig1.jpg" alt="그림 1" /> 그림 1 : 기증자 기관. 1A : 준비 후 현장에서 기증자 기관. 1B : Excised 공여 기관. 1C : explantation 후 기증자 기관. <img src="/files/ftp_upload/1437/1437Fig2.jpg" alt="그림 2" /> 그림 2 : Heterotopic 모델입니다. 2A : 이식은 큰 omentum의 중앙에 위치합니다. 2B : 이식이 단일 봉합과 함께 양쪽에 고정됩니다. 2C : 이식이 큰 omentum로 포장해서 하나의 봉합사로 고정됩니다. <img src="/files/ftp_upload/1437/1437Fig3.jpg" alt="그림 3" /> 그림 3 : Orthotopic 모델입니다. 3A : 이식이받는 tracheal 결함과 후부 벽 사이 interposed는 것은 지속적인 실행 방식에 anastomosed 있습니다. 3B : 앞쪽에 벽은 하나의 봉합사를 사용하여 완료됩니다. <img src="/files/ftp_upload/1437/1437Fig4.jpg" alt="그림 4" /> 그림 4 : 조직학. 4A : H + E 역 28 일 후에 복구된 heterotopic 이식 기관ining (15x). 100 % luminal 말살을합니다. 4B : H에서 60 일 후에 orthotopic 이식 기관을 복구된 + E 염색법 (15x). 최대한 달성 luminal 말살은 대략 45 %입니다. <table border="1"><tbody><tr><td></td><td> Heterotopic Tracheal 이식 모델 </td><td> Orthotopic Tracheal 이식 모델 </td></tr><tr><td> 장점 </td><td> 수행할 + 쉬운 28일 후 완전한기도 폐색과 + Luminal 말살 OAD로 동물 + 대한 신체적 애정도 </td><td> 이식편의 + 물리적 환기 가능 + 코로도 약물 관리 이러한 alloreactive IgM 항체 생산 등 + 강한 면역 반응 + 생리 흉부 환경 + Tracheal - tracheal 문합은 임상 설정을 imitates </td></tr><tr><td> 단점 </td><td> - 이식 기관의 팬도 없다 - 흡입 병원균의 없음 평가 가능 - mucociliary 통관 및 보관 분비물의 억제 - 복막 microenvironment 대신 흉부 환경 </td><td> - 필요 외과 훈련 - luminal 폐색 애플 리케이션과 함께 Luminal 말살. 60일 후 45% - 동물 OAD의 증상을 개발할 수 있습니다 </td></tr></tbody></table> 표 1 : Heterotopic 및 Orthotopic Tracheal 이식의 장점과 단점.

<ol>
	<li>Adams, B., Berry, G., Huang, X., Shorthouse, R., Brazelton, T., Morris, R. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Immunosuppressive+therapies+for+the+prevention+and+treatment+of+obliterative+airway+disease+in+heterotopic+rat+trachea+allografts.">Immunosuppressive therapies for the prevention and treatment of obliterative airway disease in heterotopic rat trachea allografts.</a> Transplantation. 69, 2260-2266 .</li><li>Adams, B., Brazelton, T., Berry, G., Morris, R. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=The+role+of+respiratory+epithelium+in+a+rat+model+of+obliterative+airway+disease.">The role of respiratory epithelium in a rat model of obliterative airway disease.</a> Transplantation. 69, 661-665 .</li><li>Deuse, T., Schrepfer, S., Reichenspurner, H., Hoyt, G., Fischbein, M., Robbins, R., Pelletier, M. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Techniques+for+experimental+heterotopic+and+orthotopic+tracheal+transplantations+&amp;#x2013;+when+to+use+which+model;+Transplant+Immunology+17.">Techniques for experimental heterotopic and orthotopic tracheal transplantations &amp;#x2013; when to use which model; Transplant Immunology 17.</a> , 255-261 (2007).</li><li>Hele, D., Yacoub, M., Belvisi, M. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=The+heterotopic+tracheal+allograft+as+an+animal+model+of+obliterative+bronchiolitis.">The heterotopic tracheal allograft as an animal model of obliterative bronchiolitis.</a> Respiratory Research. 2, 169-183 .</li><li>Hertz, M., Jessurun, J., King, M., Savic, S., Murray, J. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Reproduction+of+the+obliterative+bronchiolitis+lesion+after+heterotopic+transplantation+of+mouse+airways.">Reproduction of the obliterative bronchiolitis lesion after heterotopic transplantation of mouse airways.</a> American Journal of Pathology. 142, (1993).</li><li>McDyer, J. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Human+and+murine+obliterative+bronchiolitis+in+transplant.">Human and murine obliterative bronchiolitis in transplant.</a> Proceedings of the American Thoracic Society. 4, 37-43 .</li><li>Schrepfer, S., Deuse, T., Hoyt, G., Sheikh, A., Hoffmann, J., Reichenspurner, H., Robbins, R., Pelletier, M. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Experimental+orthotopic+tracheal+transplantation:+the+stanford+technique.">Experimental orthotopic tracheal transplantation: the stanford technique.</a> Microsurgery. 27, 187-189 (2007).</li></ol>

