导致这些结果的研究得到了欧共体的煤炭和钢铁研究基金 (rfc) 根据赠款协议编号 RFCR-CT-2014-00007 的资助。这项工作由英国碳捕获和存储研究中心 (UKCCSRC) 资助, 作为呼叫2项目的一部分。UKCCSRC 得到了工程和物理科学研究理事会 (EPSRC) 的支持, 作为研究理事会英国能源方案的一部分, 由商业、能源和工业战略部 (BEIS-原 DECC) 提供额外资金。作者还要感谢 Mr. 马丁 Roskilly 在整个工作过程中的巨大帮助。

1. 材料准备 <ol> <li> 将石灰石 (50 公斤的原料) 筛入所需的粒度分布 (300-400 和 #181; m 或其他分布取决于实验) 使用机械振动筛。在试验过程中, 将被筛的材料放在分解炉旁边的花盆中. </li>
	<li> 准备将材料分批放入反应器。批次一般为0.5 升或1升 (石灰石1升约为1.5 公斤), 但这可能因操作参数而异. </li>
</ol> 2。启动过程 警告: 这里达到极高的温度。需要适当的 PPE, 如手套, 眼睛眼镜, 实验室大衣和安全鞋. 
<ol> <li> 加热电抗器 <ol> <li> 在 carbonator (60 升/分) 和分解炉 (20 升/分) 以及循环-密封 (10 升/分) 的流量计中启动低流量的 N 2 。
		<li> 手动打开 carbonator 变压器。将 carbonator 的所有电气预热的温度设置为600和 #176; C. </li>
		<li> 开始获取数据 (对于气体温度和压力, 请使用软件中的 "录制" 按钮)。这些数据包括两个反应堆的温度、压力和气体组成。在 图 1 和 图 2 中, 显示了数据采集系统的截图. </li>
		<li> 打开分解炉气体预热。将分解炉周围的加热器打开到600和 #176; C 通过热电偶在 BFB 内测量. 
		注: 温度、压力和气体成分等数据已经按照步骤2.1.3 的规定获得. </li>
		<li> 把被筛的石灰石的 3 L 放入分解炉中的 BFB。首先打开顶部阀门, 在下管中引入材料, 关闭顶部阀门, 然后打开底部阀门, 使物料流入反应器. </li>
		<li> 将 BFB 中的物料加热到650以上 #176; C (由分解炉周围的电加热器). 
		注: 这通常需要〜1小时, 在此期间检查的数据采集和压力的流化床. </li>
	</ol> </li> </ol> <img alt="Figure 1" class="xfigimg" src="/files/ftp_upload/56112/56112fig1.jpg"/> 图 1: 温度和压力数据采集的截图两个反应堆. <a href="//ecsource-jove-com.remotexs.ntu.edu.sg/files/ftp_upload/56112/56112fig1large.jpg" target="_blank"> 请单击此处查看此图的较大版本. </a> 
 <img alt="Figure 2" class="xfigimg" src="/files/ftp_upload/56112/56112fig2.jpg"/> 图 2: 预热系统的温度数据采集的屏幕截图。<a href="//ecsource-jove-com.remotexs.ntu.edu.sg/files/ftp_upload/56112/56112fig2large.jpg" target="_blank"> 请单击此处查看此图的较大版本. </a> 
 <img alt="Figure 3" class="xfigimg" src="/files/ftp_upload/56112/56112fig3.jpg"/> 图 3:25 kW th (CFB carbonator 和 BFB 分解炉) 示意图. 1: carbonator;2: 煅烧炉;3: 下环密封;4: 上部圈-封印;5: carbonator 旋风;6: 分解炉旋风。<a href="//ecsource-jove-com.remotexs.ntu.edu.sg/files/ftp_upload/56112/56112fig3large.jpg" target="_blank"> 请单击此处查看此图的较大版本. </a> 
<ol start="2"> <li> 在分解炉中启动燃烧 <ol> <li> 将分解炉中的氧气浓度从0增加到40% 卷, 以确保在开始燃烧之前浓度稳定. </li>
		<li> 使用流量计手动启动天然气的化学计量流, 确保燃烧稳定. 
		注: 应小心增加天然气流量。检查数据是否显示适当的燃烧反应水平. </li>
		<li> 通过调整天然气流量流量计提高分解炉中的氧气浓度 20%, 以确保化学计量燃烧. 
		注意: 这个过程应该非常小心地执行。如果有任何怀疑的出现, 燃烧是没有发生预期从初步计算, 然后停止天然气流量和开关的氧气流向氮气的安全运行。确定此差异的来源。此过程的总工期约为 1 h. </li>
		<li> 实现100% 氧气浓度的天然气燃烧. 
		注: 在所有的测试中, 温度和气体成分的数据应该被仔细地遵循, 特别是当燃烧发生在100% 氧气中的时候. </li>
		<li> 添加石灰石0.5 升增量, 直到有7升在流化床。煅烧焙烧炉流化床中的所有物料 (估计煅烧温度为800-850 和 #176; C 用于分解炉中的批次和以下批次的煅烧温度). </li>
		<li> 增加 N 的流量 2 在 carbonator 中开始循环。定期检查循环查看端口, 确保流通正常. </li>
		<li> 在启动 CO 2 捕获之前, 煅烧钻机中所有可用的石灰石. </li>
	</ol> </li> </ol> 3。稳定操作 <ol> <li> 手动将碳化气体从 N 2 转换为15% 卷 co 2 使用流量计, 这使得煅烧石灰石开始捕获 co 2 。
	<li> 使用流量计调整分解炉中的流, 以实现稳定的930-950 和 #176; 通过调节天然气 (NG) 和氧气 (在最佳流态化体系内) 的流量, 在分解炉中进行温度的 C。O 2 流通常为 100%, 具有足够的床料, 但在整个实验过程中都进行了调整. </li>
	<li> 当物料在活动中开始下降时 (5% CO 2 在 carbonator 出口处的浓度, 这是在步骤2.1.3 中所描述的软件连续获取的), 添加更多的石灰石. </li>
</ol> 4。关闭过程 <ol> <li> 手动关闭使用流量计的天然气流量, 并减少氧气流量, 并将两个反应堆中的气体转换为 N 2 。关闭所有加热器 (分解炉和 carbonator). </li>
	<li> 允许钻机的库存温度降低 (通常过夜), 并在室温下清空反应堆. </li>
	<li> 称量所提取的固体并进行标准筛分析。特征材料: 法, 成分 (X 射线荧光光谱法, XRF) 21 , 22 和显微结构 (扫描电子显微镜, SEM)。
</ol>

