作者は感謝して乳房がん研究振興財団と高度な医療研究財団のサポートを認めます。

ここで説明したすべてのメソッドは、ボストン子供病院制度バイオ セーフティ委員会によって承認されています。
1. セル準備
<ol><li>
KHOS A を融解し、-n 個のセル
	<ol>
<li>ウォーム アップ培地、すなわち、ダルベッコ修飾イーグル培 10% (巻/巻) 牛胎児血清 (FBS) と 1% (巻/巻) ペニシリン/ストレプトマイシン。</li>
		<li>液体窒素タンクからセルのセラム チューブを取る、暖かい水 37 ° C の水浴中にバイアルの底を浸し、解凍処理を加速するセラム チューブを軽く振る。汚染を避けるために水へのお問い合わせからセラム チューブのふたを保ちます。細胞を解凍すると、すぐに、70% エタノール溶液を噴霧し、バイアルを拭く、セラムを滅菌します。</li>
		<li>層流フードの極低温バイアルから細胞懸濁液をすぐに吸引し、優しく温めて 10 mL 培養液 (1.1.1 で説明) で中断します。5-7 分の約 200 x g で細胞を懸濁液を遠心します。</li>
		<li>培地 10 mL を温めて、細胞ペレットを再懸濁します、T75 フラスコに移します。軽く均等に 10 mL のピペットを使用してセルを中断する数回をピペットします。</li>
		<li>5% (巻/巻) CO2と加湿雰囲気 37 ° C の定温器にフラスコを配置します。細胞の少なくとも 12 時間の接続を許可します。</li>
		<li>80-100% 合流まで約 3-7 日間細胞を孵化させなさい。2-3 日毎の培養培地を変更します。</li>
	</ol>
</li>
	<li>
KHOS A を分割し、-n 個のセル
	<ol>
<li>フラスコから文化メディアを削除します。</li>
		<li>洗浄 5 mL 滅菌 PBS のセル (1 x) カルシウムとマグネシウム、非付着性のセルまたは分数を削除するなし。</li>
		<li>フラスコ、1 mL 0.05% トリプシン EDTA 溶液を追加し、簡単にトリプシン-EDTA が均等に分散されるようにフラスコを旋回します。</li>
		<li>37 ° C の定温器で 2 〜 3 分または室温で 3-5 分のフラスコを孵化させなさい。セルは切り上げし、切り離されたことを確認する約 400 倍の倍率での顕微鏡の下のセルを確認します。</li>
		<li>セルを取り外したら、一度培地 10 mL を追加し、そっとピペット 10 mL のピペットを使用して単一細胞懸濁液に細胞集塊を破るために数回上下中。</li>
		<li>細胞カウンターを使用してセルをカウントします。2 × 10 の6セルの密度または 1:4 の比率で新しい T75 フラスコに細胞懸濁液をシードします。</li>
		<li>QPI 実験のため播種する前に 80-100% の合流点に成長する細胞を許可します。</li>
	</ol>
</li>
	<li>
KHOS A シードと QPI の - n 個のセル
	<ol>
<li>シード KHOS A とセル カウンター カウント後培地 5 mL を 50,000 300,000 細胞/ウェルの密度で 6 ウェル プレートで - n 個のセル。 注: 播種密度は細胞増殖率およびイメージングの期間に依存するために < 100% 取得、イメージング中に合流。</li>
		<li>添付ファイルを許可するように少なくとも 12 時間のセルを孵化させなさい。</li>
		<li>QPI を行う前に新鮮なメディア媒体を変更します。</li>
	</ol>
</li>
</ol>2. QPI 買収
<ol><li>
カバー スリップを設定
	<ol>
<li>脱イオン水を実行して数回の洗浄によってカバー スリップをきれいにし、カバー スリップを入れ乾燥滅菌層流フード 15 分の浸漬で 75% エタノール溶液で消毒します。</li>
		<li>明白な泡を避けるために 6 ウェル プレート カバー スリップを慎重に配置します。カバー スリップの下が文化メディア (最小 5 mL/ウェル) に没頭していることを確認します。</li>
		<li>(37 ° C、5% CO2、および加湿雰囲気) 少なくとも 15 分平衡にインキュベーターにプレートを配置します。カバー スリップ上に霧を形成、それをきれいに拭くため滅菌綿棒を使用します。</li>
	</ol>
</li>
	<li>
顕微鏡で細胞のイメージング
	<ol>
