This work was supported by a Grant-in-Aid for Scientific Research No. 22750122 (S.H.), No. 26288099 (T.Y.), and No. 23350050 (Y.T.) of the Japan Society for the Promotion of Science. S.H. is grateful for The Kurata Memorial Hitachi Science and Technology Foundation. The research reported in this publication was supported by the King Abdullah University of Science and Technology (S.H.).

<ol>
	<li>Honda, S., Yamamoto, T., Tezuka, Y. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Topology-Directed+Control+on+Thermal+Stability:+Micelles+Formed+from+Linear+and+Cyclized+Amphiphilic+Block+Copolymers.">Topology-Directed Control on Thermal Stability: Micelles Formed from Linear and Cyclized Amphiphilic Block Copolymers.</a> J. Am. Chem. Soc. 132 (30), 10251-10253 (2010).</li><li>Honda, S., Yamamoto, T., Tezuka, Y. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Tuneable+enhancement+of+the+salt+and+thermal+stability+of+polymeric+micelles+by+cyclized+amphiphiles.">Tuneable enhancement of the salt and thermal stability of polymeric micelles by cyclized amphiphiles.</a> Nat. 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Chromatogr. 625 (2), 141-149 (1992).</li><li>Biesenberger, J. A., Tan, M., Duvdevan, I., Maurer, T. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Recycle+gel+permeation+chromatography.+1.+recycle+principle+and+design.">Recycle gel permeation chromatography. 1. recycle principle and design.</a> J. Polym. Sci. Pol. Lett. 9 (5), 353 (1971).</li><li>Kusumi, A., Sako, Y., Yamamoto, M. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Confined+lateral+diffusion+of+membrane-receptors+as+studied+by+single-particle+tracking+(nanovid+microscopy)+-+effects+of+calcium-induced+differentiation+in+cultured+epithelial-cells.">Confined lateral diffusion of membrane-receptors as studied by single-particle tracking (nanovid microscopy) - effects of calcium-induced differentiation in cultured epithelial-cells.</a> Biophys. J. 65 (5), 2021-2040 (1993).</li><li>Schutz, G. J., Schindler, H., Schmidt, T. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Single-molecule+microscopy+on+model+membranes+reveals+anomalous+diffusion.">Single-molecule microscopy on model membranes reveals anomalous diffusion.</a> Biophys. J. 73 (2), 1073-1080 (1997).</li><li>Vrljic, M., Nishimura, S. Y., Brasselet, S., Moerner, W. E., McConnell, H. M. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Translational+diffusion+of+individual+class+II+MHC+membrane+proteins+in+cells.">Translational diffusion of individual class II MHC membrane proteins in cells.</a> Biophys. 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Soc. 134 (1), 480-488 (2012).</li><li>Habuchi, S., Oba, T., Vacha, M. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Multi-beam+single-molecule+defocused+fluorescence+imaging+reveals+local+anisotropic+nature+of+polymer+thin+films.">Multi-beam single-molecule defocused fluorescence imaging reveals local anisotropic nature of polymer thin films.</a> Phys. Chem. Chem. 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The authors have nothing to disclose.