<ol>
	<li>Bernstein, L., Lee, A., Crookshank, S. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Carbon+dioxide+capture+and+storage:+a+status+report.">Carbon dioxide capture and storage: a status report.</a> Climate Policy. 6 (2), 241-246 (2011).</li><li>Boot-Handford, M. E., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Carbon+capture+and+storage+update.">Carbon capture and storage update.</a> Energy Environmental Science. 7 (1), 130-189 (2014).</li><li>Herzog, H. J. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Scaling+up+carbon+dioxide+capture+and+storage:+from+megatons+to+gigatons.">Scaling up carbon dioxide capture and storage: from megatons to gigatons.</a> Energy Economics. 33 (4), 597-604 (2011).</li><li>Shimizu, T., Hirama, T., Hosoda, H., Kitano, K., Inagaki, M., Tejima, K. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=A+twin+fluid-bed+reactor+for+removal+of+CO2+from+combustion+processes.">A twin fluid-bed reactor for removal of CO2 from combustion processes.</a> Chemical Engineering Research and Design. 77 (1), 62-68 (1999).</li><li>Blamey, J., Anthony, E. J., Wang, J., Fennell, P. S. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=The+calcium+looping+cycle+for+large-scale+CO2+capture.">The calcium looping cycle for large-scale CO2 capture.</a> Progress in Energy and Combustion Science. 36 (2), 260-279 (2010).</li><li>Masnadi, M. S., Grace, J. R., Bi, X. T., Ellis, N., Lim, C. J., Butler, J. W. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Biomass/coal+steam+co-gasification+integrated+with+in-situ+CO2+capture.">Biomass/coal steam co-gasification integrated with in-situ CO2 capture.</a> Energy. 83, 326-336 (2015).</li><li>Abanades, J. C., Anthony, E. J., Lu, D. Y., Salvador, C., Alvarez, D. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Capture+of+CO2+from+combustion+gases+in+a+fluidized+bed+of+CaO.">Capture of CO2 from combustion gases in a fluidized bed of CaO.</a> AIChE Journal. 50 (7), 1614-1622 (2004).</li><li>Hughes, R. W., Lu, D. Y., Anthony, E. J., Macchi, A. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Design,+process+simulation+and+construction+of+an+atmospheric+dual+fluidized+bed+combustion+system+for+in+situ+CO2+capture+using+high-temperature+sorbents.">Design, process simulation and construction of an atmospheric dual fluidized bed combustion system for in situ CO2 capture using high-temperature sorbents.</a> Fuel Processing Technology. 86 (14), 1523-1531 (2005).</li><li>Lu, D. Y., Hughes, R. W., Anthony, E. J. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Ca-based+sorbent+looping+combustion+for+CO2+capture+in+pilot-scale+dual+fluidized+beds.">Ca-based sorbent looping combustion for CO2 capture in pilot-scale dual fluidized beds.</a> Fuel Processing Technology. 89 (12), 1386-1395 (2008).</li><li>Hawthorne, C., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=CO2+capture+with+CaO+in+a+200+kWth+dual+fluidized+bed+pilot+plant.">CO2 capture with CaO in a 200 kWth dual fluidized bed pilot plant.</a> Energy Procedia. 4, 441-448 (2011).</li><li>S&#225;nchez-Biezma, A., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Postcombustion+CO2+capture+with+CaO.+Status+of+the+technology+and+next+steps+towards+large+scale+demonstration.">Postcombustion CO2 capture with CaO. Status of the technology and next steps towards large scale demonstration.</a> Energy Procedia. 4, 852-859 (2011).</li><li>Dieter, H., Hawthorne, C., Zieba, M., Scheffknecht, G. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Progress+in+calcium+looping+post+combustion+CO2+capture:+successful+pilot+scale+demonstration.">Progress in calcium looping post combustion CO2 capture: successful pilot scale demonstration.</a> Energy Procedia. 37, 48-56 (2013).</li><li>Arias, B., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Demonstration+of+steady+state+CO2+capture+in+a+1.7+MWth+calcium+looping+pilot.">Demonstration of steady state CO2 capture in a 1.7 MWth calcium looping pilot.</a> International Journal of Greenhouse Gas Control. 18, 237-245 (2013).</li><li>Str&#246;hle, J., Junk, M., Kremer, J., Galloy, A., Epple, B. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Carbonate+looping+experiments+in+a+1MWth+pilot+plant+and+model+validation.">Carbonate looping experiments in a 1MWth pilot plant and model validation.</a> Fuel. 127, 13-22 (2014).</li><li>Bidwe, A. R., Hawthorne, C., Dieter, H., Dominguez, M. A., Zieba, M., Scheffknecht, G. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Cold+model+hydrodynamic+studies+of+a+200kWth+dual+fluidized+bed+pilot+plant+of+calcium+looping+process+for+CO2+Capture.">Cold model hydrodynamic studies of a 200kWth dual fluidized bed pilot plant of calcium looping process for CO2 Capture.</a> Powder Technology. 253, 116-128 (2014).</li><li>Chang, M. H., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Design+and+experimental+testing+of+a+1.9+MWth+calcium+looping+pilot+plant.">Design and experimental testing of a 1.9 MWth calcium looping pilot plant.</a> Energy Procedia. 63, 2100-2108 (2014).</li><li>Reitz, M., Junk, M., Str&#246;hle, J., Epple, B. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Design+and+operation+of+a+300kWth+indirectly+heated+carbonate+looping+pilot+plant.">Design and operation of a 300kWth indirectly heated carbonate looping pilot plant.</a> International Journal of Greenhouse Gas Control. 54, 272-281 (2016).</li><li>Mart&#237;nez, A., Lara, Y., Lisbona, P., Romeo, L. M. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Energy+penalty+reduction+in+the+calcium+looping+cycle.">Energy penalty reduction in the calcium looping cycle.</a> International Journal of Greenhouse Gas Control. 7, 74-81 (2012).</li><li>Perej&#243;n, A., Romeo, L. M., Lara, Y., Lisbona, P., Mart&#237;nez, A., Valverde, J. M. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=The+calcium-looping+technology+for+CO2+capture:+on+the+important+roles+of+energy+integration+and+sorbent+behavior.">The calcium-looping technology for CO2 capture: on the important roles of energy integration and sorbent behavior.</a> Appl Energy. 162, 787-807 (2016).</li><li>Mantripragada, H. C., Rubin, E. S. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Calcium+looping+cycle+for+CO2+capture:+Performance,+cost+and+feasibility+analysis.">Calcium looping cycle for CO2 capture: Performance, cost and feasibility analysis.</a> Energy Procedia. 63, 2199-2206 (2014).</li><li>. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=.">.</a> ASTM C1271-99(2012), Standard Test Method for X-ray Spectrometric Analysis of Lime and Limestone. (2012), C1271-C1299 (2012).</li><li>. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=.">.</a> ASTM C25-11e2, Standard Test Methods for Chemical Analysis of Limestone, Quicklime, and Hydrated Lime. , C25-C11 (2011).</li><li>Alonso, M., Rodr&#237;guez, N., Grasa, G., Abanades, J. C. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Modelling+of+a+fluidized+bed+carbonator+reactor+to+capture+CO2+from+a+combustion+flue+gas.">Modelling of a fluidized bed carbonator reactor to capture CO2 from a combustion flue gas.</a> Chem Eng Sci. 64 (5), 883-891 (2009).</li><li>Manovic, V., Anthony, E. J. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Parametric+study+on+the+CO2+capture+capacity+of+CaO-based+sorbents+in+looping+cycles.">Parametric study on the CO2 capture capacity of CaO-based sorbents in looping cycles.</a> Energy Fuels. 22 (3), 1851-1857 (2008).</li><li>Duhoux, B., Mehrani, P., Lu, D. Y., Symonds, R. T., Anthony, E. J., Macchi, A. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Combined+Calcium+Looping+and+Chemical+Looping+Combustion+for+Post-Combustion+Carbon+Dioxide+Capture:+Process+Simulation+and+Sensitivity+Analysis.">Combined Calcium Looping and Chemical Looping Combustion for Post-Combustion Carbon Dioxide Capture: Process Simulation and Sensitivity Analysis.</a> Energy Technol. 4 (10), 1158-1170 (2016).</li><li>Erans, M., Manovic, V., Anthony, E. J. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Calcium+looping+sorbents+for+CO2+capture.">Calcium looping sorbents for CO2 capture.</a> Appl Energy. 180, 722-742 (2016).</li><li>Basu, P. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=A+study+of+agglomeration+of+coal-ash+in+fluidized+beds.">A study of agglomeration of coal-ash in fluidized beds.</a> The Canadian Journal of Chemical Engineering. 60 (6), 791-795 (1982).</li></ol>