<li>露出時間、パターン コントラスト、およびホログラム ノイズの自己校正を含むシステムを初期化するソフトウェアを開きます。値が許容される (緑または黄色の範囲で表示) を確認します。</li>
		<li>QPI 顕微鏡のステージ上に 6 ウェル プレートを配置します。</li>
		<li>「Live Capture"をクリックしてし「ソフトウェア フォーカス」で「手動」を選択「顕微鏡の設定」の作業距離を調整することによって細胞の位相画像を粗く集中位相画像のセルのアウトラインを取得しますします。「ソフトウェア フォーカス」で、「自動」に変更します。</li>
		<li>「新しい実験」をクリックして新しいテストを作成します。テンキー、マウスまたは矢印キーを使用してイメージの取得位置の選択を開始します。各選択した後「保存」をクリックします。通常の各サンプルに対して 3-5 場所が選択されます。</li>
		<li>「タイムラプス」セクションのイメージの間隔と期間を設定します。 注: がん細胞を明確に追跡するには、間隔が 5 分 48 時間は組み合わせ QPI 分析の期間として設定より短いでする必要があります。</li>
		<li>「キャプチャ」をクリックして自動的に焦点を当て、設定の時点で画像を取得する実験を開始します。</li>
	</ol>
</li>
</ol>3. データ分析
<ol><li>
細胞の形態解析
	<ol>
<li>「細胞を識別」をクリックバック グラウンド ノイズからのセル領域が分離できるように、「背景のしきい値」の数値の設定を調整します。「オブジェクト サイズ」の設定数を調整それぞれセルに 1 つの核を確認しますします。比較する必要がある最終的な面積と体積の測定に影響を与える可能性がありますこれらのサンプルのための一貫したパラメーターを維持します。手動で必要な場合、「手動で変更、」を使用して、セル セグメントを変更します。</li>
		<li>ソフトウェアの「データの分析」関数を使用して、セル分析。「新分析」をクリックしてして新しいデータ解析をを開始します。セル領域 (2μ m)、光学膜厚 (μ m)、ボリューム (μ3) すべての個々 のセルに対してなど「ソース フレーム」タブと細胞形態のパラメーターに選択した画像をドラッグします。表や図としての散布図のプロットやヒストグラム モードとエクスポート データを選択します。</li>
	</ol>
</li>
	<li>
細胞増殖の解析
	<ol>
<li>(例えば初期、12 h、24 h、36 h、および 48 h) 興味の別の時間ポイントの少なくとも 5 枚の画像を選択します。ソフトウェアによって提供されるレコードの携帯番号。</li>
		<li>倍加時間を推定するには、初期の番号の正規化後細胞数をプロットし、指数関数的成長曲線にフィットします。</li>
	</ol>
</li>
	<li>
細胞運動解析
	<ol>
<li>ソフトウェアの「細胞を追跡する」関数を使用します。「新分析」をクリックして新しいデータ分析を開始します。(例えば、24 時間培養後 4 h)、「ソース フレーム」タブに選択した時間帯のイメージのドラッグ シリーズ ランダムに「セルを追加」選択モード下のセルをクリックしてして 10-30 セルを選択します。エッジとそれらのビューのフィールドの外に移動セルを除外します。</li>
		<li>一連の画像でトラッキングを入念にチェックします。システムはセルのトラックを失うまたは誤ったセルを追跡、こと手動でセルの位置を変更するのには「選択」モードの下で追跡携帯を調整細胞を識別するために「識別する」をクリックするか、「場所の変更」をクリック。</li>
		<li>「プロット運動」におけるセル軌道バラ プロットまたは移行率直さ、移行 (μ m) (μ m) の運動運動速度 (μ m/h) などの「印刷機能」で、そのほかの運動関連パラメーターのプロットを選択します。データを表や図としてエクスポートします。</li>
	</ol>
</li>
</ol>

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利害の対立が宣言されていません。

本研究生体外で、非侵襲的、無料のラベルを用いた QPI ひと骨肉腫細胞の血管新生と血管新生以外の表現型を特徴づける定量的をについて説明します。増殖率、倍加時間、移行の率直さ、運動速度、移行と運動細胞容積、セル厚セル領域を含むこの統合、ハイスループット法による細胞の複数のパラメーターを同時に分析されています。
細胞の形態や細胞の挙動を...

