The authors dedicate this paper in honor of Prof. Gilberto Oliveira-Castro who introduced research in intercellular communication by gap junctions in Brazil. This work was funded by Capes, CNPQ and Faperj.

<html>細胞の調製<ol><li>胸腺上皮細胞株（IT76M1）または細胞の培養物を維持インキュベーターにおいて試験される（37℃/ 5％CO 2）。 </li><li> PBS 1×（このアイテム3回繰り返す）で細胞を洗浄。 </li><li> 5分間細胞にトリプシンを追加します。 </li><li>トリプシンおよび遠心分離（5分間800×gで）を有する細胞に10％FBS（ウシ胎児血清）と（項目1.3で追加されたトリプシンの体積の2回）培地を追加します。 </li><li>血球計で細胞をカウントします。 </li><li>細胞は、結合を可能にするために、互いに密着している必要として、細胞型に応じて細胞の濃度を調整します。注意：私たちのケースでは、我々は35ミリメートルペトリ皿当たり3×10 5細胞を使用しました。 </li></ol> 2.マイクロピペットの準備<ol><li>直径の最終的な0.2μmのガラスキャピラリーマイクロピペット（直径1.5mm）から指定されるように約30MΩの最後の抵抗を達成するために、マイクロピペットを引き出しますF &quot;&gt; 17、18。 注：別の方法として、注入ピペットを購入することができます。抵抗は、セルサイズに依存し、例えば、高抵抗の微小電極は、例えば、（100〜150MΩ）19のために、膵臓の腺房細胞のために必要であろう。発生する可能性がある一般的な問題は、その後、マイクロピペットを妨害することができますし、前に濾過または遠心分離を必要とするかもしれないルシファーイエローソリューションの沈殿です。注射の前に、マイクロピペットは、障害物や中断13のいずれかのタイプがあるかどうかを検出するために、顕微鏡下で分析する必要があります。マイクロピペットは、生理食塩水の内部マイクロピペットの先端でLYを注入することによって試験することができます。 </li></ol> 3.テストマイクロピペット<ol><li> 150ミリモル/ LのLiClでルシファーイエロー溶液（5％）を調製し、注射器を用いて、マイクロピペットをロードしたり、埋め戻しにより（それLYソリューションに入れます）。 </li><li>マイクロパイプを配置マイクロインジェクションのワークステーション上IT76M1細胞と35ミリメートルペトリ皿の上って、細胞培地にガラスマイクロピペットの先端を沈めます。マイクロピペットに焦点を当て、パルスを印加することにより、色素流れるテストを実行します。 </li></ol> 4.シングルセルルシファーイエローマイクロインジェクション<ol><li>その後、ゆっくりとマイクロマニピュレーターを用いて細胞にピペットを下げ、右高いマグニFiのカチオン（40X）を使用して、細胞層の上に顕微鏡の焦点を合わせます。 </li><li>先端が細胞膜に触れるのに十分近い場合、標的細胞を穿刺し、細胞内にLYを導入するための小さな過分極パルスを印加します。印加電圧は、注入される色素の正味の電荷に依存します。表1に示されるように代わりに、いくつかの他の色素は、この技術を用いて使用することができます。 注：1KDaを使用することができるよりも、原理的にMWを有する任意の親水性染料が少ないです。ただし、転送速度は、重量と親水性に応じて変化させることができます。また、U使用される染料のnspecific転送が評価されなければなりません。 </li><li>細胞画像を色素注入後3分をキャプチャしたりタイムラプス顕微鏡（30 FPS）で小さな映画を作ります。 注：同様のアプローチは、ひとみら（2015）20に見ることができました。 図2に示すように、細胞間のブリッジによる通信（不完全な有糸分裂）、ギャップ結合を通過するが、推奨されている細胞間橋やナノチューブの特定の種類を通過しないローダミンデキストラン（2〜10キロダルトンまで）の同時注射を回避するために、 。 </li></ol>

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The authors have no conflicts of interest.

