この作品は、カンナビノール（THC）はNIH DK095137によってサポートされています。私たちは、記載された方法の開発と高度化に貢献して現在および過去の研究室のメンバーに感謝します。

倫理声明：動物の使用およびケアに関するミシガン大学委員会（UCUCA）は、実験動物の管理と使用に関する指針（実験動物研究所、国家研究評議会）に従い、すべての方法およびプロトコルを承認しました。マウスは、ミシガン大学の飼育に維持され、食料と水を自由に与え、12時間の明/暗サイクルで維持されています。 1.準備<ol><li> DMEM、10％FBS、1×P / S / G、および1×抗生物質/抗真菌剤で初代培養培地を準備します。これは、消化の前に組織を維持するために使用されます。 37ºCの水浴中にストックし、アリコートを置きます。 </li><li> 5匹までの、単離される脂肪パッドの種類ごとにHBSS（+カルシウム、+ Mg）を中に溶解させミリリットルの5mg /でタイプIIIコラゲナーゼ溶液の5ミリリットルを準備します。 10ミリリットルを作る、単一の遺伝子型からSQとVISを分離する際に、例えば、野生型および変異体SQとVIS場合、20ミリリットルを作ります。 7.4およびSTEにpHを調整しますフィルタを波立たせます。 50ミリリットルチューブに小分けし。光を避けて脇に置きます。 </li><li>手術野を消毒するために70％エタノールを使用してください。拭うと青のパッドでカバーしています。青いパッドの上にいくつかのエタノールをスプレーしてください。 </li><li>発泡スチロールの板に吸収パッドを突き止めるし、はさみでトリミングするために22 G針を使用してください。青いパッドの上にボードを設定し、解剖を開始するまで、別の青色のパッドでカバーした後、エタノールでパッドをスプレーします。 </li><li>手術野に隣接するスタンドにエタノールと場所を持つ2つの50mlチューブを埋めます。エタノールにハサミやピンセットを置きます。 </li><li>手術器具をエタノールを洗い流すためにPBSプラス1×抗抗持つ別の50ミリリットルチューブを埋めます。 </li><li>フードでは、各組織型のラベル60ミリメートルの料理とは、37ºCに温めた培養培地で満たします。手術領域に隣接するプレートを置きます。 </li></ol>皮下（SQ）脂肪パッドの2の単離<ol><li>イソフルランおよび気胸の過剰投与によりマウスを安楽死させます。 </li><li>優しく70％エタノールでマウスをスプレーし、仰臥位横たわっていました。 22 G針で発泡ボードに足をピン。 </li><li>下腹部の皮膚の小さなカットを行います。鉗子でカットの上部を持ち、はさみを取り、腹膜から皮膚を分離します。 </li><li>皮膚が胸部に腹部から腹膜から分離された後、本体の側面に沿って皮膚の横カットを行うことで、離れて頭に向かって腹膜から肌を反映しています。 </li><li>体から離れ鼠径部脂肪を保持し、残りの皮膚を反映し、22 G針でボードに突き止めます。 </li><li>細かいハサミやピンセットに切り替えます。腹膜の近くに原点にピンセットで鼠径部脂肪パッドをつかみ、皮膚とのSQを汚染回避鼠径部に向かって進行し、皮膚や鼠径部脂肪の間離れてスニップ。 </li><li>ラベルされた60ミリメートル皿にばらばら鼠径部脂肪パッドを配置します。 </li></ol>内臓（VIS）脂肪パッドの3分離<ol><li> 2.5ステップと同様に、内臓脂肪パッドおよび腸を露出させる開放腹膜を切りました。 </li><li>胸部に向かって腸を離れて移動します。 </li><li>遠位端にVIS脂肪パッドをつかみ、ゆっくりと引き上げます。組織（雌マウスを使用している場合、または子宮）精巣上体を除外するように注意しながらVIS脂肪パッドを解剖。 </li><li>ラベルされた皿、残りVISパッドの繰り返しステップ3.3で配置します。 </li></ol>脂肪パッドの4コラゲナーゼ消化<ol><li>組織培養フードに60ミリメートルの皿を移動し、メディアを吸引します。 </li><li>湾曲したハサミで脂肪パッドをミンチ後、コラゲナーゼ溶液に追加します。エタノールおよびPBSで組織タイプの間にはさみとピンセットを洗浄してください。 </li><li>組織が消化されるまで、300 rpmで10〜20分間、37ºCで振ります。 SQのいくつかの作品がまだ表示されている場合は、許容可能です。これは、後の手順で対処します。 </li><li> collagを停止するためにコラゲナーゼ溶液を培地25 mlを加え消化された組織を分散させるために10ミリリットルの血清学的ピペットを用いenase処理、ピペットを上下に10回。 </li><li> 100μmの細胞ストレーナーを用いて株細胞。 300×gで10分間遠心分離します。 </li><li>慎重にペレットを乱さし、細胞を懸濁するペレットと静かにピペットに滅菌水5ミリリットルを追加していないメディアをオフにデカント。