Authors were supported by the German Cancer Aid (Max Eder Nachwuchsgruppe, Deutsche Krebshilfe; EU), the LOEWE Center for Cell and Gene Therapy Frankfurt (EU, ST) funded by the Hessian Ministry of Higher Education, Research and the Arts, Germany (III L 4- 518/17.004) and by the "Alfred- und Angelika Gutermuth-Stiftung", Frankfurt, Germany (EU). BJ was funded by a Mildred Scheel postdoctoral scholarship from the Dr. Mildred Scheel Foundation for Cancer Research. ST was founded by a GO-IN postdoctoral fellowship (PCOFUND-GA-2011-291776). The authors thank Becton Dickinson (BD) for providing the FACSCanto II and Canto10c Flow Cytometry Analyzers used in this study.

<ol>
	<li>Watzl, C. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=How+to+trigger+a+killer:+modulation+of+natural+killer+cell+reactivity+on+many+levels.">How to trigger a killer: modulation of natural killer cell reactivity on many levels.</a> Adv Immunol. 124, 137-170 (2014).</li><li>Khaznadar, Z., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Defective+NK+Cells+in+Acute+Myeloid+Leukemia+Patients+at+Diagnosis+Are+Associated+with+Blast+Transcriptional+Signatures+of+Immune+Evasion.">Defective NK Cells in Acute Myeloid Leukemia Patients at Diagnosis Are Associated with Blast Transcriptional Signatures of Immune Evasion.</a> J Immunol. 195 (6), 2580-2590 (2015).</li><li>Pical-Izard, C., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Reconstitution+of+natural+killer+cells+in+HLA-matched+HSCT+after+reduced-intensity+conditioning:+impact+on+clinical+outcome.">Reconstitution of natural killer cells in HLA-matched HSCT after reduced-intensity conditioning: impact on clinical outcome.</a> Biol Blood Marrow Transplant. 21 (3), 429-439 (2015).</li><li>Ahlenstiel, G., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Early+changes+in+natural+killer+cell+function+indicate+virologic+response+to+interferon+therapy+for+hepatitis+C.">Early changes in natural killer cell function indicate virologic response to interferon therapy for hepatitis C.</a> Gastroenterology. 141 (4), 1231-1239 (2011).</li><li>Porrata, L. 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The authors have nothing to disclose.

