We would like to thank Dr. Lei Chen (Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, NY) who first established the use of this model in our laboratory, and to Dr. Gretchen Wolff (German Cancer Research Center, Heidelberg, Germany) for disseminating the technique in our laboratory. Supported in part by HL126559, DA039576, MH098891, MH63022, MH072567, DA027569, and NSC 2015/17/B/NZ7/02985.

以下のプロトコルに関係する手順は、マイアミ大学の施設内動物管理使用委員会（IACUC）によって承認されています。また、すべての手順は、実験動物管理・インターナショナルの評価と認定協会（AAALAC）によって承認された施設で行われています。 手術のためのマウスの作製<ol><li>実験室麻酔システムを使用して、酸素と混合イソフルランでマウスを麻酔。 （材料表を参照してください）商用マシンに2 L / minで％と酸素の流れ4-5との間で設定でイソフルランを使用してください。実体顕微鏡下で、手術の表面に動物を移し、ノーズコーンを使用して麻酔を維持（ - 2 L / minで2.5と酸素流量1.5を設定イソフルランを使用します）。 <ol><li>あえぎなし2呼吸/秒 - マウス呼吸数は約1であることを確認してください。また、動物は、ウィスカ刺激反応とペダルrを示さないことを確認eflex（つま先ピンチ）。手術中の呼吸数と労力、少なくとも5分ごとに監視します。齧歯類麻酔監視のために特定の施設内動物管理使用委員会や獣医のガイドラインに従ってください。 </li></ol></li><li>乾燥を防ぐために無菌の綿棒を使用して、各眼に点眼潤滑剤の液滴を適用します。抗炎症や不快感を軽減するために鎮痛剤の投与が推奨されます。 </li><li>動物がその背中の上に横たわると、ノーズコーンを使用して麻酔を維持します。 </li><li>エタノール70％とクロルヘキシジンと面積を3回拭くことによって、動物の首のエリアを清掃してください。 （詳細は下記）カミソリを使用して、動物の手術のエリアを剃ります。 </li></ol>一般的な頸動脈の2解剖（CCA） <ol><li>実体顕微鏡下で全体のマイクロサージェリーの手順を実行します。手術用ハサミとピンセットを使用すると、胸骨上からトン以下に、首に浅い正中切開を行います彼の顎（約3〜4センチ）。 </li><li>鉗子を注意深く別個の脂肪および結合組織を使用して気管を露出させます。 </li><li>さらにエリアを露出し、首を拡張するために、マウスの首の後ろに枕（丸い物体、直径約0.5cm）を配置します。 </li><li>組織リトラクターやフックのいずれかを使用して組織を分離します。 </li><li>気管の動物の左側には、慎重に左CCAを露出させるために結合組織を離れてピンセットで抜きます。 </li><li>鉗子を使用して、慎重にCCAの分岐部を露出させるために、すべての結合組織、および外部と内部の両方の頸動脈の先頭を削除します。 </li></ol>物質の注入のためのCCAの調製<ol><li>鉗子を使用して、外頸動脈（ECA）の下にナイロン縫合糸の二つのセグメント（約1cmずつ）挿入します。 </li><li> ECAの可能な限り最高の時点での恒久的な結び目を置きます。 </li><li> ECAの可能な最低点、すぐにCCA分岐上記の場所で取り外し可能な結び目。この結び目は、上部の結び目に比べて緩いすべきです。 </li><li>可能な限り低い点で、血管クリップを使用して、CCAを閉じます。 </li><li>血管クリップを使用して、内頸動脈（ICA）を閉じます。 </li><li>使用して顕微解剖春のはさみは2ノットの間、ECA（約2mm）の小さなカットを行います。 </li></ol> ICA を介した 4物質注入<ol><li>輸液システムを組み立てます。注入される物質を250μl（薬物、病原体、細胞外ベシクル、とりわけ）を含むツベルクリン注射器にと行っ切開部に静かにキャピラリー先端を挿入します。キャピラリーチューブの6インチ（X 1.2ミリメートル2.5ミリメートル理想的な寸法）を取り付けステップ3.6インチ</li><li>それが分岐し、CCAを閉じるクリップの中間点に達するまで毛細管を下にスライドし続けます。 </li><li>下ECAの結び目を下に接続します。結び目は、毛細管流動を可能にするのに十分な緩みとleakinを防止するのに十分タイトであることを確認しますグラム。 </li><li> ICAからクリップを削除します。 </li><li>ゆっくりと注射器ピストン可能物質の点滴毎秒約10μlに圧力を加えます。 </li></ol> 5.注入後の手順<ol><li>バックICA上のクリップを配置します。 </li><li>静かにキャピラリーチューブを取り外します。 </li><li>完全に下ECAの結び目を下に接続します。 </li><li> ICAとCCAからクリップを削除します。 </li></ol> 6.切開閉会と術後ケア<ol><li>開創または組織フックと枕を削除します。 </li><li>滅菌生理食塩水を使用して、きれいな縫合エリア。 </li><li>ナイロン縫合糸/針とピンセットを用いて切開を閉じます。 </li><li>術後の不快感を軽減するために、抗炎症および鎮痛管理します。 </li><li>少なくとも1時間とモニタ回復のための加熱パッド上に配置されたケージに動物を置きます。 </li></ol>