赤血球を溶解するために2分を待ちます。 </li><li>新しい100μmのセルストレーナーを介して、10％FBSおよび株細胞と培地25ミリリットルを追加します。 </li><li> 300×gで10分間遠心分離します。デカントメディアと培養培地の1ミリリットルでペレットを再懸濁し。 </li><li> 1トリパンブルー：1を用いて、血球計数器を用いて細胞を数えます。 </li><li> 6ウェルプレートに1ウェル内のプレート1×10 6個の細胞。 </li></ol> 5.磁気細胞分離<ol><li>細胞接着の約4~6時間後、HBSS（-Ca、-Mg）で細胞を2回洗浄します。 0.05％トリプシンを用いて接着細胞を解離します。 1mLの分離緩衝液中でトリプシン細胞懸濁液を希釈し、は回転300×gで5分間。 </li><li>上清を吸引。 500μlの緩衝液中で細胞を再懸濁し。 10μlのアリコートを削除し、血球計数器を用いて細胞数を計測します。 </li><li> 300×gで5分間スピン細胞。 </li><li>完全に上清を吸引。 90μlの緩衝液中で細胞を再懸濁し。 10μlの抗のSca1-FITC一次抗体を追加します。よく混ぜ、暗所で4ºCで10分間インキュベートします。 </li><li> mlのバッファーと遠心セル300×gで5分間1で細胞を洗浄。完全に上清を取り除きます。 </li><li> 80μlの緩衝液中で細胞を再懸濁し。 20μlの抗FITCマイクロビーズを追加します。よく混ぜ、暗所で4ºCで15分間インキュベートします。 </li><li> mlのバッファーと遠心セル300×gで5分間1で細胞を洗浄。 </li><li>上清を除去し、500μlの緩衝液中にペレットを再懸濁。 </li><li>磁気ホルダーに列を配置し、500μlの緩衝液でカラムをすすぎます。 </li><li>カラムに細胞懸濁液を追加します。ピペッティングしながら気泡を避けてください。 </li><li>非標識のSca1を収集- &lt;/ SUP&gt;細胞および500μlの緩衝液でカラム3回洗浄します。リザーバが空である場合にのみ、新しいバッファを追加します。ピペッティングしながら気泡を避けてください。 </li><li>磁気ホルダーから列を削除し、15ミリリットルコニカルチューブに配置します。 </li><li>列にバッファリングし、カラムリザーバーを介して供給されるプランジャーを押してのSca1の+を溶出1ミリリットルを追加します。 </li><li> 300×gで5分間、細胞画分をスピンダウン。 1mLの培地中に再懸濁した細胞。 </li><li>標識し、非標識画分から10μlのアリコートを削除し、血球計数器を用いて細胞数を計測します。 </li><li>プレート6ウェルプレートの1ウェル中の各細胞画分。 </li></ol>フローサイトメトリーでのSca1 高のACSの免疫磁気分離の6.検証<ol><li> HBSS（-Ca、-Mg）で2回細胞を洗浄し、0.05％トリプシンを用いて細胞を解離します。 </li><li> 5分間、300×gで遠心分離した細胞。 1ミリリットル培養培地中で細胞を再懸濁し、血球計数器を用いてカウントします。 </li><li>入手&gt; 10 6 </SUP&gt; 1ミリリットル培養培地中の細胞と5分間、300×gで遠心。 </li><li>さらに2回上清を除去し、ステップ6.3を繰り返します。 </li><li> 2％ヤギ血清+ RTで30分間、2％BSA及びブロック1mlで再懸濁細胞。 </li><li> 5分間、300×gで遠心分離した細胞。 </li><li>ブロッキング溶液を除去します。 </li><li> 4℃で2％ヤギ血清および2％BSA + PBSで100μlのPBS中で、：または抗のSca1アレクサフルオロ647（4000.25μgの、1）：ラットIgG2aのアレクサフルオロ647（4000.25μgの、1）を追加します。暗所で30分間。 </li><li>細胞に冷PBSの1ミリリットルを追加します。 4°Cで5分間遠心分離300×gで。 </li><li>さらに2回上清を除去し、ステップ6.9を繰り返します。 </li><li> 1mlのPBSで細胞を再懸濁し。フローサイトメトリー分析の準備のために100μmのセルストレーナーを介して細胞懸濁液を渡します。 </li></ol>

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著者らは、開示することは何もありません。

ここで我々は分離と異なる脂肪パッドからマウスのASCの免疫細胞分離およびin vitro実験のためのそれらの使用を実証します。提示された方法は、ASCを9,14の技術的に複雑で高価なFACS媒介分離よりも有利で ​​あるのSca1陽性のASCの多数の迅速な隔離のために有効です。 FACSは異なり、免疫細胞の分離は、標的細胞集団を同定するための多数の抗原の使用を許可しません。表面抗原...