細胞間のチャネルによって透過性が16を必要としているが、機能的な細胞間ギャップ結合の存在、膜不透過性トレーサーの使用を確認するために。フルオレセイン、第一の蛍光色素は、細胞から細胞へのカップリング22、非接合膜3との間に透過性であり、したがって、ルシファーイエロー染料15で置換されている観察しま...

ギャップ結合は、隣接セル1間の相互通信を可能にする細胞間チャネルです。この通信は、それぞれの間のチャネルを形成するコネクソンまたはヘミチャネルと寄与する二つ以上の隣接セルを接続します。哺乳動物細胞において、コネクソンは6コネキシンは、4つの膜貫通ドメイン及び細胞質2内のC及びN末端でのモノマーにより形成されます。ギャップ結合は、イオンのみ、第二メッセンジャーおよび小代謝産物の流れを許容するが、また、シナプス伝達、心臓の収縮、細胞の増殖および分化3、4、5、6のような多くの生理学的プロセスにおいて、セルラー通信の多くの形態、に寄与しません7,8。また、ギャップ結合が関連付けされています癌9、10、筋萎縮症11、いくつかの遺伝病や脱髄疾患12を含む多くの疾患。 細胞間のクロストークのこのタイプは、いくつかの方法13、14、15、16により評価することができます。本稿では、生きた細胞のギャップジャンクションを介しセルラー通信を可視化するためにルシファーイエローの単一細胞マイクロインジェクションを実行する方法を示しています。我々は、細胞およびマイクロピペット、マイクロマニピュレータの使用法および胸腺上皮細胞株でルシファーイエロー染料の注入を準備する方法について説明します。通常、この実験手順は、染料でロードセルに接続されたセルの平均値で分析することができました。また、この方法は、ギャップ未満の分子量を有する他の蛍光色素で使用することができます接合は、カットオフ約1,000ダルトンです。

<table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" width="1228">
	<tbody>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:195px;">Lucifer yellow</td>
			<td style="width:71px;">Sigma</td>
			<td style="width:137px;">L0259</td>
			<td style="width:827px;"></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:195px;">Lithium Chloride</td>
			<td style="width:71px;">Sigma</td>
			<td style="width:137px;">L4408</td>
			<td style="width:827px;"></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:195px;">PBS tablets</td>
			<td style="width:71px;">Sigma&#160;</td>
			<td style="width:137px;">P4417</td>
			<td style="width:827px;"></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:195px;">RPMI</td>
			<td style="width:71px;">Sigma</td>
			<td style="width:137px;">R4130</td>
			<td style="width:827px;"></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:195px;">Bovine fetal serum</td>
			<td style="width:71px;">Cultilab</td>
			<td style="width:137px;"></td>
			<td style="width:827px;"></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:195px;">Trypsin</td>
			<td style="width:71px;">Sigma</td>
			<td style="width:137px;">T4799</td>
			<td style="width:827px;"></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">Microscope</td>
			<td style="width:71px;">Nikon</td>
			<td style="width:137px;">TE-2000</td>
			<td>For microinjection experiments, one needs an inverted fluorescence microscope and &#64257;lters for &#64258;uorescent microscopy</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">vibration-insulated table&#160;</td>
			<td style="width:71px;">Newport</td>
			<td style="width:137px;">VH3036W-OPT</td>
			<td>A vibration-insulated table is needed to protect the experiments from vibration and avoid cell damage</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">Micromanipulator</td>
			<td style="width:71px;">Narishige</td>
			<td style="width:137px;">MMO-203</td>
			<td>This equipment allows precision adjustments of the micropipette, which is needed for cell micro injection.</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="100">
			<td height="100" style="height:100px;">Current Generator&#160;</td>
			<td style="width:71px;">Digitimer</td>
			<td style="width:137px;">DS2</td>
			<td>To produce the dye flow through the micropipette, a current below one nano ampere was given using a current generator with an electrode inside the micropipette or an amplifier which has a capacitance compensation circuit (old electrometer) or current injection functions of new patch clamp amplifiers, and the ground wire submersed in the plate dish. Alternatively, the dye can be injected by a pneumatic microinjector, following the factory recommendations.&#160;&#160;&#160;</td>
		</tr>
	</tbody>
</table>