<ol>
	<li>Chen, L., Swartz, K. R., Toborek, M. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Vessel+microport+technique+for+applications+in+cerebrovascular+research.">Vessel microport technique for applications in cerebrovascular research.</a> J Neurosci Res. 87 (7), 1718-1727 (2009).</li><li>Frisella, W. A., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Intracranial+injection+of+recombinant+adeno-associated+virus+improves+cognitive+function+in+a+murine+model+of+mucopolysaccharidosis+type+VII.">Intracranial injection of recombinant adeno-associated virus improves cognitive function in a murine model of mucopolysaccharidosis type VII.</a> Mol Ther. 3 (3), 351-358 (2001).</li><li>Wei, L., Erinjeri, J. P., Rovainen, C. M., Woolsey, T. A. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Collateral+growth+and+angiogenesis+around+cortical+stroke.">Collateral growth and angiogenesis around cortical stroke.</a> Stroke. 32 (9), 2179-2184 (2001).</li><li>Wu, G., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Targeted+delivery+of+methotrexate+to+epidermal+growth+factor+receptor-positive+brain+tumors+by+means+of+cetuximab+(IMC-C225)+dendrimer+bioconjugates.">Targeted delivery of methotrexate to epidermal growth factor receptor-positive brain tumors by means of cetuximab (IMC-C225) dendrimer bioconjugates.</a> Mol Cancer Ther. 5 (1), 52-59 (2006).</li><li>Pignataro, G., Studer, F. E., Wilz, A., Simon, R. P., Boison, D. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Neuroprotection+in+ischemic+mouse+brain+induced+by+stem+cell-derived+brain+implants.">Neuroprotection in ischemic mouse brain induced by stem cell-derived brain implants.</a> J Cereb Blood Flow Metab. 27 (5), 919-927 (2007).</li><li>Sugiyama, Y., Kusuhara, H., Suzuki, H. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Kinetic+and+biochemical+analysis+of+carrier-mediated+efflux+of+drugs+through+the+blood-brain+and+blood-cerebrospinal+fluid+barriers:+importance+in+the+drug+delivery+to+the+brain.">Kinetic and biochemical analysis of carrier-mediated efflux of drugs through the blood-brain and blood-cerebrospinal fluid barriers: importance in the drug delivery to the brain.</a> J Control Release. 62 (1-2), 179-186 (1999).</li><li>Pardridge, W. M. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Drug+and+gene+delivery+to+the+brain:+the+vascular+route.">Drug and gene delivery to the brain: the vascular route.</a> Neuron. 36 (4), 555-558 (2002).</li><li>Vantyghem, S. A., Postenka, C. O., Chambers, A. F. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Estrous+cycle+influences+organ-specific+metastasis+of+B16F10+melanoma+cells.">Estrous cycle influences organ-specific metastasis of B16F10 melanoma cells.</a> Cancer Res. 63 (16), 4763-4765 (2003).</li><li>Huang, R. Q., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Efficient+gene+delivery+targeted+to+the+brain+using+a+transferrin-conjugated+polyethyleneglycol-modified+polyamidoamine+dendrimer.">Efficient gene delivery targeted to the brain using a transferrin-conjugated polyethyleneglycol-modified polyamidoamine dendrimer.</a> FASEB J. 21 (4), 1117-1125 (2007).</li><li>Liu, R., Martuza, R. L., Rabkin, S. D. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Intracarotid+delivery+of+oncolytic+HSV+vector+G47Delta+to+metastatic+breast+cancer+in+the+brain.">Intracarotid delivery of oncolytic HSV vector G47Delta to metastatic breast cancer in the brain.</a> Gene Ther. 12 (8), 647-654 (2005).</li><li>Kumar, P., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Transvascular+delivery+of+small+interfering+RNA+to+the+central+nervous+system.">Transvascular delivery of small interfering RNA to the central nervous system.</a> Nature. 448 (7149), 39-43 (2007).</li><li>Wrobel, J. K., Wolff, G., Xiao, R., Power, R. F., Toborek, M. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Dietary+Selenium+Supplementation+Modulates+Growth+of+Brain+Metastatic+Tumors+and+Changes+the+Expression+of+Adhesion+Molecules+in+Brain+Microvessels.">Dietary Selenium Supplementation Modulates Growth of Brain Metastatic Tumors and Changes the Expression of Adhesion Molecules in Brain Microvessels.</a> Biol Trace Elem Res. , (2015).</li></ol>

The authors have nothing to disclose.