I polimeri 4-armati e sagomati-8 sono state preparate tramite il protocollo ESA-CF (figura 1), che è un passaggio fondamentale per la sintesi. 12,24 monofunzionale e bifunzionale poli lineare (THF) s con N terminali -phenylpiperidinium erano sintetizzato secondo la procedura precedente. 11 lo scambio ionico è stata effettuata da riprecipitazione di una soluzione in acetone di un precursore polimero con counteranions triflato in una soluzione acquosa contenente un eccesso di carbossilato. La conversione covalente del prodotto scambio ionico per i polimeri stella 4-armati è stata eseguita in toluene (4.9 g / L) da riflusso per 4 ore. Se la conversione non è sufficiente, prolungare il tempo di reazione. Il prodotto è stato legato covalentemente ottenuta dal gel di silice colonna cromatografica con acetone / n esano e riprecipitazione in acqua. Il 1 H NMR dei polimeri 4-armati è mostrato in Figura 2a. ThiProcedura s ESA-CF consente la sintesi efficace di polimeri ciclici. Tuttavia, questo protocollo è limitata a polimeri che hanno ciclici gruppi terminali onio. Per il prodotto polimerico a forma di 8, la reazione è stata condotta in toluene in diluizione (0,2 g / L) sotto riflusso per 4 ore e ha portato alla formazione di una grande porzione di una frazione insolubile, presumibilmente a causa della intermolecolare reagito prodotti. Una porzione solubile è stato riprecipitato n esano, sottoposto a gel di silice colonna cromatografica con acetone / n esano, e riprecipitato in acqua. Il prodotto grezzo ottenuto è stato sottoposto a cromatografia su colonna con dimensioni perline di esclusione e riciclare GPC per consentire l&#39;isolamento del prodotto polimerico forma-8. Il 1 H NMR dei polimeri a forma di 8 è mostrato in Figura 2b. Questo protocollo ESA-CF può essere applicabile ad ulteriori polimeri topologiche complesse. Le immagini di fluorescenza di alta qualità sono essentiAl per l&#39;analisi accurata del moto diffusivo delle molecole. Le immagini di fluorescenza vengono notevolmente deteriorata quando 1) impurezze fluorescenza sono presenti nel campione, 2) il quantum resa di fluorescenza di un fluoroforo incorporata è bassa, e 3) il frame rate del imaging è più lento del moto diffusivo delle molecole polimeriche. Impostazione della temperatura inferiore alla temperatura ambiente (20 ° C) o superiore a 37 ° C provoca un disallineamento indice di rifrazione, che sarà anche deteriorare la qualità delle immagini di fluorescenza registrate. Utilizzando una stretta banda di emissione filtro passa-banda montato su un cubo filtro migliora talvolta la qualità dell&#39;immagine di fluorescenza. Poiché il tempo di esposizione della fotocamera EM-CCD utilizzato nell&#39;esperimento di imaging è generalmente limitata a millisecondi, il moto diffusivo veloce di questo lasso di tempo non può essere catturata con questo metodo. La valutazione dell&#39;effetto dell&#39;errore statistico nell&#39;analisi MSD è il passaggio fondamentale for la caratterizzazione della diffusione eterogenea. L&#39;errore statistico deve essere attentamente valutata calcolando la distribuzione di probabilità del coefficiente di diffusione utilizzando il modello di diffusione omogenea 22 prima di discutere la diffusione eterogenea. La diffusione eterogenea dovrebbe essere attentamente valutata mediante l&#39;analisi CDF. Quando i CDF mostrano deviazioni chiare dal modello di diffusione omogenea (cioè, curve di decadimento esponenziale singolo), questo suggerisce la presenza di molteplici componenti diffondente. La caratterizzazione quantitativa di diffusione eterogenea richiede combinato MSD, CDF, e analizza distribuzione di probabilità. 14,15 Dinamiche polimeri, tra cui moto diffusivo, è stato descritto come valori d&#39;insieme mediati nei metodi convenzionali quali NMR, 7 light scattering, 8 e misurazioni della viscosità. 9 Infatti, il moto diffusivo eterogenea rivelato dalla singll&#39;imaging e-molecola 16 è spesso molto difficile da rilevare nei metodi di ensemble-media. Considerando la natura intrinseca eterogeneo di polimeri, 25-27 il metodo riportato in questo protocollo non è limitato alla caratterizzazione dei polimeri topologici, ma è applicabile a tutti i tipi di polimeri in condizioni ingarbugliate. 28 Inoltre, l&#39;approccio riportato in questo protocollo troverà ampia applicazione nell&#39;analisi di diffusione eterogenei in sistemi complessi, come la diffusione molecolare attraverso materiali mesoporosi. 29

Cyclic polymers are unique in that they do not have chain ends. They often exhibit unusual behaviors which is distinct from their linear counterpart, including increased thermal stability of polymer micelles by a linear-to-cyclic conversion,1,2 and spatial organization of DNA in bacterial cells by a loop formation.3 Topological interactions between the cyclic chains are believed to be the critical factor for such unusual behaviors.4,5 Therefore, characterizing the motion and relaxation of cyclic polymers under entangled conditions has been an important research topic in polymer science for decades.6
Cyclic polymer dynamics has been investigated using both synthetic and naturally occurring molecules by means of ensemble averaged experimental methods such as nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR), light scattering, and viscosity measurements.7-9 However, these studies often suffer from impurity molecules in the samples.10 Furthermore, spatiotemporal heterogeneities of the motion of individual molecules caused by inherent structural heterogeneity of entangled polymers are often hidden behind the ensemble averaging in these studies. In order to characterize molecular level dynamics of cyclic polymers, a synthesis method that provides high purity cyclic polymers and an experimental and analysis methods that allow for quantitative characterization of molecular motion at the single molecule level have to be developed. Here, we will show a method to synthesize high-purity cyclic and dicyclic poly(THF)s that incorporate a fluorophore unit using an electrostatic self-assembly and covalent fixation (ESA-CF) process11-13 and a method to analyze the motion of the individual fluorophore-incorporated polymer chains using a combination of mean-squared displacement (MSD) and cumulative distribution function (CDF) analyses.
A proper data processing has been shown to be essential for the accurate characterization of the diffusive motion. With an adequate MSD and CDF analyses, a multiple-mode diffusion of the cyclic and dicyclic polymers in the melt and semi-dilute solution of the linear polymer chains has been revealed,14-16 suggesting the significant effects of the topological states of the polymers on the diffusive motion of the chains under entangled conditions.17 While the experimental and analytical approaches to characterize the motion of the cyclic polymers are described in this protocol, the same method can be used to quantitatively characterize the diffusive motion in many other heterogeneous systems. The approach would be especially suitable when multiple diffusion components existing in the samples are to be analyzed.