作者没有什么可透露的。

根据焙烧反应的吸热性质, 以及固体在不同温度下在两个反应堆之间循环的事实, 在100% 卷氧气入口的煅烧炉的运行是可以实现的。此操作模式旨在通过降低资本和运营成本, 使 CaL 流程更具经济前景。由于烟气的回收利用 (主要是 CO2、水蒸气和未 O2) 被减少或甚至消除, 因此对此流进行预热所消耗的热量较低。因此, 需要较少的氧气和更小的空分所需要。由于这种配置中的气体流量将会较低, 因此分解炉的大小与流化速度相同。
为了确保分解炉内高浓度的安全运行, 制定了标准的方法。结果表明, 在一些实验中, 捕获效率高达70%。另外, 在反应器结构中使用了不同的粒度分布 (carbonator 作为循环流化床; 分解炉为 BFB)。分布是: 100-200 µm;200-300 µm;300-400 µm对于最小的分布 (100-200 µm), 但是, 有淘洗的问题和大多数的床库存被发现在分解炉的旋风捕锅。最好的结果是达到了最大的粒度分布 (300-400 µm): 一个 E碳水化合物的〜70% 在整个实验中保持了约6% 的化妆比率。
通过将天然气和分解炉所提供的电加热最小化, 以保护管道不受发热元件引起的放电的燃烧, 从而改善了该协议。此外, 已经注意到, O2浓度的增加可以比最初的实验活动更快, 从20% 卷到60% 卷和 100% vol。重要的是要强调, 这一过程中最关键的步骤是燃烧的开始和氧气浓度的增加, 这可能会导致增加的温度, 将关闭天然气源, 如果温度高于980° c。此外, 材料的构成是一个关注, 因为它可以降低反应堆的温度和停止燃烧过程, 因此, 它应该添加在小批量。
这一方法适用于这一实验平台, 可以测试新的合成材料, 以及通过掺杂、热前处理、化学预处理、等改进的材料.26此协议允许这些新的吸附剂在现实条件下进行测试, 为吸附剂比较提供标准方法。但是, 在更大的尺度上应用这一概念时, 也存在一些挑战, 如在这些操作条件下的煅烧炉中使用煤。固体燃料的使用将增加分解炉操作的困难由于高温, 可能导致灰结块和最后 defluidizing 现象27。这需要进一步研究, 以确定该议定书的可行性;然而, 这个概念被证明是成功的在试点规模在这项工作使用天然气。
这项研究的另一个限制是测试的持续时间, 每个测试的稳态运行为 3 h;这是由于工厂的加热过程, 这是一个缓慢的过程。在反应堆之间循环时, 粒子所经历的碳化/煅烧周期的平均值是未知的。高氧浓度有可能在石灰石颗粒中产生更多的烧结。对这些挑战的进一步调查将有助于评估该议定书是否适合更高规模的 CaL 工厂的新的可行的操作模式。

CO2排放和由此产生的全球变暖是在过去几年中吸引了大量研究的重要环境问题。碳捕获和存储 (CCS) 已被公认为将 CO2的排放量减少到大气的潜在技术12。CCS 链中最具挑战性的部分是捕获 CO2, 这也是最昂贵的阶段3。因此, 人们一直把重点放在开发新技术, 以便从发电厂和其他工业设施中获取 CO2捕获。
CaL 作为后 CO2捕获技术, 是由清水et al.首次提出的4 CO2是由 cao 吸附剂在600-700 ° c 的反应器中捕获的, 称为 carbonator, 并根据 Eq 在850-950 ° c (在分解炉中) 的后续煅烧释放. (1), 生成高纯度 CO2流适用于隔离5,6。CaL 循环用流化床, 这是这一过程的最佳配置, 因为它们允许大量的固体从一个反应堆容易地循环到另一个4,5,6,7,8。
曹 (s) + CO2 (g) ⇔中亚3 (s) h25 ° =-178.2 焦/摩尔(1)
这一概念已在试点规模被证明在不同的组, 并与各种配置和规模, 如0.2 兆瓦th试点在斯图加特, 1 兆瓦的th在达姆施塔特的试点, 1.7 兆瓦th在 La Pereda 的试点和 1.9 MWth单位在台湾的9,10,11,12,13,14,15,16。虽然这一过程已被证明, 仍有可能提高其热效率, 如通过修改标准的操作条件和改变反应堆的结构设计。
在煅烧炉中, 研究了燃烧室与煅烧炉之间的热管, 而不是用氧燃烧燃料。co2捕获性能的结果与传统的 CaL 试验装置相比具有可比性, 但是, 该过程具有较高的工厂效率和较低的 co2规避成本17。马丁内斯et al.18研究了热集成的可能性, 以预热进入分解炉的固体材料, 并降低分解炉所需的热量。结果表明, 与标准情况相比, 煤耗减少了9%。其他研究热集成的可能性也考虑了内部和外部集成选项19。
从经济角度来看, 卡尔周期的主要问题之一是通过燃料燃烧来提供分解炉所需的能量20。为了减少甚至避免对分解炉的 CO2回收的需要, 提出了增加分解炉进水口内的氧浓度。这种替代办法降低了资本成本 (分解炉和空分装置的规模), 这可以大大提高这一过程的竞争力。利用吸热焙烧反应和大型 CaO/中亚3流从 carbonator 运行在较低温度下循环, 可以获得燃烧条件的剧烈变化 (这两个优点都不具备氧燃烧技术)。
这项工作的目的是制定一个标准的操作程序, 运行的 CaL 试点工厂与循环流化床 (CFB) carbonator 和鼓泡流化床 (BFB) 分解炉 100% O2浓度在分解炉的入口。在试验装置的调试过程中进行了几项试验活动, 以确保随着氧气浓度的增加, 正常运行。此外, 研究了三石灰石粒度分布 (100-200 µm; 200-300 µm; 300-400 µm), 探讨了该参数对粒子淘洗的影响以及在这种操作模式下的捕获效率。

<table>
	<tbody>
		<tr>
			<td>Longcal limestone</td>
			<td>Loncliffe</td>
			<td>Longcal SP52</td>
			<td>n/a</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Mechanical Shacker</td>
			<td>SWECO</td>
			<td>LS24S544+C</td>
			<td>Mechanical siever to separate particles</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Oxygen</td>
			<td>BOC</td>
			<td>n/a</td>
			<td>BOC cylinders</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Nitrogen</td>
			<td>BOC</td>
			<td>n/a</td>
			<td>BOC tank</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Carbon dioxide</td>
			<td>BOC</td>
			<td>n/a</td>
			<td>BOC tank</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Natural gas</td>
			<td>n/a</td>
			<td>n/a</td>
			<td>Taken from the line</td>
		</tr>
	</tbody>
</table>

operation of a 25 kwth calcium looping pilot-plant with high oxygen concentrations in the calciner

