これらの結果につながる研究は、石炭のための欧州共同体の研究基金からの資金を受けているし、鋼 (RFC) の下で付与契約 n ° RFCR-CT-2014-00007 は。この作品は、呼び出す 2 プロジェクトの一環として英国炭素キャプチャおよびストレージ研究センター (UKCCSRC) によって賄われていた。部門、エネルギー、産業戦略から追加の資金との研究協議会の英国エネルギー プログラムの一環として UKCCSRC 工学・物理科学研究会議 (EPSRC) 支えられて (BEIS - 旧エネルギー)。著者も感謝したい氏マーティン Roskilly この作品のコースを通して彼の巨大な助け。

1。 材料準備 <ol><li>ふるい目的粒度分布 (300-400 μ m または実験によって他のディストリビューション) に石灰岩 (原料の ~ 50 kg) 機械的シェーカーを使用。テスト中に供給するため、calciner の横にある鉢にふるわれた材料を置く</li>
	<li>は、バッチ反応器に導入されるために材料を準備します。バッチは、一般的に 0.5 L、1 L (石灰岩の 1 L が約 1.5 kg である)、動作パラメーターによって異なりますこれが</li>。
</ol> 2。スタートアップ プロシージャ 注意: 非常に高温がここに実現します。眼鏡、手袋などの適切な PPE 研究室コートと安全靴が必要。
<ol><li>原子炉の熱を <ol><li>、rotameters のループ シール (10l/分) だけでなく、N 2 カーボ (60 L/分) と calciner (20 L/分) の低流量を開始</li>。
		<li>は、カーボ トランスフォーマーを手動でオンに。カーボのすべて電気予熱器の温度設定 600 ° C</li>
		<li>は、データ集録を開始 (ガスの温度と圧力は、録音のボタンを使用、ソフトウェア)。データは、温度、圧力および両方のリアクターのガス組成に含まれます。 図 1 と 図 2 は、データ集録システムのスクリーン ショットが表示されます</li>。
		<li>、Calciner オン ガス予熱器。熱電対による BFB 内部測定 600 ° c calciner のまわりでヒーターをオンにします 。
		注: データのとおり既に温度、圧力、ガス組成を集録するようにステップ 2.1.3</li>。
		<li>は、calciner の BFB にふるわれた石灰岩の 3 L を入れてください。最初トップのバルブを開き、ダウン パイプの材料を紹介し、トップ バルブを閉じて、材料は、炉に流し込まれるように底弁を開く</li>。
		<li>の加熱 650 ° C の上に BFB の材料、calciner 周り電気ヒーター). 
		注: これは通常かかる ~ 1 h、この時間のチェック中にデータ集録および流動層の圧力します</li>。
	</ol></li></ol> <img alt="Figure 1"class="xfigimg"src="/files/ftp_upload/56112/56112fig1.jpg"/> 図 1: 温度および圧力のデータ集録のスクリーン ショット両方炉。<a href="//ecsource-jove-com.remotexs.ntu.edu.sg/files/ftp_upload/56112/56112fig1large.jpg"target="_blank"> この図の拡大版を表示するのにはここをクリックしてください</a>。
 <img alt="Figure 2"class="xfigimg"src="/files/ftp_upload/56112/56112fig2.jpg"/> 図 2: 温度データ集録を予熱システムのスクリーン ショットします。<a href="//ecsource-jove-com.remotexs.ntu.edu.sg/files/ftp_upload/56112/56112fig2large.jpg"target="_blank"> この図の拡大版を表示するのにはここをクリックしてください</a>。
 <img alt="Figure 3"class="xfigimg"src="/files/ftp_upload/56112/56112fig3.jpg"/> 図 3: 25 のスケマティック kW 回 CaL (CFB カーボと BFB calciner).1: カーボ;2: calciner;3: 低いループ シール;4: 上部のループ-シール;5: カーボ サイクロン;6: calciner サイクロン。<a href="//ecsource-jove-com.remotexs.ntu.edu.sg/files/ftp_upload/56112/56112fig3large.jpg"target="_blank"> この図の拡大版を表示するのにはここをクリックしてください</a>。
<ol start="2"> <li>calciner で燃焼を開始 <ol><li>濃度が燃焼を開始する前に安定しているかどうかを確かめる 40% 集に 0 から calciner の酸素濃度を高める</li>。
		<li>は、燃焼が安定しているかどうかを確かめる浮子式流量計を使用して手動で天然ガスの化学量論の流れを開始します 。
		注意: 天然ガスの流れを慎重に増加する必要があります。燃焼反応の適切なレベルを示すデータを確認してください</li>。
		<li>は、理論空燃比燃焼を確保するため天然ガス流れ浮子式流量計を調整することによって 20% 巻ずつ calciner の酸素濃度を高める 。
		注: このプロセスは、細心の注意を実行する必要があります。予備的な計算から予想されるように燃焼が行われていないこと任意の疑いが生じた場合は、天然ガスの流れを停止し、安全な操作のための窒素に酸素の流れを切り替えます。この不一致の原因を特定します。このプロセスの全体の期間は、約 1 時間</li>
		<li>達成 100% 酸素濃度天然ガス燃焼します 。
		注: 温度、ガス組成データ従う必要があります慎重にすべてのテストの全体で、特にとき燃焼が行われて 100% 酸素で</li>。
		<li>0.5 L ずつ流動層である 7 L まで追加石灰岩。(推定の焼成温度は、800-850 ° C、calciner で calciner 温度以下のバッチの現在のバッチ) calciner の流動層のすべての材料をカルサインします</li>。
		<li>は、循環を開始するカーボで N 2 の流れを高めます。適切な循環を確保するために定期的に循環ビュー ポートを確認してください</li>。
		<li>CO 2 のキャプチャを開始する前に、リグの循環利用可能な石灰岩をカルサインします</li>。
	</ol></li></ol> 3。安定動作 <ol><li>N 2 から 15% 体積 CO 2 CO 2 をキャプチャを開始する焼成石灰石ができる浮子式流量計を使用してへの中性ガスを手動で切り替える</li>。
	<li>は、天然ガス (NG) や酸素 (最適な流動政権) 内の流れを調整することによって、calciner で安定した 930-950 ° C の温度を達成するために、rotameters を使用して手動で calciner のフローを調整します。O 2 の流れは通常、十分なベッドの材料と 100% がそれが実験を通じて調整されます</li>。
	<li>材料の起動時 (上記 5 %2.1.3 の手順で説明するよう、ソフトウェアによって継続的に得られるカーボの出口で CO 2 の濃度) の活動の減少より多くの石灰岩を追加します</li>。
</ol> 4。シャット ダウン プロシージャ <ol><li>手動でオフに、浮子式流量計を用いた天然ガス流と酸素量の減少し、N 2 を両方の炉でガスを切り替えます。(Calciner とカーボ) すべてのヒーターをオフにします</li>。
	<li>(通常夜間)、減少するリグの在庫の温度し、室内の温度では、原子炉を空します</li>。
	<li>抽出した固形物の重量を量るし、標準ふるい分析を実行します。材料を特徴付ける: ポロシ メーター、組成 (x 線蛍光分析法、蛍光 x 線分析) 21 , 22 と微視的構造 (走査電子顕微鏡、SEM).</li>
</ol>

