The authors thank daycare centers (Wasko, Alblasserwaard) for their support in recruiting the control group, and Mark Vonk for his help in data collection in the control group. The authors also thank the children from the control group and the children who are clients from Royal Dutch Visio for participation in the study. The authors are grateful to the children and their parents for participation in the video.
The development of the method was supported by a grant from the Novum Foundation: a non-profit organization providing financial support to (research) projects that improve the quality of life of individuals with a visual impairment (www.stichtingnovum.org). Financial support for the current study was provided by 'ZonMw Inzicht' (Netherlands Organization for Health Research and Development-Insight Society), grant number: 60-00635-98-10.

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The authors declare that they have no competing financial interest.

定量的な眼球運動解析と組み合わせる提示測定セットアップは、眼球運動や視覚障害を持つ子どもの様々なグループにおける視覚処理機能の明確な特徴付けを提供します。このパラダイムの重要な特徴は性能が反射的な方法でトリガされる視覚刺激に対する眼球運動応答に基づいていることです。特定の口頭指示が与えられていないと子供が口頭応答するために必要はありませんされています。パラメータは、RTF、GFAとFDは、各グループ（ - 6 図4）内に存在するパラメータ値の限られた広がりにもかかわらず、一般的にdeveloping-と視覚障害児の群間に有意差を示します。視覚障害を持ついくつかの子供たちは、「通常の」性能を示しつつ、評価されたパラメータに応じて、いくつかの一般的に発展途上の子供たちは、逸脱した性能を示すことができます。最終的には、複数の視覚に応じて、複数のアウトカム指標モダリティは、個人レベルで考慮すべきです。すべてのアウトカム指標の概要は、生後6ヶ月から子供の視覚的なプロファイルに変換することができる視覚情報処理能力、のユニークな特徴付けを提供します。 いくつかの研究は、注意や心理的な能力9,12,18を推測するために、子どもたちの脆弱な集団でリモートアイトラッキングの値を示しています。ほとんどの研究は、行動観察と命令の使用に依存しているのに対し、現在のパラダイムの明確な特徴は、非言語的、定量的アプローチです。プロトコル内の重要なステップは、したがって、優先探して、モバイル測定セット・アップに基づいているの刺激、およびカスタムキャリブレーションおよび分析ソフトウェアが含まれています。精巧な分析法による観察に基づく結果の提示延長は、視覚処理機能に標準化し、詳細な結果を提供します。これは、の評価に仕事に沿ったものです様々な障害7のアイトラッカー14と、視線制御の作業と乳児視力。この方法は柔軟性があり、複数の障害を持つ幼児や子供に臨床評価を行う際に必要不可欠である携帯アセスメントを可能にします。したがって、モニターを見ていることが可能である実質的に全ての子供に眼球運動と視覚処理能力を測定するために適しています。 既存の視覚的診断法（ すなわち 、有効性）に対するこの方法の重要性は、臨床的実施に向けた最初のステップとして研究されてきました。現在のパラダイムは、子供の現在使用されて視覚機能評価（VFA）と混合しました。眼球運動の記録に基づいており、眼球運動や視覚機能の観察は、これらの機能の標準的な行動観察と同等でした。また、アイトラッキングパラメータ、 例えば 、固定期間とサッカードの方向、広告を提供眼球運動とVFA中の子供の視覚性能（Kooiker MJG ら 。、2015、提出）を特徴付けるditional値。提示された方法の主要なゲインは、現在、若い年齢で視覚機能の評価で行われているよりも多くの視覚機能を評価するため、および定量的な方法26でそれらを評価するために、可能性にあります。既存の方法に対する制限は適応せず、完全に現在試験電池14と視力や視野を評価することはまだできない、ということです。 私たちは漫画の刺激からの結果のプレゼンテーションに自分自身を制限されているが、将来のアプリケーションに異なる視覚様式は他の刺激（ 例えば 、異なる形態、運動、色やコントラスト情報）22,20,25を用いて試験することができます。こうすることで、一次視覚経路を超えた特定の視覚処理領域は、このような時間的または頭頂葉皮質における視覚連合野として、標的にされています。この方法の制限は、現在の視覚刺激は、単に視覚入力の検出をトリガし、視覚処理の初期段階を呼び出すことです。これらの刺激は、通常、視覚検査で測定された刺激検出後に関連してくると高階関数を対象としません。通信を使用せずに、その実行は困難であるが、アイトラッキング・ベースのパラダイムは、知覚関連情報の検出のための有望な将来のフォーマットである、 例えば視覚探索、-memoryまたは選択的注意。 要するに、視覚刺激の様々なタイプの詳細な眼球運動応答は、初期の開発では、視覚情報の処理機能の包括的な特徴付けを提供します。その結果、それぞれの子のために無傷で、機能障害の面で個々の視覚的なプロファイルを作成することができます。このようなプロファイルは、動眼と視覚での長所と短所についての詳細な情報を提供することができます関数。これは、日常生活の中で支援するため、教師および介護者の教育のための出発点として使用することができます。この方法で利用可能になった定量的な情報は、時間の経過、および視覚的な介入やリハビリテーションプログラムを監視するためのビジュアル開発を次のために有利であり得ます。