钙循环 (CaL) 是一种后 CO2捕获技术, 适用于现有的发电厂的改造。CaL 过程使用石灰石作为一种便宜且易于使用的 CO2吸附剂。虽然这项技术得到了广泛的研究, 但还是有一些可供选择的办法, 使其更具经济可行性。其中之一是增加分解炉中的氧气浓度, 以减少或消除回收气体的数量 (CO2、H2O 和杂质);因此, 减少或除去加热循环气流所需的能量。此外, 由于燃烧强度的变化, 导致能量输入增加;这种能量是用来使吸热焙烧反应发生在没有再生的废气。本文介绍了在煅烧炉中采用100% 氧燃烧天然气的 CaL 试验装置的运行情况和初步结果。进入 carbonator 的气体是来自燃煤电厂或水泥工业的模拟烟气。还测试了几种石灰石粒度分布, 以进一步探讨此参数对该操作模式整体性能的影响。本文详细介绍了反应堆系统的结构、运行程序和结果。该反应器具有良好的流体力学稳定性和稳定的 CO2捕获, 其捕集效率可达 70%, 并可模拟燃煤电厂的烟气。

实验设置如图 3所示。该装置包括两个相互连接的流化床。即 carbonator 为4.3 米高、0.1 米内径 (ID) 的 CFB;而分解炉是一个 BFB, 具有1.2 米的高度和0.165 米的 ID。从一个反应堆到另一个反应器的固体输送由两个循环密封的氮气流化控制。两个反应堆通过预热线送入气体混合物, 两者都是电加热的;此外, 分解炉采用天然气, 以燃烧所需的热量进行吸热煅烧和加热循环吸附剂。carbonator 分配器板有8喷嘴, 其中每一个都有二十 2 mm 孔, 而分解炉有20喷嘴, 每口有六 mm 孔。
本节讨论了三种不同实验的结果。这些测试提供了关于从空气中运行试验装置 (〜20% 卷 o2) 到100% 卷 o 在分解炉入口的2的概述。这项工作还探讨了在这个操作模式下使用不同粒度分布的结果, 看看这个参数是否对系统的整体性能有影响。本研究中使用的石灰石的最低含量为98.25% 中亚3。
实验 1:烟气 (15% 卷 CO2) 与石灰石 (200-300 µm) 30% 卷 O2
这第一次测试与石灰石分数200-300 µm 进行测试的钻机与石灰石循环之间的两个反应堆内的钻机作为一个出发点的性能优化。在此测试期间, 捕获效率达到了 45% (图 4)。此捕获效率 (Ecarb) 是使用以下公式计算的23: 其中 FCO2是 co 的摩尔流率2进入 carbonator 和 fcarb是 co 的摩尔流率2离开carbonator
<img alt="Equation 2" src="/files/ftp_upload/56112/56112eq2.jpg">(2)
<img alt="Figure 4" class="xfigimg" src="/files/ftp_upload/56112/56112fig4.jpg"> 
图 4: CO 的浓度2在 carbonator 入口和出口处以及捕获效率 (Ecarb) 为200-300 µm 石灰石与 30% O2.<a href="//ecsource-jove-com.remotexs.ntu.edu.sg/files/ftp_upload/56112/56112fig4large.jpg" target="_blank">请单击此处查看此图的较大版本.</a>
在这一试验过程中, 捕获效率低下的主要原因是 BFB 中所有石灰石的热供应不足。这导致 carbonator 提要中的 CaO/中亚3比率下降。另一个可能的原因是分解炉中的石灰颗粒的失活和结转, 降低了总床的库存和系统中的吸附剂数量。实验结束后, 对反应器的库存进行了物质平衡 (表 1)。由于材料在两个流化床中的损耗, 可以观察到更小的分数的转变。
<table border="1" fo:keep-together.within-page="1" fo:keep-with-next.within-page="always">
	<tbody>
		<tr>
			<td>分数</td>
			<td>石灰石在</td>
			<td>煅烧炉 + Carbonator</td>
			<td>旋风分解炉</td>
			<td>旋风 Carbonator</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>总质量 (g)</td>
			<td>9100</td>
			<td>5000</td>
			<td>500</td>
			<td>20</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>250-300 µm</td>
			<td>22%</td>
			<td>24%</td>
			<td>2%</td>
			<td>0%</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>212-250 µm</td>
			<td>47%</td>
			<td>41%</td>
			<td>6%</td>
			<td>18%</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>150-212 µm</td>
			<td>28%</td>
			<td>34%</td>
			<td>24%</td>
			<td>18%</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>0-150 µm</td>
			<td>3%</td>
			<td>1%</td>
			<td>69%</td>
			<td>65%</td>
		</tr>
	</tbody>
</table>
表 1:200-300 µm 石灰石的材料输入和输出的重量平衡与 30% O2.
实验 2:烟气 (15% CO2) 与石灰石 (100-200 µm) 100% O2
在这项试验中, 主要目的是使用较小的石灰石颗粒, 以调查它们可能对系统性能的有益影响。第二个目的是为 BFB 煅烧炉的焙烧过程提供更多的热量, 在高浓氧中燃烧天然气, 理想情况下, 在进口处可达到100%。
在这个实验中, 我们成功地测试了在分解炉的入口使用纯 O2的可能性, 它提供了完全消除标准氧燃料过程所需的废气回收的可能性。这由循环流化床材料的形式的热消耗量和连续的煅烧反应使成为可能。
使用较小的粒子对碳化过程没有有利的影响, 很可能是因为粒子和气体之间的接触面积较高。然而, 在这个问题上有一些争议, 因为更小的粒子显示了减少的反应性由于杂质的更高的内容24。几乎所有添加的石灰石和 #60; 150 µm 是非常迅速 elutriated 从分解炉到下游旋风。因此, 很难保持必要的石灰在钻机所需的库存, 以达到更高的捕获效率。捕获效率的结果在图 5中。
<img alt="Figure 5" class="xfigimg" src="/files/ftp_upload/56112/56112fig5.jpg"> 
图 5: CO2在 carbonator 入口和出口处的浓度以及相应的捕获效率 (Ecarb) 为100-200 µm 石灰石与 100% O2.<a href="//ecsource-jove-com.remotexs.ntu.edu.sg/files/ftp_upload/56112/56112fig5large.jpg" target="_blank">请单击此处查看此图的较大版本.</a>
固体的输入和输出的平衡在测试之后被执行了 (表 2), 并且它被发现了多数 t他在试验中引入的材料在分解炉旋风中结束。这可能是测试期间低测量捕获效率的主要原因。
<table border="1" fo:keep-together.within-page="1" fo:keep-with-next.within-page="always">
	<tbody>
		<tr>
			<td>分数</td>
			<td>石灰石</td>
			<td>Carbonator</td>
			<td>炉</td>
			<td>旋风分解炉</td>
			<td>旋风 carbonator</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>总质量 (g)</td>
			<td>19000</td>
			<td>1200</td>
			<td>2700</td>
			<td>8700</td>
			<td>360</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>#62 212-212 µm</td>
			<td>0%</td>
			<td>21%</td>
			<td>2%</td>
			<td>0%</td>
			<td>39%</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>212-150 µm</td>
			<td>18%</td>
			<td>39%</td>
			<td>73%</td>
			<td>5%</td>
			<td>42%</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>150-125 µm</td>
			<td>40%</td>
			<td>32D</td>
			<td>13%</td>
			<td>32%</td>
			<td>10%</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>125-63 µm</td>
			<td>41%</td>
			<td>18%</td>
			<td>12%</td>
			<td>60%</td>
			<td>9%</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>0-63 µm</td>
			<td>2%</td>
			<td>0%</td>
			<td>0%</td>
			<td>3%</td>
			<td>1%</td>
		</tr>
	</tbody>
</table>
表 2:100-200 µm 石灰石的回收材料和筛析的平衡与 100% O2.
最后, 我们成功地测试了在分解炉入口的纯 O2的使用, 以便完全消除标准的氧燃料工艺所需的废气回收。这是可能的, 由于散热器提供的形式循环流化床材料和连续的煅烧反应。然而, 由于微粒的淘洗, 小粒度分布 (100-200 µm) 对捕获过程并不有利。要获得更高的捕获效率, 维护所需的床品是极其困难的。因此, 我们决定在下一次实验运动中研究更大粒子的使用。
实验 3:烟气 (15% CO2) 与石灰石 (300-400 µm) 100% O2
在本试验中, 对馏分300-400 µm 的性能进行了测试, 以减少在前几次运行中看到的分解炉流化床的高物质损耗。预计这将有助于保留必要的石灰/石灰石库存的有效循环和碳捕获所需的。由于使用了适当数量的吸附剂循环在钻机和充足的热量提供的天然气燃烧的纯氧 (释放 18 kW), 稳定的捕获效率达到70% 以上的3小时;这是一个非常好的结果时, 考虑相对较短的 carbonator 反应堆管和随之而来的短接触时间之间的吸附剂和 CO2。co2在 carbonator 出口处的浓度保持在5% 卷以下, 而在 carbonator 出口处 co2浓度超过此值时, 将新鲜石灰石 (0.5 L 批次) 添加到分解炉中。通过优化条件实现了稳定的实验运行。
这一过程始于标准程序;即, 首先将反应器加热到700° c, 然后将2.9 升石灰石加入分解炉并加热。分解炉中的温度和气体浓度显示在图 6中。请注意, 下面的数字对应于图 6中的这些步骤。1) 气流由 40% O2和 60% N2的流动混合物所取代, 并启动流化床中的天然气燃烧 (9.1 kW)。流化床中的石灰石被加热到800° c 以上, 3 多批石灰石 (1 升) 被添加到分解炉中。2) 石灰石在流化床上煅烧时, 石灰/石灰石的循环是通过 carbonator (在650° c 的速度为2.5 米/秒) 的流动预热 N2开始的。增加了0.9 升石灰石和 3) 一个新的 O2缸连接到分解炉的入口。4) 重新连接氧气后, 燃烧再被创始了, 这时间在入口 O2集中 70% (和 30% N2), 导致消耗量14千瓦天然气到达 o2集中在出口的 ~ 5% (在湿煤气)。5) 在分解炉入口引入了纯 O2 , 导致 18 kW 的热释放到分解炉中, 6) 在 carbonator 中通过注入 15% CO2来启动碳化。碳化的效率 (图 7) 是这个反应器设计的最高的 (~ 70%). 7) 通过分解炉的 BFB 的气体流速必须降低到0.30 米/秒 (要求的温度), 以保持温度约930° c 产生的天然气燃烧的纯 O2 (同时保持 O2浓度的尾气, 以工业上可接受的水平低于5% 卷)。
<img alt="Figure 6" class="xfigimg" src="/files/ftp_upload/56112/56112fig6.jpg"> 
图 6: 分解炉的 BFB 温度和尾气在其出口处的温度和组成.<a href="//ecsource-jove-com.remotexs.ntu.edu.sg/files/ftp_upload/56112/56112fig6large.jpg" target="_blank">请单击此处查看此图的较大版本.</a>
在试验过程中, 通过调节天然气流量和连续调整 O2的流速, 使流化床内的温度保持恒定, 以达到0.30 米/秒的煅烧速度。在恒定的操作期间, 观察到以下精力充沛的平衡: 在分解炉, 氧气被预热了到仅300° c 出于安全原因;因此, 在潜热中提供0.5 千瓦。大约15.5 千瓦由天然气的燃烧释放在流化床, 但仅5.3 千瓦为连续的煅烧是需要的 (, 当没有新鲜的材料被增加了) 时, 3.6 kw 盖子尾气的潜热和 ~ 7 千瓦为热化循环吸附剂和 to 盖住热损失。在 carbonator, 3.2 kW 提供预热的气体 (350° c), 和 5.4 kW 释放的碳化过程。几乎5千瓦被执行了 carbonator 作为尾气的潜热和3.6 千瓦需要由热损失驱散放热反应释放的热, 当保持温度在650° c 时。当碳化过程开始 (并且是有效的), 温度在 carbonator 接近700° c, 转移可达到的热力学平衡集中出口气体到更高的价值。这一理论最低浓度, 依赖于 carbonator 温度, 是描述的浓度, 在测试期间测量在图 7。
碳化过程是启动与〜6.7 升的石灰石目前在钻机。另外 0.54 l 在碳化初 (13:45 在图 7) 导致减少残余 CO2在气体之下5% 卷, 并且这个水平在测试期间被维护了由加法 0.5 L 石灰石批 (当CO2在 carbonator 出口处的浓度超过 5%)。新石灰石添加到分解炉的时间间隔为15、20、50、45和50分钟。因此, 我们的结论是, 一个稳定的操作需要添加新鲜的吸附剂对应0.5 升 (750 克) 的石灰石大约每50分钟, 这相当于一个化妆比 (f0/fCO2) 6%, 如所述, 其他地方25.这些实验中的化妆比主要受石灰石 (反应性衰变和淘洗) 的影响。此参数的值是根据 carbonator 出口的 co2浓度选择的,即, 在到达5% 卷 co2时添加更多的石灰石。
在筛分分析的基础上, 得出原始石灰石馏分主要保留在钻机循环中, 而颗粒主要 #60; 250 µm 被带到分解炉旋风。这些微粒主要地起因于更大的微粒的断裂或磨蚀。