single-cell microinjection for cell communication analysis

Gap junctions are intercellular channels that allow the communication of neighboring cells. This communication depends on the contribution of a hemichannel by each neighboring cell to form the gap junction. In mammalian cells, the hemichannel is formed by six connexins, monomers with four transmembrane domains and a C and N terminal within the cytoplasm. Gap junctions permit the exchange of ions, second messengers, and small metabolites. In addition, they have important roles in many forms of cellular communication within physiological processes such as synaptic transmission, heart contraction, cell growth and differentiation. We detail how to perform a single-cell microinjection of Lucifer Yellow to visualize cellular communication via gap-junctions in living cells. It is expected that in functional gap junctions, the dye will diffuse from the loaded cell to the connected cells. It is a very useful technique to study gap junctions since you can evaluate the diffusion of the fluorescence in real time. We discuss how to prepare the cells and the micropipette, how to use a micromanipulator and inject a low molecular weight fluorescent dye in an epithelial cell line.

これらの細胞は、43 21をコネキシンによって形成された機能的なギャップ結合を発現することが記載されたように、胸腺上皮細胞株IT-76MIは、ギャップ結合により色素の結合を評価しました。ピペットの先端の下に一つのセルに適用すると、図1は、ルシファーイエローの注入を示しています。数分後、接続されたセルは、ギャップ結合を介して蛍光色...

Watch this Scientific Journal Video about Single-cell Microinjection for Cell Communication Analysis at JoVE.com

Single-cell Microinjection for Cell Communication Analysis

私たちは、生きた細胞内のギャップジャンクションを介しセルラー通信を可視化し、いくつかの有用なヒントを提供するために、ルシファーイエローの単一細胞マイクロインジェクションを実行する方法をここで説明します。我々は、この論文は誰もが機能的ギャップ結合による細胞結合の程度を評価するために役立つことを期待しています。ここで説明するすべてのものは、原理的には、1,000ダルトン未満の分子量を有する他の蛍光色素に適合させることができます。

セル通信解析のための単一細胞のマイクロインジェクション

Gap junctions are intercellular channels that allow the communication of neighboring cells. This communication depends on the contribution of a ...

single-cell-microinjection-for-cell-communication-analysis

Research

JoVE Journal

Biology

11.2K ビュー.  Oswaldo Cruz Foundation. 私たちは、生きた細胞内のギャップジャンクションを介しセルラー通信を可視化し、いくつかの有用なヒントを提供するために、ルシファーイエローの単一細胞マイクロインジェクションを実行する方法をここで説明します。我々は、この論文は誰もが機能的ギャップ結合による細胞結合の程度を評価するために役立つことを期待しています。ここで説?...

ビデオ: Single-cell Microinjection for Cell Communication Analysis

Single Cell Transfection in Chick Embryos

A central theme in developmental biology is the diversification of lineages and the elucidation of underlying molecular mechanisms. This entails a thorough analysis of the fates of single cells under normal and experimental conditions. To this end, transfection methods that target single progenitors are a prerequisite. We describe here a technically straightforward method for transfecting single cells in chicken tissues in-ovo, allowing reliable lineage tracing as well as genetic manipulation. Specific tissue domains are targeted within the somite or neural tube, and DNA is injected directly into the epithelium of interest, resulting in sporadic transfection of single cells. Using reporters, clonal populations may consequently be traced for up to three days, and behavior of genetically manipulated clonal populations can be compared with that of controls. This method takes advantage of the accessibility of the chick embryo along with emerging tools for genetic manipulation. We compare and discuss its advantages over the widely-used electroporation method, and possible applications and use in additional in-vivo models are also suggested. We advocate the use of this method as a significant addition and complement for existing lineage tracing and genetic interference tools.