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著者が明らかに何もありません。

100% 集酸素の入口と、calciner の操作が実現可能な固形物を異なる温度で 2 つの原子炉の循環という事実と同様、焼成反応の吸熱の性質を利用します。この動作モードを目指して CaL プロセスより経済的に有望な資本の削減と運用コスト。煙道のリサイクルとしてガス (主に CO2水蒸気と未反応の O2) の減額あるいは免除、このストリームを予熱する消費熱が低い。したがってより少ない酸素が必要な小さい ASU が必要になります。ガスの流れはこの構成で低いだろう、calciner のサイズ同じ流動化速度のために小さいでしょう。
標準的な手法は、calciner で高酸素濃度の安全運航を確保するため開発されました。行われた実験の結果、最大 70% の捕集効率。また、異なる粒径分布は、この原子炉の構成 (、CFB としてカーボ; として、BFB calciner) で使用されました。分布: 100-200 μ m;200-300 μ m。300-400 μ m。最小のディストリビューション (100-200 μ m)、ただし、飛び出し問題があった、ベッドの在庫の大半が calciner のサイクロン キャッチ ポットで発見されました。最良の結果を実現した最大粒径分布 (300-400 μ m): 〜 70% の E炭水化物メイクアップ比約 6% の実験を通して維持されました。
このプロトコルは、天然ガスが加熱要素によって引き起こされる放電からチューブを守るために、燃焼をされるときに、ガスと calciner に提供電気暖房を最小限に抑えることによって改善されました。また、それは、O2濃度上昇をより急速に実現できることに指摘されている初期の実験的キャンペーン、20% 60% 100% と巻巻巻このプロセスで最も重要な手順は、燃焼の開始し、温度の上昇を引き起こすことができる酸素濃度の増加は天然ガス ソース オフがより温度が上がる場合を強調することが重要です。980 ° C.また、したがって、小さなバッチで追加する必要があります、原子炉の温度を下げるし、燃焼プロセスを停止することができ、材料のメイクアップは懸念です。
この方法でこの実験のリグに適用、それは同様新しい合成材料をテストすることが可能材料ドーピング、熱前処理、化学的前処理など26を介してこのプロトコルの改善により、これらの新しい吸着剤吸着剤の比較のための標準方法論を提供する現実的な条件の下でテストされます。ただし、これらの動作条件の下で calciner で石炭を使用するなど、大規模にこの概念を適用するいくつかの課題もあります。固体燃料の使用は、灰集積と現象27を最終的に defluidizing につながることができる高温による calciner 操作の難しさを増加させます。これはこのプロトコルの実現可能性を決定するためにさらなる研究を必要しかし、概念は、天然ガスを使用してこの作業でパイロット規模で成功した証明されました。
この研究から生じるもう一つの制限は定常状態運転テストごとの ~ 3 h でテストの期間これは遅いプロセスである工場の加熱プロセスのためです。リアクターの間を循環するときの粒子によって経験される中性化・焼成サイクルの平均数は知られていません。高酸素濃度が石灰岩の粒子により焼結を引き起こす負の効果を持っていたことは不可能です。これらの課題の更なる調査は、小説と CaL 植物より高いスケールで実現可能なオペレーティング モード プロトコルの適合性を評価するために役立つでしょう。