<table border="1" fo:keep-together.within-page="1" fo:keep-with-next.within-page="always">
	<tbody>
		<tr>
			<td>分数</td>
			<td>石灰石在</td>
			<td>Carbonator</td>
			<td>炉</td>
			<td>旋风分解炉</td>
			<td>旋风 Carbonator</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>总质量 (g)</td>
			<td>1.4万</td>
			<td>1900</td>
			<td>4200</td>
			<td>2000</td>
			<td>120</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>#62 355 µm</td>
			<td>21%</td>
			<td>16%</td>
			<td>4%</td>
			<td>0%</td>
			<td>0%</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>300-350 µm</td>
			<td>43%</td>
			<td>45%</td>
			<td>38%</td>
			<td>1%</td>
			<td>1%</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>250-300 µm</td>
			<td>33%</td>
			<td>26%</td>
			<td>48%</td>
			<td>3%</td>
			<td>0%</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>212-250 µm</td>
			<td>2%</td>
			<td>4%</td>
			<td>9%</td>
			<td>7%</td>
			<td>1%</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>150-212 µm</td>
			<td>0%</td>
			<td>3%</td>
			<td>1%</td>
			<td>35%</td>
			<td>14%</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>63-150 µm</td>
			<td>0%</td>
			<td>5%</td>
			<td>0%</td>
			<td>41%</td>
			<td>46%</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>0-63 µm</td>
			<td>0%</td>
			<td>0%</td>
			<td>0%</td>
			<td>12%</td>
			<td>38%</td>
		</tr>
	</tbody>
</table>
表 3:固体的质量平衡和筛析输入 (石灰石) 和输出 (其他) 为300-400 µm 石灰石与 100% O2.
<table border="1" fo:keep-together.within-page="1" fo:keep-with-next.within-page="always">
	<tbody>
		<tr>
			<td>分数</td>
			<td>石灰石在</td>
			<td>Carbonator</td>
			<td>炉</td>
			<td>旋风分解炉</td>
			<td>旋风 Carbonator</td>
			<td>差异 (出)</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>总摩尔</td>
			<td>130</td>
			<td>31</td>
			<td>66</td>
			<td>32</td>
			<td>2</td>
			<td>0</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>#62 355 µm</td>
			<td>27</td>
			<td>5</td>
			<td>2</td>
			<td>0</td>
			<td>0</td>
			<td>-20</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>300-350 µm</td>
			<td>56</td>
			<td>14</td>
			<td>25</td>
			<td>0</td>
			<td>0</td>
			<td>-17</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>250-300 µm</td>
			<td>4</td>
			<td>8</td>
			<td>32</td>
			<td>1</td>
			<td>0</td>
			<td>-2。6</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>212-250 µm</td>
			<td>2</td>
			<td>1</td>
			<td>6</td>
			<td>2</td>
			<td>0</td>
			<td>6。9</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>150-212 µm</td>
			<td>0</td>
			<td>1</td>
			<td>1</td>
			<td>11</td>
			<td>0</td>
			<td>13</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>63-150 µm</td>
			<td>0</td>
			<td>2</td>
			<td>0</td>
			<td>13</td>
			<td>1</td>
			<td>16</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>0-63 µm</td>
			<td>1</td>
			<td>0</td>
			<td>0</td>
			<td>4</td>
			<td>1</td>
			<td>4。1</td>
		</tr>
	</tbody>
</table>
表 4:磨牙平衡估计 (原始石灰石的10% 湿度, 煅烧状态下75% 的输出量) 为300-400 µm 石灰石与 100% O2.
<img alt="Figure 7" class="xfigimg" src="/files/ftp_upload/56112/56112fig7.jpg"> 
图 7: CO2在 carbonator 入口和出口处的浓度以及相应的捕获效率 (Ecarb) 用于300-400 µm 石灰石, 100% O2。<a href="//ecsource-jove-com.remotexs.ntu.edu.sg/files/ftp_upload/56112/56112fig7large.jpg" target="_blank">请单击此处查看此图的较大版本.</a>