소냐 Schrepfer는 독일 Forschungsgemeinschaft (DFG) (SCHR992/3-1)에서 연구 부여를 받았습니다.] 모든 동물은 실험실 동물 관리의 원칙을 준수 인간의 치료를받은, 동물 실험에 의해 출판 연구소 동물의 관리 및 사용을위한 의료 연구 및 설명서에 대한 국립 협회가 정한 지침과 규정에 따라 수행되었습니다 보건 국립 연구소 (보건 간행물 85-23 국립 연구소, 1985 개정). 모든 동물은 찰스 리버 연구소 (Sulzfeld, 독일)에서 얻은되었고 대학 병원 함부르크 Eppendorf의 동물 보호 시설에서 유지되었다. 동물 표준 차우와 물 광고 libitum을 받았습니다.

마우스는 다른 transgeneic 및 녹아웃 모델에서 사용할 수 있으며, OAD (4)에 관한 기계론의 질문을 연구하는 것이 적합합니다. 이 동영상에 표시된 tracheal 이식의 두 모델은 OAD 개발 연구에 대한 안정적인 모델로 사용할 수 있습니다. 그러나 각 모델은 장점과 한계를 보여줍니다. heterotopic tracheal 이식은 수행하기 쉬운 특별 외과 훈련 (3, 5) 필요하지 않습니다. heterotopic 이식 후, luminal 말살 빠르고 완전한기도 폐색 (3, 4, 6) 28 일 후에 나타납니다 발생합니다. 자신의 유기체 heterotopic 이식 기관에 의존하지 않기 때문에 동물은 물리적, OAD 개발에 의해 영향을받지 않습니다. 단점은 이식 기관 (7, 6)의 환기​​의 부족이며, 따라서 그것은 흡입 병원균의 영향 (3, 7)을 평가하는 것은 불가능합니다. mucociliary 허가를 억제하고 유지 분비물로 인해 결과는 임상 OAD (7)에서 볼 physiologic 반응 다를 수 있습니다. 복막 microenvironment도 변경 결과 (3)을 초래할 수 흉부 환경에서 다릅니다. 외과 훈련 이식 기관의 필요하고 luminal 말살하는 orthotopic tracheal 이식을 수행하기 위해서는 60일 후 대신 heterotopic 모델 (3, 7)에 28일 나타납니다. 또한, 달성 최대한 luminal 말살는 응용 프로그램입니다. 45% 대신 heterotopic 모델 (3, 7) 100 %. 그러나, orthotopic 모델, physiologic 환기가 취득되고 흡입 약물 관리 (3) 수 있습니다. 이러한 alloreactive IgM 항체 생산과 같은 면역 반응은, heterotopic 모델 (3) 이상이 모델에서 더욱 강해지도록 표시되었습니다. tracheal - tracheal 문합이 사이트의 반응이 병원 (7)에서 수행한 문합로 더 많은 비교합니다. 각 모델의 장점과 한계는 표 1에 자세히 나와 있습니다. 요약이 비디오는 모두 생쥐의 heterotopic뿐만 아니라 orthotopic tracheal 이식 기술이 OAD 공부를 재현할하고 안정적​​인 모델로 사용할 수있는 것을 보여줍니다. 그러나 모델은 신중하게 연구의 기본 문제에 따라 선택되어야합니다.

heterotopic and orthotopic tracheal transplantation in mice used as models to study the development of  obliterative airway disease