子供の脳損傷に関連する視覚の問題の有病率は増加しています。視覚の問題は、子どもの発達に大きな影響を与える可能性があるため、リスクのある乳児や小児の早期発見は非常に重要です。現在では、そのような視力やコントラスト感度などの視覚感覚機能を評価するための視覚機能検査（例えば、視標テストは）1歳の1-2歳からの子供でも適用可能です。年少の子供たちには、これらのテストは、視覚情報に子供の視聴行動の構造観察に基づいています。そのような挙動の解釈は、 すなわち、子供の目の動きを見ることで、眼球運動や子供の注意機能障害によって、あるいは観察者の行動を見ることによって妨げられることができます。このような視空間メモリや物体認識などの脳において媒介視覚機能は、視覚認知検査（ 例えば、DTVP 2）で評価されています。これらのテストは口頭インが必要ですtructionsとコミュニケーションとは、年齢の4-5年から使用することができます。視覚系の生後発達の観点か​​ら、早期の生活の中で可塑性の高いレベルを活用するためには、できるだけ早期に視覚情報の処理における障害の存在および程度を確立することが望ましいです。その方法は、（脳）視覚障害を持つ子どもを最大限早期介入、視覚刺激、または支え戦略から利益を得ることができます。このため、子供に口頭で通信することなく使用することができ、それは定量的な結果に基づいて視覚情報の処理の評価方法の必要性があります。 目の動きは3,4を刺激するために視覚的に導かれた配向挙動を研究するための良いモデル、および関連する知覚と認知機能5です。眼球運動がi（シーンで視覚的注意の焦点を示し、ボトムアップ（再帰、顕著性駆動型）から、またはトップダウンのいずれかから生じることが知られていますntentional、認知）が6を処理します 。目の動きは、新しいオブジェクトに、中心窩、 すなわち 、視力の鋭さを、指示するために使用されています。関心のオブジェクトのビジュアルコンテンツは、一次視覚野（V1）に外側膝状核を介して網膜から実行経路を介して処理され、それは注目に関わる脳の処理領域（ 例えば、空間的な向き、認識の上に自分自身を配布され、メモリ、および感情）。目の動きは両方のための前提条件、および視覚情報処理の続編です。 赤外線アイトラッカーと眼球運動の測定の動向は、眼球運動や視覚機能の定量的なパラメータを取得する可能性を与えます。自動化されたアイトラッカーは、健康および臨床集団を含む、医療や心理学的研究における最近は遍在しています。彼らの目的は、眼球運動機能と注意配分7を勉強するだけでなく、ABO質問に答えるだけではありませんutの行動と心理的メカニズム8,9。アクセスおよび商業アイトラッキングシステムの台頭で、彼らはますます条件、複雑な命令、または積極的に協力12,13を拘束することなく、幼児や子供10-12の弱者をテストするために使用されています。眼と脳レベルでの眼球運動と視覚システムの密結合に、アイトラッキングベースの方法は、事前に完ぺきな視覚能力を評価するのに適しています。これまでのところ、視力14の測定のほか、子どもたちに視覚機能を評価するのに技術を使用することは比較的少ない注目されています。 当社グループは、優先探してパラダイム13で眼球運動測定を組み合わせています。優遇探して、均質なもの15上にパターン化表面を固定する設定です。この原理は、その差分、4つの象限の中の標的領域で視覚刺激を使用して適用されます一つの特定の視覚的特徴の点で背景からえー、 例えばコヒーレントフォーム、コヒーレント運動、コントラストと色。これらの視覚的特徴は、別々の末梢および中枢視覚経路によって処理されることが知られています。たとえば、フォームの情報は頭皮質にV1から、腹側経路で処理されます。運動に関する情報は、頭頂葉皮質16を後方するV1から、背側経路で処理されます。したがって、特定の刺激は、視覚系の異なる領域に視覚情報の処理をトリガするために使用されます。子が提示されている特定の視覚情報を見ることができる場合、その情報は、眼球運動の形で視覚的注意を引き付けます。視覚刺激に対するこれらの反射的な眼球運動応答は、リモート赤外線アイトラッカーで記録されています。その方法は、眼球運動の措置は、視覚情報処理13の様々な態様の品質の通信のない評価を提供します。 目の動きは、子供の視聴行動11だけでなく、観測データを提供するだけでなく、より客観的なアウトカム指標のために使用することができます。慎重に設計された試験パラダイムとの組み合わせでは、目の動きは、視覚情報処理に関する正確かつ客観的な情報を与えることができます。この情報は、眼球運動の応答の時間的および空間的特性に基づいた定量的なパラメータを計算することによって得られます。このようなパラメータの例には、反応時間13、定着時間17、サッカードメトリック7または累積注意割り当て18です。これらのパラメータの可用性は、若い発育段階で子供の視覚的評価の分野に新しいです。 本稿の目的は、6ヶ月の頃から子供の視覚情報処理を測定するアイトラッキングベースの方法を提示することです。測定セットアップおよび手順（ すなわち非言語パラダイム、ポストキャリブレーション、およびmobility）は、具体的リスクのある子どもたちに、この方法を使用する場合に適用されます。重要な態様は、定量的、視覚的応答パラメータ、 すなわち反応時間、固定期間、固定精度の分析です。これらのパラメータは、視覚障害を持つ子供のリスク群に視覚情報の処理を特徴づけるために、典型的には、現像子供に視覚的に案内される応答の参照領域を提供するために使用されます。