Watch this Scientific Journal Video about Operation of a 25 KWth Calcium Looping Pilot-plant with High Oxygen Concentrations in the Calciner at JoVE.com

Operation of a 25 KWth Calcium Looping Pilot-plant with High Oxygen Concentrations in the Calciner

在煅烧炉中使用高氧浓度的 25 KWth钙循环试验装置的操作

本手稿描述了一种操作钙循环试验装置的程序, 用于在分解炉中高氧浓度的后碳捕获, 以减少或消除烟气循环。

Calcium looping (CaL) is a post-combustion CO2 capture technology that is suitable for retrofitting existing power plants. The CaL process uses limestone ...

operation-25-kwth-calcium-looping-pilot-plant-with-high-oxygen

Nanyang Technological University

Research

JoVE Journal

Environment

Operation of a 25 KWth Calcium Looping Pilot-plant with High Oxygen Concentrations in the Calciner

7.8K 次观看.  Cranfield University. 本手稿描述了一种操作钙循环试验装置的程序, 用于在分解炉中高氧浓度的后碳捕获, 以减少或消除烟气循环。

视频: Operation of a 25 KWth Calcium Looping Pilot-plant with High Oxygen Concentrations in the Calciner

Determination of Microbial Extracellular Enzyme Activity in Waters, Soils, and Sediments using High Throughput Microplate Assays

Much of the nutrient cycling and carbon processing in natural environments occurs through the activity of extracellular enzymes released by microorganisms. Thus, measurement of the activity of these extracellular enzymes can give insights into the rates of ecosystem level processes, such as organic matter decomposition or nitrogen and phosphorus mineralization. Assays of extracellular enzyme activity in environmental samples typically involve exposing the samples to artificial colorimetric or fluorometric substrates and tracking the rate of substrate hydrolysis. Here we describe microplate based methods for these procedures that allow the analysis of large numbers of samples within a short time frame. Samples are allowed to react with artificial substrates within 96-well microplates or deep well microplate blocks, and enzyme activity is subsequently determined by absorption or fluorescence of the resulting end product using a typical microplate reader or fluorometer. Such high throughput procedures not only facilitate comparisons between spatially separate sites or ecosystems, but also substantially reduce the cost of such assays by reducing overall reagent volumes needed per sample.

Microplate based procedures are described for the colorimetric or fluorometric analysis of extracellular enzyme activity. These procedures allow for the rapid assay of such activity in large numbers of environmental samples within a manageable time frame.

在使用高通量微孔板测定水，土壤，沉积物和微生物测定胞外酶活性的

Much of the nutrient cycling and carbon  processing in natural environments occurs through the activity of extracellular  enzymes released by ...

科研

环境科学

Optimized Negative Staining: a High-throughput Protocol for Examining Small and Asymmetric Protein Structure by Electron Microscopy

Structural determination of proteins is rather challenging for proteins with molecular masses between 40 - 200 kDa. Considering that more than half of natural proteins have a molecular mass between 40 - 200 kDa1,2, a robust and high-throughput method with a nanometer resolution capability is needed. Negative staining (NS) electron microscopy (EM) is an easy, rapid, and qualitative approach which has frequently been used in research laboratories to examine protein structure and protein-protein interactions. Unfortunately, conventional NS protocols often generate structural artifacts on proteins, especially with lipoproteins that usually form presenting rouleaux artifacts. By using images of lipoproteins from cryo-electron microscopy (cryo-EM) as a standard, the key parameters in NS specimen preparation conditions were recently screened and reported as the optimized NS protocol (OpNS), a modified conventional NS protocol 3 . Artifacts like rouleaux can be greatly limited by OpNS, additionally providing high contrast along with reasonably high&#8208;resolution (near 1 nm) images of small and asymmetric proteins. These high-resolution and high contrast images are even favorable for an individual protein (a single object, no average) 3D reconstruction, such as a 160 kDa antibody, through the method of electron tomography4,5. Moreover, OpNS can be a high&#8208;throughput tool to examine hundreds of samples of small proteins. For example, the previously published mechanism of 53 kDa cholesteryl ester transfer protein (CETP) involved the screening and imaging of hundreds of samples 6. Considering cryo-EM rarely successfully images proteins less than 200 kDa has yet to publish any study involving screening over one hundred sample conditions, it is fair to call OpNS a high-throughput method for studying small proteins. Hopefully the OpNS protocol presented here can be a useful tool to push the boundaries of EM and accelerate EM studies into small protein structure, dynamics and mechanisms.

More than half of proteins are small proteins (molecular mass &#60;200 kDa) that are challenging for both electron microscope imaging and three-dimensional reconstructions. Optimized negative staining is a robust and high-throughput protocol to obtain high contrast and relatively high resolution (~1 nm) images of small asymmetric proteins or complexes under different physiological conditions.

优化负染:通过电子显微镜检查小和不对称蛋白结构的高通量协议

Structural determination of proteins is rather challenging for proteins with molecular masses between 40 - 200 kDa. Considering that more than half of ...