<table><tbody><tr><td>&lt;strong&gt;Materials&lt;/strong&gt;</td><td></td><td></td><td></td></tr><tr><td>THF</td><td>Godo</td><td></td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Wakosil C-300</td><td>Wako Pure Chemical Industries</td><td></td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Acetone</td><td>Godo</td><td></td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Toluene</td><td>Godo</td><td></td><td></td></tr><tr><td>&lt;em&gt;n&lt;/em&gt;-Hexane</td><td>Godo</td><td></td><td></td></tr><tr><td>CHCl&lt;sub&gt;3&lt;/sub&gt;</td><td>Kanto Chemical</td><td></td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Bio-Beads S-X1</td><td>Bio-Rad</td><td></td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Methyl triflate</td><td>Nacalai Tesque</td><td></td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Triflic anhydride</td><td>Nacalai Tesque</td><td></td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Potassium Hydroxide</td><td>Wako Pure Chemical Industries</td><td></td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Ethanol</td><td>Wako Pure Chemical Industries</td><td></td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Poly(tetrahydrofuran)</td><td>Aldrich</td><td></td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Chloroform</td><td>Wako Pure Chemical Industries</td><td></td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Immersion oil</td><td>Cargille</td><td>Type 37 / Type A</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>&lt;strong&gt;Equipment&lt;/strong&gt;</td><td></td><td></td><td></td></tr><tr><td>2-Neck 100-ml round-bottom flask</td><td></td><td></td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Flask</td><td></td><td></td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Beaker</td><td></td><td></td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Funnel</td><td></td><td></td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Filter paper</td><td>Whatman</td><td></td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Reflux condenser</td><td></td><td></td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Syringe</td><td></td><td></td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Water bath</td><td></td><td></td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Magnetic stirrer</td><td></td><td></td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Rotary evaporator</td><td></td><td></td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Microscope cover slips (24 x 24 mm, No. 1)</td><td>Matsunami Glass</td><td>CO22241</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Staining jar</td><td>AS ONE Corporation</td><td>1-7934-01</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Ultrasonic cleaner</td><td>VWR International&amp;nbsp;</td><td>142-0047</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Inverted microscope</td><td>Olympus</td><td>IX71</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Ar-Kr ion laser</td><td>Coherent</td><td>Innova 70C</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Berek compensator</td><td>Newport</td><td>5540</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Excitation filter</td><td>Semrock</td><td>LL01-488-12.5</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Dichloric mirror</td><td>Omega optical</td><td>500DRLP</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Emission filter</td><td>Semrock</td><td>BLP01-488R-25</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Lens and mirror</td><td>Thorlabs</td><td></td><td></td></tr><tr><td>EM-CCD camera</td><td>Andor Technology</td><td>iXon</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Objective lens (100X, N.A. = 1.3)</td><td>Olympus</td><td>UPLFLN 100XOP</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Objective heater</td><td>Bioptechs</td><td></td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Preparative GPC</td><td>Japan Analytical Industry</td><td>LC-908</td><td></td></tr></tbody></table>

synthesis of cyclic polymers and characterization of their diffusive motion in the melt state at the single molecule level

We demonstrate a method for the synthesis of cyclic polymers and a protocol for characterizing their diffusive motion in a melt state at the single molecule level. An electrostatic self-assembly and covalent fixation (ESA-CF) process is used for the synthesis of the cyclic poly(tetrahydrofuran) (poly(THF)). The diffusive motion of individual cyclic polymer chains in a melt state is visualized using single molecule fluorescence imaging by incorporating a fluorophore unit in the cyclic chains. The diffusive motion of the chains is quantitatively characterized by means of a combination of mean-squared displacement (MSD) analysis and a cumulative distribution function (CDF) analysis. The cyclic polymer exhibits multiple-mode diffusion which is distinct from its linear counterpart. The results demonstrate that the diffusional heterogeneity of polymers that is often hidden behind ensemble averaging can be revealed by the efficient synthesis of the cyclic polymers using the ESA-CF process and the quantitative analysis of the diffusive motion at the single molecule level using the MSD and CDF analyses.