Il metodo descritto è un metodo facile, veloce e affidabile per studiare le funzioni delle cellule NK da campioni di sangue intero di donatori sani o pazienti. Questo metodo offre il grande vantaggio di purificare direttamente le cellule NK da sangue intero, evitando il tempo centrifugazione in gradiente di densità, che è obbligatorio per molti altri metodi di purificazione 15. Inoltre, si richiede una dimensione campione più piccolo rispetto ai metodi &quot;classici&quot; di isolamento delle cellule NK / arricchimento, il che lo rende una valida alternativa per i campioni di pazienti pediatrici e / o immuno-deficienti. Questo protocollo può essere utilizzato per ottenere valori basali di NK funzioni cellulari ex-vivo, ma permette anche l&#39;ulteriore coltura NK ed espansione, essendo in questo modo complementare con altri metodi precedentemente descritti 8. Tuttavia alcuni passaggi critici devono essere prese in considerazione. Dal momento che il test si basa su extra e intracellulare colorazione anticorpi, è fondamentale per determinare l&#39;ottimale working concentrazione per ogni anticorpo prima. Soprattutto per la colorazione intracellulare, un&#39;attenta valutazione degli anticorpi utilizzati è altamente raccomandato. Un buon approccio è quello di testare una serie di diluizioni di anticorpo utilizzato (ad esempio, 1: 100 a 1: 12.5) in una sospensione cellulare stimolata con o senza PMA / ionomicina. In seguito il rapporto di eventi positivi tra i campioni stimolati e non-stimolata vengono calcolati e tracciati. La diluizione anticorpo con il più alto rapporto di variazione piega positiva (miglior rapporto segnale-background) dovrebbe essere utilizzato per ulteriori esperimenti 16. Inoltre, l&#39;impiego di controlli come controlli isotype- e FMO può rivelarsi fondamentale soprattutto per la colorazione intracellulare per cancello correttamente sui popolazioni cellulari positive. Tuttavia, ci sono alcune importanti limitazioni del metodo descritto. espressione CD107a è un marcatore degranulazione e quindi solo indirettamente indica citotossicità delle cellule NK. NK citotossicità cellulare unND capacità degranulazione può essere diversa. Up-regolazione della via autofagia nelle cellule tumorali risultati nella degradazione del secreto granzima B e riduce la morte delle cellule in seguito all&#39;interazione delle cellule NK 17. Pertanto un ulteriore DCM (ad esempio, caspasi spaccati 3) può essere aggiunta al pannello di colorazione per monitorare gli eventi di morte cellulare nelle cellule bersaglio 18. Inoltre, citotossicità delle cellule NK è influenzata dalla quantità di proteine citotossici nei loro granuli (ad esempio, perforina, granzyme b), che può essere quantificato da una colorazione intracellulare 19,20. Inoltre, vi sono diverse possibilità per modificare il protocollo. Invece di cellule NK isolate, le cellule mononucleari del sangue periferico (PBMC) possono essere utilizzati. Anche se si deve essere consapevoli del fatto che il numero delle cellule NK assoluto all&#39;interno della popolazione PBMC differisce tra i vari donatori e anche tra i campioni provenienti dallo stesso donatore in diversi momenti. degranul cellule NKzione è fortemente dipendente sulla E: rapporto T. Al fine di confrontare le funzioni delle cellule NK tra i diversi donatori o in vari momenti, il numero delle cellule NK assoluto all&#39;interno della popolazione PBMC deve essere utilizzato per stabilire una costante E: rapporto T in tutti gli esperimenti. Se funzioni delle cellule NK sono monitorate in diversi momenti all&#39;interno dello stesso donatore, PBMC possono essere congelati e l&#39;analisi può essere fatto in una sola volta per tutti i diversi punti di tempo al fine di ridurre le variazioni inter-sperimentali 11. Poiché colorazione pannelli con fino a 18 colori sono possibili, analisi delle funzioni delle cellule NK può essere estesa ad un dettaglio molto maggiore. Utilizzando marcatori di superficie CD57 aggiuntive, tra cui, NKG2A e recettori immunoglobuline-like cellule killer (KIRs), ulteriori sottoinsiemi di cellule NK possono essere identificati. Le cellule NK istruite che esprimono almeno un auto-KIR degranulano più forte su di interazione con le cellule K562 rispetto alle cellule NK ignoranti. Al contrario, CD57 più differenziato + CD56 + </sup&gt; cellule NK producono meno IFN-γ su IL-12 e IL-15 stimolazione rispetto al CD57 meno differenziate - cellule CD56 + NK 21. Inoltre, altri marcatori della funzione delle cellule NK possono essere indirizzate. LFA-1 è una molecola importante per l&#39;adesione delle cellule NK e si esprime nella sua conformazione aperta al momento dell&#39;attivazione delle cellule NK. Questo cosiddetto &quot;segnale all&#39;interno-out&quot; è un indicatore di attivazione delle cellule NK primi 22. Infine, gli stimoli per le funzioni delle cellule NK di test possono essere modificati come bene. Nella nostra esperienza di fresco isolato le cellule NK solo degranulano male su di interazione cellulare K562 Se non vengono aggiunti citochine. Utilizzando PBMC appena isolate, senza ulteriore aggiunta di citochine aggirare questo problema, a causa dell&#39;influenza delle cellule astanti. Inoltre, la produzione di citochine, in particolare IFN-γ e TNF-α, può essere avviata su IL-12 e IL-18 stimolazione 23. produzione di IFN-γ entro i sottoinsiemi di cellule NK può variare in depending dallo stimolo utilizzato (citochine contro stimolazione bersaglio indotta) 24. Inoltre, invece di utilizzare K562 cellule come cellule bersaglio, le cellule tumorali primarie derivate da pazienti con tumori possono essere usati per testare le funzioni delle cellule NK contro le cellule tumorali autologhe prima o durante terapie immunomodulanti (es monoclonali trattamento anticorpo o immuno-modulatori farmaci (IMiDs)). All&#39;interno di questi ultimi anni, il campo dell&#39;immunoterapia è stata in rapida evoluzione con l&#39;approvazione clinica degli inibitori checkpoint del sistema immunitario (ad esempio, ipilumumab, nivolumumab, pembrolizumab) 25 e di successo le prove utilizzando geneticamente modificati recettore per l&#39;antigene chimerico (CAR) esprimente cellule T come pure come cellule NK-CAR (recensiti riferimento 26), per il trattamento di pazienti con tumori ematologici 27. Pertanto immunoterapia a base di cellule NK sta diventando sempre più a fuoco. Gli anticorpi anti-CD20 sono stati un grande successo in lavornt di linfomi maligni negli ultimi due decenni 28. La stragrande maggioranza delle cellule NK esprimono il recettore a bassa affinità Fc CD16 consentendo alle cellule di riconoscere e uccidere le cellule bersaglio anticorpi marcato (anticorpo-dipendente cellulare citotossicità - ADCC). La capacità del anticorpi per attivare le funzioni delle cellule NK può essere testato in vitro utilizzando il protocollo descritto 29. Terszowski et al. ADCC cellule NK analizzate &#39;contro una linea B linfoblastoidi utilizzando diversi clinicamente approvati anticorpi anti-CD20. Mentre ADCC indotta in seguito al trattamento con Rituximab (primo clinicamente approvato anti-CD20 anticorpo 30) è stato negativamente influenzato dall&#39;interazione / HLA KIR, questo effetto non è stato osservato quando si utilizza afutuzumab (un romanzo glycoengineered tipo II CD20 anticorpo monoclonale) 31, 32. Inoltre, le funzioni delle cellule NK sono influenzati da diversi farmaci antitumorali innovativi come il IMiD lenalidomide 33 e diversi tirosin-Kinase inibitori (TKI) 34. Attualmente inibitori checkpoint specifici di cellule NK sono testati in studi clinici. Esempi sono l&#39;uso di anti-KIR 35,36 o anti-NKG2A (NCT02331875) così come agonisti attivazione come un anticorpo anti-CD137 (NCT01775631; NCT02110082). È importante sottolineare che, adottivo trasferimento di cellule NK è stato effettuato in una varietà di diverse malattie maligne con effetti clinici promettenti 37. Con l&#39;obiettivo di selezionare il miglior donatore, le funzioni delle cellule NK contro tumore del paziente possono essere testate in vitro usando campioni di sangue di donatori potenziali cellule NK. In sintesi, il protocollo descritto è progettato per analizzare diverse funzioni delle cellule NK da donatori sani o pazienti. Queste funzioni possono essere monitorate in diversi sottogruppi di cellule NK da vari stimoli in punti di tempo selezionato.