<table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" width="1069">
	<tbody>
		<tr height="42">
			<td height="42" style="height:42px;width:216px;">Tobii T60 XL</td>
			<td style="width:151px;">Tobii Technology: http://www.tobii.com&#160;</td>
			<td style="width:453px;">http://www.tobii.com/en/eye-tracking-research/global/products/hardware/tobii-t60xl-eye-tracker/</td>
			<td style="width:251px;">remote infrared eye tracker&#160;</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="42">
			<td height="42" style="height:42px;width:216px;">Tobii Studio</td>
			<td style="width:151px;">Tobii Technology: http://www.tobii.com&#160;</td>
			<td style="width:453px;">http://www.tobii.com/en/eye-tracking-research/global/products/software/tobii-studio-analysis-software/</td>
			<td>eye tracker software</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:216px;">MATLAB</td>
			<td style="width:151px;">MathWorks Inc</td>
			<td style="width:453px;">http://nl.mathworks.com/products/matlab/</td>
			<td>data analysis software</td>
		</tr>
	</tbody>
</table>

a method to quantify visual information processing in children using eye tracking

Visual problems that occur early in life can have major impact on a child's development. Without verbal communication and only based on observational methods, it is difficult to make a quantitative assessment of a child's visual problems. This limits accurate diagnostics in children under the age of 4 years and in children with intellectual disabilities. Here we describe a quantitative method that overcomes these problems. The method uses a remote eye tracker and a four choice preferential looking paradigm to measure eye movement responses to different visual stimuli. The child sits without head support in front of a monitor with integrated infrared cameras. In one of four monitor quadrants a visual stimulus is presented. Each stimulus has a specific visual modality with respect to the background, e.g., form, motion, contrast or color. From the reflexive eye movement responses to these specific visual modalities, output parameters such as reaction times, fixation accuracy and fixation duration are calculated to quantify a child's viewing behavior. With this approach, the quality of visual information processing can be assessed without the use of communication. By comparing results with reference values obtained in typically developing children from 0-12 years, the method provides a characterization of visual information processing in visually impaired children. The quantitative information provided by this method can be advantageous for the field of clinical visual assessment and rehabilitation in multiple ways. The parameter values provide a good basis to: (i) characterize early visual capacities and consequently to enable early interventions; (ii) compare risk groups and follow visual development over time; and (iii), construct an individual visual profile for each child.