開発・進行固形腫瘍の初期のチェックポイントの 1 つは、血管新生形質、がんの特徴の習得です。この進行には、様々 な生化学的・分子過程1,2,3が含まれます。腫瘍の進行のこの重要なステップにおける技術的な課題は、継続的かつ定量的評価し、公平な方法で生きているがん細胞の血管新生と血管新生以外の表現型を区別するためのツールの欠如です。通常血管新生と非血管新生細胞の細胞の挙動を調査するために使用されている伝統的な試金は高価な試薬・機器を必要とする、たとえば、細胞増殖・遊走アッセイ4,5、 6,7,8,9,10、11,12,13,14か高い専門性と集中を必要とすると同様に相補的な生体内評価4,5,6,8,15,16、時間と労働消費。
最近では、定量位相イメージング (QPI) は、様々 な細胞形態および動作パラメーター17,18,19,の時間経過およびラベリング無料評価を可能にする手法として浮上しています。20,21,22. 従来の光学顕微鏡とは異なり QPI を定量化位相差画素ごとのバリエーション光、光物体を通り抜けるし、変換の光学的厚さとボリューム、自筆を再構築後、直通ができ生きているセル、次の機能の解析: (4) 同時多重パラメーター イメージング (3) ラベル無料画像、(2) 非侵襲とタイムラプス イメージング (1) 定量的イメージング。これらの機能は、QPI に評価し、細胞レベルで病態を理解するための強力なツールを作る。
最近の研究で我々 は定量的評価し、血管新生を区別する QPI を利用 KHOS A および体系的かつ定量的に、細胞形態の分析を組み合わせることでひと骨肉腫細胞の非血管新生 KHOS N の表現型増殖、および運動23。血管新生と血管新生以外のひと骨肉腫細胞の細胞形態および行動のパラメーターを比較した定量的画像解析ソフト、パネルを使用して、5 つの特徴的な違いは、これらの 2 つの識別されました。表現型。この手法は、さまざまな生物学的に関連する細胞の特性を評価するため統合と定量的なプラットフォームを提供します。

<table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" width="908">
	<tbody>
		<tr height="33">
			<td height="33" style="height:34px;width:227px;">T75 flask</td>
			<td style="width:227px;">Corning, NY, USA</td>
			<td style="width:227px;">353136</td>
			<td style="width:227px;"></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="33">
			<td height="33" style="height:34px;width:227px;">6-well plates&#160;</td>
			<td style="width:227px;">Corning, NY, USA</td>
			<td style="width:227px;">3506</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="48">
			<td height="48" style="height:48px;width:227px;">Dulbecco&#8217;s modified Eagle medium (DMEM)</td>
			<td style="width:227px;">Thermo Fisher Scientific, MA, USA</td>
			<td style="width:227px;">11965092</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="33">
			<td height="33" style="height:34px;width:227px;">Fetal bovine serum (FBS)&#160;</td>
			<td style="width:227px;">Atlanta Biologicals, GA, USA</td>
			<td style="width:227px;">S11550</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="33">
			<td height="33" style="height:34px;width:227px;">Penicillin Streptomycin</td>
			<td style="width:227px;">Thermo Fisher Scientific, MA, USA</td>
			<td style="width:227px;">15140122</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="33">
			<td height="33" style="height:34px;width:227px;">Phosphate buffered saline (PBS)</td>
			<td style="width:227px;">Thermo Fisher Scientific, MA, USA</td>
			<td style="width:227px;">10010023</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="33">
			<td height="33" style="height:34px;width:227px;">Beckman Z1 Coulter counter</td>
			<td style="width:227px;">Beckman Coulter, IN, USA</td>
			<td style="width:227px;">Z1&#160;</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="51">
			<td height="51" style="height:51px;width:227px;">HoloMonitor M4</td>
			<td style="width:227px;">Phase Holographic Imaging Phi AB, Lund, Sweden</td>
			<td style="width:227px;">M4</td>
			<td>Microscope</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="51">
			<td height="51" style="height:51px;width:227px;">Hololid</td>
			<td style="width:227px;">Phase Holographic Imaging Phi AB, Lund, Sweden</td>
			<td style="width:227px;">PHI 8020</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="51">
			<td height="51" style="height:51px;width:227px;">HStudioM4</td>
			<td style="width:227px;">Phase Holographic Imaging Phi AB, Lund, Sweden</td>
			<td style="width:227px;">HStudioM4</td>
			<td>Software</td>
		</tr>
	</tbody>
</table>