Il perylene diimide-incorporato stella 4 armata e forma-8 poli dicyclic (THF) s sono stati sintetizzati utilizzando il elettrostatica auto-assemblaggio e covalente fissaggio (ESA-CF) di processo (Figura 1, Figura 2). Immagini di fluorescenza singola molecola time-lapse sono stati misurati per il 4-armata (Figura 3a) e 8 a forma di polimeri (figura 3b). Le immagini time-lapse di fluorescenza (Figura 3) mostrano spazialmente isolate macchie luminose e nitide a causa della incorporazione della altamente fluorescente perilene diimide fluoroforo 23 nelle catene. Istogrammi di frequenza del coefficiente di diffusione sono stati calcolati per il 4 bracci (figura 4a) e 8-forma (figura 4b) polimeri dall&#39;analisi spostamento quadratico medio (MSD) delle immagini time-lapse. I calcoli delle trame MSD e CDF vengono svolti utilizzando routine scritte in MATLAB. il raccordodei CDF ottenuti dagli esperimenti è condotta utilizzando un software di elaborazione dati come origine Pro. Gli istogrammi di frequenza del coefficiente di diffusione determinata dall&#39;analisi MSD mostrano ampie distribuzioni (Figura 4) risultanti sia l&#39;errore statistico dell&#39;analisi ed eterogeneità della diffusione. Gli istogrammi di frequenza mostrano deviazioni chiare dal modello di diffusione omogenea (linea verde in figura 4), che dimostra diffusione eterogenea delle molecole polimeriche. 14 funzioni di distribuzione cumulativa (CDF) sono stati calcolati per i 4 bracci (figura 5a) e 8-shaped (Figura 5b) polimeri e montato dal singolo gaussiana (figura 5a) e modelli a doppia gaussiana (figura 5b). Le distribuzioni di probabilità statistica del coefficiente di diffusione sono stati calcolati per il 4 bracci (figura 4a) e forma-8 (4b Figura) pol<html> ymers dal singolo gaussiana, o modelli doppi gaussiana. Il singolo (figura 5a) e doppie (figura 5b) modelli gaussiana si adattano bene le CDF sperimentalmente ottenuti. Questi risultati dimostrano che la diffusione del polimero 4 armata è descritto dalla ampia distribuzione del coefficiente di diffusione, mentre il polimero forma di 8 mostra due modalità di diffusione distinti. <img alt="Figura 1" src="/files/ftp_upload/54503/54503fig1.jpg" /> Figura 1. percorso di sintesi di poli perilene diimide-incorporato (THF) s. Percorso Sintesi di (a) i polimeri a 4 stelle, armati e polimeri dicyclic a forma di 8 (b). <a href="https://www-jove-com.remotexs.ntu.edu.sg/files/ftp_upload/54503/54503fig1large.jpg" target="_blank">Si prega di cliccare qui per vedere una versione più grande di questa figura.</a> <html> 54503fig2.jpg &quot;/&gt; Figura 2. Caratterizzazione dei polimeri sintetizzati. Spettri NMR di (a) 4-armati polimeri stelle e polimeri dicyclic a forma di 8 (b). <a href="https://www-jove-com.remotexs.ntu.edu.sg/files/ftp_upload/54503/54503fig2large.jpg" target="_blank">Clicca qui per vedere una versione più grande di questa figura.</a> <img alt="Figura 3" src="/files/ftp_upload/54503/54503fig3.jpg" /> Figura 3 (film). Singola immagini molecola di fluorescenza del perilene diimide-incorporato poli (THF) s. Immagini Time-lapse fluorescenza di (a) i polimeri 4 armati stelle e (b) 8-shaped polimeri dicyclic nella massa fusa di poli-etichettato lineare (THF ). Barra di scala = 5 micron. Clicca qui per vedere i film <a href="https://www-jove-com.remotexs.ntu.edu.sg/files/ftp_upload/54503/Figure_3a_submit.mov" target="_blank">(a)</a> e3 / Figure_3b_submit.mov &quot;target =&quot; _ blank &quot;&gt; (b). <img alt="Figura 4" src="/files/ftp_upload/54503/54503fig4.jpg" /> Figura 4. Analisi MSD del perilene poli diimide-incorporato (THF) s diffondere nella massa fusa. Istogrammi frequenza del coefficiente di diffusione determinato per i singoli (a) 4-armati polimeri stelle e polimeri dicyclic a forma di 8 (b) nella massa fusa di non marcato poli lineare (THF). Le linee continue mostrano teoricamente calcolate distribuzioni di probabilità del coefficiente di diffusione sulla base dei tre diversi modelli di diffusione; modello omogeneo di diffusione (linee verdi, vedi 4.3.1), unico modello gaussiano (linee rosse, vedi 4.3.2), e il modello gaussiano doppia (linea blu, vedi 4.3.3). 14 <a href="https://www-jove-com.remotexs.ntu.edu.sg/files/ftp_upload/54503/54503fig4large.jpg" target="_blank">Si prega di cliccare qui per vedere una versione più grande di questa figura.</a> Figura 5. Analisi CDF del perilene diimide-incorporato poli (THF) s diffondere nella massa fusa funzioni di distribuzione cumulativa ottenuta sperimentalmente (iΔt = 7,5 - 75 msec). Nella forma di 1-P per (a) i polimeri 4 armate stella e (b) 8-shaped polimeri dicyclic nella massa fusa di poli lineari non marcato (THF). Le linee tratteggiate mostrano raccordi con (A) equazioni in 4.2.3.2 e (b) le equazioni in 4.2.3.3. 14 <a href="https://www-jove-com.remotexs.ntu.edu.sg/files/ftp_upload/54503/54503fig5large.jpg" target="_blank">Cliccate qui per vedere una versione più grande di questa figura.</a>

Watch this Scientific Journal Video about Synthesis of Cyclic Polymers and Characterization of Their Diffusive Motion in the Melt State at the Single Molecule Level at JoVE.com

Synthesis of Cyclic Polymers and Characterization of Their Diffusive Motion in the Melt State at the Single Molecule Level

Un protocollo per la sintesi e la caratterizzazione di moto diffusivo di polimeri ciclici a livello di singola molecola è presentato.