視覚障害のない337人の子供の対照群（年齢（SD）= 4.8（3.3平均）年）、および視覚障害を持つ119人の子供のグループ（年齢（平均±SD）：提示された方法は、子どもたちの2つの集団に適用されています=視覚リハビリテーションセンター（ロイヤル・ダッチVisioの、オランダ）で動員された8.10（2.96）年）。これらの子どもたちのうち、74は、眼の視覚障害を持っていたと45は、大脳視覚障害を持っていました。別途反応時間、固定期間、および視線固定領域について、6 -すべてのコントロールの子の結果を図4に可視化されます。 （黒線で示す）基準限界は、年齢に基づいて制御データに対数関数をフィットさせることによって構築しました。これらの数字は、減損またはインタクトな機能の点では、視覚障害を持つ子どもに視覚処理機能を特徴付けるための基礎として役立ちます。 13を参照）、眼球運動を実行するために必要とされる時間の尺度です。下RTF値、速い眼球運動応答。 RTFの良い再現性は0-12年13,21,22から、そして視覚障害21の様々なタイプの小児で一般的に発展途上の子供たちのグループに示されている。 図4は、歳以上の動的な漫画の刺激に平均RTFを示し、ために制御子供、大脳視覚障害（CVI）と眼の視覚障害（OVI）との子供を持つ子ども。 RTF値は、視覚障害のない子どもに比べなしでも子供に有意に高い（= 85ミリ秒の差を意味し;トン= -13.91、P &lt;0.001、CohenのD = 1.32）と子供用でnはCVIとOVIと比較（平均差= 99ミリ秒;トン= -6.90、P &lt;0.001、CohenのD = 1.25）。これらの結果は、本データセット20,24,25のサブグループ内のRTFに以前に発表された知見を確認します。 <img alt="図4" src="/files/ftp_upload/54031/54031fig4.jpg" /> 子供なしでもで視覚障害の有無に関わらず、図4の平均RTF。子供一人当たりミリ秒の平均RTF値（y軸）、歳を超える（x軸）。値は、CVI（十字）でコントロール子供（白丸）、OVIの小児（黒丸）、子供のために別々に示されています。黒線は、対照群のRTFの参照上限を表します。この線より上RTF値を逸脱したとみなされ、長い反応時間、すなわち 。 <a href="https://www-jove-com.remotexs.ntu.edu.sg/files/ftp_upload/54031/54031fig4large.jpg" target="_blank">この図の拡大版をご覧になるにはこちらをクリックしてください。</a> 図5に示すが、年齢の上にFDを意味し、別々に制御子供、CVIの小児、およびOVIを持つ子どものために。 FDは（= 850ミリ秒の差を意味し; tは11.72を=、P &lt;0.001、CohenのD = -1.12）視覚障害のない子どもに比べなしでも子供が有意に短く、（平均OVIの小児におけるよりもCVIの小児における有意に短かっ差異= 325ミリ秒;トン= 2.44、P &lt;0.05、CohenのD = -0.50）。これは、視覚障害のない子どもに比べ、子供なしでもで以前の結果を確認する（Kooiker MJG ら 、投稿中）。 （x軸）歳以上の子供一人当たりの子どもなしでも視覚障害の有無に関わらずミリインチの平均FD値（y軸） 図5.平均FD、。値は、CVI（十字）でコントロール子供（白丸）、OVIの小児（黒丸）、子供のために別々に示されています。黒線は、対照群におけるFDの下側基準限界を表します。この線より下のFD値を逸脱した、 すなわち短い固定期間とみなされている。 <a href="https://www-jove-com.remotexs.ntu.edu.sg/files/ftp_upload/54031/54031fig5large.jpg" target="_blank">この図の拡大版をご覧になるにはこちらをクリックしてください。</a> パラメータ視線固定面積（GFA）は、特定の眼振で、眼球運動制御の乱れを検出するのに敏感です。 GFAは度で固定の領域の大きさを表し、の尺度であります固定精度（計算のためには、以前の研究13,23を参照してください）。固定の小さな領域は高い固定精度を示しています。 GFAは、刺激の大きさに依存し、対応する標的領域（ すなわち 、本例で6º半径）。 GFAの良い再現性は21、および視覚障害21の様々なタイプの小児で、0から12年13から一般的に発展途上の子供たちのグループに示されている。6に示す図別途、歳以上の漫画の刺激に応答してGFAを意味します制御子供、眼球運動障害の眼振を持つ子ども、および視覚障害が、眼振のない子どもたち。 GFA値は、視覚障害のない子どもに比べなしでも子どもたちに、 すなわち下側 ​​の固定精度、かなり大きい（=1.34º違いを意味する;トン= -25.09、P &lt;0.001、CohenのD = 2.37）。また、眼振を持つ子どもは、子どもwiはより低い固定精度を持っています<html>眼振thoutしかし、視覚障害の他のタイプの（0.71º=平均差;トン= 5.03、P &lt;0.001; CohenのD = 1.04）。これは、本データセット20,24,25のサブグループ内のGFA上の以前に公表された調査結果と一致しています。 <img alt="図6" src="/files/ftp_upload/54031/54031fig6.jpg" /> （x軸）歳以上の子供一人当たり度インチの平均GFA値（y軸） とし、視覚障害のない子どもで図6.平均GFA、。値は、眼振（黒ダイヤ）することなく、制御子供（白丸）、視覚障害および眼振（アスタリスク）を持つ子ども、および視覚障害児のために別々に示されています。黒線は、対照群のGFAの参照上限を表します。この線より上GFA値を逸脱した、 すなわち、低い固定精度とみなされています。トン= &quot;_空白&quot;&gt;この図の拡大版をご覧になるにはこちらをクリックしてください。