a time-lapse, label-free, quantitative phase imaging study of dormant and active human cancer cells

血管新生形質の獲得は腫瘍休眠からの脱出の重要なコンポーネントです。これらのメソッドは時間を調査し、非血管新生と血管新生細胞の表現型を特徴付けるいくつかのクラシックの in vitroアッセイ (例えば増殖、移行、および他の人) と体内のモデルが開発されているが労働集約的なと、多くの場合高価な試薬、機器と専門的な技術を必要とします。最近の研究で血管新生と血管新生以外のひと骨肉腫 KHOS 細胞の時間経過およびラベリング-無料の特徴づけを行う新規定量位相イメージング (QPI) を使用しました。細胞の形態・増殖・運動を含む携帯電話のパラメーターのパネルは、定量的に測定したし、QPI を用いています。この小説と定量的アプローチは、継続的に、非侵襲的シンプルで統一された方法で関連する細胞プロセス、動作、およびがん細胞の特性および他の細胞型を勉強する機会を提供します。このレポートでは、セルの準備、QPI 集録、データ分析など当社の実験プロトコルについて説明します。

図 1は、典型的な細胞形態特性を示しています。画像は、ホログラフィー (図 1 aB) と 2次元画像 (図 1D) として掲載されています。(屈折率と光路長から計算) 光学セルの厚さは線またはセル全体の測定で定量化しました。散布図の面積と厚み KHOS A と図 1E<s...

Watch this Scientific Journal Video about A Time-lapse, Label-free, Quantitative Phase Imaging Study of Dormant and Active Human Cancer Cells at JoVE.com

A Time-lapse, Label-free, Quantitative Phase Imaging Study of Dormant and Active Human Cancer Cells

休止状態とアクティブな癌細胞の表現型は、定量的な位相画像を用いた特徴付けられました。細胞の増殖、移行、および形態の試金を統合し、1 つの単純な方法で分析します。

時間経過、ラベル無料、定量的相休眠とアクティブなひと癌細胞のイメージング研究

The acquisition of the angiogenic phenotype is an essential component of the escape from tumor dormancy. Although several classic in vitro assays (e.g., ...

a-time-lapse-label-free-quantitative-phase-imaging-study-dormant

Universidad San Sebastian

Research

JoVE Journal

Cancer Research

7.3K ビュー.  Boston Children's Hospital. 休止状態とアクティブな癌細胞の表現型は、定量的な位相画像を用いた特徴付けられました。細胞の増殖、移行、および形態の試金を統合し、1 つの単純な方法で分析します。

ビデオ: A Time-lapse, Label-free, Quantitative Phase Imaging Study of Dormant and Active Human Cancer Cells

A Syngeneic Mouse Model of Metastatic Renal Cell Carcinoma for Quantitative and Longitudinal Assessment of Preclinical Therapies