細胞抗原1（のSca1、またはLy6A / E）の幹第造血および間葉系幹細胞5,6によって発現される細胞表面マーカーとして同定されました。マウス脂肪デポから得られた脂肪組織の間質の血管画分（SVF）は、線維芽細胞、マクロファージ、血管内皮細胞、神経細胞、および脂肪細胞前駆細胞の7を含む細胞の異種集団です。脂肪細胞の前駆細胞、または脂肪由来幹細胞（ASCには）、コラーゲンが豊富な血管周囲の細胞外マトリックス（ECM）8内に存在する非脂質を含んだ細胞です。 CD34 +：のSca1 + 9とCD29 + -約SVFの50％は、系統陰性（林）として特徴付けられるのASC、から構成されています。 ; in vitroでの脂肪細胞分化が可能である脂肪細胞前駆細胞、 - CD24：これらの細胞のほとんどはのSca1 +ですしかし、細胞の一部のみ（SVFの0.08％）がのSca1を構成します<sアップ&gt; +：増殖性およびin vivoの条件9で脂肪細胞に分化を完全に行うことができますCD24 +細胞。 CD24からCD24 +細胞を区別することなくのSca1 + SVFを使用しての潜在的な警告にもかかわらず-免疫細胞分離を使用して、貯蔵脂肪からのSca1 +のASCを、細胞を単離一次脂肪細胞前駆細胞の細胞自律的な表現型を決定するための効率的かつ実用的なアプローチです。 肥満および糖尿病の分野では、組織線維症及び炎症が2型糖尿病3の発達および維持において重要な役割を果たしています。最近、徳永ら 。 （VIS、または内臓）鼠径部（または皮下、SQ）およびperigonadal C57BL6 / J脂肪デポから分離されたのSca1 high細胞は、in vitro 10 で異なる遺伝子署名およびECMリモデリングを示すことが示されました。 MMP14（MT1-MMP）、膜 - トンの原型メンバーYPEマトリックスメタロプロテアーゼ（MMP）ファミリーは、コラーゲン分解活性の1を介して、白色脂肪組織（WAT）の開発を仲介します。 以下のプロトコルを使用して単離され、濃縮された細胞を用いて行ってもよいの実験例は、三次元培養、分化研究、コラーゲン分解アッセイ、およびRNA配列10,11を含みます。分解アッセイは、テロペプチド11,12の保全を確実にするために、酸抽出コラーゲンで行われるべきです。次のプロトコルが異なる脂肪デポからの一次血管間質細胞を分離し、免疫磁気細胞分離を用いて、脂肪細胞の前駆細胞を豊かにする方法を紹介します。細胞選別の有効性は、フローサイトメトリーを用いてとのSca1プロモーター 13によって駆動されるのSca1 +細胞においてGFPを発現するのSca1-GFPマウスを用いによって評価されます。