Sintesi di ciclici polimeri e caratterizzazione di loro moto diffusivo allo stato fuso alla molecola Piano unico

We demonstrate a method for the synthesis of cyclic polymers and a protocol for characterizing their diffusive motion in a melt state at the single ...

synthesis-cyclic-polymers-characterization-their-diffusive-motion

Nanyang Technological University

Research

JoVE Journal

Chemistry

7.8K Views.  King Abdullah University of Science and Technology (KAUST).  Un protocollo per la sintesi e la caratterizzazione di moto diffusivo di polimeri ciclici a livello di singola molecola è presentato. 

Video: Synthesis of Cyclic Polymers and Characterization of Their Diffusive Motion in the Melt State at the Single Molecule Level

Controlled Synthesis and Fluorescence Tracking of Highly Uniform Poly(N-isopropylacrylamide) Microgels

Stimuli-sensitive poly(N-isopropylacrylamide) (PNIPAM) microgels have various prospective practical applications and uses in fundamental research. In this work, we use single particle tracking of fluorescently labeled PNIPAM microgels as a showcase for tuning microgel size by a rapid non-stirred precipitation polymerization procedure. This approach is well suited for prototyping new reaction compositions and conditions or for applications that do not require large amounts of product. Microgel synthesis, particle size and structure determination by dynamic and static light scattering are detailed in the protocol. It is shown that the addition of functional comonomers can have a large influence on the particle nucleation and structure. Single particle tracking by wide-field fluorescence microscopy allows for an investigation of the diffusion of labeled tracer microgels in a concentrated matrix of non-labeled microgels, a system not easily investigated by other methods such as dynamic light scattering.

Controlled Synthesis and Fluorescence Tracking of Highly Uniform PolyN-isopropylacrylamide Microgels

Non-stirred precipitation polymerization provides a rapid, reproducible prototyping approach to the synthesis of stimuli-sensitive poly(N-isopropylacrylamide) microgels of narrow size distribution. In this protocol synthesis, light scattering characterization and single particle fluorescence tracking of these microgels in a wide-field microscopy setup are demonstrated.

Sintesi controllata e fluorescenza di monitoraggio altamente uniforme Poli (<em&gt; N</em&gt; -isopropylacrylamide) microgel

Stimuli-sensitive poly(N-isopropylacrylamide) (PNIPAM) microgels have various prospective practical applications and uses in fundamental research. In this ...

Ricerca

Chimica

Self-assembling Morphologies Obtained from Helical Polycarbodiimide Copolymers and Their Triazole Derivatives

A facile method for the preparation of polycarbodiimide-based secondary structures (e.g., nano-rings, &#34;craters,&#34; fibers, looped fibers, fibrous networks, ribbons, worm-like aggregates, toroidal structures, and spherical particles) is described. These aggregates are morphologically influenced by extensive hydrophobic side chain-side chain interactions of the singular polycarbodiimide strands, as inferred by atomic force microscopy (AFM) and scanning electron microscopy (SEM) techniques. Polycarbodiimide-g-polystyrene copolymers (PS-PCDs) were prepared by a combination of synthetic methods, including coordination-insertion polymerization, copper(I)-catalyzed azide alkyne cycloaddition (CuAAC) &#34;click&#34; chemistry, and atom transfer radical polymerization (ATRP). PS-PCDs were found to form specific toroidal architectures at low concentrations in CHCl3. To determine the influence of a more polar solvent medium (i.e., THF and THF/EtOH) on polymer aggregation behavior, a number of representative PS-PCD composites have been tested to show discrete concentration-dependent spherical particles. These fundamental studies are of practical interest to the development of experimental procedures for desirable architectures by directed self-assembly in thin film. These architectures may be exploited as drug carriers, whereas other morphological findings represent certain interest in the area of novel functional materials.

Here, we present a protocol to prepare and visualize secondary structures (e.g., fibers, toroidal architectures, and nano-spheres) derived from helical polycarbodiimides. The morphology characterized by both atomic force microscopy (AFM) and scanning electron microscopy (SEM) was shown to depend on molecular structure, concentration, and the solvent of choice.