Renal cell carcinoma (RCC) affects &#62; 60,000 people in the United States annually, and ~ 30% of RCC patients have multiple metastases at the time of diagnosis. Metastatic RCC (mRCC) is incurable, with a median survival time of only 18 months. Immune-based interventions (e.g., interferon (IFN) and interleukin (IL)-2) induce durable responses in a fraction of mRCC patients, and multikinase inhibitors (e.g., sunitinib or sorafenib) or anti-VEGF receptor monoclonal antibodies (mAb) are largely palliative, as complete remissions are rare. Such shortcomings in current therapies for mRCC patients provide the rationale for the development of novel treatment protocols. A key component in the preclinical testing of new therapies for mRCC is a suitable animal model. Beneficial features that recapitulate the human condition include a primary renal tumor, renal tumor metastases, and an intact immune system to investigate any therapy-driven immune effector responses and the formation of tumor-induced immunosuppressive factors. This report describes an orthotopic mRCC mouse model that has all of these features. We describe an intrarenal implantation technique using the mouse renal adenocarcinoma cell line Renca, followed by the assessment of tumor growth in the kidney (primary site) and lungs (metastatic site).

Implementation of an orthotopic model of renal cell carcinoma in immunocompetent mice affords the investigator a clinically-relevant system defined by the presence of a primary renal tumor and lung metastases in the same animal. This system can be used to preclinically test a variety of treatments in vivo.

定量的および前臨床治療の縦評価のための転移性腎細胞癌の同系マウスモデル

Renal cell carcinoma (RCC) affects &#62; 60,000 people in the United States annually, and ~ 30% of RCC patients have multiple metastases at the time of ...

がん研究

Phosphopeptide Enrichment Coupled with Label-free Quantitative Mass Spectrometry to Investigate the Phosphoproteome in Prostate Cancer

Phosphoproteomics involves the large-scale study of phosphorylated proteins. Protein phosphorylation is a critical step in many signal transduction pathways and is tightly regulated by kinases and phosphatases. Therefore, characterizing the phosphoproteome may provide insights into identifying novel targets and biomarkers for oncologic therapy. Mass spectrometry provides a way to globally detect and quantify thousands of unique phosphorylation events. However, phosphopeptides are much less abundant than non-phosphopeptides, making biochemical analysis more challenging. To overcome this limitation, methods to enrich phosphopeptides prior to the mass spectrometry analysis are required. We describe a procedure to extract and digest proteins from tissue to yield peptides, followed by an enrichment for phosphotyrosine (pY) and phosphoserine/threonine (pST) peptides using an antibody-based and/or titanium dioxide (TiO2)-based enrichment method. After the sample preparation and mass spectrometry, we subsequently identify and quantify phosphopeptides using liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry and analysis software.

This protocol describes a procedure to extract and enrich phosphopeptides from prostate cancer cell lines or tissues for an analysis of the phosphoproteome via mass spectrometry-based proteomics.

前立腺癌におけるリン酸化プロテオームを調べる定量的ラベル無料質量と相まってリン酸化ペプチド濃縮

Phosphoproteomics involves the large-scale study of phosphorylated proteins. Protein phosphorylation is a critical step in many signal transduction ...

Using Microarrays to Interrogate Microenvironmental Impact on Cellular Phenotypes in Cancer

Understanding the impact of the microenvironment on the phenotype of cells is a difficult problem due to the complex mixture of both soluble growth factors and matrix-associated proteins in the microenvironment in vivo. Furthermore, readily available reagents for the modeling of microenvironments in vitro typically utilize complex mixtures of proteins that are incompletely defined and suffer from batch to batch variability. The microenvironment microarray (MEMA) platform allows for the assessment of thousands of simple combinations of microenvironment proteins for their impact on cellular phenotypes in a single assay. The MEMAs are prepared in well plates, which allows the addition of individual ligands to separate wells containing arrayed extracellular matrix (ECM) proteins. The combination of the soluble ligand with each printed ECM forms a unique combination. A typical MEMA assay contains greater than 2,500 unique combinatorial microenvironments that cells are exposed to in a single assay. As a test case, the breast cancer cell line MCF7 was plated on the MEMA platform. Analysis of this assay identified factors that both enhance and inhibit the growth and proliferation of these cells. The MEMA platform is highly flexible and can be extended for use with other biological questions beyond cancer research.