Using fine tip micropipettes we inject plasmid DNA into subdomains of chicken somites or neural tubes. The concentration of the plasmid is adjusted to generate single transfected cells. We then allow the cells to develop into clonal populations.

鶏胚における単一細胞のトランスフェクション

A central theme in developmental biology is the diversification of lineages and the elucidation of underlying molecular mechanisms. This entails a ...

生物学

Single Cell Fate Mapping in Zebrafish

The ability to differentially label single cells has important implications in developmental biology. For instance, determining how hematopoietic, lymphatic, and blood vessel lineages arise in developing embryos requires fate mapping and lineage tracing of undifferentiated precursor cells. Recently, photoactivatable proteins which include: Eos1, 2, PAmCherry3, Kaede4-7, pKindling8, and KikGR9, 10 have received wide interest as cell tracing probes. The fluorescence spectrum of these photosensitive proteins can be easily converted with UV excitation, allowing a population of cells to be distinguished from adjacent ones. However, the photoefficiency of the activated protein may limit long-term cell tracking11. As an alternative to photoactivatable proteins, caged fluorescein-dextran has been widely used in embryo model systems7, 12-14. Traditionally, to uncage fluorescein-dextran, UV excitation from a fluorescence lamp house or a single photon UV laser has been used; however, such sources limit the spatial resolution of photoactivation. Here we report a protocol to fate map, lineage trace, and detect single labeled cells. Single cells in embryos injected with caged fluorescein-dextran are photoactivated with near-infrared laser pulses produced from a titanium sapphire femtosecond laser. This laser is customary in all two-photon confocal microscopes such as the LSM 510 META NLO microscope used in this paper. Since biological tissue is transparent to near-infrared irradiation15, the laser pulses can be focused deep within the embryo without uncaging cells above or below the selected focal plane. Therefore, non-linear two-photon absorption is induced only at the geometric focus to uncage fluorescein-dextran in a single cell. To detect the cell containing uncaged fluorescein-dextran, we describe a simple immunohistochemistry protocol16 to rapidly visualize the activated cell. The activation and detection protocol presented in this paper is versatile and can be applied to any model system. 
Note: The reagents used in this protocol can be found in the table appended at the end of the article.

A method is described to photoactivate single cells containing a caged fluorescent protein using two-photon absorption from a Ti:Sapphire femtosecond laser oscillator. To fate map the photoactivated cell, immunohistochemistry is used. This technique can be applied to any cell type.

ゼブラフィッシュにおける単一の細胞運命のマッピング

The ability to differentially label single cells has important implications in developmental biology. For instance, determining how hematopoietic, ...

Single Cell Transcriptional Profiling of Adult Mouse Cardiomyocytes

While numerous studies have examined gene expression changes from homogenates of heart tissue, this prevents studying the inherent stochastic variation between cells within a tissue. Isolation of pure cardiomyocyte populations through a collagenase perfusion of mouse hearts facilitates the generation of single cell microarrays for whole transcriptome gene expression, or qPCR of specific targets using nanofluidic arrays. We describe here a procedure to examine single cell gene expression profiles of cardiomyocytes isolated from the heart. This paradigm allows for the evaluation of metrics of interest which are not reliant on the mean (for example variance between cells within a tissue) which is not possible when using conventional whole tissue workflows for the evaluation of gene expression (Figure 1). We have achieved robust amplification of the single cell transcriptome yielding micrograms of double stranded cDNA that facilitates the use of microarrays on individual cells. In the procedure we describe the use of NimbleGen arrays which were selected for their ease of use and ability to customize their design. Alternatively, a reverse transcriptase - specific target amplification (RT-STA) reaction, allows for qPCR of hundreds of targets by nanofluidic PCR. Using either of these approaches, it is possible to examine the variability of expression between cells, as well as examining expression profiles of rare cell types from within a tissue. Overall, the single cell gene expression approach allows for the generation of data that can potentially identify idiosyncratic expression profiles that are typically averaged out when examining expression of millions of cells from typical homogenates generated from whole tissues.