ここで説明する輸液顕微は、本体1、12を通じて不要な普及を防止する、CNSに様々な生物学的特徴の外因性物質を提供する上で非常に成功することが証明されています。血液脳関門の破壊は、いくつかのCNS関連疾患の病理学的特徴です。したがって、血液脳関門と外因性物質の関係を評価することは非常に重要かつ興味深いものです。 提示され、この手術モデルは、動物に限定外傷を引き起こし、非常に低い死亡率1、12に関連しています。また、手順は、CNSの機能又は脳血流1、12と干渉しません。この手順の最も重要な側面は、のみを許可すべきであるECAでの正しいカットを実行することですキャピラリーチューブを挿入します。広いカットが反対サイト上の他のECAの手術を必要とする、物質の漏れが注入されることになります。このような状況を防ぐために、キャピラリーチューブはカットよりも大きな直径を有しているべきであり、また動脈を通じて進入を容易にするために鋭いエッジを有するべきです。技術的側面について、完全に訓練された人員は、20分以内に、この手術を行うことができます。 この技術の主要な制限は、同じICAを通して一度だけ注入の可能性です。 CNS、使用すると、ここで説明1【選択技術は、BBB内に新しい正と負の相互作用に関する研究を支援するため、ならびに病原体を送達する可能性を有している、以前に記載されている必要があり、マイクロ容器に繰り返し物質送達のため、薬、および脳への生理的な薬。

中枢神経系のin vivoモデル（CNS）疾患は、脳の中に、このような薬物、病原体、またはエキソソームなどの外因性物質の効果的な送達を必要とします。したがって、理想的な配信方法は、動物に最小限の外傷を引き起こす神経ネットワークの整合性を維持し、脳の1の高い物質の濃度を達成する必要があります。 局所物質送達のいくつかの外科的方法は、内シース、脳内、及び脳室内注射またはインプラント2、3、4、5を含む、記載されています。これらのアプローチは、しかし、CNSへの外傷と考えられており、目的の物質の唯一の少量の投与を可能にしています。また、外因性の物質が急速に脳脊髄液6によって除去することができることが示唆されています</s&gt;まで、および上記の技術が使用されるときに脳実質への低い浸透範囲が7観察されています。それらは他の器官8,9による取り込みに起因するCNSに物質を送達するの低い有効性を示すものの、経口、肺、皮下、および静脈内経路などの全身送達方法は、より一般的に、動物モデルにおいて使用されています。したがって、これらの送達経路は、副作用および毒性10,11のリスクを増加させる、投与物質の高められた用量を必要とします。 ここでは、効果的に内頸動脈を介して脳に直接物質を提供するマウス輸液顕微法を、説明します。 CNSへの送達を標的化することに加えて、この技術は、正常な生理学的障壁を迂回し、従ってバイオロジカに非常に関連していません脳への治療薬または病原体の通路に関与リットルを処理します。

<table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" width="635">
	<tbody>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:367px;">Anesthesia instrument</td>
			<td style="width:149px;">Vetequip</td>
			<td align="right" style="width:119px;">901806</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:367px;">Surgical scissors</td>
			<td style="width:149px;">Fine Science Tool</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">14558-09</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:367px;">Surgical forceps straight tip</td>
			<td style="width:149px;">Fine Science Tool</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">00108-11</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:367px;">Surgical forceps angled tip</td>
			<td style="width:149px;">Fine Science Tool</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">00109-11</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:367px;">Spring scissors</td>
			<td style="width:149px;">Fine Science Tool</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">15000-08</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:367px;">Nylon suture</td>
			<td style="width:149px;">Braintree Scientific</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">SUT-S 104</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">Capillary tubing (Micro-Renathane 0.010&#8221; x 0.005&#8221; per ft.)&#160;</td>
			<td style="width:149px;">Braintree Scientific</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">MRE01050</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:367px;">Closing suture</td>
			<td style="width:149px;">VWR</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">95057-036</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:367px;">Isoflurane</td>
			<td style="width:149px;">Piramal</td>
			<td style="width:119px;"></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:367px;">2,3,5-Triphenyltetrazolium chloride</td>
			<td style="width:149px;">FisherScientific</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">50-121-8005</td>
		</tr>
	</tbody>
</table>

mouse microsurgery infusion technique for targeted substance delivery into the cns via the internal carotid artery