Obliterative 에어웨이 질병 (OAD)가 장기 생존 (1-7)를 제한 폐 transplantations 후 주요 합병증입니다. pathophysiology을 공부하려면, 설치류에 tracheal 이식의 OAD 다른 동물 모델의 치료 및 예방은 (1-7) 개발되었습니다. 여기, 우리는 기관 이식, heterotopic 및 orthotopic 모델의 두 설립 모델을 사용하고 자신의 장점과 한계를 보여줍니다. 기증자 기관이 orthotopic 모델에서 엔드 - 투 - 엔드 문합에 의해 anastomosed 반면 heterotopic 모델, 기증자 기관은받는 사람의 큰 omentum에 싸여있다. 두 모델, 임상 OAD과 비슷한 histological obliterative 병변의 개발 (1-7) 증명되었습니다. 이 동영상이 모두를 수행하는 방법을 보여줍니다, heterotopic뿐만 아니라 orthotopic tracheal 이식 기법 마우스에서하고 조직학를 사용하여 두 모델 OAD 개발의 시간 코스를 비교합니다.

Watch this Scientific Journal Video about Heterotopic and Orthotopic Tracheal Transplantation in Mice used as Models to Study the Development of  Obliterative Airway Disease at JoVE.com

Heterotopic and Orthotopic Tracheal Transplantation in Mice used as Models to Study the Development of  Obliterative Airway Disease

이 동영상은 쇼, 생쥐의 obliterative기도 질환 (OAD)의 개발, heterotopic 및 orthotopic tracheal 이식 모델을 연구하는 두 실험 모델을 비교합니다.

Obliterative 에어웨이 질환의 발전을 연구하는 모델로 사용 마우스의 Heterotopic 및 Orthotopic Tracheal 이식

Obliterative airway disease (OAD) is the major complication after lung transplantations that limits long term survival (1-7).
To study the ...

heterotopic-orthotopic-tracheal-transplantation-mice-used-as-models

Nanyang Technological University

Research

JoVE Journal

Biology

13.8K 조회수.  University Heart Center Hamburg. 이 동영상은 쇼, 생쥐의 obliterative기도 질환 (OAD)의 개발, heterotopic 및 orthotopic tracheal 이식 모델을 연구하는 두 실험 모델을 비교합니다.

비디오: Heterotopic and Orthotopic Tracheal Transplantation in Mice used as Models to Study the Development of  Obliterative Airway Disease

Testing Visual Sensitivity to the Speed and Direction of Motion in Lizards

Testing visual sensitivity in any species provides basic information regarding behaviour, evolution, and ecology. However, testing specific features of the visual system provide more empirical evidence for functional applications. Investigation into the sensory system provides information about the sensory capacity, learning and memory ability, and establishes known baseline behaviour in which to gauge deviations (Burghardt, 1977). However, unlike mammalian or avian systems, testing for learning and memory in a reptile species is difficult. Furthermore, using an operant paradigm as a psychophysical measure of sensory ability is likewise as difficult. Historically, reptilian species have responded poorly to conditioning trials because of issues related to motivation, physiology, metabolism, and basic biological characteristics. Here, I demonstrate an operant paradigm used a novel model lizard species, the Jacky dragon (Amphibolurus muricatus) and describe how to test peripheral sensitivity to salient speed and motion characteristics. This method uses an innovative approach to assessing learning and sensory capacity in lizards. I employ the use of random-dot kinematograms (RDKs) to measure sensitivity to speed, and manipulate the level of signal strength by changing the proportion of dots moving in a coherent direction. RDKs do not represent a biologically meaningful stimulus, engages the visual system, and is a classic psychophysical tool used to measure sensitivity in humans and other animals. Here, RDKs are displayed to lizards using three video playback systems. Lizards are to select the direction (left or right) in which they perceive dots to be moving. Selection of the appropriate direction is reinforced by biologically important prey stimuli, simulated by computer-animated invertebrates.

Testing visual sensitivity in lizards using an operant conditioning paradigm that employs video playback of random-dot kinematograms and computer-generated invertebrates.

도마뱀의 운동의 속도와 방향에 시각 민감도 테스트

Testing visual sensitivity in any species provides basic information regarding behaviour, evolution, and ecology. However, testing specific features of ...