A Simple Approach to Manipulate Dissolved Oxygen for Animal Behavior Observations

The ability to manipulate dissolved oxygen (DO) in a laboratory setting has significant application to investigate a number of ecological and organismal behavior questions. The protocol described here provides a simple, reproducible, and controlled method to manipulate DO to study behavioral response in aquatic organisms resulting from hypoxic and anoxic conditions. While performing degasification of water with nitrogen is commonly used in laboratory settings, no explicit method for ecological (aquatic) application exists in the literature, and this protocol is the first to describe a protocol to degasify water to observe organismal response. This technique and protocol were developed for direct application for aquatic macroinvertebrates; however, small fish, amphibians, and other aquatic vertebrates could be easily substituted. It allows for easy manipulation of DO levels ranging from 2 mg/L to 11 mg/L with stability for up to a 5 min animal-observation period. Beyond a 5 min observation period water temperatures began to rise, and at 10 min DO levels became too unstable to maintain. The protocol is scalable to the study organism, reproducible, and reliable, allowing for rapid implementation into introductory teaching labs and high-level research applications. The expected results of this technique should relate dissolved oxygen changes to behavioral responses of organisms.

This article describes a simple and reproducible protocol to manipulate dissolved oxygen conditions in a laboratory setting for animal behavior studies. This protocol may be used in both teaching and research laboratory settings to evaluate organismal response of macroinvertebrates, fishes, or amphibians to changes in dissolved oxygen concentration.

一个简单的方法来操作的动物行为观察溶解氧

The ability to manipulate dissolved oxygen (DO) in a laboratory setting has significant application to investigate a number of ecological and organismal ...

Methods of Soil Resampling to Monitor Changes in the Chemical Concentrations of Forest Soils

Recent soils research has shown that important chemical soil characteristics can change in less than a decade, often the result of broad environmental changes. Repeated sampling to monitor these changes in forest soils is a relatively new practice that is not well documented in the literature and has only recently been broadly embraced by the scientific community. The objective of this protocol is therefore to synthesize the latest information on methods of soil resampling in a format that can be used to design and implement a soil monitoring program. Successful monitoring of forest soils requires that a study unit be defined within an area of forested land that can be characterized with replicate sampling locations. A resampling interval of 5 years is recommended, but if monitoring is done to evaluate a specific environmental driver, the rate of change expected in that driver should be taken into consideration. Here, we show that the sampling of the profile can be done by horizon where boundaries can be clearly identified and horizons are sufficiently thick to remove soil without contamination from horizons above or below. Otherwise, sampling can be done by depth interval. Archiving of sample for future reanalysis is a key step in avoiding analytical bias and providing the opportunity for additional analyses as new questions arise.

Repeated soil sampling has recently been shown to be an effective way to monitor forest soil change over years and decades. To support its use, a protocol is presented that synthesizes the latest information on soil resampling methods to aid in the design and implementation of successful soil monitoring programs.

土壤重采样的方法监控森林土壤的化学浓度的变化

Recent soils research has shown that important chemical soil characteristics can change in less than a decade, often the result of broad environmental ...

Measuring and Mapping Patterns of Soil Erosion and Deposition Related to Soil Carbonate Concentrations Under Agricultural Management

Spatial patterns of soil erosion and deposition can be inferred from differences in ground elevation mapped at appropriate time increments. Such changes in elevation are related to changes in near-surface soil carbonate (CaCO3) profiles. The objective is to describe a simple conceptual model and detailed protocol for repeatable field and laboratory measurements of these quantities. Here, accurate elevation is measured using a ground-based differential global positioning system (GPS); other data acquisition methods could be applied to the same basic method. Soil samples are collected from prescribed depth intervals and analyzed in the lab using an efficient and precise modified pressure-calcimeter method for quantitative analysis of inorganic carbon concentration. Standard statistical methods are applied to point data, and representative results show significant correlations between changes in soil surface layer CaCO3 and changes in elevation consistent with the conceptual model; CaCO3 generally decreased in depositional areas and increased in erosional areas. Maps are derived from point measurements of elevation and soil CaCO3 to aid analyses. A map of erosional and depositional patterns at the study site, a rain-fed winter wheat field cropped in alternating wheat-fallow strips, shows the interacting effects of water and wind erosion affected by management and topography. Alternative sampling methods and depth intervals are discussed and recommended for future work relating soil erosion and deposition to soil CaCO3.

Spatial patterns of soil erosion and deposition can be inferred from differences in ground elevation mapped at appropriate time increments. Such changes in elevation are related to changes in near-surface soil carbonates. Repeatable methods for field and laboratory measurements of these quantities and data analysis methods are described here.

农业经营条件下土壤侵蚀和沉积与土壤碳酸盐浓度关系的测量与制图

Spatial patterns of soil erosion and deposition can be inferred from differences in ground elevation mapped at appropriate time increments. Such changes ...

The Plant Infection Test: Spray and Wound-Mediated Inoculation with the Plant Pathogen Magnaporthe Grisea

Plants possess a powerful system to defend themselves against potential threats by pathogenic fungi. For agriculturally important plants, however, current measures to combat such pathogens have proved too conservative and, thus, not sufficiently effective, and they can potentially pose environmental risks. Therefore, it is extremely necessary to identify host-resistance factors to assist in controlling plant diseases naturally through the identification of resistant germplasm, the isolation and characterization of resistance genes, and the molecular breeding of resistant cultivars. In this regard, there is need to establish an accurate, rapid, and large-scale inoculation method to breed and develop plant resistance genes. The rice blast fungal pathogen Magnaporthe grisea causes severe disease symptoms and yield losses. Recently, M. grisea has emerged as a model organism for studying the mechanisms of plant-fungal pathogen interactions. Hence, we report the development of a plant virulence test method that is specific for M. grisea. This method provides for both spray inoculation with a conidial suspension and wounding inoculation with mycelium cubes or droplets of conidial suspension. The key step of the wounding inoculation method for detached rice leaves is to make wounds on plant leaves, which avoids any interference caused by host penetration resistance. This spray/wounding protocol contributes to the rapid, accurate, and large-scale screening of the pathotypes of M. grisea isolates. This integrated and systematic plant infection method will serve as an excellent starting point for gaining a broad perspective of issues in plant pathology.

The Plant Infection Test: Spray and Wound-Mediated Inoculation with the Plant Pathogen Magnaporthe Grisea

Here, we present a protocol to test plant virulence with the plant pathogen Magnaporthe grisea. This report will contribute to the large-scale screening of the pathotypes of fungi isolates and serve as an excellent starting point for understanding the resistant mechanisms of plants during molecular breeding.

植物感染试验: 以植物病原菌为载体的喷雾和伤口介导接种

Plants possess a powerful system to defend themselves against potential threats by pathogenic fungi. For agriculturally important plants, however, current ...

High-throughput, Microscale Protocol for the Analysis of Processing Parameters and Nutritional Qualities in Maize (Zea mays L.)

Maize is an important grain crop in the United States and worldwide. However, maize grain must be processed prior to human consumption. Furthermore, whole grain composition and processing characteristics vary among maize hybrids and can impact the quality of the final processed product. Therefore, in order to produce healthier processed food products from maize, it is necessary to know how to optimize processing parameters for particular sets of germplasm to account for these differences in grain composition and processing characteristics. This includes a better understanding of how current processing techniques impact the nutritional quality of the final processed food product. Here, we describe a microscale protocol that both simulates the processing pipeline to produce cornflakes from large flaking grits and allows for the processing of multiple grain samples simultaneously. The flaking grits, the intermediate processed products, or final processed product, as well as the corn grain itself, can be analyzed for nutritional content as part of a high-throughput analytical pipeline. This procedure was developed specifically for incorporation into a maize breeding research program, and it can be modified for other grain crops. We provide an example of the analysis of insoluble-bound ferulic acid and p-coumaric acid content in maize. Samples were taken at five different processing stages. We demonstrate that sampling can take place at multiple stages during microscale processing, that the processing technique can be utilized in the context of a specialized maize breeding program, and that, in our example, most of the nutritional content was lost during food product processing.