Animal models of central nervous system (CNS) diseases and, consequently, blood-brain barrier disruption diseases, require the delivery of exogenous substances into the brain. These exogenous substances may induce injurious impact or constitute therapeutic strategy. The most common delivery methods of exogenous substances into the brain are based on systemic deliveries, such as subcutaneous or intravenous routes. Although commonly used, these approaches have several limitations, including low delivery efficacy into the brain. In contrast, surgical methods that locally deliver substances into the CNS are more specific and prevent the uptake of the exogenous substances by other organs. Several surgical methods for CNS delivery are available; however, they tend to be very traumatic. Here, we describe a mouse infusion microsurgery technique, which effectively delivers substances into the brain via the internal carotid artery, with minimal trauma and no interference with normal CNS functionality.

ここに記載のマウス注入顕微法は、非常に多用途であり、脳転移の形成1、12の代表的なモデルでの腫瘍細胞の送達を含む、直接脳内に異なる物質を送達するために使用されてきました。 この技術はまた、CNS内の異なる病原体の病理学的側面を評価するのに適しています。 HIV感染症のマウスモデルでは、注入手術はCCAに直接ウイルス粒子を注入するために使用しました。我々は、7日目、手術後、CNSは、リアルタイムPCRにより、HIVに対して陽性であることがわかりました。また、同側半球感染は6-10半球（ 図2）よりも高い折り目ました。 ここで説明する注入手術の別の適切なアプローチが提供することです<html> CNSへの細胞外小胞（ECVs）、主にエキソソーム、。 図3は、注入後のマウスの24時間の同側の脳内の緑色蛍光タンパク質（GFP）で標識されたCD63、エキソソームのマーカーの存在を示します。 <img alt="図1" src="/files/ftp_upload/54804/54804fig1.jpg" /> 図1：内頸動脈を介して注入の概略図。インサート（A）および（B）は、それぞれ、上下ノットの局在を示します。 （c）は、キャピラリチューブが挿通されるECAの小さな切り込み（灰色の線）を表します。 <a href="https://ecsource-jove-com.remotexs.ntu.edu.sg/files/ftp_upload/54804/54804fig1large.jpg" target="_blank">この図の拡大版をご覧になるにはこちらをクリックしてください。</a> <html> 4804fig2.jpg &quot;/&gt; 図2：HIV の検出リアルタイムPCRによる内頸動脈を介したウイルス注入後。バーは7日、左内頸動脈を介して、注入後のマウスから採取した平均HIV DNAレベルを示します。エラーバーは標準偏差を示します。 <a href="https://ecsource-jove-com.remotexs.ntu.edu.sg/files/ftp_upload/54804/54804fig2large.jpg" target="_blank">この図の拡大版をご覧になるにはこちらをクリックしてください。</a> <img alt="図3" src="/files/ftp_upload/54804/54804fig3.jpg" /> 図3：内頸動脈を介して ECVs注入後のマウス脳節描いたGFPタグ付きCD63、エキソソームマーカーの免疫蛍光。代表画像は、CD63を発現するECVs（緑）に関連したマウス脳微小血管を示しています。スケールバー：50μmです。= &quot;_空白」を取得&gt;この図の拡大版をご覧になるにはこちらをクリックしてください。

Watch this Scientific Journal Video about Mouse Microsurgery Infusion Technique for Targeted Substance Delivery into the CNS via the Internal Carotid Artery at JoVE.com

Mouse Microsurgery Infusion Technique for Targeted Substance Delivery into the CNS via the Internal Carotid Artery

The present protocol describes a mouse microsurgery infusion technique, which effectively delivers substances directly into the brain via the internal carotid artery.

CNSへの標的化物質送達のためのマウス顕微注入法<i&gt;経由で</i&gt;内頸動脈

Animal models of central nervous system (CNS) diseases and, consequently, blood-brain barrier disruption diseases, require the delivery of exogenous ...

mouse-microsurgery-infusion-technique-for-targeted-substance-delivery

Nanyang Technological University

Research

JoVE Journal

Neuroscience

Mouse Microsurgery Infusion Technique for Targeted Substance Delivery into the CNS via the Internal Carotid Artery

10.8K ビュー.  University of Miami. The present protocol describes a mouse microsurgery infusion technique, which effectively delivers substances directly into the brain via the internal carotid artery.