CO2排出量、結果地球温暖化は、過去数年間の研究の大規模な量を集めている環境問題は重要です。炭素回収・貯留 (CCS) は、大気1,2に CO2排出量の削減のための潜在的な技術として認められています。CCS チェーンの最も困難な部分は、また最も高価なステージ3である CO2のキャプチャです。その結果、発電所と他の産業設備から CO2のキャプチャのための新しい技術の開発に焦点があった。
CaL 燃焼後 CO2回収技術として初めて清水らによって提案されました。4曹操ベースで CO2をキャプチャで吸着剤 850-950 ° c (で、calciner) の式 (1)、高純度 CO2ストリームを生成するのによるとその後の焼成によってされ、カーボと呼ばれる原子炉で 600-700 ° C隔離5,6に適しています。CaL サイクル utilises 大量固体の他4,5,6 1 つの原子炉から簡単に流布されるようにできるので、このプロセスに最適な構成を表す流動ベッド,7,8。
曹操 (s) + CO2 (g) ⇔ CaCO3 (s) ΔH25 ° C =-178.2 kJ/mol (1)
この概念は、パイロット スケールさまざまなグループと異なる構成とスケール、シュトゥットガルト、ダルムシュタット,ラ ペレーダの 1.7 MWthパイロットで 1 MWthパイロットの 0.2 MWthパイロットなどで実証されています。台湾9,10、11,12,13,14,15,161.9 MWthユニット。このプロセスは証明されて、まだよう標準動作条件や原子炉構成の設計の変更を変更することにより、熱効率を増加のための可能性があります。
燃焼器と calciner のヒートパイプの使用は、calciner で酸素燃焼燃料の代わりに研究されています。CO2のキャプチャのパフォーマンスの結果は、従来 CaL のプラントに匹敵するレベル、しかし、このプロセスは植物に高い効率と低 CO2回避コスト17。マルティネスら18は、入力、calciner 固体材料を予熱するためと、calciner で必要な熱を抑える熱統合の可能性を検討した.結果は、石炭消費量の標準のケースと比較すると 9% の減少を示した。熱統合の他の研究の可能性は、内部および外部の統合オプション19も検討しています。
ビューの経済的観点から CaL サイクルの主な問題の 1 つは燃料燃焼20による、calciner で必要なエネルギーを供給します。Calciner の吸気中の酸素濃度の増加を減らすか、calciner に CO2リサイクルの必要性を回避するために提案します。この代替には、このプロセスの競争力を大幅に改善することができます資本コスト (calciner と空気分離装置 (ASU) の減らされたサイズ) が削減されます。燃焼条件の急激な変化は吸熱焼成反応、低温動作カーボから循環大曹/CaCO3流を利用することで達成できる (どちらの利点は、酸素燃焼技術)。
この作品は、循環流動ベッド (CFB) カーボと 100% O2 calciner の入口濃度とバブリング流動ベッド (BFB) calciner CaL パイロット プラントを実行するための標準作業手順の開発を目指しています。酸素として適正な運営を確保するためのパイロット プラントの試運転中にいくつかの実験的キャンペーンを実行されている濃度の上昇します。また、微粒子の飛びだし速度を測定に影響を与えるこのパラメーターを調査し、この動作モードで効率をキャプチャ 3 石灰石粒度分布 (100-200 μ m; 200-300 μ m、300-400 μ m) を調べた。