연구

생물학

Heterotopic Heart Transplantation in Mice

The mouse heterotopic heart transplantation has been used widely since it was introduced by Drs. Corry and Russell in 1973. It is particularly valuable for studying rejection and immune response now that newer transgenic and gene knockout mice are available, and a large number of immunologic reagents have been developed. The heart transplant model is less stringent than the skin transplant models, although technically more challenging. We have developed a modified technique and have completed over 1000 successful cases of heterotopic heart transplantation in mice. When making anastomosis of the ascending aorta and abdominal aorta, two stay sutures are placed at the proximal and distal apexes of recipient abdominal aorta with the donor s ascending aorta, then using 11-0 suture for anastomosis on both side of aorta with continuing sutures. The stay sutures make the anastomosis easier and 11-0 is an ideal suture size to avoid bleeding and thrombosis.
When making anastomosis of pulmonary artery and inferior vena cava, two stay sutures are made at the proximal apex and distal apex of the recipient s inferior vena cava with the donor s pulmonary artery. The left wall of the inferior vena cava and donor s pulmonary artery is closed with continuing sutures in the inside of the inferior vena cava after, one knot with the proximal apex stay suture the right wall of the inferior vena cava and the donor s pulmonary artery are closed with continuing sutures outside the inferior vena cave with 10-0 sutures. This method is easier to perform because anastomosis is made just on the one side of the inferior vena cava and 10-0 sutures is the right size to avoid bleeding and thrombosis. In this article, we provide details of the technique to supplement the video.

The mouse heterotopic heart transplantation model has been proven by many investigators to be an important method for studying mechanisms of rejection and immune response. However, the techniques involved are still challenging. By modifying standard techniques we have had success with more than 1000 transplants.

마우스의 Heterotopic 심장 이식

The mouse heterotopic heart transplantation has been used widely since it was introduced by Drs. Corry and Russell in 1973. It is particularly valuable ...

Small Bowel Transplantation In Mice

Since 1990, the development of tacrolimus-based immunosuppression and improved surgical techniques, the increased array of potent immunosuppressive medications, infection prophylaxis, and suitable patient selection helped improve actuarial graft and patient survival rates for all types of intestine transplantation. Patients with irreversible intestinal failure and complications of parenteral nutrition should now be routinely considered for small intestine transplantation. However, Survival rates for small intestinal transplantation have been slow to improve compares increasingly favorably with renal, liver, heart and lung. The small bowel transplantation is still unsatisfactory compared with other organs. Further progress may depend on better understanding of immunology and physiology of the graft and can be greatly facilitated by animal models. A wider use of mouse small bowel transplantation model is needed in the study of immunology and physiology of the transplantation gut as well as efficient methods in diagnosing early rejection. However, this model is limited to use because the techniques involved is an extremely technically challenging. We have developed a modified technique. When making anastomosis of portal vein and inferior vena cava, two stay sutures are made at the proximal apex and distal apex of the recipient s inferior vena cava with the donor s portal vein. The left wall of the inferior vena cava and donor s portal vein is closed with continuing sutures in the inside of the inferior vena cava after, after one knot with the proximal apex stay suture the right wall of the inferior vena cava and the donor s portal vein are closed with continuing sutures outside the inferior vena cave with 10-0 sutures. This method is easier to perform because anastomosis is made just on the one side of the inferior vena cava and 10-0 sutures is the right size to avoid bleeding and thrombosis.  In this article, we provide details of the technique to supplement the video.

The mouse small bowel transplantation model has been recognized as an important tool to study mechanismes of immune rejection and screen new immunosuppressive drugs. However, this model is limited to use because the techniques involved is an extremely technically challenge. Now we introduce the modified technique.

마우스에 작은 창자 이식

Since 1990, the development of tacrolimus-based immunosuppression and improved surgical techniques, the increased array of potent immunosuppressive ...