Morfologie autoassemblanti Ottenuto da elicoidali policarbodiimide copolimeri e loro derivati ​​triazolici

A facile method for the preparation of polycarbodiimide-based secondary structures (e.g., nano-rings, &#34;craters,&#34; fibers, looped fibers, fibrous ...

Synthesis of Terpolymers at Mild Temperatures Using Dynamic Sulfur Bonds in Poly(S-Divinylbenzene)

Elemental sulfur (S8) is a byproduct of the petroleum industry with millions of tons produced annually. Such abundant production and limited applications lead to sulfur as a cost-efficient reagent for polymer synthesis. Inverse vulcanization combines elemental sulfur with a variety of monomers to form functional polysulfides without the need for solvents. Short reaction times and straight forward synthetic methods have led to rapid expansion of inverse vulcanization. However, high reaction temperatures (&#62;160 &#176;C) limit the types of monomers that can be used. Here, the dynamic sulfur bonds in poly(S-divinylbenzene) are used to initiate polymerization at much lower temperatures. The S-S bonds in the prepolymer are less stable than S-S bonds in S8, allowing radical formation at 90 &#176;C rather than 159 &#176;C. A variety of allyl and vinyl ethers have been incorporated to form terpolymers. The resulting materials were characterized by 1H NMR, gel permeation chromatography, and differential scanning calorimetry, as well as examining changes in solubility. This method expands on the solvent-free, thiyl radical chemistry utilized by inverse vulcanization to create polysulfides at mild temperatures. This development broadens the range of monomers that can be incorporated thus expanding the accessible material properties and possible applications.

Synthesis of Terpolymers at Mild Temperatures Using Dynamic Sulfur Bonds in PolyS-Divinylbenzene

The goal of this protocol is to initiate polymerization using dynamic sulfur bonds in poly(S-divinylbenzene) at mild temperatures (90 &#176;C) without using solvents. Terpolymers are characterized by GPC, DSC and 1H NMR, and tested for changes in solubility.

Sintesi di terpolimeri a temperature miti utilizzando legami di zolfo dinamici in poli (S-divinilbenzene)

Elemental sulfur (S8) is a byproduct of the petroleum industry with millions of tons produced annually. Such abundant production and limited applications ...

Synthesis of Monodisperse Cylindrical Nanoparticles via Crystallization-driven Self-assembly of Biodegradable Block Copolymers

The production of monodisperse cylindrical micelles is a significant challenge in polymer chemistry. Most cylindrical constructs formed from diblock copolymers are produced by one of three techniques: thin film rehydration, solvent switching or polymerization-induced self-assembly, and produce only flexible, polydisperse cylinders. Crystallization-driven self-assembly (CDSA) is a method which can produce cylinders with these properties, by stabilizing structures of a lower curvature due to the formation of a crystalline core. However, the living polymerization techniques by which most core-forming blocks are formed are not trivial processes and the CDSA process may yield unsatisfactory results if carried out incorrectly. Here, the synthesis of cylindrical nanoparticles from simple reagents is shown. The drying and purification of reagents prior to a ring-opening polymerization of &#949;-caprolactone catalyzed by diphenyl phosphate is described. This polymer is then chain extended by methyl methacrylate (MMA) followed by N,N-dimethyl acrylamide (DMA) using reversible addition&#8722;fragmentation chain-transfer (RAFT) polymerization, affording a triblock copolymer that can undergo CDSA in ethanol. The living CDSA process is outlined, the results of which yield cylindrical nanoparticles up to 500 nm in length and a length dispersity as low as 1.05. It is anticipated that these protocols will allow others to produce cylindrical nanostructures and elevate the field of CDSA in the future.

Crystallization-driven self-assembly (CDSA) displays the unique ability to fabricate cylindrical nanostructures of narrow length distributions. The organocatalyzed ring-opening polymerization of &#949;-caprolactone and subsequent chain extensions of methyl methacrylate and N,N-dimethyl acrylamide are demonstrated. A living CDSA protocol that produces monodisperse cylinders up to 500 nm in length is outlined.

Sintesi di nanoparticelle cilindriche monodisperse tramite l'autoassemblaggio di copoliomeri a blocchi biodegradabili

The production of monodisperse cylindrical micelles is a significant challenge in polymer chemistry. Most cylindrical constructs formed from diblock ...

Analyzing Melts and Fluids from Ab Initio Molecular Dynamics Simulations with the UMD Package

We have developed a Python-based open-source package to analyze the results stemming from ab initio molecular-dynamics simulations of fluids. The package is best suited for applications on natural systems, like silicate and oxide melts, water-based fluids, and various supercritical fluids. The package is a collection of Python scripts that include two major libraries dealing with file formats and with crystallography. All the scripts are run at the command line. We propose a simplified format to store the atomic trajectories and relevant thermodynamic information of the simulations, which is saved in UMD files, standing for Universal Molecular Dynamics. The UMD package allows the computation of a series of structural, transport and thermodynamic properties. Starting with the pair-distribution function it defines bond lengths, builds an interatomic connectivity matrix, and eventually determines the chemical speciation. Determining the lifetime of the chemical species allows running a full statistical analysis. Then dedicated scripts compute the mean-square displacements for the atoms as well as for the chemical species. The implemented self-correlation analysis of the atomic velocities yields the diffusion coefficients and the vibrational spectrum. The same analysis applied on the stresses yields the viscosity. The package is available via the GitHub website and via its own dedicated page of the ERC IMPACT project as open-access package.