Watch this Scientific Journal Video about A Method to Quantify Visual Information Processing in Children Using Eye Tracking at JoVE.com

A Method to Quantify Visual Information Processing in Children Using Eye Tracking

A method is described to quantify the quality of visual information processing based on reflexive eye movements in response to specific visual modalities. Reaction times and fixation output parameters are used to characterize visual performance in children with and without visual impairments from 6 months of age.

アイトラッキングを使用した子どもたちに視覚情報処理を定量化する方法

Visual problems that occur early in life can have major impact on a child's development. Without verbal communication and only based on observational ...

a-method-to-quantify-visual-information-processing-children-using-eye

Universidad San Sebastian

Research

JoVE Journal

Behavior

17.2K ビュー.  Erasmus MC. A method is described to quantify the quality of visual information processing based on reflexive eye movements in response to specific visual modalities. Reaction times and fixation output parameters are used to characterize visual performance in children with and without visual impairments from 6 months of age.

ビデオ: A Method to Quantify Visual Information Processing in Children Using Eye Tracking

Psychophysical Tracking Method to Measure Taste Preferences in Children and Adults

The Monell two-series, forced-choice, paired-comparison tracking method provides a reliable measure of sweet taste preferences from childhood to adulthood. The method, which is identical for children, adolescents, and adults, is of short duration (&#60; 15 min), does not rely on sustained attention or place demands on memory (which would yield spurious age differences), and minimizes the impact of language development, making this method amenable to the cognitive limitations of pediatric populations. In this whole-mouth tasting method, subjects are asked to taste (without swallowing) pairs of solutions of different sucrose concentrations and to point to the solution they prefer. Each subsequent pair contains the participant&#39;s preceding preferred concentration and an adjacent stimulus concentration. The procedure continues until the subject chooses either a given concentration of sucrose when paired with both a higher and a lower concentration, or the highest or lowest concentration two consecutive times. Subjects are prevented from reaching response criteria on the basis of first or second position bias by the two-series design of the method, which counterbalances the order of solution presentation within each pair between the series (the weaker concentration is presented first in Series 1, second in Series 2). The geometric mean of the two sucrose concentrations chosen in Series 1 and 2 is an estimate of the participant&#39;s most preferred level of sucrose. Sucrose preference as determined with this laboratory-based measure has been shown to be associated with preference for sugars in foods and beverages and with taste receptor genotype, family history of alcoholism, and race/ethnicity, as well as depressive symptomatology among pediatric populations. The method has real-world relevance and has been applied to determine most preferred level of other tastes (e.g., salt), making it a valuable psychophysical tool.

Sweet taste has powerful hedonic appeal among people of all ages, particularly children. Described herein is a reliable and valid method that can be used to determine the level of sweetness most preferred, making it a valuable psychophysical tool for scientists.