Come parte del natural killer del sistema immunitario innato (NK), le cellule contribuiscono alla prima linea di difesa contro le cellule infettate da virus o malignamente trasformati. Un sistema di recettori inibitori e attivatori consente loro di distinguere tra cellule sane e trasformate senza alcun priming antigene rispetto alle cellule T. Al momento dell&#39;incontro delle cellule bersaglio cellule NK rilasciare il contenuto dei loro granuli citotossici (ad esempio, perforina, il granzimi) nella sinapsi immunitario per uccidere il loro obiettivo. Inoltre, le cellule NK producono e secernono diversi tipi di citochine (ad esempio, gamma interferone: IFN-γ; fattore di necrosi tumorale-α: TNF-α) e chemochine (ad esempio, macrofagi infiammatori proteina-1β: MIP-1b) su cellule bersaglio interazione o citochina stimolazione 1. funzioni delle cellule NK sufficienti come la citotossicità, chemochine e la produzione di citochine hanno un impatto importante sulla sorte di diversi disfacilita. Pazienti affetti da leucemia mostrano un aumento tassi di recidiva se presentano un profilo delle cellule NK difettose al momento della diagnosi consiste di produzione di IFN-γ ridotta e ridotta espressione di attivare i recettori delle cellule NK 2. Un recupero precoce del numero di cellule NK e le funzioni, tra cui la produzione di citochine in seguito all&#39;interazione cellula bersaglio è associato ad una ricaduta ridotta e il tasso di sopravvivenza migliore nei pazienti trattati con trapianto di cellule staminali allogeniche 3. Inoltre, dopo l&#39;inizio della terapia con interferone nei pazienti con infezione da virus dell&#39;epatite C la capacità degranulazione delle cellule NK periferiche è più forte nei primi responder rispetto ai non-responder 4. Il numero di cellule NK (&gt; 80 / ml) al giorno 15 dopo il trapianto autologo di cellule staminali (trapianto autologo) in pazienti affetti da linfoma o mieloma multiplo sono predittivi per una migliore libera da progressione e la sopravvivenza globale 5. Nei pazienti affetti da melanoma l&#39;espressione della cellule T immunoglobuline e mucina-domain-contenentg molecola-3 (TIM-3), una proteina immuno-normativo sulle cellule NK, correla con stadio di malattia e la prognosi 6. Gli scienziati hanno monitorato le funzioni delle cellule NK nel corso degli ultimi decenni. L&#39;analisi iniziale di citotossicità delle cellule NK contro le cellule tumorali senza obbligo di adescamento è stato affrontato con un saggio di 51 Cr-release 7. Più recentemente, gli scienziati hanno sviluppato un metodo non radioattivo per valutare la citotossicità delle cellule NK espanse 8. Citochine e chemochine è stato spesso valutata utilizzando test immunoenzimatico (ELISA) tecniche enzyme-linked 9,10. Nel corso degli ultimi decenni, questi metodi sono stati integrati da analisi di flusso citometria-based. L&#39;uso di inibitori della proteina di trasporto (ad esempio, brefeldina A e monensin) e metodi di permeabilizzazione delle cellule in combinazione con protocolli di colorazione della superficie convenzionale ha permesso agli scienziati di studiare chemochine e la produzione di citochine in diversi linfa specificosottoinsiemi ocyte (ad esempio, T, B o cellule NK) 11. Inoltre, le analisi di citometria a base di diversi flussi sono stati sviluppati per monitorare T e NK citotossicità delle cellule. Nel 2004 Alter et al. Descrive l&#39;espressione di superficie della proteina lisosomi associata CD107a (Lamp1) sulle cellule NK su incontro cellula bersaglio come marker per la degranulazione dei granuli citotossici 12. Dal momento che una vasta gamma di differenti fluorocromi e multicanale citometri a flusso sono disponibili ai nostri giorni, è diventato possibile monitorare contemporaneamente diverse funzioni delle cellule NK (citotossicità, citochine e chemochine produzione) in diverse sottopopolazioni di cellule NK. Questo diventa particolarmente importante in situazioni in cui la dimensione del campione è limitato, ad esempio, in biopsie o campioni di sangue di pazienti affetti da leucopenia. Per provare le funzioni delle cellule NK globali, i saggi di citometria a base di diversa portata può essere efficacemente combinati. Theorell et al. Cellule NK stimolate da headonatori lthy con la linea di cellule tumorali K562 e analizzato la produzione di degranulazione, segnale dentro-fuori e chemochine NK tramite citometria di flusso 13. Recentemente sottogruppi di cellule NK, fenotipi e funzioni in pazienti con tumore durante trapianto autologo sono stati analizzati utilizzando flusso saggi citometria-based. E &#39;stato dimostrato che le cellule NK sono stati in grado di degranulano e produrre citochine / chemochine su riconoscimento delle cellule tumorali in momenti molto precoce dopo trapianto autologo 11. Qui un protocollo è descritto per valutare le funzioni delle cellule NK mediante interazione con le cellule tumorali compresa la capacità di degranulazione, chemochine e produzione di citochine mediante un flusso assay citometria-based che consente di controllare le funzioni delle cellule NK in diversi sottoinsiemi simultaneamente.