Single cell expression profiling allows the detailed gene expression analysis of individual cells. We describe methods for the isolation of cardiomyocytes, and preparing the resulting lysates for either whole transcriptome microarray or qPCR of specific targets.

成体マウスの心筋細胞の単一細胞転写プロファイリング

While numerous studies have examined gene expression changes from homogenates of heart tissue, this prevents studying the inherent stochastic variation ...

Analysis of Single-cell Gene Transcription by RNA Fluorescent In Situ Hybridization (FISH)

Adhesion of Plasmodium falciparum infected erythrocytes (IE) to human endothelial receptors during malaria infections is mediated by expression of PfEMP1 protein variants encoded by the var genes.
The haploid P. falciparum genome harbors approximately 60 different var genes of which only one has been believed to be transcribed per cell at a time during the blood stage of the infection. How such mutually exclusive regulation of var gene transcription is achieved is unclear, as is the identification of individual var genes or sub-groups of var genes associated with different receptors and the consequence of differential binding on the clinical outcome of P. falciparum infections. Recently, the mutually exclusive transcription paradigm has been called into doubt by transcription assays based on individual P. falciparum transcript identification in single infected erythrocytic cells using RNA fluorescent in situ hybridization (FISH) analysis of var gene transcription by the parasite in individual nuclei of P. falciparum IE1.
Here, we present a detailed protocol for carrying out the RNA-FISH methodology for analysis of var gene transcription in single-nuclei of P. falciparum infected human erythrocytes. The method is based on the use of digoxigenin- and biotin- labeled antisense RNA probes using the TSA Plus Fluorescence Palette System2 (Perkin Elmer), microscopic analyses and freshly selected P. falciparum IE. The in situ hybridization method can be used to monitor transcription and regulation of a variety of genes expressed during the different stages of the P. falciparum life cycle and is adaptable to other malaria parasite species and other organisms and cell types.

Analysis of Single-cell Gene Transcription by RNA Fluorescent In Situ Hybridization FISH

Fluorescent in situ hybridization (FISH) to identify mRNA transcripts in individual cells allows analysis of polygenic activity such as the simultaneous transcription of more than one member of the var multigene family in Plasmodium falciparum infected erythrocytes 1. The technique is adaptable and can be used on different types of genes, cells and organisms.

RNAの蛍光による単一細胞遺伝子転写の解析<em&gt; in situで</em&gt;ハイブリダイゼーション（FISH）

Adhesion of Plasmodium falciparum infected erythrocytes (IE) to human endothelial receptors during malaria infections is mediated by expression of PfEMP1 ...

Analysis of Global RNA Synthesis at the Single Cell Level following Hypoxia

Hypoxia or lowering of the oxygen availability is involved in many physiological and pathological processes. At the molecular level, cells initiate a particular transcriptional program in order to mount an appropriate and coordinated cellular response. The cell possesses several oxygen sensor enzymes that require molecular oxygen as cofactor for their activity. These range from prolyl-hydroxylases to histone demethylases. The majority of studies analyzing cellular responses to hypoxia are based on cellular populations and average studies, and as such single cell analysis of hypoxic cells are seldom performed. Here we describe a method of analysis of global RNA synthesis at the single cell level in hypoxia by using Click-iT RNA imaging kits in an oxygen controlled workstation, followed by microscopy analysis and quantification.&nbsp; Using cancer cells exposed to hypoxia for different lengths of time, RNA is labeled and measured in each cell. This analysis allows the visualization of temporal and cell-to-cell changes in global RNA synthesis following hypoxic stress.

We describe a technique for analysis of global RNA synthesis in hypoxia using imaging. Click-chemistry labeling of RNA has not previously been performed under hypoxia and allows visualization of global RNA changes at the single cell level. This approach complements the existing averaged RNA techniques, allowing direct visualization of cell-to-cell changes in global RNA synthesis.