Quantification of &gamma;H2AX Foci in Response to Ionising Radiation

DNA double-strand breaks (DSBs), which are induced by either endogenous metabolic processes or by exogenous sources, are one of the most critical DNA lesions with respect to survival and preservation of genomic integrity. An early response to the induction of DSBs is phosphorylation of the H2A histone variant, H2AX, at the serine-139 residue, in the highly conserved C-terminal SQEY motif, forming &gamma;H2AX1. Following induction of DSBs, H2AX is rapidly phosphorylated by the phosphatidyl-inosito 3-kinase (PIKK) family of proteins, ataxia telangiectasia mutated (ATM), DNA-protein kinase catalytic subunit and ATM and RAD3-related (ATR)2. Typically, only a few base-pairs (bp) are implicated in a DSB, however, there is significant signal amplification, given the importance of chromatin modifications in DNA damage signalling and repair. Phosphorylation of H2AX mediated predominantly by ATM spreads to adjacent areas of chromatin, affecting approximately 0.03% of total cellular H2AX per DSB2,3. This corresponds to phosphorylation of approximately 2000 H2AX molecules spanning ~2 Mbp regions of chromatin surrounding the site of the DSB and results in the formation of discrete &gamma;H2AX foci which can be easily visualized and quantitated by immunofluorescence microscopy2. The loss of &gamma;H2AX at DSB reflects repair, however, there is some controversy as to what defines complete repair of DSBs; it has been proposed that rejoining of both strands of DNA is adequate however, it has also been suggested that re-instatement of the original chromatin state of compaction is necessary4-8. The disappearence of &gamma;H2AX involves at least in part, dephosphorylation by phosphatases, phosphatase 2A and phosphatase 4C5,6. Further, removal of &gamma;H2AX by redistribution involving histone exchange with H2A.Z has been implicated7,8. Importantly, the quantitative analysis of &gamma;H2AX foci has led to a wide range of applications in medical and nuclear research. Here, we demonstrate the most commonly used immunofluorescence method for evaluation of initial DNA damage by detection and quantitation of &gamma;H2AX foci in &gamma;-irradiated adherent human keratinocytes9.

Quantification of &#947;H2AX Foci in Response to Ionising Radiation

Quantification of DNA double-strand streaks using &gamma;H2AX formation as a molecular marker has become an invaluable tool in radiation biology. Here we demonstrate the use of an immunofluorescence assay for quantification of &gamma;H2AX foci after exposure of cells to radiation.

Ionising 방사선에 대한 응답으로 γH2AX Foci의 부량

DNA double-strand breaks (DSBs), which are induced by either endogenous metabolic processes or by exogenous sources, are one of the most critical DNA ...

Manual Restraint and Common Compound Administration Routes in Mice and Rats

Being able to safely and effectively restrain mice and rats is an important part of conducting research. Working confidently and humanely with mice and rats requires a basic competency in handling and restraint methods. This article will present the basic principles required to safely handle animals. One-handed, two-handed, and restraint with specially designed restraint objects will be illustrated. Often, another part of the research or testing use of animals is the effective administration of compounds to mice and rats. Although there are a large number of possible administration routes (limited only by the size and organs of the animal), most are not used regularly in research. This video will illustrate several of the more common routes, including intravenous, intramuscular, subcutaneous, and oral gavage. The goal of this article is to expose a viewer unfamiliar with these techniques to basic restraint and substance administration routes. This video does not replace required hands-on training at your facility, but is meant to augment and supplement that training.

Working safely and humanely with research rodents requires a core competency in handling and restraint methods. This article will present the basic principles required to safely handle and effectively administer compounds to mice and rats.

수동 규제와 마우스 및 쥐 일반적인 합성 관리 경로

Being able to safely and effectively restrain mice and rats is an important part of conducting research.  Working confidently and humanely with mice and ...

Evaluation of Mammary Gland Development and Function in Mouse Models

The human mammary gland is composed of 15-20 lobes that secrete milk into a branching duct system opening at the nipple. Those lobes are themselves composed of a number of terminal duct lobular units made of secretory alveoli and converging ducts1. In mice, a similar architecture is observed at pregnancy in which ducts and alveoli are interspersed within the connective tissue stroma. The mouse mammary gland epithelium is a tree like system of ducts composed of two layers of cells, an inner layer of luminal cells surrounded by an outer layer of myoepithelial cells denoted by the confines of a basement membrane2. At birth, only a rudimental ductal tree is present, composed of a primary duct and 15-20 branches. Branch elongation and amplification start at the beginning of puberty, around 4 weeks old, under the influence of hormones3,4,5. At 10 weeks, most of the stroma is invaded by a complex system of ducts that will undergo cycles of branching and regression in each estrous cycle until pregnancy2. At the onset of pregnancy, a second phase of development begins, with the proliferation and differentiation of the epithelium to form grape-shaped milk secretory structures called alveoli6,7. Following parturition and throughout lactation, milk is produced by luminal secretory cells and stored within the lumen of alveoli. Oxytocin release, stimulated by a neural reflex induced by suckling of pups, induces synchronized contractions of the myoepithelial cells around the alveoli and along the ducts, allowing milk to be transported through the ducts to the nipple where it becomes available to the pups 8. Mammary gland development, differentiation and function are tightly orchestrated and require, not only interactions between the stroma and the epithelium, but also between myoepithelial and luminal cells within the epithelium9,10,11. Thereby, mutations in many genes implicated in these interactions may impair either ductal elongation during puberty or alveoli formation during early pregnancy, differentiation during late pregnancy and secretory activation leading to lactation12,13. In this article, we describe how to dissect mouse mammary glands and assess their development using whole mounts. We also demonstrate how to evaluate myoepithelial contractions and milk ejection using an ex-vivo oxytocin-based functional assay. The effect of a gene mutation on mammary gland development and function can thus be determined in situ by performing these two techniques in mutant and wild-type control mice.