<table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" width="636">
	<colgroup>
		<col />
		<col />
		<col />
		<col />
	</colgroup>
	<tbody>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:216px;">RPMI 1640 + glutamine</td>
			<td style="width:135px;">Invitrogen</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">6187-044</td>
			<td style="width:167px;"></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:216px;">penicilin/streptomycin</td>
			<td style="width:135px;">Invitrogen</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">15140-122</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:216px;">BD Falcon Round Bottom Tube</td>
			<td style="width:135px;">BD</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">352008</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="42">
			<td height="42" style="height:42px;width:216px;">fetal calf serum</td>
			<td style="width:135px;">Invitrogen</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">10270-106</td>
			<td style="width:167px;">heat inactivated before use</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:216px;">T-flask</td>
			<td style="width:135px;">Greiner Bio-One</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">690195</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:216px;">K562 tumor cell line</td>
			<td style="width:135px;">DSMZ GmbH</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">ACC 10</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="42">
			<td height="42" style="height:42px;width:216px;">ammonium-chloride-potassium (ACK) lysis buffer</td>
			<td style="width:135px;">made in house</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">/</td>
			<td style="width:167px;">components are listed in the text</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="42">
			<td height="42" style="height:42px;width:216px;">Distilled water: Ampuwa Sp&#252;ll&#246;sung 1000ml Plastipur</td>
			<td style="width:135px;">Fresenius Kabi</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">1088813</td>
			<td style="width:167px;"></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:216px;">Megafuge 40R Centrifuge</td>
			<td>Heraeus</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">/</td>
			<td style="width:167px;"></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="42">
			<td height="42" style="height:42px;width:216px;">EDTA blood collector tubes</td>
			<td style="width:135px;">Sarstedt</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">386453</td>
			<td style="width:167px;">S-Monovette 7,5 ml, K3 EDTA</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:216px;">UltraPure 0.5M EDTA, pH 8.0</td>
			<td>Life Technologies</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">15575-020</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:216px;">Hematopoietic media (XVIVO)</td>
			<td>Lonza Group Ltd</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">BE04-743Q</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="63">
			<td height="63" style="height:63px;width:216px;">human serum</td>
			<td style="width:135px;">DRK Blutspendedienst, Frankfurt/M&#160;</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">/</td>
			<td style="width:167px;">healthy donors with blood type AB; heat inactivated before use</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="42">
			<td height="42" style="height:42px;width:216px;">Neubauer-improved counting chamber, bright line</td>
			<td style="width:135px;">Marienfeld superior/ LO-Laboroptik Ltd.</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">0640030/ 1110000</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:216px;">trypan blue solution (0,4%)</td>
			<td>Invitrogen</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">15250-061</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="42">
			<td height="42" style="height:42px;width:216px;">3% acetic acid with methylene blue</td>
			<td style="width:135px;">Stemcell Technologies&#160;</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">07060</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="42">
			<td height="42" style="height:42px;width:216px;">Corning 96 Well Clear V-Bottom TC-treated Microplates</td>
			<td style="width:135px;">Corning&#160;</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">3894</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="42">
			<td height="42" style="height:42px;width:216px;">Falcon 96 Well Round Bottom Not Treated Microplates</td>
			<td style="width:135px;">Corning&#160;</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">351177</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="25">
			<td height="25" style="height:25px;width:216px;">DPBS (Ca2+- and Mg2+-free)</td>
			<td style="width:135px;">Gibco Invitrogen</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">14190-169</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:216px;">BSA</td>
			<td style="width:135px;">Sigma Aldrich</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">A2153-100G</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="25">
			<td height="25" style="height:25px;width:216px;">NaN3</td>
			<td style="width:135px;">Sigma Aldrich</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">08591-1ML-F</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="42">
			<td height="42" style="height:42px;width:216px;">phorbol 12-myristate 13-acetate (PMA)&#160;</td>
			<td style="width:135px;">Merck</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">524400-1MG</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="42">
			<td height="42" style="height:42px;width:216px;">ionomycin&#160;</td>
			<td style="width:135px;">PromoKine</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">PK-CA577-1566-5</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:216px;">interleukin 15 (IL-15)</td>
			<td>PeproTech</td>
			<td>200-15</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:216px;">Proleukin S (IL-2)&#160;</td>
			<td style="width:135px;">Novartis Pharma</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">730523</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="126">
			<td height="126" style="height:126px;width:216px;">Golgi Stop, Protein Transport Inhibitor (containing Monensin)</td>
			<td style="width:135px;">BD Biosciences</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">554724</td>
			<td style="width:167px;">This product can be used in combination or instead of Golgi Plug. The best combination for the wished experimental setting has to be tested.</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="42">
			<td height="42" style="height:42px;width:216px;">Golgi Plug, Protein Transport Inhibitor (containing Brefeldin A)</td>
			<td style="width:135px;">BD Biosciences</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">555029</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:216px;">paraformaldehyde</td>
			<td style="width:135px;">AppliChem</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">UN2209</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:216px;">saponin</td>
			<td style="width:135px;">Sigma Aldrich</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">47036</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:216px;">flow cytometer: Canto10C</td>
			<td style="width:135px;">BD Biosciences</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">/</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:216px;">FlowJo</td>
			<td style="width:135px;">TreeStar Inc.</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">/</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:216px;">Graph Pad</td>
			<td style="width:135px;">Graph Pad Inc.</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">/</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:216px;">MACSxpress Separator</td>
			<td style="width:135px;">Miltenyi Biotec&#160;</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">130-098-308</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:216px;">MACSxpress NK isolation kit</td>
			<td style="width:135px;">Miltenyi Biotec&#160;</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">130-098-185</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="42">
			<td height="42" style="height:42px;width:216px;">MACSxpress Erythrocyte Depletion Kit, human</td>
			<td style="width:135px;">Miltenyi Biotec&#160;</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">130-098-196</td>
			<td style="width:167px;"></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:216px;">MACSmix Tube Rotator&#160;</td>
			<td style="width:135px;">Miltenyi Biotec&#160;</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">130-090-753</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:216px;">anti-human CD3 APC</td>
			<td style="width:135px;">Biolegend</td>
			<td>300412</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:216px;">anti-human CD3 V450</td>
			<td style="width:135px;">BD Biosciences</td>
			<td>560366</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:216px;">anti-human CD14 PerCP</td>
			<td style="width:135px;">Miltenyi Biotec&#160;</td>
			<td>130-094-969</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:216px;">anti-human CD14 V450</td>
			<td style="width:135px;">BD Biosciences</td>
			<td>560349</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:216px;">anti-human CD16 PE</td>
			<td style="width:135px;">Biolegend</td>
			<td>302008</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:216px;">anti-human CD16 PerCP</td>
			<td style="width:135px;">Biolegend</td>
			<td>302029</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:216px;">anti-human CD19 PE-Cy7</td>
			<td style="width:135px;">Biolegend</td>
			<td>302216</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:216px;">anti-human CD19 V450</td>
			<td style="width:135px;">BD Biosciences</td>
			<td>560353</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:216px;">anti-human CD45 BV510</td>
			<td style="width:135px;">BD Biosciences</td>
			<td>563204</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:216px;">anti-human CD56 FITC</td>
			<td style="width:135px;">Biolegend</td>
			<td>345811</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:216px;">anti-human CD107a PE</td>
			<td style="width:135px;">Biolegend</td>
			<td>328608</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:216px;">anti-human IFN-&#947; AF-647</td>
			<td style="width:135px;">BD Biosciences</td>
			<td>557729</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:216px;">anti-human MIP-1&#946; APC-H7</td>
			<td style="width:135px;">BD Biosciences</td>
			<td>561280</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:216px;">DAPI</td>
			<td style="width:135px;">Biolegend</td>
			<td>422801</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">Zombie Violet Fixable Viability Kit</td>
			<td>Biolegend</td>
			<td>423113</td>
			<td>fixable dead cell marker</td>
		</tr>
	</tbody>
</table>