ビデオ: Mouse Microsurgery Infusion Technique for Targeted Substance Delivery into the CNS via the Internal Carotid Artery

Ultrasound-Guided Microinjection into the Mouse Forebrain In Utero at E9.5

In utero survival surgery in mice permits the molecular manipulation of gene expression during development. However, because the uterine wall is opaque during early embryogenesis, the ability to target specific parts of the embryo for microinjection is greatly limited. Fortunately, high-frequency ultrasound imaging permits the generation of images that can be used in real time to guide a microinjection needle into the embryonic region of interest. Here we describe the use of such imaging to guide the injection of retroviral vectors into the ventricular system of the mouse forebrain at embryonic day (E) 9.5. This method uses a laparotomy to permit access to the uterine horns, and a specially designed plate that permits host embryos to be bathed in saline while they are imaged and injected. Successful surgeries often result in most or all of the injected embryos surviving to any subsequent time point of interest (embryonically or postnatally). The principles described here can be used with slight modifications to perform injections into the amnionic fluid of E8.5 embryos (thereby permitting infection along the anterior posterior extent of the neural tube, which has not yet closed), or into the ventricular system of the brain at E10.5/11.5. Furthermore, at mid-neurogenic ages (~E13.5), ultrasound imaging can be used direct injection into specific brain regions for viral infection or cell transplantation. The use of ultrasound imaging to guide in utero injections in mice is a very powerful technique that permits the molecular and cellular manipulation of mouse embryos in ways that would otherwise be exceptionally difficult if not impossible.

Ultrasound-Guided Microinjection into the Mouse Forebrain In Utero at E9.5

In utero survival surgery in mice permits the molecular manipulation of gene expression during development. Here we describe the use of high-frequency ultrasound imaging to guide the injection of retroviral vectors into the mouse brain at embryonic day (E) 9.5.

超音波ガイド下のマウスの前脳へのマイクロインジェクション子宮内で E9.5で

In utero survival surgery in mice permits the molecular manipulation of gene expression during development.  However, because the uterine wall is opaque ...

神経科学

Methods for Experimental Manipulations after Optic Nerve Transection in the Mammalian CNS

Retinal ganglion cells (RGCs) are CNS neurons that output visual information from the retina to the brain, via the optic nerve. The optic nerve can be accessed within the orbit of the eye and completely transected (axotomized), cutting the axons of the entire RGC population. Optic nerve transection is a reproducible model of apoptotic neuronal cell death in the adult CNS 1-4. This model is particularly attractive because the vitreous chamber of the eye acts as a capsule for drug delivery to the retina, permitting experimental manipulations via intraocular injections. The diffusion of chemicals through the vitreous fluid ensures that they act upon the entire RGC population. Viral vectors, plasmids or short interfering RNAs (siRNAs) can also be delivered to the vitreous chamber in order to infect or transfect retinal cells 5-12. The high tropism of Adeno-Associated Virus (AAV) vectors is beneficial to target RGCs, with an infection rate approaching 90% of cells near the injection site 6, 7, 13-15. Moreover, RGCs can be selectively transfected by applying siRNAs, plasmids, or viral vectors to the cut end of the optic nerve 16-19 or injecting vectors into their target the superior colliculus 10. This allows researchers to study apoptotic mechanisms in the injured neuronal population without confounding effects on other bystander neurons or surrounding glia. RGC apoptosis has a characteristic time-course whereby cell death is delayed 3-4 days postaxotomy, after which the cells rapidly degenerate. This provides a window for experimental manipulations directed against pathways involved in apoptosis. Manipulations that directly target RGCs from the transected optic nerve stump are performed at the time of axotomy, immediately after cutting the nerve. In contrast, when substances are delivered via an intraocular route, they can be injected prior to surgery or within the first 3 days after surgery, preceding the initiation of apoptosis in axotomized RGCs. In the present article, we demonstrate several methods for experimental manipulations after optic nerve transection.

Optic Nerve transection is a widely used model of adult CNS injury. This model is ideal for performing a number of experimental manipulations that target the retina globally or directly target the injured neuronal population of retinal ganglion cells.

哺乳類の中枢神経系における視神経切断後の実験操作のための方法

Retinal ganglion cells (RGCs) are CNS neurons that output visual information from the retina to the brain, via the optic nerve. The optic nerve can be ...