The purpose of the method presented here is to show how microenvironment microarrays (MEMA) can be fabricated and used to interrogate the impact of thousands of simple combinatorial microenvironments on the phenotype of cultured cells.

マイクロアレイを用いてがん細胞型に及ぼす微小環境への影響を調知る

Understanding the impact of the microenvironment on the phenotype of cells is a difficult problem due to the complex mixture of both soluble growth ...

Yeast As a Chassis for Developing Functional Assays to Study Human P53

The finding that the well-known mammalian P53 protein can act as a transcription factor (TF) in the yeast S. cerevisiae has allowed for the development of different functional assays to study the impacts of 1) binding site [i.e., response element (RE)] sequence variants on P53 transactivation specificity or 2) TP53 mutations, co-expressed cofactors, or small molecules on P53 transactivation activity. Different basic and translational research applications have been developed. Experimentally, these approaches exploit two major advantages of the yeast model. On one hand, the ease of genome editing enables quick construction of qualitative or quantitative reporter systems by exploiting isogenic strains that differ only at the level of a specific P53-RE to investigate sequence-specificity of P53-dependent transactivation. On the other hand, the availability of regulated systems for ectopic P53 expression allows the evaluation of transactivation in a wide range of protein expression. Reviewed in this report are extensively used systems that are based on color reporter genes, luciferase, and the growth of yeast to illustrate their main methodological steps and to critically assess their predictive power. Moreover, the extreme versatility of these approaches can be easily exploited to study different TFs including P63 and P73, which are other members of TP53 gene family.

Presented here are four protocols to construct and exploit yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae reporter strains to study human P53 transactivation potential, impacts of its various cancer-associated mutations, co-expressed interacting proteins, and the effects of specific small molecules.

ヒトP53を研究する機能アッセイを開発するシャーシとしての酵母

The finding that the well-known mammalian P53 protein can act as a transcription factor (TF) in the yeast S. cerevisiae has allowed for the development of ...

Time-Lapse 2D Imaging of Phagocytic Activity in M1 Macrophage-4T1 Mouse Mammary Carcinoma Cells in Co-cultures

Tumor-associated macrophages (TAMs) have been identified as an important component for tumor growth, invasion, metastasis, and resistance to cancer therapies. However, tumor-associated macrophages can be harmful to the tumor depending on the tumor microenvironment and can reversibly alter their phenotypic characteristics by either antagonizing the cytotoxic activity of immune cells or enhancing anti-tumor response. The molecular actions of macrophages and their interactions with tumor cells (e.g., phagocytosis) have not been extensively studied. Therefore, the interaction between immune cells (M1/M2-subtype TAM) and cancer cells in the tumor microenvironment is now a focus of cancer immunotherapy research. In the present study, a live cell coculture model of induced M1 macrophages and mouse mammary 4T1 carcinoma cells was developed to assess the phagocytic activity of macrophages using a time-lapse video feature using phase-contrast, fluorescent, and differential interference contrast (DIC) microscopy. The present method can observe and document multipoint live-cell imaging of phagocytosis. Phagocytosis of 4T1 cells by M1 macrophages can be observed using fluorescent microscopy before staining 4T1 cells with carboxyfluorescein succinimidyl ester (CFSE). The current publication describes how to coculture macrophages and tumor cells in a single imaging dish, polarize M1 macrophages, and record multipoint events of macrophages engulfing 4T1 cells during 13 h of coculture.

Macrophage phagocytic activity against cancer cells, specifically 4T1 mouse mammary carcinoma cells, was imaged in this study. The live cell coculture model was established and observed using a combination of fluorescent and differential interference contrast microscopy. This assessment was imaged using imaging software to develop multipoint time-lapse video.

M1マクロファージ-4T1マウス乳腺癌細胞における食細胞活性のタイムラプス2Dイメージング

Tumor-associated macrophages (TAMs) have been identified as an important component for tumor growth, invasion, metastasis, and resistance to cancer ...