flow cytometry-based assay for the monitoring of nk cell functions

Natural killer (NK) cells are an important part of the human tumor immune surveillance system. NK cells are able to distinguish between healthy and virus-infected or malignantly transformed cells due to a set of germline encoded inhibitory and activating receptors. Upon virus or tumor cell recognition a variety of different NK cell functions are initiated including cytotoxicity against the target cell as well as cytokine and chemokine production leading to the activation of other immune cells. It has been demonstrated that accurate NK cell functions are crucial for the treatment outcome of different virus infections and malignant diseases. Here a simple and reliable method is described to analyze different NK cell functions using a flow cytometry-based assay. NK cell functions can be evaluated not only for the whole NK cell population, but also for different NK cell subsets. This technique enables scientists to easily study NK cell functions in healthy donors or patients in order to reveal their impact on different malignancies and to further discover new therapeutic strategies.

<html> La strategia di gating per analizzare la degranulazione, citochine e chemochine di tutta la popolazione di cellule NK e tre differenti sottopopolazioni di cellule NK sono illustrati in Figura 1. Risultati rappresentativi di un donatore sano sono illustrati nella Figura 2. Cellule NK senza alcuno stimolo prodotte né IFN-γ né MIP-1β e non hanno espresso CD107a sulla loro superficie (Figura 2A). Al contrario, le cellule NK stimolate con cellule tumorali e citochine prodotte notevoli quantità di IFN-γ intracellulare e MIP-1β. Inoltre, oltre il 20% di essi degranulati seguito all&#39;interazione delle cellule tumorali indicato esprimendo CD107a sulla loro superficie (Figura 2C). PMA e stimolazione Ionomicina stati usati come controllo (Figura 2B). e 1 &quot;src =&quot; / files / ftp_upload / 54615 / 54615fig1.jpg &quot;/&gt; Figura 1:. Soppressione strategia successiva cancelli vengono tracciati. In primo luogo, i detriti sono esclusi in un FSC-A / SSC-Una trama. Poi linfociti sono identificati e doppiette sono esclusi utilizzando due lotti con SSC-A / SSC-H e FSC-A / FSC-H. Da allora in poi, un cancello compresi tutti CD45 + cellule ed escludendo tutte, le cellule morte CD3 +, CD14 + e CD19 + è impostato tracciando canale / Dump CD45. Successivamente, le cellule NK sono identificati con gating sulle cellule CD56 +. Una trama con CD56 / CD16 può essere utilizzato per identificare le principali sottopopolazioni di cellule NK. Infine, all&#39;interno della intera popolazione di cellule NK, marcatori funzionali sono identificati da tracciando CD56 contro CD107a, IFN-γ e MIP-1β, rispettivamente. Questo può essere fatto anche per tutti i diversi tipi di sottoinsiemi di cellule NK. <a href="https://ecsource-jove-com.remotexs.ntu.edu.sg/files/ftp_upload/54615/54615fig1large.jpg" target="_blank">Clicca qui per vedere una versione più grande di questa figura.</a> Figura 2:. I risultati rappresentativi da una sana donatore di cellule NK utilizzando la strategia di gating descritto nella figura 1, cellule NK marcatori funzionali come CD107a (per degranulazione), IFN-γ e MIP-1β possono essere identificati. La colonna di sinistra (A) mostra i risultati utilizzando cellule NK in assenza di uno stimolo. La colonna centrale (B) dimostra i risultati in presenza del positivo di controllo PMA / ionomicina. La colonna di destra (C) presenta i risultati di cellule NK stimolate con la linea di cellule tumorali K562 e in presenza di citochine IL-2 (100 U / ml) e IL-15 (10 ng / ml). <a href="https://ecsource-jove-com.remotexs.ntu.edu.sg/files/ftp_upload/54615/54615fig2large.jpg" target="_blank">Clicca qui per visualizzare una versione più grande di questa figura.</a> <img alt = &quot;Tabella 1&quot; src = &quot;/ files / ftp_upload / 54615 / 54615table1.jpg&quot; /&gt; Tabella 1: Anticorpi per il controllo della purezza. <img alt="Tabella 2" src="/files/ftp_upload/54615/54615table2.jpg" /> Tabella 2: Anticorpi per la colorazione extra e intracellulare.

Watch this Scientific Journal Video about Flow Cytometry-based Assay for the Monitoring of NK Cell Functions at JoVE.com

Flow Cytometry-based Assay for the Monitoring of NK Cell Functions

Un metodo semplice ed affidabile è descritto qui di analizzare un insieme di funzioni delle cellule NK come degranulazione, citochine e chemochine ai differenti sottopopolazioni di cellule NK.