Efficient Gene Delivery into Multiple CNS Territories Using In Utero Electroporation

The ability to manipulate gene expression is the cornerstone of modern day experimental embryology, leading to the elucidation of multiple developmental pathways. Several powerful and well established transgenic technologies are available to manipulate gene expression levels in mouse, allowing for the generation of both loss- and gain-of-function models. However, the generation of mouse transgenics is both costly and time consuming. Alternative methods of gene manipulation have therefore been widely sought. In utero electroporation is a method of gene delivery into live mouse embryos1,2 that we have successfully adapted3,4. It is largely based on the success of in ovo electroporation technologies that are commonly used in chick5. Briefly, DNA is injected into the open ventricles of the developing brain and the application of an electrical current causes the formation of transient pores in cell membranes, allowing for the uptake of DNA into the cell. In our hands, embryos can be efficiently electroporated as early as embryonic day (E) 11.5, while the targeting of younger embryos would require an ultrasound-guided microinjection protocol, as previously described6. Conversely, E15.5 is the latest stage we can easily electroporate, due to the onset of parietal and frontal bone differentiation, which hampers microinjection into the brain. In contrast, the retina is accessible through the end of embryogenesis. Embryos can be collected at any time point throughout the embryonic or early postnatal period. Injection of a reporter construct facilitates the identification of transfected cells.
To date, in utero electroporation has been most widely used for the analysis of neocortical development1,2,3,4. More recent studies have targeted the embryonic retina7,8,9 and thalamus10,11,12. Here, we present a modified in utero electroporation protocol that can be easily adapted to target different domains of the embryonic CNS. We provide evidence that by using this technique, we can target the embryonic telencephalon, diencephalon and retina. Representative results are presented, first showing the use of this technique to introduce DNA expression constructs into the lateral ventricles, allowing us to monitor progenitor maturation, differentiation and migration in the embryonic telencephalon. We also show that this technique can be used to target DNA to the diencephalic territories surrounding the 3rd ventricle, allowing the migratory routes of differentiating neurons into diencephalic nuclei to be monitored. Finally, we show that the use of micromanipulators allows us to accurately introduce DNA constructs into small target areas, including the subretinal space, allowing us to analyse the effects of manipulating gene expression on retinal development.

Efficient Gene Delivery into Multiple CNS Territories Using In Utero Electroporation

In utero electroporation allows for rapid gene delivery in a spatially- and temporally-controlled manner in the developing central nervous system (CNS). Here we describe a highly adaptable in utero electroporation protocol that can be used to deliver expression constructs into multiple embryonic CNS domains, including the telencephalon, diencephalon and retina.

使用した複数のCNS準州への効率的な遺伝子送達子宮内でエレクトロポレーション

The ability to manipulate gene expression is the cornerstone of modern day experimental embryology, leading to the elucidation of multiple developmental ...

Fast Micro-iontophoresis of Glutamate and GABA: A Useful Tool to Investigate Synaptic Integration

One of the fundamental interests in neuroscience is to understand the integration of excitatory and inhibitory inputs along the very complex structure of the dendritic tree, which eventually leads to neuronal output of action potentials at the axon. The influence of diverse spatial and temporal parameters of specific synaptic input on neuronal output is currently under investigation, e.g. the distance-dependent attenuation of dendritic inputs, the location-dependent interaction of spatially segregated inputs, the influence of GABAergig inhibition on excitatory integration, linear and non-linear integration modes, and many more.
With fast micro-iontophoresis of glutamate and GABA it is possible to precisely investigate the spatial and temporal integration of glutamatergic excitation and GABAergic inhibition. Critical technical requirements are either a triggered fluorescent lamp, light-emitting diode (LED), or a two-photon scanning microscope to visualize dendritic branches without introducing significant photo-damage of the tissue. Furthermore, it is very important to have a micro-iontophoresis amplifier that allows for fast capacitance compensation of high resistance pipettes. Another crucial point is that no transmitter is involuntarily released by the pipette during the experiment.
Once established, this technique will give reliable and reproducible signals with a high neurotransmitter and location specificity. Compared to glutamate and GABA uncaging, fast iontophoresis allows using both transmitters at the same time but at very distant locations without limitation to the field of view. There are also advantages compared to focal electrical stimulation of axons: with micro-iontophoresis the location of the input site is definitely known and it is sure that only the neurotransmitter of interest is released. However it has to be considered that with micro-iontophoresis only the postsynapse is activated and presynaptic aspects of neurotransmitter release are not resolved. In this article we demonstrate how to set up micro-iontophoresis in brain slice experiments.

In this article we introduce fast micro-iontophoresis of neurotransmitters as a technique to investigate integration of postsynaptic signals with high spatial and temporal precision.

グルタミン酸とGABAの高速マイクロイオン導入：シナプス統合を調査するために便利なツール

One of the fundamental interests in neuroscience is to understand the integration of excitatory and inhibitory inputs along the very complex structure of ...