子どもと大人で味の環境を測定するために心理物理追跡方法

The Monell two-series, forced-choice, paired-comparison tracking method provides a reliable measure of sweet taste preferences from childhood to ...

行動学

Eye-Tracking Control to Assess Cognitive Functions in Patients with Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis

Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS) is a neurodegenerative disorder with pathological involvement of upper and lower motoneurons, subsequently leading to progressive loss of motor and speech abilities. In addition, cognitive functions are impaired in a subset of patients. To evaluate these potential deficits in severely physically impaired ALS patients, eye-tracking is a promising means to conduct cognitive tests. The present article focuses on how eye movements, an indirect means of communication for physically disabled patients, can be utilized to allow for detailed neuropsychological assessment. The requirements, in terms of oculomotor parameters that have to be met for sufficient eye-tracking in ALS patients are presented. The properties of stimuli, including type of neuropsychological tests and style of presentation, best suited to successfully assess cognitive functioning, are also described. Furthermore, recommendations regarding procedural requirements are provided. Overall, this methodology provides a reliable, easy to administer and fast approach for assessing cognitive deficits in patients who are unable to speak or write such as patients with severe ALS. The only confounding factor might be deficits in voluntary eye movement control in a subset of ALS patients.

Cognitive deficits are common in about one third of patients with amyotrophic lateral sclerosis, a neurological condition leading to progressive impairments in speech and movement abilities. To conduct cognitive tests in patients unable to speak or write a reliable and easy to administer eye-tracking paradigm was developed.

筋萎縮性側索硬化症の患者で認知機能を評価するために、アイトラッキング制御

Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS) is a neurodegenerative disorder with pathological involvement of upper and lower motoneurons, subsequently leading to ...

A Computational Method to Quantify Fly Circadian Activity

In most animals and plants, circadian clocks orchestrate behavioral and molecular processes and synchronize them to the daily light-dark cycle. Fundamental mechanisms that underlie this temporal control are widely studied using the fruit fly Drosophila melanogaster as a model organism. In flies, the clock is typically studied by analyzing multiday locomotor recording. Such a recording shows a complex bimodal pattern with two peaks of activity: a morning peak that happens around dawn, and an evening peak that happens around dusk. These two peaks together form a waveform that is very different from sinusoidal oscillations observed in clock genes, suggesting that mechanisms in addition to the clock have profound effects in producing the observed patterns in behavioral data. Here we provide instructions on using a recently developed computational method that mathematically describes temporal patterns in fly activity. The method fits activity data with a model waveform that consists of four exponential terms and nine independent parameters that fully describe the shape and size of the morning and evening peaks of activity. The extracted parameters can help elucidate the kinetic mechanisms of substrates that underlie the commonly observed bimodal activity patterns in fly locomotor rhythms.

A method to quantify the main temporal features seen in fly circadian locomotor rhythms is presented. The quantification is achieved by fitting fly activity with a multi-parametric model waveform. The model parameters describe the shape and size of the morning and evening peaks of daily activity.

フライの日周期活動を定量化する手法

In most animals and plants, circadian clocks orchestrate behavioral and molecular processes and synchronize them to the daily light-dark cycle. ...

A Method to Study Adaptation to Left-Right Reversed Audition

An unusual sensory space is one of the effective tools to uncover the mechanism of adaptability of humans to a novel environment. Although most of the previous studies have used special spectacles with prisms to achieve unusual spaces in the visual domain, a methodology for studying the adaptation to unusual auditory spaces has yet to be fully established. This study proposes a new protocol to set-up, validate, and use a left-right reversed stereophonic system using only wearable devices, and to study the adaptation to left-right reversed audition with the help of neuroimaging. Although individual acoustic characteristics are not yet implemented, and slight spillover of unreversed sounds is relatively uncontrollable, the constructed apparatus shows high performance in a 360&#176; sound source localization coupled with hearing characteristics with little delay. Moreover, it looks like a mobile music player and enables a participant to focus on daily life without arousing curiosity or drawing attention of other individuals. Since the effects of adaptation were successfully detected at the perceptual, behavioral, and neural levels, it is concluded that this protocol provides a promising methodology for studying adaptation to left-right reversed audition, and is an effective tool for uncovering the adaptability of humans to a novel environments in the auditory domain.