<table>
	<tbody>
		<tr>
			<td>Longcal limestone</td>
			<td>Loncliffe</td>
			<td>Longcal SP52</td>
			<td>n/a</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Mechanical Shacker</td>
			<td>SWECO</td>
			<td>LS24S544+C</td>
			<td>Mechanical siever to separate particles</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Oxygen</td>
			<td>BOC</td>
			<td>n/a</td>
			<td>BOC cylinders</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Nitrogen</td>
			<td>BOC</td>
			<td>n/a</td>
			<td>BOC tank</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Carbon dioxide</td>
			<td>BOC</td>
			<td>n/a</td>
			<td>BOC tank</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Natural gas</td>
			<td>n/a</td>
			<td>n/a</td>
			<td>Taken from the line</td>
		</tr>
	</tbody>
</table>

operation of a 25 kwth calcium looping pilot-plant with high oxygen concentrations in the calciner

カルシウム (CaL) をループは、既存発電施設の改修に適した燃焼後 CO2回収技術です。校正プロセスは、安価で容易に入手できる CO2吸着剤として石灰岩を使用します。技術は広く研究されているより経済的に実行可能なことに適用できるいくつかの利用可能なオプションがあります。これらの 1 つはリサイクルのガス (CO2H2O および不純物) の量の除去を減らしたり calciner の酸素濃度を高めるにはしたがって、減少またはリサイクルのガス流の加熱に必要なエネルギーを除去します。また、ある; 燃焼強度の変更に伴うエネルギー入力の結果増加このエネルギーを使用して、リサイクル排ガスの有無で発生する吸熱焼成反応を有効にします。本稿で操作および CaL のパイロット プラントの最初の結果、calciner で天然ガスの 100% 酸素燃焼。カーボに入ってくるガスは、石炭火力発電所やセメント産業からシミュレートされた排ガスをだった。いくつかの石灰岩の粒径分布は、この動作モードの全体的なパフォーマンスにこのパラメーターの効果をさらに探索するもテストされます。原子炉システム、運用手順、結果の構成は、本稿で詳細に説明します。原子炉は、流体力学的安定性の良い、安定した CO2キャプチャ、キャプチャ効率の石炭火力発電所の排ガスをシミュレートする混合ガスを 70% を示した。

Watch this Scientific Journal Video about Operation of a 25 KWth Calcium Looping Pilot-plant with High Oxygen Concentrations in the Calciner at JoVE.com

Operation of a 25 KWth Calcium Looping Pilot-plant with High Oxygen Concentrations in the Calciner

25 KW回カルシウム ループ パイロット-を持つ植物、Calciner で高酸素濃度の操作

この原稿では、削減または煙道ガスのごみを排除するために calciner で高酸素濃度と燃焼後の炭素キャプチャ用パイロット プラントをループ カルシウムを操作するための手順について説明します。

Calcium looping (CaL) is a post-combustion CO2 capture technology that is suitable for retrofitting existing power plants. The CaL process uses limestone ...

operation-25-kwth-calcium-looping-pilot-plant-with-high-oxygen

Nanyang Technological University

Research

JoVE Journal

Environment

Operation of a 25 KWth Calcium Looping Pilot-plant with High Oxygen Concentrations in the Calciner

7.8K ビュー.  Cranfield University. この原稿では、削減または煙道ガスのごみを排除するために calciner で高酸素濃度と燃焼後の炭素キャプチャ用パイロット プラントをループ カルシウムを操作するための手順について説明します。

ビデオ: Operation of a 25 KWth Calcium Looping Pilot-plant with High Oxygen Concentrations in the Calciner

Determination of Microbial Extracellular Enzyme Activity in Waters, Soils, and Sediments using High Throughput Microplate Assays

Much of the nutrient cycling and carbon processing in natural environments occurs through the activity of extracellular enzymes released by microorganisms. Thus, measurement of the activity of these extracellular enzymes can give insights into the rates of ecosystem level processes, such as organic matter decomposition or nitrogen and phosphorus mineralization. Assays of extracellular enzyme activity in environmental samples typically involve exposing the samples to artificial colorimetric or fluorometric substrates and tracking the rate of substrate hydrolysis. Here we describe microplate based methods for these procedures that allow the analysis of large numbers of samples within a short time frame. Samples are allowed to react with artificial substrates within 96-well microplates or deep well microplate blocks, and enzyme activity is subsequently determined by absorption or fluorescence of the resulting end product using a typical microplate reader or fluorometer. Such high throughput procedures not only facilitate comparisons between spatially separate sites or ecosystems, but also substantially reduce the cost of such assays by reducing overall reagent volumes needed per sample.