Citometria a flusso basato su test per il monitoraggio delle funzioni delle cellule NK

Natural killer (NK) cells are an important part of the human tumor immune surveillance system. NK cells are able to distinguish between healthy and ...

flow-cytometry-based-assay-for-the-monitoring-of-nk-cell-functions

Nanyang Technological University

Research

JoVE Journal

Immunology and Infection

20.7K Views.  Johann Wolfgang Goethe-University.  Un metodo semplice ed affidabile è descritto qui di analizzare un insieme di funzioni delle cellule NK come degranulazione, citochine e chemochine ai differenti sottopopolazioni di cellule NK. 

Video: Flow Cytometry-based Assay for the Monitoring of NK Cell Functions

Detection of Infectious Virus from Field-collected Mosquitoes by Vero Cell Culture Assay

Mosquitoes transmit a number of distinct viruses including important human pathogens such as West Nile virus, dengue virus, and chickungunya virus. Many of these viruses have intensified in their endemic ranges and expanded to new territories, necessitating effective surveillance and control programs to respond to these threats. One strategy to monitor virus activity involves collecting large numbers of mosquitoes from endemic sites and testing them for viral infection. In this article, we describe how to handle, process, and screen field-collected mosquitoes for infectious virus by Vero cell culture assay. Mosquitoes are sorted by trap location and species, and grouped into pools containing &le;50 individuals. Pooled specimens are homogenized in buffered saline using a mixer-mill and the aqueous phase is inoculated onto confluent Vero cell cultures (Clone E6). Cell cultures are monitored for cytopathic effect from days 3-7 post-inoculation and any viruses grown in cell culture are identified by the appropriate diagnostic assays. By utilizing this approach, we have isolated 9 different viruses from mosquitoes collected in Connecticut, USA, and among these, 5 are known to cause human disease. Three of these viruses (West Nile virus, Potosi virus, and La Crosse virus) represent new records for North America or the New England region since 1999. The ability to detect a wide diversity of viruses is critical to monitoring both established and newly emerging viruses in the mosquito population.

We describe a method to process and screen field-collected mosquitoes for a diversity of viruses by Vero cell culture assay. By employing this technique, we have detected 9 different viruses from 4 taxonomic families in mosquitoes collected in Connecticut.

Il rilevamento del virus infettivo da Campo-zanzare raccolte mediante test coltura cellulare Vero

Mosquitoes transmit a number of distinct viruses including important human pathogens such as West Nile virus, dengue virus, and chickungunya virus. Many ...

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Immunologia e infezioni

Monitoring Dendritic Cell Migration using 19F / 1H Magnetic Resonance Imaging

Continuous advancements in noninvasive imaging modalities such as magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) have greatly improved our ability to study physiological or pathological processes in living organisms. MRI is also proving to be a valuable tool for capturing transplanted cells in vivo. Initial cell labeling strategies for MRI made use of contrast agents that influence the MR relaxation times (T1, T2, T2*) and lead to an enhancement (T1) or depletion (T2*) of signal where labeled cells are present. T2* enhancement agents such as ultrasmall iron oxide agents (USPIO) have been employed to study cell migration and some have also been approved by the FDA for clinical application. A drawback of T2* agents is the difficulty to distinguish the signal extinction created by the labeled cells from other artifacts such as blood clots, micro bleeds or air bubbles. In this article, we describe an emerging technique for tracking cells in vivo that is based on labeling the cells with fluorine (19F)-rich particles. These particles are prepared by emulsifying perfluorocarbon (PFC) compounds and then used to label cells, which subsequently can be imaged by 19F MRI. Important advantages of PFCs for cell tracking in vivo include (i) the absence of carbon-bound 19F in vivo, which then yields background-free images and complete cell selectivityand(ii) the possibility to quantify the cell signal by 19F MR spectroscopy.

Monitoring Dendritic Cell Migration using 19F / 1H Magnetic Resonance Imaging

Tracking of cells using MRI has gained remarkable attention in the past years. This protocol describes the labeling of dendritic cells with fluorine (19F)-rich particles, the in vivo application of these cells, and monitoring the extent of their migration to the draining lymph node with 19F/1H MRI and 19F MRS.

Monitoraggio migrazione delle cellule dendritiche usando<sup&gt; 19</sup&gt; F /<sup&gt; 1</sup&gt; H Magnetic Resonance Imaging

Continuous  advancements in noninvasive imaging modalities such as magnetic resonance  imaging (MRI) have greatly improved our ability to study ...

Cell-based Flow Cytometry Assay to Measure Cytotoxic Activity

Cytolytic activity of CD8+ T cells is rarely evaluated. We describe here a new cell-based assay to measure the capacity of antigen-specific CD8+ T cells to kill CD4+ T cells loaded with their cognate peptide. Target CD4+ T cells are divided into two populations, labeled with two different concentrations of CFSE. One population is pulsed with the peptide of interest (CFSE-low) while the other remains un-pulsed (CFSE-high). Pulsed and un-pulsed CD4+ T cells are mixed at an equal ratio and incubated with an increasing number of purified CD8+ T cells. The specific killing of autologous target CD4+ T cells is analyzed by flow cytometry after coculture with CD8+ T cells containing the antigen-specific effector CD8+ T cells detected by peptide/MHCI tetramer staining. The specific lysis of target CD4+ T cells measured at different effector versus target ratios, allows for the calculation of lytic units, LU30/106 cells. This simple and straightforward assay allows for the accurate measurement of the intrinsic capacity of CD8+ T cells to kill target CD4+ T cells.

This protocol describes a sensitive, cell-based cytotoxicity assay. By enumerating the decrease in frequency of live target CD4+ T cells in the presence of an increasing number of effector CD8+ T cells, this assay allows for the direct assessment of cytolytic activity of antigen-specific CD8+ T cells.

Cytolytic activity of CD8+ T cells is rarely evaluated. We describe here a new cell-based assay to measure the capacity of antigen-specific CD8+ T cells ...