<table border="1" fo:keep-together.within-page="1" fo:keep-with-next.within-page="always">
	<tbody>
		<tr>
			<td>Type 3 Collagenase</td>
			<td>Worthington Biochemical</td>
			<td>LS004182</td>
			<td>Tissue digestion</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>DMEM</td>
			<td>Gibco</td>
			<td>11965-092</td>
			<td>High-glucose culture medium</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Pen/Strep/Glutamine (100x)</td>
			<td>Gibco</td>
			<td>10378-016</td>
			<td>Media antibiotic</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Anti-anti (100x)</td>
			<td>Gibco</td>
			<td>15240-062</td>
			<td>Media antifungal</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>FBS</td>
			<td>Gibco</td>
			<td>16000-044</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>PBS (1x, pH 7.4)</td>
			<td>Gibco</td>
			<td>10010-023</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Trypsin (0.05%)</td>
			<td>Gibco</td>
			<td>25300-054</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Cell strainer</td>
			<td>BD Bioscience</td>
			<td>352360</td>
			<td>100-&#956;m cell strainer</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>60mm plates</td>
			<td>BD Falcon</td>
			<td>353004</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Scissors</td>
			<td>FST</td>
			<td>14001-12</td>
			<td>Large</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Scissors</td>
			<td>FST</td>
			<td>14091-11</td>
			<td>Fine, curved tip</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Large Forceps</td>
			<td>FST</td>
			<td>11000-12</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Fine Forceps</td>
			<td>Any vendor</td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>25G 5/8&#8221; needles</td>
			<td>BD</td>
			<td>305122</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>22G 1.5&#8221; needles</td>
			<td>BD</td>
			<td>305159</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>15 ml conical tubes</td>
			<td>BD Falcon</td>
			<td>352097</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>50 ml conical tubes</td>
			<td>BD Falcon</td>
			<td>352098</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>MACS separation columns</td>
			<td>Miltenyi Biotec</td>
			<td>130-042-201</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td rowspan="3">Anti-Sca1 microbead kit (FITC)</td>
			<td rowspan="3">Miltenyi Biotec</td>
			<td rowspan="3">130-092-529</td>
			<td rowspan="3">FITC-anti-Sca1 1&#186;Ab and anti-FITC microbeads 2&#186;Ab</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
		</tr>
		<tr>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>AutoMACS running buffer</td>
			<td>Miltenyi Biotec</td>
			<td>130-091-221</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>MiniMACS separator</td>
			<td>Miltenyi Biotec</td>
			<td>130-042-102</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>MACS MultiStand</td>
			<td>Miltenyi Biotec</td>
			<td>130-042-303</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Blue chux pads</td>
			<td>Fisher</td>
			<td>276-12424</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Absorbent pads</td>
			<td>Fisher</td>
			<td>19-165-621</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Styrofoam board</td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
			<td>Use from 50ml tubes</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>70% ethanol</td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Isoflurane</td>
			<td>Any vendor</td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Rat IgG2a Alexa Fluor 647</td>
			<td>Invitrogen</td>
			<td>R2a21</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Rat IgG2a anti-mouse Sca1 Alexa Fluor 647</td>
			<td>Invitrogen</td>
			<td>MSCA21</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Rat IgG2a R-PE</td>
			<td>Invitrogen</td>
			<td>R2a04</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Rat IgG2a anti-mouse F4/80 R-PE</td>
			<td>Invitrogen</td>
			<td>MF48004</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Round-bottom tube</td>
			<td>BD Falcon</td>
			<td>352058</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>HBSS (&#8211;Ca, &#8211;Mg)</td>
			<td>Gibco</td>
			<td>14175-095</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>HBSS (+Ca, +Mg)</td>
			<td>Gibco</td>
			<td>14025-092</td>
			<td>For collagenase solution</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Type I collagen (2.7 mg/ml in 37mm acetic acid</td>
			<td>Prepare in house12</td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>10x MEM</td>
			<td>Gibco</td>
			<td>11430-030</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>1M HEPES</td>
			<td>Gibco</td>
			<td>15630-080</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>0.34N NaOH</td>
			<td>Prepare in house</td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Cover slips</td>
			<td>Corning</td>
			<td>2870-22</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Alexa Fluor 594 carboxylic acid, succinimidyl ester, mixed isomers</td>
			<td>Invitrogen</td>
			<td>A-20004</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>0.89M NaHCO3&#160;</td>
			<td>Gibco</td>
			<td>25080-094</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
	</tbody>
</table>

immunomagnetic separation of fat depot-specific sca1high adipose-derived stem cells (ascs)

The isolation of adipose-derived stem cells (ASCs) is an important method in the field of adipose tissue biology, adipogenesis, and extracellular matrix (ECM) remodeling. In vivo, ECM-rich environment consisting of fibrillar collagens provides a structural support to adipose tissues during the progression and regression of obesity. Physiological ECM remodeling mediated by matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs) plays a major role in regulating adipose tissue size and function1,2. The loss of physiological collagenolytic ECM remodeling may lead to excessive collagen accumulation (tissue fibrosis), macrophage infiltration, and ultimately, a loss of metabolic homeostasis including insulin resistance3,4. When a phenotypic change of the adipose tissue is observed in gene-targeted mouse models, isolating primary ASCs from fat depots for in vitro studies is an effective approach to define the role of the specific gene in regulating the function of ASCs. In the following, we define an immunomagnetic separation of Sca1high ASCs.

別の脂肪パッドからのSca1 高のASCの濃縮。 SQ脂肪表示線維芽細胞などから単離された血管間質細胞は、関係なくのSca1の発現レベル（ 図1A）のセル形状を伸ばしました。一方、VIS（eWAT由来）のSca1 高いとのSca1 低細胞は、その細胞形状の明確な違いを示しています。 SQのように（IWAT由来...