Microplate based procedures are described for the colorimetric or fluorometric analysis of extracellular enzyme activity. These procedures allow for the rapid assay of such activity in large numbers of environmental samples within a manageable time frame.

ハイスループットマイクロプレートアッセイを用いてウォーターズ、土壌、および底質中の微生物細胞外酵素活性の測定

Much of the nutrient cycling and carbon  processing in natural environments occurs through the activity of extracellular  enzymes released by ...

環境学

Optimized Negative Staining: a High-throughput Protocol for Examining Small and Asymmetric Protein Structure by Electron Microscopy

Structural determination of proteins is rather challenging for proteins with molecular masses between 40 - 200 kDa. Considering that more than half of natural proteins have a molecular mass between 40 - 200 kDa1,2, a robust and high-throughput method with a nanometer resolution capability is needed. Negative staining (NS) electron microscopy (EM) is an easy, rapid, and qualitative approach which has frequently been used in research laboratories to examine protein structure and protein-protein interactions. Unfortunately, conventional NS protocols often generate structural artifacts on proteins, especially with lipoproteins that usually form presenting rouleaux artifacts. By using images of lipoproteins from cryo-electron microscopy (cryo-EM) as a standard, the key parameters in NS specimen preparation conditions were recently screened and reported as the optimized NS protocol (OpNS), a modified conventional NS protocol 3 . Artifacts like rouleaux can be greatly limited by OpNS, additionally providing high contrast along with reasonably high&#8208;resolution (near 1 nm) images of small and asymmetric proteins. These high-resolution and high contrast images are even favorable for an individual protein (a single object, no average) 3D reconstruction, such as a 160 kDa antibody, through the method of electron tomography4,5. Moreover, OpNS can be a high&#8208;throughput tool to examine hundreds of samples of small proteins. For example, the previously published mechanism of 53 kDa cholesteryl ester transfer protein (CETP) involved the screening and imaging of hundreds of samples 6. Considering cryo-EM rarely successfully images proteins less than 200 kDa has yet to publish any study involving screening over one hundred sample conditions, it is fair to call OpNS a high-throughput method for studying small proteins. Hopefully the OpNS protocol presented here can be a useful tool to push the boundaries of EM and accelerate EM studies into small protein structure, dynamics and mechanisms.

More than half of proteins are small proteins (molecular mass &#60;200 kDa) that are challenging for both electron microscope imaging and three-dimensional reconstructions. Optimized negative staining is a robust and high-throughput protocol to obtain high contrast and relatively high resolution (~1 nm) images of small asymmetric proteins or complexes under different physiological conditions.

最適化された負の染色：電子顕微鏡による小型·非対称蛋白質構造を調べるためのハイスループットプロトコル

Structural determination of proteins is rather challenging for proteins with molecular masses between 40 - 200 kDa. Considering that more than half of ...

A Simple Approach to Manipulate Dissolved Oxygen for Animal Behavior Observations

The ability to manipulate dissolved oxygen (DO) in a laboratory setting has significant application to investigate a number of ecological and organismal behavior questions. The protocol described here provides a simple, reproducible, and controlled method to manipulate DO to study behavioral response in aquatic organisms resulting from hypoxic and anoxic conditions. While performing degasification of water with nitrogen is commonly used in laboratory settings, no explicit method for ecological (aquatic) application exists in the literature, and this protocol is the first to describe a protocol to degasify water to observe organismal response. This technique and protocol were developed for direct application for aquatic macroinvertebrates; however, small fish, amphibians, and other aquatic vertebrates could be easily substituted. It allows for easy manipulation of DO levels ranging from 2 mg/L to 11 mg/L with stability for up to a 5 min animal-observation period. Beyond a 5 min observation period water temperatures began to rise, and at 10 min DO levels became too unstable to maintain. The protocol is scalable to the study organism, reproducible, and reliable, allowing for rapid implementation into introductory teaching labs and high-level research applications. The expected results of this technique should relate dissolved oxygen changes to behavioral responses of organisms.

This article describes a simple and reproducible protocol to manipulate dissolved oxygen conditions in a laboratory setting for animal behavior studies. This protocol may be used in both teaching and research laboratory settings to evaluate organismal response of macroinvertebrates, fishes, or amphibians to changes in dissolved oxygen concentration.

動物の行動観察のための溶存酸素を操作するための単純なアプローチ

The ability to manipulate dissolved oxygen (DO) in a laboratory setting has significant application to investigate a number of ecological and organismal ...