低酸素症後単一細胞レベルでのグローバルのRNA合成の分析

Hypoxia or lowering of the oxygen availability is involved in many physiological and pathological processes. At the molecular level, cells initiate a ...

Single-cell Microfluidic Analysis of Bacillus subtilis

Microfluidic technology overcomes many of the limitations to traditional analytical methods in microbiology. Unlike bulk-culture methods, it offers single-cell resolution and long observation times spanning hundreds of generations; unlike agarose pad-based microscopy, it has uniform growth conditions that can be tightly controlled. Because the continuous flow of growth medium isolates the cells in a microfluidic device from unpredictable variations in the local chemical environment caused by cell growth and metabolism, authentic changes in gene expression and cell growth in response to specific stimuli can be more confidently observed. Bacillus subtilis is used here as a model bacterial species to demonstrate a &#34;mother machine&#34;-type method for cellular analysis. We show how to construct and plumb a microfluidic device, load it with cells, initiate microscopic imaging, and expose cells to a stimulus by switching from one growth medium to another. A stress-responsive reporter is used as an example to reveal the type of data that may be obtained by this method. We also briefly discuss further applications of this method for other types of experiments, such as analysis of bacterial sporulation.

Single-cell Microfluidic Analysis of Bacillus subtilis

We present a method for the microfluidic analysis of individual bacterial cell lineages using Bacillus subtilis as an example. The method overcomes shortcomings of traditional analytical methods in microbiology by allowing observation of hundreds of cell generations under tightly controllable and uniform growth conditions.

枯草菌の単一細胞マイクロ流体解析

Microfluidic technology overcomes many of the limitations to traditional analytical methods in microbiology. Unlike bulk-culture methods, it offers ...

Analysis of Beta-cell Function Using Single-cell Resolution Calcium Imaging in Zebrafish Islets

Pancreatic beta-cells respond to increasing blood glucose concentrations by secreting the hormone insulin. The dysfunction of beta-cells leads to hyperglycemia and severe, life-threatening consequences. Understanding how the beta-cells operate under physiological conditions and what genetic and environmental factors might cause their dysfunction could lead to better treatment options for diabetic patients. The ability to measure calcium levels in beta-cells serves as an important indicator of beta-cell function, as the influx of calcium ions triggers insulin release. Here we describe a protocol for monitoring the glucose-stimulated calcium influx in zebrafish beta-cells by using GCaMP6s, a genetically encoded sensor of calcium. The method allows monitoring the intracellular calcium dynamics with single-cell resolution in ex vivo mounted islets. The glucose-responsiveness of beta-cells within the same islet can be captured simultaneously under different glucose concentrations, which suggests the presence of functional heterogeneity among zebrafish beta-cells. Furthermore, the technique provides high temporal and spatial resolution, which reveals the oscillatory nature of the calcium influx upon glucose stimulation. Our approach opens the doors to use the zebrafish as a model to investigate the contribution of genetic and environmental factors to beta-cell function and dysfunction.

Beta-cell functionality is important for blood-glucose homeostasis, which is evaluated at single-cell resolution using a genetically encoded reporter for calcium influx.

ゼブラフィッシュ ランゲルハンス島における単一セルの解像度カルシウム イメージングを用いた β-細胞機能の解析

Pancreatic beta-cells respond to increasing blood glucose concentrations by secreting the hormone insulin. The dysfunction of beta-cells leads to ...

Single-Cell Resolution Three-Dimensional Imaging of Intact Organoids

Organoid technology, in vitro 3D culturing of miniature tissue, has opened a new experimental window for cellular processes that govern organ development and function as well as disease. Fluorescence microscopy has played a major role in characterizing their cellular composition in detail and demonstrating their similarity to the tissue they originate from. In this article, we present a comprehensive protocol for high-resolution 3D imaging of whole organoids upon immunofluorescent labeling. This method is widely applicable for imaging of organoids differing in origin, size and shape. Thus far we have applied the method to airway, colon, kidney, and liver organoids derived from healthy human tissue, as well as human breast tumor organoids and mouse mammary gland organoids. We use an optical clearing agent, FUnGI, which enables the acquisition of whole 3D organoids with the opportunity for single-cell quantification of markers. This three-day protocol from organoid harvesting to image analysis is optimized for 3D imaging using confocal microscopy.