Watch this Scientific Journal Video about Immunomagnetic Separation of Fat Depot-specific Sca1high Adipose-derived Stem Cells ASCs at JoVE.com

Immunomagnetic Separation of Fat Depot-specific Sca1high Adipose-derived Stem Cells ASCs

We present the techniques required to isolate the stromal vascular fraction (SVF) from mouse inguinal (subcutaneous) and perigonadal (visceral) adipose tissue depots to assess their gene expression and collagenolytic activity. This method includes the enrichment of Sca1high adipose-derived stem cells (ASCs) using immunomagnetic cell separation.

脂肪デポ固有のSca1の免疫磁気分離<sup&gt;高</sup&gt;脂肪由来幹細胞（ASCに）

The isolation of adipose-derived stem cells (ASCs) is an important method in the field of adipose tissue biology, adipogenesis, and extracellular matrix ...

immunomagnetic-separation-fat-depot-specific-sca1high-adipose-derived

Universidad San Sebastian

Research

JoVE Journal

Developmental Biology

Immunomagnetic Separation of Fat Depot-specific Sca1high Adipose-derived Stem Cells (ASCs)

6.8K ビュー.  Biointerfaces Institute, University of Michigan. We present the techniques required to isolate the stromal vascular fraction (SVF) from mouse inguinal (subcutaneous) and perigonadal (visceral) adipose tissue depots to assess their gene expression and collagenolytic activity. This method includes the enrichment of Sca1high adipose-derived stem cells (ASCs) using immunomagnetic cell separation.

ビデオ: Immunomagnetic Separation of Fat Depot-specific Sca1high Adipose-derived Stem Cells ASCs

Isolation and Enrichment of Human Adipose-derived Stromal Cells for Enhanced Osteogenesis

Bone marrow-derived mesenchymal stromal cells (BM-MSCs) are considered the gold standard for stem cell-based tissue engineering applications. However, the process by which they must be harvested can be associated with significant donor site morbidity. In contrast, adipose-derived stromal cells (ASCs) are more readily abundant and more easily harvested, making them an appealing alternative to BM-MSCs. Like BM-MSCs, ASCs can differentiate into osteogenic lineage cells and can be used in tissue engineering applications, such as seeding onto scaffolds for use in craniofacial skeletal defects. ASCs are obtained from the stromal vascular fraction (SVF) of digested adipose tissue, which is a heterogeneous mixture of ASCs, vascular endothelial and mural cells, smooth muscle cells, pericytes, fibroblasts, and circulating cells. Flow cytometric analysis has shown that the surface marker profile for ASCs is similar to that for BM-MSCs. Despite several published reports establishing markers for the ASC phenotype, there is still a lack of consensus over profiles identifying osteoprogenitor cells in this heterogeneous population. This protocol describes how to isolate and use a subpopulation of ASCs with enhanced osteogenic capacity to repair critical-sized calvarial defects.

The transcriptional heterogeneity within human adipose-derived stromal cells can be defined on the single cell level using cell surface markers and osteogenic genes. We describe a protocol utilizing flow cytometry for the isolation of cell subpopulations with increased osteogenic potential, which may be used to enhance craniofacial skeletal reconstruction.

強化された骨形成のためのヒト脂肪由来間質細胞の単離および濃縮

Bone marrow-derived mesenchymal stromal cells (BM-MSCs) are considered the gold standard for stem cell-based tissue engineering applications. However, the ...

発生生物学

Isolation and Differentiation of Adipose-Derived Stem Cells from Porcine Subcutaneous Adipose Tissues

Obesity is an unconstrained worldwide epidemic. Unraveling molecular controls in adipose tissue development holds promise to treat obesity or diabetes. Although numerous immortalized adipogenic cell lines have been established, adipose-derived stem cells from the stromal vascular fraction of subcutaneous white adipose tissues provide a reliable cellular system ex vivo much closer to adipose development in vivo. Pig adipose-derived stem cells (pADSC) are isolated from 7- to 9-day old piglets. The dorsal white fat depot of porcine subcutaneous adipose tissues is sliced, minced and collagenase digested. These pADSC exhibit strong potential to differentiate into adipocytes. Moreover, the pADSC also possess multipotency, assessed by selective stem cell markers, to differentiate into various mesenchymal cell types including adipocytes, osteocytes, and chondrocytes. These pADSC can be used for clarification of molecular switches in regulating classical adipocyte differentiation or in direction to other mesenchymal cell types of mesodermal origin. Furthermore, extended lineages into cells of ectodermal and endodermal origin have recently been achieved. Therefore, pADSC derived in this protocol provide an abundant and assessable source of adult mesenchymal stem cells with full multipotency for studying adipose development and application to tissue engineering of regenerative medicine.