Assessment of Vascular Regeneration in the CNS Using the Mouse Retina

The rodent retina is perhaps the most accessible mammalian system in which to investigate neurovascular interplay within the central nervous system (CNS). It is increasingly being recognized that several neurodegenerative diseases such as Alzheimer&#8217;s, multiple sclerosis, and amyotrophic lateral sclerosis present elements of vascular compromise. In addition, the most prominent causes of blindness in pediatric and working age populations (retinopathy of prematurity and diabetic retinopathy, respectively) are characterized by vascular degeneration and failure of physiological vascular regrowth. The aim of this technical paper is to provide a detailed protocol to study CNS vascular regeneration in the retina. The method can be employed to elucidate molecular mechanisms that lead to failure of vascular growth after ischemic injury. In addition, potential therapeutic modalities to accelerate and restore healthy vascular plexuses can be explored. Findings obtained using the described approach may provide therapeutic avenues for ischemic retinopathies such as that of diabetes or prematurity and possibly benefit other vascular disorders of the CNS.

The rodent retina has long been recognized as an accessible window to the brain. In this technical paper we provide a protocol that employs the mouse model of oxygen-induced retinopathy to study the mechanisms that lead to failure of vascular regeneration within the central nervous system after ischemic injury. The described system can also be harnessed to explore strategies to promote regrowth of functional blood vessels within the retina and CNS.

マウス網膜を使用してCNSにおける血管再生の評価

The rodent retina is perhaps the most accessible mammalian system in which to investigate neurovascular interplay within the central nervous system (CNS). ...

Surgical Method for Virally Mediated Gene Delivery to the Mouse Inner Ear through the Round Window Membrane

Gene therapy, used to achieve functional recovery from sensorineural deafness, promises to grant better understanding of the underlying molecular and genetic mechanisms that contribute to hearing loss. Introduction of vectors into the inner ear must be done in a way that widely distributes the agent throughout the cochlea while minimizing injury to the existing structures. This manuscript describes a post-auricular surgical approach that can be used for mouse cochlear therapy using molecular, pharmacologic, and viral delivery to mice postnatal day 10 and older via the round window membrane (RWM). This surgical approach enables rapid and direct delivery into the scala tympani while minimizing blood loss and avoiding animal mortality. This technique involves negligible or no damage to essential structures of the inner and middle ear as well as neck muscles while wholly preserving hearing. To demonstrate the efficacy of this surgical technique, the vesicular glutamate transporter 3 knockout (VGLUT3 KO) mice will be used as an example of a mouse model of congenital deafness that recovers hearing after delivery of VGLUT3 to the inner ear using an adeno-associated virus (AAV-1).

The described post-auricular surgical approach allows rapid and direct delivery into the mouse cochlear scala tympani while minimizing blood loss and animal mortality. This method can be used for cochlear therapy using molecular, pharmacologic and viral delivery to postnatal mice through the round window membrane.

円窓膜を介してマウスインナーイヤーにウイルスにより媒介遺伝子送達のための手術方法

Gene therapy, used to achieve functional recovery from sensorineural deafness, promises to grant better understanding of the underlying molecular and ...

Stereotaxic Infusion of Oligomeric Amyloid-beta into the Mouse Hippocampus

Alzheimer&#8217;s disease is a neurodegenerative disease affecting the aging population. A key neuropathological feature of the disease is the over-production of amyloid-beta and the deposition of amyloid-beta plaques in brain regions of the afflicted individuals. Throughout the years scientists have generated numerous Alzheimer&#8217;s disease mouse models that attempt to replicate the amyloid-beta pathology. Unfortunately, the mouse models only selectively mimic the disease features. Neuronal death, a prominent effect in the brains of Alzheimer&#8217;s disease patients, is noticeably lacking in these mice. Hence, we and others have employed a method of directly infusing soluble oligomeric species of amyloid-beta - forms of amyloid-beta that have been proven to be most toxic to neurons - stereotaxically into the brain. In this report we utilize male C57BL/6J mice to document this surgical technique of increasing amyloid-beta levels in a select brain region. The infusion target is the dentate gyrus of the hippocampus because this brain structure, along with the basal forebrain that is connected by the cholinergic circuit, represents one of the areas of degeneration in the disease. The results of elevating amyloid-beta in the dentate gyrus via stereotaxic infusion reveal increases in neuron loss in the dentate gyrus within 1 week, while there is a concomitant increase in cell death and cholinergic neuron loss in the vertical limb of the diagonal band of Broca of the basal forebrain. These effects are observed up to 2 weeks. Our data suggests that the current amyloid-beta infusion model provides an alternative mouse model to address region specific neuron death in a short-term basis. The advantage of this model is that amyloid-beta can be elevated in a spatial and temporal manner.

Here, we present a protocol for direct stereotaxic brain infusion of amyloid-beta. This methodology provides an alternative in vivo mouse model to address the short-term effects of amyloid-beta on brain neurons.