Studying Triple Negative Breast Cancer Using Orthotopic Breast Cancer Model

Triple-negative breast cancer (TNBC) is an aggressive breast cancer subtype with limited therapeutic options. When compared to patients with less aggressive breast tumors, the 5-year survival rate of TNBC patients is 77% due to their characteristic drug-resistant phenotype and metastatic burden. Toward this end, murine models have been established aimed at identifying novel therapeutic strategies limiting TNBC tumor growth and metastatic spread. This work describes a practical guide for the TNBC orthotopic model where MDA-MB-231 breast cancer cells suspended in a basement membrane matrix are implanted in the fourth mammary fat pad, which closely mimics the cancer cell behavior in humans. Measurement of tumors by caliper, lung metastasis assessment via in vivo and ex vivo imaging, and molecular detection are discussed. This model provides an excellent platform to study therapeutic efficacy and is especially suitable for the study of the interaction between the primary tumor and distal metastatic sites.

This work presets an advanced protocol to accurately assess tumor loading by detection of green fluorescent protein and bioluminescence signals as well as the integration of quantitative molecular detection technique.

交感性乳癌モデルを用いたトリプルネガティブ乳癌の研究

Triple-negative breast cancer (TNBC) is an aggressive breast cancer subtype with limited therapeutic options. When compared to patients with less ...

Combined Conditional Knockdown and Adapted Sphere Formation Assay to Study a Stemness-Associated Gene of Patient-derived Gastric Cancer Stem Cells

Cancer stem cells (CSCs) are implicated in tumor initiation, development and recurrence after treatment, and have become the center of attention of many studies in the last decades. Therefore, it is important to develop methods to investigate the role of key genes involved in cancer cell stemness. Gastric cancer (GC) is one of the most common and mortal types of cancers. Gastric cancer stem cells (GCSCs) are thought to be the root of gastric cancer relapse, metastasis and drug resistance. Understanding GCSCs&#160;biology is needed to advance the development of targeted therapies and eventually to reduce mortality among patients. In this protocol, we present an experimental design using a conditional knockdown system and an adapted sphere formation assay to study the effect of clusterin on the stemness of patient-derived GCSCs. The protocol can be easily adapted to study both in vitro and in vivo function of stemness-associated genes in different types of CSCs.

In this protocol, we present an experimental design using a conditional knockdown system and an adapted sphere formation assay to study the effect of clusterin on the stemness of patient-derived GCSCs. The protocol can be easily adapted to study both in vitro and in vivo function of stemness-associated genes in different types of CSCs.

患者由来胃癌幹細胞のステム関連遺伝子を研究するための条件付きノックダウンと適応球形成アッセイを組み合わせた

Cancer stem cells (CSCs) are implicated in tumor initiation, development and recurrence after treatment, and have become the center of attention of many ...

Pathological Analysis of Lung Metastasis Following Lateral Tail-Vein Injection of Tumor Cells

Metastasis, the primary cause of morbidity and mortality for most cancer patients, can be challenging to model preclinically in mice. Few spontaneous metastasis models are available. Thus, the experimental metastasis model involving tail-vein injection of suitable cell lines is a mainstay of metastasis research. When cancer cells are injected into the lateral tail-vein, the lung is their preferred site of colonization. A potential limitation of this technique is the accurate quantification of the metastatic lung tumor burden. While some investigators count macrometastases of a pre-defined size and/or include micrometastases following sectioning of tissue, others determine the area of metastatic lesions relative to normal tissue area. Both of these quantification methods can be exceedingly difficult when the metastatic burden is high. Herein, we demonstrate an intravenous injection model of lung metastasis followed by an advanced method for quantifying metastatic tumor burden using image analysis software. This process allows for investigation of multiple end-point parameters, including average metastasis size, total number of metastases, and total metastasis area, to provide a comprehensive analysis. Furthermore, this method has been reviewed by a veterinary pathologist board-certified by the American College of Veterinary Pathologists (SEK) to ensure accuracy.

Intravenous injection of cancer cells is often used in metastasis research, but the metastatic tumor burden can be difficult to analyze. Herein, we demonstrate a tail-vein injection model of metastasis and include a novel approach to analyze the resulting metastatic lung tumor burden.