Methods of Soil Resampling to Monitor Changes in the Chemical Concentrations of Forest Soils

Recent soils research has shown that important chemical soil characteristics can change in less than a decade, often the result of broad environmental changes. Repeated sampling to monitor these changes in forest soils is a relatively new practice that is not well documented in the literature and has only recently been broadly embraced by the scientific community. The objective of this protocol is therefore to synthesize the latest information on methods of soil resampling in a format that can be used to design and implement a soil monitoring program. Successful monitoring of forest soils requires that a study unit be defined within an area of forested land that can be characterized with replicate sampling locations. A resampling interval of 5 years is recommended, but if monitoring is done to evaluate a specific environmental driver, the rate of change expected in that driver should be taken into consideration. Here, we show that the sampling of the profile can be done by horizon where boundaries can be clearly identified and horizons are sufficiently thick to remove soil without contamination from horizons above or below. Otherwise, sampling can be done by depth interval. Archiving of sample for future reanalysis is a key step in avoiding analytical bias and providing the opportunity for additional analyses as new questions arise.

Repeated soil sampling has recently been shown to be an effective way to monitor forest soil change over years and decades. To support its use, a protocol is presented that synthesizes the latest information on soil resampling methods to aid in the design and implementation of successful soil monitoring programs.

森林土壌の化学濃度の変化を監視するための土壌リサンプリングの方法

Recent soils research has shown that important chemical soil characteristics can change in less than a decade, often the result of broad environmental ...

Measuring and Mapping Patterns of Soil Erosion and Deposition Related to Soil Carbonate Concentrations Under Agricultural Management

Spatial patterns of soil erosion and deposition can be inferred from differences in ground elevation mapped at appropriate time increments. Such changes in elevation are related to changes in near-surface soil carbonate (CaCO3) profiles. The objective is to describe a simple conceptual model and detailed protocol for repeatable field and laboratory measurements of these quantities. Here, accurate elevation is measured using a ground-based differential global positioning system (GPS); other data acquisition methods could be applied to the same basic method. Soil samples are collected from prescribed depth intervals and analyzed in the lab using an efficient and precise modified pressure-calcimeter method for quantitative analysis of inorganic carbon concentration. Standard statistical methods are applied to point data, and representative results show significant correlations between changes in soil surface layer CaCO3 and changes in elevation consistent with the conceptual model; CaCO3 generally decreased in depositional areas and increased in erosional areas. Maps are derived from point measurements of elevation and soil CaCO3 to aid analyses. A map of erosional and depositional patterns at the study site, a rain-fed winter wheat field cropped in alternating wheat-fallow strips, shows the interacting effects of water and wind erosion affected by management and topography. Alternative sampling methods and depth intervals are discussed and recommended for future work relating soil erosion and deposition to soil CaCO3.

Spatial patterns of soil erosion and deposition can be inferred from differences in ground elevation mapped at appropriate time increments. Such changes in elevation are related to changes in near-surface soil carbonates. Repeatable methods for field and laboratory measurements of these quantities and data analysis methods are described here.

測定と土壌侵食と堆積土炭酸濃度農業経営に関連のパターンのマッピング

Spatial patterns of soil erosion and deposition can be inferred from differences in ground elevation mapped at appropriate time increments. Such changes ...

The Plant Infection Test: Spray and Wound-Mediated Inoculation with the Plant Pathogen Magnaporthe Grisea

Plants possess a powerful system to defend themselves against potential threats by pathogenic fungi. For agriculturally important plants, however, current measures to combat such pathogens have proved too conservative and, thus, not sufficiently effective, and they can potentially pose environmental risks. Therefore, it is extremely necessary to identify host-resistance factors to assist in controlling plant diseases naturally through the identification of resistant germplasm, the isolation and characterization of resistance genes, and the molecular breeding of resistant cultivars. In this regard, there is need to establish an accurate, rapid, and large-scale inoculation method to breed and develop plant resistance genes. The rice blast fungal pathogen Magnaporthe grisea causes severe disease symptoms and yield losses. Recently, M. grisea has emerged as a model organism for studying the mechanisms of plant-fungal pathogen interactions. Hence, we report the development of a plant virulence test method that is specific for M. grisea. This method provides for both spray inoculation with a conidial suspension and wounding inoculation with mycelium cubes or droplets of conidial suspension. The key step of the wounding inoculation method for detached rice leaves is to make wounds on plant leaves, which avoids any interference caused by host penetration resistance. This spray/wounding protocol contributes to the rapid, accurate, and large-scale screening of the pathotypes of M. grisea isolates. This integrated and systematic plant infection method will serve as an excellent starting point for gaining a broad perspective of issues in plant pathology.