The entire 3D structure and cellular content of organoids, as well as their phenotypic resemblance to the original tissue can be captured using the single-cell resolution 3D imaging protocol described here. This protocol can be applied to a wide range of organoids varying in origin, size and shape.

インタクトオルガノイドの単一細胞分解能3次元イメージング

Organoid technology, in vitro 3D culturing of miniature tissue, has opened a new experimental window for cellular processes that govern organ development ...

Real-Time Detection of Reactive Oxygen Species Production in Immune Response in Rice with a Chemiluminescence Assay

Reactive oxygen species (ROS) play vital roles in a variety of biological processes, including the sensing of abiotic and biotic stresses. Upon pathogen infection or challenge with pathogen-associated chemicals (pathogen-associated molecular patterns [PAMPs]), an array of immune responses, including a ROS burst, are quickly induced in plants, which is called PAMP-triggered immunity (PTI). A ROS burst is a hallmark PTI response, which is catalyzed by a group of plasma membrane-localized NADPH oxidases-the RBOH family proteins. The vast majority of ROS comprise hydrogen peroxide (H2O2), which can be easily and steadily detected by a luminol-based chemiluminescence method. Chemiluminescence is a photon-producing reaction in which luminol, or its derivative (such as L-012), undergoes a redox reaction with ROS under the action of a catalyst. This paper describes an optimized L-012-based chemiluminescence method to detect apoplast ROS production in real-time upon PAMP elicitation in rice tissues. The method is easy, steady, standardized, and highly reproducible under firmly controlled conditions.

Here, we describe a method for the real-time detection of apoplastic reactive oxygen species (ROS) production in rice tissues in pathogen-associated molecular pattern-triggered immune response. This method is simple, standardized, and generates highly reproducible results under controlled conditions.

化学発光アッセイによるイネの免疫応答における活性酸素種産生のリアルタイム検出

Reactive oxygen species (ROS) play vital roles in a variety of biological processes, including the sensing of abiotic and biotic stresses. Upon pathogen ...

Single-Cell Proteomics Preparation for Mass Spectrometry Analysis Using Freeze-Heat Lysis and an Isobaric Carrier

Single-cell proteomics analysis requires sensitive, quantitatively accurate, widely accessible, and robust methods. To meet these requirements, the Single-Cell ProtEomics (SCoPE2) protocol was developed as a second-generation method for quantifying hundreds to thousands of proteins from limited samples, down to the level of a single cell. Experiments using this method have achieved quantifying over 3,000 proteins across 1,500 single mammalian cells (500-1,000 proteins per cell) in 10 days of mass spectrometer instrument time. SCoPE2 leverages a freeze-heat cycle for cell lysis, obviating the need for clean-up of single cells and consequently reducing sample losses, while expediting sample preparation and simplifying its automation. Additionally, the method uses an isobaric carrier, which aids protein identification and reduces sample losses.
This video protocol provides detailed guidance to enable the adoption of automated single-cell protein analysis using only equipment and reagents that are widely accessible. We demonstrate critical steps in the procedure of preparing single cells for proteomic analysis, from harvesting up to injection to liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS) analysis. Additionally, viewers are guided through the principles of experimental design with the isobaric carrier, quality control for both isobaric carrier and single-cell preparations, and representative results with a discussion of limitations of the approach.

In this protocol, we describe how to prepare mammalian cells for single-cell proteomics analysis via mass spectrometry using commercially available reagents and equipment, with options for both manual and automatic pipetting.

凍結熱分解と同重体担体を用いた質量分析のためのシングルセルプロテオミクス調製(英語)

Single-cell proteomics analysis requires sensitive, quantitatively accurate, widely accessible, and robust methods. To meet these requirements, the ...