Isolation and Flow Cytometric Analysis of Immune Cells from the Ischemic Mouse Brain

Ischemic stroke initiates a robust inflammatory response that starts in the intravascular compartment and involves rapid activation of brain resident cells. A key mechanism of this inflammatory response is the migration of circulating immune cells to the ischemic brain facilitated by chemokine release and increased endothelial adhesion molecule expression. Brain-invading leukocytes are well-known contributing to early-stage secondary ischemic injury, but their significance for the termination of inflammation and later brain repair has only recently been noticed.
Here, a simple protocol for the efficient isolation of immune cells from the ischemic mouse brain is provided. After transcardial perfusion, brain hemispheres are dissected and mechanically dissociated. Enzymatic digestion with Liberase&#160;is followed by density gradient (such as Percoll) centrifugation to remove myelin and cell debris. One major advantage of this protocol is the single-layer density gradient procedure which does not require time-consuming preparation of gradients and can be reliably performed. The approach yields highly reproducible cell counts per brain hemisphere and allows for measuring several flow cytometry panels in one biological replicate. Phenotypic characterization and quantification of brain-invading leukocytes after experimental stroke may contribute to a better understanding of their multifaceted roles in ischemic injury and repair.

Inflammation plays a central role in the pathogenesis of ischemic stroke. Increasing evidence suggests that it acts as a double-edged sword which exacerbates early brain injury, but also contributes to later repair. This protocol describes the isolation of immune cells from the ischemic brain and their subsequent flow cytometric phenotyping.

Isolamento e analisi citofluorimetrica delle cellule immunitarie dal cervello ischemica mouse

Ischemic stroke initiates a robust inflammatory response that starts in the intravascular compartment and involves rapid activation of brain resident ...

Fluorescence-activated Cell Sorting for Purification of Plasmacytoid Dendritic Cells from the Mouse Bone Marrow

Fluorescence-activated cell sorting (FACS) is a technique to purify specific cell populations based on phenotypes detected by flow cytometry. This method enables researchers to better understand the characteristics of a single cell population without the influence of other cells. Compared to other methods of cell enrichment, such as magnetic-activated cell sorting (MCS), FACS is more flexible and accurate for cell separation due to the ability of phenotype detection by flow cytometry. In addition, FACS is usually capable of separating multiple cell populations simultaneously, which improves the efficiency and diversity of experiments. Although FACS has some limitations, it has been broadly used to purify cells for functional studies in both in vitro and in vivo settings. Here we report a protocol using fluorescence-activated cell sorting to isolate a very rare population of immune cells, plasmacytoid dendritic cells (pDC), with high purity from the bone marrow of lupus-prone mice for in vitro functional studies of pDC.

We report a protocol using fluorescence-activated cell sorting to isolate plasmacytoid dendritic cells (pDC) with high purity from the bone marrow of lupus-prone mice for functional studies of pDC.

Separazione delle cellule fluorescenza-attivato per la purificazione delle cellule dendritiche plasmacitoidi dal midollo osseo di topo

Fluorescence-activated cell sorting (FACS) is a technique to purify specific cell populations based on phenotypes detected by flow cytometry. This method ...

Assessing Retinal Microglial Phagocytic Function In Vivo Using a Flow Cytometry-based Assay

Microglia are the tissue resident macrophages of the central nervous system (CNS) and they perform a variety of functions that support CNS homeostasis, including phagocytosis of damaged synapses or cells, debris, and/or invading pathogens. Impaired phagocytic function has been implicated in the pathogenesis of diseases such as Alzheimer's and age-related macular degeneration, where amyloid-&#946; plaque and drusen accumulate, respectively. Despite its importance, microglial phagocytosis has been challenging to assess in vivo. Here, we describe a simple, yet robust, technique for precisely monitoring and quantifying the in vivo phagocytic potential of retinal microglia. Previous methods have relied on immunohistochemical staining and imaging techniques. Our method uses flow cytometry to measure microglial uptake of fluorescently labeled particles after intravitreal delivery to the eye in live rodents. This method replaces conventional practices that involve laborious tissue sectioning, immunostaining, and imaging, allowing for more precise quantification of microglia phagocytic function in just under six hours. This procedure can also be adapted to test how various compounds alter microglial phagocytosis in physiological settings. While this technique was developed in the eye, its use is not limited to vision research.

Assessing Retinal Microglial Phagocytic Function In Vivo Using a Flow Cytometry-based Assay

Microglial phagocytosis is critical for the maintenance of tissue homeostasis and inadequate phagocytic function has been implicated in pathology. However, assessing microglia function in vivo is technically challenging. We have developed a simple but robust technique for precisely monitoring and quantifying the phagocytic potential of microglia in a physiological setting.

La valutazione della retina microglia fagocitaria Funzione<em&gt; In Vivo</em&gt; Usando un test citometria a flusso basato su

Microglia are the tissue resident macrophages of the central nervous system (CNS) and they perform a variety of functions that support CNS homeostasis, ...

Dextran Enhances the Lentiviral Transduction Efficiency of Murine and Human Primary NK Cells

The efficient transduction of specific genes into natural killer (NK) cells has been a major challenge. Successful transductions are critical to defining the role of the gene of interest in the development, differentiation, and function of NK cells. Recent advances related to chimeric antigen receptors (CARs) in cancer immunotherapy accentuate the need for an efficient method to deliver exogenous genes to effector lymphocytes. The efficiencies of lentiviral-mediated gene transductions into primary human or mouse NK cells remain significantly low, which is a major limiting factor. Recent advances using cationic polymers, such as polybrene, show an improved gene transduction efficiency in T cells. However, these products failed to improve the transduction efficiencies of NK cells. This work shows that dextran, a branched glucan polysaccharide, significantly improves the transduction efficiency of human and mouse primary NK cells. This highly reproducible transduction methodology provides a competent tool for transducing human primary NK cells, which can vastly improve clinical gene delivery applications and thus NK cell-based cancer immunotherapy.