The present study proposes a protocol to investigate the adaptation to left-right reversed audition achieved only by wearable devices, using neuroimaging, which can be an effective tool for uncovering the adaptability of humans to a novel environment in the auditory domain.

左から右への適応を研究する方法を逆にオーディション

An unusual sensory space is one of the effective tools to uncover the mechanism of adaptability of humans to a novel environment. Although most of the ...

Eye Tracking During Visually Situated Language Comprehension: Flexibility and Limitations in Uncovering Visual Context Effects

The present work is a description and an assessment of a methodology designed to quantify different aspects of the interaction between language processing and the perception of the visual world. The recording of eye-gaze patterns has provided good evidence for the contribution of both the visual context and linguistic/world knowledge to language comprehension. Initial research assessed object-context effects to test&#160;theories of modularity in language processing. In the introduction, we describe how subsequent investigations have taken the role of the wider visual context in language processing as a research topic in its own right, asking questions such as how our visual perception of events and of speakers contributes to&#160;comprehension informed by&#160;comprehenders&#39; experience. Among the examined aspects of the visual context are actions, events, a speaker&#39;s gaze, and emotional facial expressions, as well as spatial object configurations. Following an overview of the eye-tracking method and its different applications, we list the key steps of the methodology in the protocol, illustrating how to successfully use it to study visually-situated language comprehension. A final section presents three sets of representative results and illustrates the benefits and limitations of eye tracking for investigating the interplay between the perception of the visual world and language comprehension.

The present article reviews an eye-tracking methodology for studies on language comprehension. To obtain reliable data, key steps of the protocol must be followed. Among these are the correct set-up of the eye tracker (e.g., ensuring good quality of the eye and head images) and accurate calibration.

視覚的に位置の言語理解の中に目の追跡: 柔軟性の視覚的文脈の発見の効果の制限

The present work is a description and an assessment of a methodology designed to quantify different aspects of the interaction between language processing ...

Using Eye Movements Recorded in the Visual World Paradigm to Explore the Online Processing of Spoken Language

In a typical eye tracking study using the visual world paradigm, participants' eye movements to objects or pictures in the visual workspace are recorded via an eye tracker as the participant produces or comprehends a spoken language describing the concurrent visual world. This paradigm has high versatility, as it can be used in a wide range of populations, including those who cannot read and/or who cannot overtly give their behavioral responses, such as preliterate children, elderly adults, and patients. More importantly, the paradigm is extremely sensitive to fine grained manipulations of the speech signal, and it can be used to study the online processing of most topics in language comprehension at multiple levels, such as the fine grained acoustic phonetic features, the properties of words, and the linguistic structures. The protocol described in this article illustrates how a typical visual world eye tracking study is conducted, with an example showing how the online processing of some semantically complex statements can be explored with the visual world paradigm.

The visual world paradigm monitors participants' eye movements in the visual workspace as they are listening to or speaking a spoken language. This paradigm can be used to investigate the online processing of a wide range of psycholinguistic questions, including semantically complex statements, such as disjunctive statements.

眼球運動の視覚世界のパラダイムに記録を使用して話されていた言語のオンライン処理を探索するには

In a typical eye tracking study using the visual world paradigm, participants' eye movements to objects or pictures in the visual workspace are recorded ...

An Electrophysiology Protocol to Measure Reward Anticipation and Processing in Children

We present a protocol designed to measure the neural correlates of reward in children. The protocol allows researchers to measure both reward anticipation and processing. Its purpose is to create a reward task that is appropriate for young children with and without autism while controlling reward properties between two conditions: social and nonsocial. The current protocol allows for comparisons of brain activity between social and nonsocial reward conditions while keeping the reward itself identical between conditions. Using this protocol, we found evidence that neurotypical children demonstrate enhanced anticipatory brain activity during the social condition. Furthermore, we found that neurotypical children anticipate social reward more robustly than children with autism diagnoses. As the task uses snacks as a reward, it is most appropriate for young children. However, the protocol may be adapted for use with adolescent or adult populations if snacks are replaced by monetary incentives. The protocol is designed to measure electrophysiological events (event-related potentials), but it may be customized for use with eye-tracking or fMRI.

This protocol is designed to measure reward anticipation and processing in young children with and without autism. Specifically, the protocol is designed to study the neural correlates of reward during social and nonsocial conditions while controlling for reward between conditions.