Melts and fluids are ubiquitous vectors of mass transport in natural systems. We have developed an open-source package to analyze ab initio molecular-dynamics simulations of such systems. We compute structural (bonding, clusterization, chemical speciation), transport (diffusion, viscosity) and thermodynamic properties (vibrational spectrum).

Analisi di fusioni e fluidi da Ab Initio Molecular Dynamics Simulations con il pacchetto UMD

We have developed a Python-based open-source package to analyze the results stemming from ab initio molecular-dynamics simulations of fluids. The package ...

Designed for Molecular Recycling: A Lignin-Derived Semi-aromatic Biobased Polymer

The development of chemically recyclable biopolymers offers opportunities within the pursuit of a circular economy. Chemically recyclable biopolymers make a positive effort to solve the issue of polymer materials in the disposal phase after the use phase. In this paper, the production of biobased semi-aromatic polyesters, which can be extracted entirely from biomass such as lignin, is described and visualized. The polymer poly-S described in this paper has thermal properties similar to certain commonly used plastics, such as PET. We developed a Green Knoevenagel reaction, which can efficiently produce monomers from aromatic aldehydes and malonic acid. This reaction has been proven to be scalable and has a remarkably low calculated E-factor. These polyesters with ligno-phytochemicals as a starting point show an efficient molecular recycling with minimal losses. The polyester poly(dihydrosinapinic acid) (poly-S) is presented as an example of these semi-aromatic polyesters, and the polymerization, depolymerization, and re-polymerization are described.

An example of a closed-loop approach towards a circular materials economy is described here. A whole sustainable cycle is presented where biobased semi-aromatic polyesters are designed by polymerization, depolymerization, and then re-polymerized with only slight changes in their yields or final properties.

Progettato per il riciclaggio molecolare: un polimero biobased semi-aromatico derivato dalla lignina

The development of chemically recyclable biopolymers offers opportunities within the pursuit of a circular economy. Chemically recyclable biopolymers make ...

Methods for the Self-integration of Megamolecular Biopolymers on the Drying Air-LC Interface

Living organisms that use water are always prone to drying in the environment. Their activities are driven by biopolymer-based micro- and macro-structures, as seen in the cases of moving water in vascular bundles and moisturizing water in skin layers. In this study, we developed a method for assessing the effect of aqueous liquid crystalline (LC) solutions composed of biopolymers on drying. As LC biopolymers have megamolecular weight, we chose to study polysaccharides, cytoskeletal proteins, and DNA. The observation of biopolymer solutions during drying under polarized light reveals milliscale self-integration starting from the unstable air-LC interface. The dynamics of the aqueous LC biopolymer solutions can be monitored by evaporating water from a one-side-open cell. By analyzing the images taken using cross-polarized light, it is possible to recognize the spatio-temporal changes in the orientational order parameter. This method can be useful for the characterization of not only artificial materials in various fields, but also natural living tissues. We believe that it will provide an evaluation method for soft materials in the biomedical and environmental fields.

A method for the drying-induced self-integration of megamolecular biopolymers on the air-liquid crystalline interface is provided here. This methodology will be useful not only for understanding the macroscopic potentials of biopolymers, but also as an evaluation method for soft materials in biomedical and environmental fields.

Metodi per la Self-integrazione di Megamolecular biopolimeri sul asciugatura ad aria-LC Interfaccia

Living organisms that use water are always prone to drying in the environment. Their activities are driven by biopolymer-based micro- and ...

Bioingegneria

Depolymerizable Olefinic Polymers Based on Fused-Ring Cyclooctene Monomers

The growing consumption of synthetic polymers and the accumulation of polymer waste have led to a pressing need for new routes to sustainable materials. Achieving a closed-loop polymer economy via chemical recycling to monomer (CRM) is one such promising route. Our group recently reported a new CRM system based on polymers prepared by ring-opening metathesis polymerization (ROMP) of trans-cyclobutane fused cyclooctene (tCBCO) monomers. This system offers several key advantages, including the ease of polymerization at ambient temperatures, quantitative depolymerization to monomers under mild conditions, and a broad range of functionalities and thermomechanical properties. Here, we outline detailed protocols for the preparation of tCBCO-based monomers and their corresponding polymers, including the preparation of elastic polymer networks and compression molding of linear thermoplastic polymers. We also outline the preparation of high ring strain E-alkene tCBCO monomers and their living polymerization. Finally, the procedures for the depolymerization of linear polymers and polymer networks are also demonstrated.