This method describes how to dissect and assess mammary gland development and function from mice. Excised mammary glands are assessed for the degree of development using whole mount while milk ejection is evaluated using an oxytocin-based myoepithelial cell contraction assay.

마우스 모델에서 유선 개발 및 기능 평가

The human mammary gland is composed of 15-20 lobes that secrete milk into a branching duct system opening at the nipple. Those lobes are themselves ...

Diagnostic Necropsy and Selected Tissue and Sample Collection in Rats and Mice

There are multiple sample types that may be collected from a euthanized animal in order to help diagnose or discover infectious agents in an animal colony. Proper collection of tissues for further histological processing can impact the quality of testing results. This article describes the conduct of a basic gross examination including identification of heart, liver, lungs, kidneys, and spleen, as well as how to collect those organs. Additionally four of the more difficult tissue/sample collection techniques are demonstrated. Lung collection and perfusion can be particularly challenging as the tissue needs to be properly inflated with a fixative in order for inside of the tissue to fix properly and to enable thorough histologic evaluation. This article demonstrates the step by step technique to remove the lung and inflate it with fixative in order to achieve optimal fixation of the tissue within 24 hours. Brain collection can be similarly challenging as the tissue is soft and easily damaged. This article demonstrates the step by step technique to expose and remove the brain from the skull with minimal damage to the tissue. The mesenteric lymph node is a good sample type in which to detect many common infectious agents as enteric viruses persist longer in the lymph node than they are shed in feces. This article demonstrates the step by step procedure for locating and aseptically removing the mesenteric lymph node. Finally, identification of infectious agents of the respiratory tract may be performed by bacterial culture or PCR testing of nasal and/or bronchial fluid aspirates taken at necropsy. This procedure describes obtaining and preparing the respiratory aspirate sample for bacterial culture and PCR testing.

This article describes the procedures for conducting a basic postmortem examination of a mouse or rat, and the collection of basic organs, as well as more challenging sample types from for histological, microbiological, and PCR evaluation.

진단 검시와 고양이와 마우스의 선택 조직 및 샘플 수집

There are multiple sample types that may be collected from a euthanized animal in order to help diagnose or discover infectious agents in an animal ...

Using SecM Arrest Sequence as a Tool to Isolate Ribosome Bound Polypeptides

Extensive research has provided ample evidences suggesting that protein folding in the cell is a co-translational process1-5. However, the exact pathway that polypeptide chain follows during co-translational folding to achieve its functional form is still an enigma. In order to understand this process and to determine the exact conformation of the co-translational folding intermediates, it is essential to develop techniques that allow the isolation of RNCs carrying nascent chains of predetermined sizes to allow their further structural analysis.
SecM (secretion monitor) is a 170 amino acid E. coli protein that regulates expression of the downstream SecA (secretion driving) ATPase in the secM-secA operon6. Nakatogawa and Ito originally found that a 17 amino acid long sequence (150-FSTPVWISQAQGIRAGP-166) in the C-terminal region of the SecM protein is sufficient and necessary to cause stalling of SecM elongation at Gly165, thereby producing peptidyl-glycyl-tRNA stably bound to the ribosomal P-site7-9. More importantly, it was found that this 17 amino acid long sequence can be fused to the C-terminus of virtually any full-length and/or truncated protein thus allowing the production of RNCs carrying nascent chains of predetermined sizes7. Thus, when fused or inserted into the target protein, SecM stalling sequence produces arrest of the polypeptide chain elongation and generates stable RNCs both in vivo in E. coli cells and in vitro in a cell-free system. Sucrose gradient centrifugation is further utilized to isolate RNCs.
The isolated RNCs can be used to analyze structural and functional features of the co-translational folding intermediates. Recently, this technique has been successfully used to gain insights into the structure of several ribosome bound nascent chains10,11. Here we describe the isolation of bovine Gamma-B Crystallin RNCs fused to SecM and generated in an in vitro translation system.