腫瘍細胞の横尾静脈注入後の肺転移の病理学的解析

Metastasis, the primary cause of morbidity and mortality for most cancer patients, can be challenging to model preclinically in mice. Few spontaneous ...

Immunofluorescence Imaging of DNA Damage and Repair Foci in Human Colon Cancer Cells

The purpose of the manuscript is to provide a step-by-step protocol for performing immunofluorescence microscopy to study the radiation-induced DNA damage response induced by neutron-gamma mixed-beam used in boron neutron capture therapy (BNCT). Specifically, the proposed methodology is applied for the detection of repair proteins activation which can be visualized as foci using antibodies specific to DNA double-strand breaks (DNA-DSBs). DNA repair foci were assessed by immunofluorescence in colon cancer cells (HCT-116) after irradiation with the neutron-mixed beam. DNA-DSBs are the most genotoxic lesions and are repaired in mammalian cells by two major pathways: non-homologous end-joining pathway (NHEJ) and homologous recombination repair (HRR). The frequencies of foci, immunochemically stained, for commonly used markers in radiobiology like &#947;-H2AX, 53BP1 are associated with DNA-DSB number and are considered as efficient and sensitive markers for monitoring the induction and repair of DNA-DSBs. It was established that &#947;-H2AX foci attract repair proteins, leading to a higher concentration of repair factors near a DSB. To monitor DNA damage at the cellular level, immunofluorescence analysis for the presence of DNA-PKcs representative repair protein foci from the NHEJ pathway and Rad52 from the HRR pathway was planned. We have developed and introduced a reliable immunofluorescence staining protocol for the detection of radiation-induced DNA damage response with antibodies specific for repair factors from NHEJ and HRR pathways and observed radiation-induced foci (RIF). The proposed methodology can be used for investigating repair protein that is highly activated in the case of neutron-mixed beam radiation, thereby indicating the dominance of the repair pathway.

Radiation-induced DNA damage response activated by neutron mixed-beam used in boron neutron capture therapy (BNCT) has not been fully established. This protocol provides a step-by-step procedure to detect radiation-induced foci (RIF) of repair proteins by immunofluorescence staining in human colon cancer cell lines after irradiation with the neutron-mixed beam.

ヒト大腸癌細胞におけるDNA損傷および修復病巣の免疫蛍光イメージング

The purpose of the manuscript is to provide a step-by-step protocol for performing immunofluorescence microscopy to study the radiation-induced DNA damage ...

A Label-Free Segmentation Approach for Intravital Imaging of Mammary Tumor Microenvironment

The ability to visualize complex and dynamic physiological interactions between numerous cell types and the extracellular matrix (ECM) within a live tumor microenvironment is an important step toward understanding mechanisms that regulate tumor progression. While this can be accomplished through current intravital imaging techniques, it remains challenging due to the heterogeneous nature of tissues and the need for spatial context within the experimental observation. To this end, we have developed an intravital imaging workflow that pairs collagen second harmonic generation imaging, endogenous fluorescence from the metabolic co-factor NAD(P)H, and fluorescence lifetime imaging microscopy (FLIM) as a means to non-invasively compartmentalize the tumor microenvironment into basic domains of the tumor nest, the surrounding stroma or ECM, and the vasculature. This non-invasive protocol details the step-by-step process ranging from the acquisition of time-lapse images of mammary tumor models to post-processing analysis and image segmentation. The primary advantage of this workflow is that it exploits metabolic signatures to contextualize the dynamically changing live tumor microenvironment without the use of exogenous fluorescent labels, making it advantageous for human patient-derived xenograft (PDX) models and future clinical use where extrinsic fluorophores are not readily applicable.

The intravital imaging method described here utilizes collagen second harmonic generation and endogenous fluorescence from the metabolic co-factor NAD(P)H to non-invasively segment an unlabeled tumor microenvironment into tumor, stromal, and vascular compartments for in-depth analysis of 4D intravital images.

乳腺腫瘍微小環境の生体内イメージングのためのラベルフリーセグメンテーションアプローチ

The ability to visualize complex and dynamic physiological interactions between numerous cell types and the extracellular matrix (ECM) within a live tumor ...