This protocol describes the isolation of pig adipose-derived stem cells (pADSC) from subcutaneous adipose tissues with examination of multipotency. The multipotent pADSC are used to delineate processes of adipocyte differentiation and study transdifferentiation into multiple cell lineages of mesodermal mesenchyme or further lineages of ectoderm and endoderm for regenerative studies.

ブタ皮下脂肪組織から分離し、脂肪由来幹細胞の分化

Obesity is an unconstrained worldwide epidemic. Unraveling molecular controls in adipose tissue development holds promise to treat obesity or diabetes. ...

An Efficient Method to Obtain Dedifferentiated Fat Cells

Tissue engineering and cell therapy hold great promise clinically. In this regard, multipotent cells, such as mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs), may be used therapeutically, in the near future, to restore function to damaged organs. Nevertheless, several technical issues, including the highly invasive procedure of isolating MSCs and the inefficiency surrounding their amplification, currently hamper the potential clinical use of these therapeutic modalities. Herein, we introduce a highly efficient method for the generation of dedifferentiated fat cells (DFAT), MSC-like cells. Interestingly, DFAT cells can be differentiated into several cell types including adipogenic, osteogenic, and chondrogenic cells. Although other groups have previously presented various methods for generating DFAT cells from mature adipose tissue, our method allows us to produce DFAT cells more efficiently. In this regard, we demonstrate that DFAT culture medium (DCM), supplemented with 20% FBS, is more effective in generating DFAT cells than DMEM, supplemented with 20% FBS. Additionally, the DFAT cells produced by our cell culture method can be redifferentiated into several tissue types. As such, a very interesting and useful model for the study of tissue dedifferentiation is presented.

We have modified the conditions for DFAT cell generation and provide herein information regarding the use of an improved growth medium for the production of these cells.

脱分化脂肪細胞を得るために効率的な方法

Tissue engineering and cell therapy hold great promise clinically. In this regard, multipotent cells, such as mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs), may be used ...

Chondrogenic Differentiation Induction of Adipose-derived Stem Cells by Centrifugal Gravity

Impaired cartilage cannot heal naturally. Currently, the most advanced therapy for defects in cartilage is the transplantation of chondrocytes differentiated from stem cells using cytokines. Unfortunately, cytokine-induced chondrogenic differentiation is costly, time-consuming, and associated with a high risk of contamination during in vitro differentiation. However, biomechanical stimuli also serve as crucial regulatory factors for chondrogenesis. For example, mechanical stress can induce chondrogenic differentiation of stem cells, suggesting a potential therapeutic approach for the repair of impaired cartilage. In this study, we demonstrated that centrifugal gravity (CG, 2,400 &#215; g), a mechanical stress easily applied by centrifugation, induced the upregulation of sex determining region Y (SRY)-box 9 (SOX9) in adipose-derived stem cells (ASCs), causing them to express chondrogenic phenotypes. The centrifuged ASCs expressed higher levels of chondrogenic differentiation markers, such as aggrecan (ACAN), collagen type 2 alpha 1 (COL2A1), and collagen type 1 (COL1), but lower levels of collagen type 10 (COL10), a marker of hypertrophic chondrocytes. In addition, chondrogenic aggregate formation, a prerequisite for chondrogenesis, was observed in centrifuged ASCs.

Mechanical stress can induce the chondrogenic differentiation of stem cells, providing a potential therapeutic approach for the repair of impaired cartilage. We present a protocol to induce the chondrogenic differentiation of adipose-derived stem cells (ASCs) using centrifugal gravity (CG). CG-induced upregulation of SOX9 results in the development of chondrogenic phenotypes.

遠心重力によって脂肪由来幹細胞の軟骨形成分化誘導

Impaired cartilage cannot heal naturally. Currently, the most advanced therapy for defects in cartilage is the transplantation of chondrocytes ...

Rapid Isolation of BMPR-IB+ Adipose-Derived Stromal Cells for Use in a Calvarial Defect Healing Model

Invasive cancers, major injuries, and infection can cause bone defects that are too large to be reconstructed with preexisting bone from the patient's own body. The ability to grow bone de novo using a patient's own cells would allow bony defects to be filled with adequate tissue without the morbidity of harvesting native bone. There is interest in the use of adipose-derived stromal cells (ASCs) as a source for tissue engineering because these are obtained from an abundant source: the patient's own adipose tissue. However, ASCs are a heterogeneous population and some subpopulations may be more effective in this application than others. Isolation of the most osteogenic population of ASCs could improve the efficiency and effectiveness of a bone engineering process. In this protocol, ASCs are obtained from subcutaneous fat tissue from a human donor. The subpopulation of ASCs expressing the marker BMPR-IB is isolated using FACS. These cells are then applied to an in vivo calvarial defect healing assay and are found to have improved osteogenic regenerative potential compared with unsorted cells.