We describe here a technique that is now routinely used to isolate stably bound ribosome nascent chain complexes (RNCs). This technique takes advantage of the discovery that a 17 amino acid long SecM "arrest sequence" can halt translation elongation in a prokaryotic (E. coli) system, when inserted into (or fused to the C-terminus) of virtually any protein.

Ribosome 바운드 Polypeptides을 파악하는 도구로 SecM 체포 시퀀스를 사용하여

Extensive research has provided ample evidences suggesting that protein folding in the cell is a co-translational process1-5. However, the exact pathway ...

Using Caenorhabditis elegans as a Model System to Study Protein Homeostasis in a Multicellular Organism

The folding and assembly of proteins is essential for protein function, the long-term health of the cell, and longevity of the organism. Historically, the function and regulation of protein folding was studied in vitro, in isolated tissue culture cells and in unicellular organisms. Recent studies have uncovered links between protein homeostasis (proteostasis), metabolism, development, aging, and temperature-sensing. These findings have led to the development of new tools for monitoring protein folding in the model metazoan organism Caenorhabditis elegans. In our laboratory, we combine behavioral assays, imaging and biochemical approaches using temperature-sensitive or naturally occurring metastable proteins as sensors of the folding environment to monitor protein misfolding. Behavioral assays that are associated with the misfolding of a specific protein provide a simple and powerful readout for protein folding, allowing for the fast screening of genes and conditions that modulate folding. Likewise, such misfolding can be associated with protein mislocalization in the cell. Monitoring protein localization can, therefore, highlight changes in cellular folding capacity occurring in different tissues, at various stages of development and in the face of changing conditions. Finally, using biochemical tools ex vivo, we can directly monitor protein stability and conformation. Thus, by combining behavioral assays, imaging and biochemical techniques, we are able to monitor protein misfolding at the resolution of the organism, the cell, and the protein, respectively.

Using Caenorhabditis elegans as a Model System to Study Protein Homeostasis in a Multicellular Organism

To study the relationship between protein homeostasis, stress and aging, we monitored changes in protein folding by following protein dysfunction, protein localization in the cell and protein stability at the organismal, cellular and protein levels, using the genetically tractable metazoan Caenorhabditis elegans as a model system.

사용<em&gt; 예쁜 꼬마 선충</em&gt; 다세포 생물의 단백질 항상성을 연구하는 모델 시스템으로

The folding and assembly of proteins is essential for protein function, the long-term health of the cell, and longevity of the organism. Historically, the ...

Tissue Triage and Freezing for Models of Skeletal Muscle Disease

Skeletal muscle is a unique tissue because of its structure and function, which requires specific protocols for tissue collection to obtain optimal results from functional, cellular, molecular, and pathological evaluations. Due to the subtlety of some pathological abnormalities seen in congenital muscle disorders and the potential for fixation to interfere with the recognition of these features, pathological evaluation of frozen muscle is preferable to fixed muscle when evaluating skeletal muscle for congenital muscle disease. Additionally, the potential to produce severe freezing artifacts in muscle requires specific precautions when freezing skeletal muscle for histological examination that are not commonly used when freezing other tissues. This manuscript describes a protocol for rapid freezing of skeletal muscle using isopentane (2-methylbutane) cooled with liquid nitrogen to preserve optimal skeletal muscle morphology. This procedure is also effective for freezing tissue intended for genetic or protein expression studies. Furthermore, we have integrated our freezing protocol into a broader procedure that also describes preferred methods for the short term triage of tissue for (1) single fiber functional studies and (2) myoblast cell culture, with a focus on the minimum effort necessary to collect tissue and transport it to specialized research or reference labs to complete these studies. Overall, this manuscript provides an outline of how fresh tissue can be effectively distributed for a variety of phenotypic studies and thereby provides standard operating procedures (SOPs) for pathological studies related to congenital muscle disease.

The analysis of skeletal muscle tissues to determine structural, functional, and biochemical properties is greatly facilitated by appropriate preparation. This protocol describes appropriate methods to prepare skeletal muscle tissue for a broad range of phenotyping studies.

조직의 우선 순위 구분과 골격근 질환 모델에 대한 동결

Skeletal muscle is a unique tissue because of its structure and function, which requires specific protocols for tissue collection to obtain optimal ...