The goal of this study was to formulate technologies that allow for successful gene transduction in primary natural killer (NK) cells. The dextran-mediated lentiviral transduction of human or mouse primary NK cells results in higher gene expression efficiencies. This method of gene transduction will vastly improve NK cell genetic manipulation.

Destrano migliora l'efficienza di trasduzione lentivirale di cellule NK primarie Murine ed umane

The efficient transduction of specific genes into natural killer (NK) cells has been a major challenge. Successful transductions are critical to defining ...

A Flow Cytometry-Based Cytotoxicity Assay for the Assessment of Human NK Cell Activity

Within the innate immune system, effector lymphocytes known as natural killer (NK) cells play an essential role in host defense against aberrant cells, specifically eliminating tumoral and virally infected cells. Approximately 30 known monogenic defects, together with a host of other pathological conditions, cause either functional or classic NK cell deficiency, manifesting in reduced or absent cytotoxic activity. Historically, cytotoxicity has been investigated with radioactive methods, which are cumbersome, expensive and potentially hazardous. This article describes a streamlined, clinically applicable flow cytometry-based method to quantify NK cell cytotoxic activity. In this assay, peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) or purified NK cell preparations are co-incubated at different ratios with a target tumor cell line known to be sensitive to NK cell-mediated cytotoxicity (NKCC). The target cells are pre-labeled with a fluorescent dye to allow their discrimination from the effector cells (NK cells). After the incubation period, killed target cells are identified by a nucleic acid stain, which specifically permeates dead cells. This method is amenable to both diagnostic and research applications and, thanks to the multi-parameter capabilities of flow cytometry, has the added advantage of potentially enabling a deeper analysis of NK cell phenotype and function.

A flow cytometry-based method to quantitatively determine the cytotoxic activity of human natural killer cells is shown here.

Un'analisi di citotossicità di base di citometria a flusso per la valutazione dell'attività delle cellule NK umane

Within the innate immune system, effector lymphocytes known as natural killer (NK) cells play an essential role in host defense against aberrant cells, ...

A Simple Flow Cytometry Based Assay to Determine In Vitro Antibody Dependent Enhancement of Dengue Virus Using Zika Virus Convalescent Serum

Antibody dependent enhancement of infection has been shown to play a major role in Dengue viral pathogenesis. Traditional assays that measure the capacity of antibodies or serum to enhance infection in impermissible cell lines have relied on using viral output in the media followed by plaque assays to quantify infection. More recently, these assays have examined Dengue virus (DENV) infection in the cell lines using fluorescently labeled antibodies. Both these approaches have limitations that restrict the widespread use of these techniques. Here, we describe a simple in vitro assay using Dengue virus reporter viral particles (RVPs) that express green fluorescent protein and K562 cells to examine antibody dependent enhancement (ADE) of DENV infection using serum that was obtained from rhesus macaques 16 weeks after infection with Zika virus (ZIKV). This technique is reliable, involves minimal manipulation of cells, does not involve the use of live replication competent virus, and can be performed in a high throughput format to get a quantitative readout using flow cytometry. Additionally, this assay can be easily adapted to examine antibody dependent enhancement (ADE) of other flavivirus infections such as Yellow Fever virus (YFV), Japanese Equine Encephalitis virus (JEEV), West Nile virus (WNV) etc. where RVPs are available. The ease of setting up the assay, analyzing the data, and interpreting results makes it highly amenable to most laboratory settings.

A Simple Flow Cytometry Based Assay to Determine In Vitro Antibody Dependent Enhancement of Dengue Virus Using Zika Virus Convalescent Serum

We describe a simple and easy protocol for measuring antibody dependent enhancement of infection by Zika virus convalescent serum using Dengue virus Reporter Viral Particles.

Base di un semplice flusso Cytometry Assay per determinare In Vitro dell'anticorpo dipendente valorizzazione del Virus di febbre rompiossa utilizzando siero convalescente Zika Virus

Antibody dependent enhancement of infection has been shown to play a major role in Dengue viral pathogenesis. Traditional assays that measure the capacity ...

Multicolor Flow Cytometry-based Quantification of Mitochondria and Lysosomes in T Cells

T cells utilize different metabolic programs to match their functional needs during differentiation and proliferation. Mitochondria are crucial cellular components responsible for supplying cell energy; however, excess mitochondria also produce reactive oxygen species (ROS) that could cause cell death. Therefore, the number of mitochondria must constantly be adjusted to fit the needs of the cells. This dynamic regulation is achieved in part through the function of lysosomes that remove surplus/damaged organelles and macromolecules. Hence, cellular mitochondrial and lysosomal contents are key indicators to evaluate the metabolic adjustment of cells. With the development of probes for organelles, well-characterized lysosome or mitochondria-specific dyes have become available in various formats to label cellular lysosomes and mitochondria. Multicolor flow cytometry is a common tool to profile cell phenotypes, and has the capability to be integrated with other assays. Here, we present a detailed protocol of how to combine organelle-specific dyes with surface markers staining to measure the amount of lysosomes and mitochondria in different T cell populations on a flow cytometer.

This article illustrates a powerful method to quantify mitochondria or lysosomes in living cells. The combination of lysosome- or mitochondria-specific dyes with fluorescently conjugated antibodies against surface markers allows the quantification of these organelles in mixed cell populations, like primary cells harvested from tissue samples, by using multicolor flow cytometry.

Quantificazione di basata su citometria a flusso multicolor dei mitocondri e lisosomi in cellule di T

T cells utilize different metabolic programs to match their functional needs during differentiation and proliferation. Mitochondria are crucial cellular ...