Adipose-derived stromal cells may be useful for engineering new tissue from a patient's own cells. We present a protocol for the isolation of a subpopulation of human adipose-derived stromal cells (ASCs) with increased osteogenic potential, followed by application of the cells in an in vivo calvarial healing assay.

頭蓋冠欠損治癒モデルで使用するためのBMPR-IB +脂肪由来間質細胞の迅速な単離

Invasive cancers, major injuries, and infection can cause bone defects that are too large to be reconstructed with preexisting bone from the patient's own ...

A Novel Mammary Fat Pad Transplantation Technique to Visualize the Vessel Generation of Vascular Endothelial Stem Cells

Endothelial cells (ECs) are the fundamental building blocks of the vascular architecture and mediate vascular growth and remodeling to ensure proper vessel development and homeostasis. However, studies on endothelial lineage hierarchy remain elusive due to the lack of tools to gain access as well as to directly evaluate their behavior in vivo. To address this shortcoming, a new tissue model to study angiogenesis using the mammary fat pad has been developed. The mammary gland develops mostly in the postnatal stages, including puberty and pregnancy, during which robust epithelium proliferation is accompanied by extensive vascular remodeling. Mammary fat pads provide space, matrix, and rich angiogenic stimuli from the growing mammary epithelium. Furthermore, mammary fat pads are located outside the peritoneal cavity, making them an easily accessible grafting site for assessing the angiogenic potential of exogenous cells. This work also describes an efficient tracing approach using fluorescent reporter mice to specifically label the targeted population of vascular endothelial stem cells (VESCs) in vivo. This lineage tracing method, coupled with subsequent tissue whole-mount microscopy, enable the direct visualization of targeted cells and their descendants, through which the proliferation capability can be quantified and the differentiation commitment can be fate-mapped. Using these methods, a population of bipotent protein C receptor (Procr) expressing VESCs has recently been identified in multiple vascular systems. Procr+ VESCs, giving rise to both new ECs and pericytes, actively contribute to angiogenesis during development, homeostasis, and injury repair. Overall, this manuscript describes a new mammary fat pad transplantation and in vivo lineage tracing techniques that can be used to evaluate the stem cell properties of VESCs.

This work demonstrates a novel approach to assess the proliferation, differentiation, and vessel-forming potential of vascular endothelial stem cells (VESCs) through mammary fat pad transplantation followed by whole-mount tissue preparation for microscopic observation. A lineage tracing strategy to investigate the behavior of VESCs in vivo is also presented.

血管内皮幹細胞の血管形成を視覚化するための新規乳腺脂肪移植技術

Endothelial cells (ECs) are the fundamental building blocks of the vascular architecture and mediate vascular growth and remodeling to ensure proper ...

Horizontal Whole Mount: A Novel Processing and Imaging Protocol for Thick, Three-dimensional Tissue Cross-sections of Skin

Processing a tissue of interest to generate a microscopic image that supports a scientific argument can be challenging. The acquisition of high-quality microscopic images is not entirely dependent upon the quality of the microscope, but also upon the methods of tissue processing, which often involve multiple critical actions or steps. Furthermore, mesenchymal cell types in the skin and other tissues represent a new challenge for tissue preparation and imaging. Here, we present a complete process, from tissue harvest to microscopy. Our technique, called &#34;horizontal whole mount,&#34; is one that novices can quickly become proficient in and that allows for antigen preservation and detection in 60-300 &#181;m-thick sections cut with a cryostat. Sections of this thickness provide enhanced visualization of tissue microarchitecture in a three-dimensional environment. In addition, the protocol preserves mesenchymal cells in a manner that enhances image quality when compared to standard cryostat or paraffin sections, thereby increasing the efficacy and reliability of immunostaining. We believe that this protocol will benefit all laboratories that visualize skin, and possibly other tissues and organs.

This work presents a novel processing and imaging protocol for thick, three-dimensional tissue cross-section analysis that enables the full exploitation of confocal imaging modalities. This protocol preserves antigenicity and represents a robust system to analyze skin histology and potentially other tissue types.

水平全マウント：皮膚の厚い3次元組織断面のための新規処理および画像化プロトコール

Processing a tissue of interest to generate a microscopic image that supports a scientific argument can be challenging. The acquisition of high-quality ...