The Plant Infection Test: Spray and Wound-Mediated Inoculation with the Plant Pathogen Magnaporthe Grisea

Here, we present a protocol to test plant virulence with the plant pathogen Magnaporthe grisea. This report will contribute to the large-scale screening of the pathotypes of fungi isolates and serve as an excellent starting point for understanding the resistant mechanisms of plants during molecular breeding.

植物感染試験: スプレーと傷を介した植物病原体イネいもち病菌接種

Plants possess a powerful system to defend themselves against potential threats by pathogenic fungi. For agriculturally important plants, however, current ...

High-throughput, Microscale Protocol for the Analysis of Processing Parameters and Nutritional Qualities in Maize (Zea mays L.)

Maize is an important grain crop in the United States and worldwide. However, maize grain must be processed prior to human consumption. Furthermore, whole grain composition and processing characteristics vary among maize hybrids and can impact the quality of the final processed product. Therefore, in order to produce healthier processed food products from maize, it is necessary to know how to optimize processing parameters for particular sets of germplasm to account for these differences in grain composition and processing characteristics. This includes a better understanding of how current processing techniques impact the nutritional quality of the final processed food product. Here, we describe a microscale protocol that both simulates the processing pipeline to produce cornflakes from large flaking grits and allows for the processing of multiple grain samples simultaneously. The flaking grits, the intermediate processed products, or final processed product, as well as the corn grain itself, can be analyzed for nutritional content as part of a high-throughput analytical pipeline. This procedure was developed specifically for incorporation into a maize breeding research program, and it can be modified for other grain crops. We provide an example of the analysis of insoluble-bound ferulic acid and p-coumaric acid content in maize. Samples were taken at five different processing stages. We demonstrate that sampling can take place at multiple stages during microscale processing, that the processing technique can be utilized in the context of a specialized maize breeding program, and that, in our example, most of the nutritional content was lost during food product processing.

High-throughput, Microscale Protocol for the Analysis of Processing Parameters and Nutritional Qualities in Maize Zea mays L.

Here, we present a microscale protocol for processing grain samples and for incorporating this microscale approach into a high-throughput analytical pipeline. This is a higher throughput adaptation of currently available protocols.

マイクロ スケール プロトコル処理解析パラメーターとトウモロコシ (Zea mays l.) で栄養の資質の高いスループット

Maize is an important grain crop in the United States and worldwide. However, maize grain must be processed prior to human consumption. Furthermore, whole ...

Sampling, Sorting, and Characterizing Microplastics in Aquatic Environments with High Suspended Sediment Loads and Large Floating Debris

The ubiquitous presence of plastic debris in the ocean is widely recognized by the public, scientific communities, and government agencies. However, only recently have microplastics in freshwater systems, such as rivers and lakes, been quantified. Microplastic sampling at the surface usually consists of deploying drift nets behind either a stationary or moving boat, which limits the sampling to environments with low levels of suspended sediments and floating or submerged debris. Previous studies that employed drift nets to collect microplastic debris typically used nets with &#8805;300 &#181;m mesh size, allowing plastic debris (particles and fibers) below this size to pass through the net and elude quantification. The protocol detailed here enables: 1) sample collection in environments with high suspended loads and floating or submerged debris and 2) the capture and quantification of microplastic particles and fibers &lt;300 &#181;m. Water samples were collected using a peristaltic pump in low-density polyethylene (PE) containers to be stored before filtering and analysis in the lab. Filtration was done with a custom-made microplastic filtration device containing detachable union joints that housed nylon mesh sieves and mixed cellulose ester membrane filters. Mesh sieves and membrane filters were examined with a stereomicroscope to quantify and separate microplastic particulates and fibers. These materials were then examined using a micro-attenuated total reflectance Fourier transform infrared spectrometer (micro ATR-FTIR) to determine microplastic polymer type. Recovery was measured by spiking samples using blue PE particulates and green nylon fibers; percent recovery was determined to be 100% for particulates and 92% for fibers. This protocol will guide similar studies on microplastics in high velocity rivers with high concentrations of sediment. With simple modifications to the peristaltic pump and filtration device, users can collect and analyze various sample volumes and particulate sizes.

Most microplastic research to date has occurred in marine systems where suspended solid levels are relatively low. Focus is now shifting to freshwater systems, which may feature high sediment loads and floating debris. This protocol addresses collecting and analyzing microplastic samples from aquatic environments that contain high suspended solid loads.