Here, we describe protocols for the preparation of trans-cyclobutane fused cyclooctenes (tCBCO),&#160;their polymerization to prepare depolymerizable olefinic polymers, and the depolymerization of these polymers under mild conditions. Additionally, protocols for the preparation of depolymerizable networks and compression molding of rigid linear plastics based on this system are described.

Polimeri olefinici depolimerizzabili a base di monomeri cicloottini ad anello fuso

The growing consumption of synthetic polymers and the accumulation of polymer waste have led to a pressing need for new routes to sustainable materials. ...

Polymerization

Source: Vy M. Dong and Jan Riedel, Department of Chemistry, University of California, Irvine, CA
Polymers are made from macromolecules, which are composed of repeating units (the so called monomeric units). In our modern world, polymers play an important role. One of the first important polymers was nylon, which is a polyamide. It found widespread application in tooth brushes and stockings.

Polymerization: Types of Polymerizations and Applications

Polimerizzazione

Source: Vy M. Dong and Jan Riedel, Department of Chemistry, University of California, Irvine, CA
Polymers are made from macromolecules, which are composed ...

Didattica

JoVE Science Education

Chimica organica II

Kinetics of Addition Polymerization to Polydimethylsiloxane

Source: <a href="https://www-jove-com.remotexs.ntu.edu.sg/author/Kerry+M._Dooley">Kerry M. Dooley</a> and Michael G. Benton, Department of Chemical Engineering, Louisiana State University, Baton Rouge, LA
Polymers are molecules consisting of many repeating monomer units that are chemically bonded into long chains. They exhibit a broad range of physical properties, which are affected by their chemical structure, molecular weight and degree of polymerization. The polymer industry manufactures thousands of raw materials used in a broad variety of commercial products.1,2
The goal of this video is to perform an addition polymerization reaction and then evaluate the resulting product to understand how viscosity can be used to determine polymer molecular weight. Additionally, this experiment will investigate how molecular weight can be related to monomer conversion.

Synthesis of Polydimethylsiloxane via Addition Polymerization

Cinetica di polimerizzazione per addizione al polidimetilsilossano

Source: Kerry M. Dooley and Michael G. Benton, Department of Chemical Engineering, Louisiana State University, Baton Rouge, LA
Polymers are molecules ...

Sintesi di ciclici polimeri e caratterizzazione di loro moto diffusivo allo stato fuso alla molecola Piano unico

Riepilogo

Esplora Altri Video

Capitoli in questo video

Sintesi controllata e fluorescenza di monitoraggio altamente uniforme Poli (

Morfologie autoassemblanti Ottenuto da elicoidali policarbodiimide copolimeri e loro derivati triazolici

Sintesi di terpolimeri a temperature miti utilizzando legami di zolfo dinamici in poli (S-divinilbenzene)

Sintesi di nanoparticelle cilindriche monodisperse tramite l'autoassemblaggio di copoliomeri a blocchi biodegradabili

Analisi di fusioni e fluidi da Ab Initio Molecular Dynamics Simulations con il pacchetto UMD

Progettato per il riciclaggio molecolare: un polimero biobased semi-aromatico derivato dalla lignina

Metodi per la Self-integrazione di Megamolecular biopolimeri sul asciugatura ad aria-LC Interfaccia

Polimeri olefinici depolimerizzabili a base di monomeri cicloottini ad anello fuso

Polimerizzazione

Cinetica di polimerizzazione per addizione al polidimetilsilossano

Sintesi di ciclici polimeri e caratterizzazione di loro moto diffusivo allo stato fuso alla molecola Piano unico

Riepilogo

Esplora Altri Video

Capitoli in questo video

Sintesi controllata e fluorescenza di monitoraggio altamente uniforme Poli (

Morfologie autoassemblanti Ottenuto da elicoidali policarbodiimide copolimeri e loro derivati ​​triazolici

Sintesi di terpolimeri a temperature miti utilizzando legami di zolfo dinamici in poli (S-divinilbenzene)

Sintesi di nanoparticelle cilindriche monodisperse tramite l'autoassemblaggio di copoliomeri a blocchi biodegradabili

Analisi di fusioni e fluidi da Ab Initio Molecular Dynamics Simulations con il pacchetto UMD

Progettato per il riciclaggio molecolare: un polimero biobased semi-aromatico derivato dalla lignina

Metodi per la Self-integrazione di Megamolecular biopolimeri sul asciugatura ad aria-LC Interfaccia

Polimeri olefinici depolimerizzabili a base di monomeri cicloottini ad anello fuso

Polimerizzazione

Cinetica di polimerizzazione per addizione al polidimetilsilossano

Morfologie autoassemblanti Ottenuto da elicoidali policarbodiimide copolimeri e loro derivati triazolici