High-throughput, Microscale Protocol for the Analysis of Processing Parameters and Nutritional Qualities in Maize Zea mays L.

Here, we present a microscale protocol for processing grain samples and for incorporating this microscale approach into a high-throughput analytical pipeline. This is a higher throughput adaptation of currently available protocols.

玉米加工参数和营养品质分析的高通量、微尺度协议 (玉蜀黍)

Maize is an important grain crop in the United States and worldwide. However, maize grain must be processed prior to human consumption. Furthermore, whole ...

Sampling, Sorting, and Characterizing Microplastics in Aquatic Environments with High Suspended Sediment Loads and Large Floating Debris

The ubiquitous presence of plastic debris in the ocean is widely recognized by the public, scientific communities, and government agencies. However, only recently have microplastics in freshwater systems, such as rivers and lakes, been quantified. Microplastic sampling at the surface usually consists of deploying drift nets behind either a stationary or moving boat, which limits the sampling to environments with low levels of suspended sediments and floating or submerged debris. Previous studies that employed drift nets to collect microplastic debris typically used nets with &#8805;300 &#181;m mesh size, allowing plastic debris (particles and fibers) below this size to pass through the net and elude quantification. The protocol detailed here enables: 1) sample collection in environments with high suspended loads and floating or submerged debris and 2) the capture and quantification of microplastic particles and fibers &lt;300 &#181;m. Water samples were collected using a peristaltic pump in low-density polyethylene (PE) containers to be stored before filtering and analysis in the lab. Filtration was done with a custom-made microplastic filtration device containing detachable union joints that housed nylon mesh sieves and mixed cellulose ester membrane filters. Mesh sieves and membrane filters were examined with a stereomicroscope to quantify and separate microplastic particulates and fibers. These materials were then examined using a micro-attenuated total reflectance Fourier transform infrared spectrometer (micro ATR-FTIR) to determine microplastic polymer type. Recovery was measured by spiking samples using blue PE particulates and green nylon fibers; percent recovery was determined to be 100% for particulates and 92% for fibers. This protocol will guide similar studies on microplastics in high velocity rivers with high concentrations of sediment. With simple modifications to the peristaltic pump and filtration device, users can collect and analyze various sample volumes and particulate sizes.

Most microplastic research to date has occurred in marine systems where suspended solid levels are relatively low. Focus is now shifting to freshwater systems, which may feature high sediment loads and floating debris. This protocol addresses collecting and analyzing microplastic samples from aquatic environments that contain high suspended solid loads.

高悬浮泥沙荷载和大型漂浮碎屑水生环境中 Microplastics 的取样、分类和表征

The ubiquitous presence of plastic debris in the ocean is widely recognized by the public, scientific communities, and government agencies. However, only ...

Preparation of Biomass-based Mesoporous Carbon with Higher Nitrogen-/Oxygen-chelating Adsorption for Cu(II) Through Microwave Pre-Pyrolysis

An environment-friendly technique for synthesizing biomass-based mesoporous activated carbon with high nitrogen-/oxygen-chelating adsorption for Cu(II) is proposed. Bagasse impregnated with phosphoric acid is utilized as the precursor. To pyrolyze the precursor, two separate heating modes are used: microwave pyrolysis and conventional electric-heating pyrolysis. The resulting bagasse-derived carbon samples are modified with nitrification and reduction modification. Nitrogen (N)/oxygen (O) functional groups are simultaneously introduced to the surface of activated carbon, enhancing its adsorption of Cu(II) by complexing and ion-exchange. Characterization and copper adsorption experiments are performed to investigate the physicochemical properties of four prepared carbon samples and determine which heating method favors the subsequent modification for doping of N/O functional groups. In this technique, based on analyzing data of nitrogen adsorption, Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy, and batch adsorption experiments, it is proven that microwave-pyrolyzed carbon has more defect sites and, therefore, time-saving effective microwave pyrolysis contributes more N/O species to the carbon, although it leads to a lower specific surface area. This technique offers a promising route to synthesis adsorbents with higher nitrogen and oxygen content and a higher adsorption capacity of heavy-metal ions in wastewater remediation applications.

Preparation of Biomass-based Mesoporous Carbon with Higher Nitrogen-/Oxygen-chelating Adsorption for CuII Through Microwave Pre-Pyrolysis

Here, we present a protocol to synthesize nitrogen/oxygen dual-doped mesoporous carbon from biomass by chemical activation in different pyrolysis modes followed by modification. We demonstrate that the microwave pyrolysis benefits the subsequent modification process to simultaneously introduce more nitrogen and oxygen functional groups on the carbon.

微波热解法制备了更高氮素/氧螯合吸附的生物物质基介孔碳对 cu (ii) 的研究

An environment-friendly technique for synthesizing biomass-based mesoporous activated carbon with high nitrogen-/oxygen-chelating adsorption for Cu(II) is ...

Composition and Distribution Analysis of Bioaerosols Under Different Environmental Conditions

Variable microorganisms in particulate matter (PM) under different environmental conditions may have significant impacts on human health. In this study, we described a protocol for multiple analyses of the biological compositions in environmental PM. Five experiments are presented: (1) PM number monitoring by using a laser particle counter; (2) PM collection by using a cyclonic aerosol sampler; (3) PM collection by using a high-volume air sampler with filters; (4) culturable microbes collection by the Andersen six-stage sampler; and (5) detection of biological composition of environmental PM by bacterial 16SrDNA and fungal ITS region sequencing. We selected hazy days and a livestock farm as two typical examples of the application in this protocol. In this study, these two sampling methods, cyclonic aerosol sampler and filter sampler, showed different sampling efficiency. The cyclonic aerosol sampler performed much better in terms of collecting bacteria, while these two methods showed the same efficiency in collecting fungi. Filter samplers can work under low temperature conditions while cyclonic aerosol samplers have a sampling limitation for temperature. A solid impacting sampler, such as an Andersen six-stage sampler, can be used to sample bioaerosols directly into the culture medium, which increases the survival rate of culturable microorganisms. However, this method mainly relies on culture while more than 99% of microbes cannot be cultured. DNA extracted from the culturable bacteria collected by the Andersen six-stage sampler and samples collected by cyclonic aerosol sampler and filter sampler were detected by bacterial 16S rDNA and fungal ITS region sequencing.All the methods above may have wide application in many fields of study, such as environmental monitoring and airborne pathogen detection. From these results, we can conclude that these methods can be used under different conditions and may help other researchers further explore the health impacts of environmental bioaerosols.

Understanding the biological composition of environmental particulate matter is important for the study of its significant impacts on human health and disease spread. Here, we used three types of bioaerosol sampling methods and a biological analysis of airborne microbes to better explore airborne microbial communities under different environmental conditions.

不同环境条件下生物气溶胶的组成及分布分析

Variable microorganisms in particulate matter (PM) under different environmental conditions may have significant impacts on human health. In this study, ...