In Vivo Tracking of Human Adipose-derived Mesenchymal Stem Cells in a Rat Knee Osteoarthritis Model with Fluorescent Lipophilic Membrane Dye

In order to support the clinical application of human adipose-derived mesenchymal stem cell (haMSC) therapy for knee osteoarthritis (KOA), we examined the efficacy of cell persistence and biodistribution of haMSCs in animal models. We demonstrated a method to label the cell membrane of haMSCs with lipophilic fluorescent dye. Subsequently, intra-articular injection of the labeled cells in rats with surgically induced KOA was monitored dynamically by an in vivo imaging system. We employed the lipophilic carbocyanines DiD (DilC18 (5)), a far-red fluorescent Dil (dialkylcarbocyanines) analog, which utilized a red laser to avoid excitation of the natural green autofluorescence from surrounding tissues. Furthermore, the red-shifted emission spectra of DiD allowed deep-tissue imaging in live animals and the labeling procedure caused no cytotoxic effects or functional damage to haMSCs. This approach has been shown to be an efficient tracking method for haMSCs in a rat KOA model. The application of this method could also be used to determine the optimal administration route and dosage of MSCs from other sources in pre-clinical studies.

In Vivo Tracking of Human Adipose-derived Mesenchymal Stem Cells in a Rat Knee Osteoarthritis Model with Fluorescent Lipophilic Membrane Dye

This protocol describes an efficient way to monitor the cell persistence and biodistribution of human adipose-derived mesenchymal stem cells (haMSCs) by far-red fluorescence labeling in a rat knee osteoarthritis (KOA) model via intra-articular (IA) injection.

生体内でひと脂肪由来間葉系幹細胞が脂溶性膜の蛍光色素をラット膝関節変形性関節症モデルでの追跡

In order to support the clinical application of human adipose-derived mesenchymal stem cell (haMSC) therapy for knee osteoarthritis (KOA), we examined the ...

Single-cell Photoconversion in Living Intact Zebrafish

Animal and plant tissue is composed of distinct populations of cells. These cells interact over time to build and maintain the tissue and can cause disease when disrupted. Scientists have developed clever techniques to investigate characteristics and natural dynamics of these cells within intact tissue by expressing fluorescent proteins in subsets of cells. However, at times, experiments require more selected visualization of cells within the tissue, sometimes at the single-cell or population-of-cells manner. To achieve this and visualize single cells within a population of cells, scientists have utilized single-cell photoconversion of fluorescent proteins. To demonstrate this technique, we show here how to direct UV light to an Eos-expressing cell of interest in an intact, living zebrafish. We then image those photoconverted Eos+ cells 24 h later to determine how they changed in the tissue. We describe two techniques: single cell photoconversion and photoconversions of populations of cell. These techniques can be used to visualize cell-cell interactions, cell-fate and differentiation, and cell migrations, making it a technique that is applicable in numerous biological questions.

Here, we present a protocol to show how cell photoconversion is achieved through UV exposure to specific areas expressing the fluorescent protein, Eos, in living animals.

生活そのままゼブラフィッシュの単一セルの光電

Animal and plant tissue is composed of distinct populations of cells. These cells interact over time to build and maintain the tissue and can cause ...

Computational Analysis of the Caenorhabditis elegans Germline to Study the Distribution of Nuclei, Proteins, and the Cytoskeleton

The Caenorhabditis elegans (C. elegans) germline is used to study several biologically important processes including stem cell development, apoptosis, and chromosome dynamics. While the germline is an excellent model, the analysis is often two dimensional due to the time and labor required for three-dimensional analysis. Major readouts in such studies are the number/position of nuclei and protein distribution within the germline. Here, we present a method to perform automated analysis of the germline using confocal microscopy and computational approaches to determine the number and position of nuclei in each region of the germline. Our method also analyzes germline protein distribution that enables the three-dimensional examination of protein expression in different genetic backgrounds. Further, our study shows variations in cytoskeletal architecture in distinct regions of the germline that may accommodate specific spatial developmental requirements. Finally, our method enables automated counting of the sperm in the spermatheca of each germline. Taken together, our method enables rapid and reproducible phenotypic analysis of the C. elegans germline.

Computational Analysis of the Caenorhabditis elegans Germline to Study the Distribution of Nuclei, Proteins, and the Cytoskeleton

We present an automated method for three-dimensional reconstruction of the Caenorhabditis elegans germline. Our method determines the number and position of each nucleus within the germline and analyses germline protein distribution and cytoskeletal structure.

核の分布、蛋白質および細胞骨格を研究する線虫生殖細胞の解析

The Caenorhabditis elegans (C. elegans) germline is used to study several biologically important processes including stem cell development, apoptosis, and ...