サンプリング、並べ替え、および高い浮遊負荷と大きい浮遊残骸水圏環境における Microplastics の特性

The ubiquitous presence of plastic debris in the ocean is widely recognized by the public, scientific communities, and government agencies. However, only ...

Preparation of Biomass-based Mesoporous Carbon with Higher Nitrogen-/Oxygen-chelating Adsorption for Cu(II) Through Microwave Pre-Pyrolysis

An environment-friendly technique for synthesizing biomass-based mesoporous activated carbon with high nitrogen-/oxygen-chelating adsorption for Cu(II) is proposed. Bagasse impregnated with phosphoric acid is utilized as the precursor. To pyrolyze the precursor, two separate heating modes are used: microwave pyrolysis and conventional electric-heating pyrolysis. The resulting bagasse-derived carbon samples are modified with nitrification and reduction modification. Nitrogen (N)/oxygen (O) functional groups are simultaneously introduced to the surface of activated carbon, enhancing its adsorption of Cu(II) by complexing and ion-exchange. Characterization and copper adsorption experiments are performed to investigate the physicochemical properties of four prepared carbon samples and determine which heating method favors the subsequent modification for doping of N/O functional groups. In this technique, based on analyzing data of nitrogen adsorption, Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy, and batch adsorption experiments, it is proven that microwave-pyrolyzed carbon has more defect sites and, therefore, time-saving effective microwave pyrolysis contributes more N/O species to the carbon, although it leads to a lower specific surface area. This technique offers a promising route to synthesis adsorbents with higher nitrogen and oxygen content and a higher adsorption capacity of heavy-metal ions in wastewater remediation applications.

Preparation of Biomass-based Mesoporous Carbon with Higher Nitrogen-/Oxygen-chelating Adsorption for CuII Through Microwave Pre-Pyrolysis

Here, we present a protocol to synthesize nitrogen/oxygen dual-doped mesoporous carbon from biomass by chemical activation in different pyrolysis modes followed by modification. We demonstrate that the microwave pyrolysis benefits the subsequent modification process to simultaneously introduce more nitrogen and oxygen functional groups on the carbon.

高い窒素-メソ孔炭素のバイオマス ベースの準備/電子レンジ前熱分解による銅 (ii) 酸素キレート吸着

An environment-friendly technique for synthesizing biomass-based mesoporous activated carbon with high nitrogen-/oxygen-chelating adsorption for Cu(II) is ...

Composition and Distribution Analysis of Bioaerosols Under Different Environmental Conditions

Variable microorganisms in particulate matter (PM) under different environmental conditions may have significant impacts on human health. In this study, we described a protocol for multiple analyses of the biological compositions in environmental PM. Five experiments are presented: (1) PM number monitoring by using a laser particle counter; (2) PM collection by using a cyclonic aerosol sampler; (3) PM collection by using a high-volume air sampler with filters; (4) culturable microbes collection by the Andersen six-stage sampler; and (5) detection of biological composition of environmental PM by bacterial 16SrDNA and fungal ITS region sequencing. We selected hazy days and a livestock farm as two typical examples of the application in this protocol. In this study, these two sampling methods, cyclonic aerosol sampler and filter sampler, showed different sampling efficiency. The cyclonic aerosol sampler performed much better in terms of collecting bacteria, while these two methods showed the same efficiency in collecting fungi. Filter samplers can work under low temperature conditions while cyclonic aerosol samplers have a sampling limitation for temperature. A solid impacting sampler, such as an Andersen six-stage sampler, can be used to sample bioaerosols directly into the culture medium, which increases the survival rate of culturable microorganisms. However, this method mainly relies on culture while more than 99% of microbes cannot be cultured. DNA extracted from the culturable bacteria collected by the Andersen six-stage sampler and samples collected by cyclonic aerosol sampler and filter sampler were detected by bacterial 16S rDNA and fungal ITS region sequencing.All the methods above may have wide application in many fields of study, such as environmental monitoring and airborne pathogen detection. From these results, we can conclude that these methods can be used under different conditions and may help other researchers further explore the health impacts of environmental bioaerosols.

Understanding the biological composition of environmental particulate matter is important for the study of its significant impacts on human health and disease spread. Here, we used three types of bioaerosol sampling methods and a biological analysis of airborne microbes to better explore airborne microbial communities under different environmental conditions.

組成と異なる環境条件下におけるバイオエアロゾルの分布解析

Variable microorganisms in particulate matter (PM) under different environmental conditions may have significant impacts on human health. In this study, ...

25 KW回カルシウム ループ パイロット-を持つ植物、Calciner で高酸素濃度の操作

25 KW_回カルシウムループパイロット-を持つ植物、Calciner で高酸素濃度の操作