マウス海馬にオリゴマーアミロイドベータの定位注入

Alzheimer&#8217;s disease is a neurodegenerative disease affecting the aging population. A key neuropathological feature of the disease is the ...

Autonomous and Rechargeable Microneurostimulator Endoscopically Implantable into the Submucosa

Gastric dysmotility can be a sign of common diseases such as longstanding diabetes mellitus. It is known that the application of high-frequency low-energetic stimulation can help to effectively moderate and alleviate the symptoms of gastric dysmotility. The goal of the research was the development of a miniature, endoscopically implantable device to a submucosal pocket. The implantable device is a fully customized electronic package which was specifically designed for the purpose of experiments in the submucosa. The device is equipped with a lithium-ion battery which can be recharged wirelessly by receiving an incident magnetic field from the charging/transmitting coil. The uplink communication is achieved in a MedRadio band at 432 MHz. The device was endoscopically inserted into the submucosal pocket of a live domestic pig used as an in vivo model, specifically in the stomach antrum. The experiment confirmed that the designed device can be implanted into the submucosa and is capable of bidirectional communication. The device can perform bipolar stimulation of muscle tissue.

The application of high-frequency low-energetic stimulation can alleviate the symptoms of gastric dysmotility. In this research, a miniature, endoscopically implantable and wirelessly rechargeable device which is implanted into a submucosal pocket is presented. Successful both-way communication and stimulation control were achieved during an experiment on live pig.

内視鏡的粘膜下組織に埋込型自律的充電式 Microneurostimulator

Gastric dysmotility can be a sign of common diseases such as longstanding diabetes mellitus. It is known that the application of high-frequency ...

Transplantation of Chemogenetically Engineered Cortical Interneuron Progenitors into Early Postnatal Mouse Brains

Neuronal development is regulated by a complex combination of environmental and genetic factors. Assessing the relative contribution of each component is a complicated task, which is particularly difficult in regards to the development of &#947;-aminobutyric acid (GABA)ergic cortical interneurons (CIs). CIs are the main inhibitory neurons in the cerebral cortex, and they play key roles in neuronal networks, by regulating both the activity of individual pyramidal neurons, as well as the oscillatory behavior of neuronal ensembles. They are generated in transient embryonic structures (medial and caudal ganglionic eminences -&#160;MGE and CGE) that are very difficult to efficiently target using in utero electroporation approaches. Interneuron progenitors migrate long distances during normal embryonic development, before they integrate in the cortical circuit. This remarkable ability to disperse and integrate into a developing network can be hijacked by transplanting embryonic interneuron precursors into early post-natal host cortices. Here, we present a protocol that allows genetic modification of embryonic interneuron progenitors using focal ex vivo electroporation. These engineered interneuron precursors are then transplanted into early post-natal host cortices, where they will mature into easily identifiable CIs. This protocol allows the use of multiple genetically encoded tools, or the ability to regulate the expression of specific genes in interneuron progenitors, in order to investigate the impact of either genetic or environmental variables on the maturation and integration of CIs.

Here we present a protocol, designed to use chemogenetic tools to manipulate the activity of cortical interneuron progenitors transplanted into the cortex of early postnatal mice.

化学遺伝子解析で作られた皮質間ニューロン前駆体を早期産後マウス脳に移植

Neuronal development is regulated by a complex combination of environmental and genetic factors. Assessing the relative contribution of each component is ...

Delivery of Antibodies into the Murine Brain via Convection-enhanced Delivery

Convection-enhanced delivery (CED) is a neurosurgical technique enabling effective perfusion of large brain volumes using a catheter system. Such an approach provides a safe delivery method by-passing the blood brain barrier (BBB), thus allowing treatment with therapeutics with poor BBB-permeability or those for which systemic exposure is not desired, e.g., due to toxicity. CED requires optimization of the catheter design, injection protocol, and properties of the infusate. With this protocol we describe how to perform CED of a solution containing up to 20 &#181;g of an antibody into the caudate putamen of mice. It describes preparation of step catheters, testing them in vitro and performing the CED in mice using a ramping injection program. The protocol can be readily adjusted for other infusion volumes and can be used for injecting various tracers or pharmacologically active or inactive substances, including chemotherapeutics, cytokines, viral particles, and liposomes.

Convection-enhanced delivery (CED) is a method enabling effective delivery of therapeutics into the brain by direct perfusion of large tissue volumes. The procedure requires the use of catheters and an optimized injection procedure. This protocol describes a methodology for CED of an antibody into a mouse brain.

対流強化送達によるマウス脳への抗体の送達

Convection-enhanced delivery (CED) is a neurosurgical technique enabling effective perfusion of large brain volumes using a catheter system. Such an ...