メジャー報酬期待と子供で処理する電気生理学プロトコル

We present a protocol designed to measure the neural correlates of reward in children. The protocol allows researchers to measure both reward anticipation ...

Eye-tracking to Distinguish Comprehension-based and Oculomotor-based Regressive Eye Movements During Reading

Regressive eye movements are eye movements that move backwards through the text and comprise approximately 10-25% of eye movements during reading. As such, understanding the causes and mechanisms of regressions plays an important role in understanding eye movement behavior. Inhibition of return (IOR) is an oculomotor effect that results in increased latency to return attention to a previously attended target versus a target that was not previously attended. Thus, IOR may affect regressions. This paper describes how to design materials to distinguish between regressions caused by comprehension-related and oculomotor processes; the latter is subject to IOR. The method allows researchers to identify IOR and control the causes of regressions. While the method requires tightly controlled materials and large numbers of participants and materials, it allows researchers to distinguish and control the types of regressions that occur in their reading studies.

The method was designed to investigate the role of inhibition of return (IOR) in regressive eye movements during reading. The focus is on differentiating between regressions triggered as a result of comprehension difficulty versus those triggered from oculomotor error, including the role of IOR in the two types of regressions.

読書中に理解および眼球運動に基づく回帰眼球運動を区別するアイトラッ キング

Regressive eye movements are eye movements that move backwards through the text and comprise approximately 10-25% of eye movements during reading. As ...

Using the Visual World Paradigm to Study Sentence Comprehension in Mandarin-Speaking Children with Autism

Sentence comprehension relies on the ability to rapidly integrate different types of linguistic and non-linguistic information. However, there is currently a paucity of research exploring how preschool children with autism understand sentences using different types of cues. The mechanisms underlying sentence comprehension remains largely unclear. The present study presents a protocol to examine the sentence comprehension abilities of preschool children with autism. More specifically, a visual world paradigm of eye-tracking is used to explore the moment-to-moment sentence comprehension in the children. The paradigm has multiple advantages. First, it is sensitive to the time course of sentence comprehension and thus can provide rich information about how sentence comprehension unfolds over time. Second, it requires minimal task and communication demands, so it is ideal for testing children with autism. To further minimize the computational burden of children, the present study measures eye movements that arise as automatic responses to linguistic input rather than measuring eye movements that accompany conscious responses to spoken instructions.

We present a protocol to examine the use of morphological cues during real-time sentence comprehension by children with autism.

北京語を話す自閉症児の文理を勉強する視覚的な世界のパラダイムを使用してください。

Sentence comprehension relies on the ability to rapidly integrate different types of linguistic and non-linguistic information. However, there is ...

Gaze in Action: Head-mounted Eye Tracking of Children's Dynamic Visual Attention During Naturalistic Behavior

Young children's visual environments are dynamic, changing moment-by-moment as children physically and visually explore spaces and objects and interact with people around them. Head-mounted eye tracking offers a unique opportunity to capture children's dynamic egocentric views and how they allocate visual attention within those views. This protocol provides guiding principles and practical recommendations for researchers using head-mounted eye trackers in both laboratory and more naturalistic settings. Head-mounted eye tracking complements other experimental methods by enhancing opportunities for data collection in more ecologically valid contexts through increased portability and freedom of head and body movements compared to screen-based eye tracking. This protocol can also be integrated with other technologies, such as motion tracking and heart-rate monitoring, to provide a high-density multimodal dataset for examining natural behavior, learning, and development than previously possible. This paper illustrates the types of data generated from head-mounted eye tracking in a study designed to investigate visual attention in one natural context for toddlers: free-flowing toy play with a parent. Successful use of this protocol will allow researchers to collect data that can be used to answer questions not only about visual attention, but also about a broad range of other perceptual, cognitive, and social skills and their development.

Young children do not passively observe the world, but rather actively explore and engage with their environment. This protocol provides guiding principles and practical recommendations for using head-mounted eye trackers to record infants' and toddlers' dynamic visual environments and visual attention in the context of natural behavior.

アクションの視線: 自然主義的な行動の中に子供の動的視覚的注意のヘッド マウント型の目の追跡

Young children's visual environments are dynamic, changing moment-by-moment as children physically and visually explore spaces and objects and interact ...