Gli autori vorrebbero riconoscere Zack Shue, Casey John, e Lynn Cialdella-Kam per la loro assistenza durante l&#39;ottimizzazione di questa procedura.

<ol>
	<li>Nieman, D. C., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Influence+of+pistachios+on+performance+and+exercise-induced+inflammation,+oxidative+stress,+immune+dysfunction,+and+metabolite+shifts+in+cyclists:+a+randomized,+crossover+trial.">Influence of pistachios on performance and exercise-induced inflammation, oxidative stress, immune dysfunction, and metabolite shifts in cyclists: a randomized, crossover trial.</a> PLoS One. 9, e113725 (2014).</li><li>Knab, A. M., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Effects+of+a+freeze-dried+juice+blend+powder+on+exercise-induced+inflammation,+oxidative+stress,+and+immune+function+in+cyclists.">Effects of a freeze-dried juice blend powder on exercise-induced inflammation, oxidative stress, and immune function in cyclists.</a> Appl Physiol Nutr Metab. 39, 381-385 (2014).</li><li>Konrad, M., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=The+acute+effect+of+ingesting+a+quercetin-based+supplement+on+exercise-induced+inflammation+and+immune+changes+in+runners.">The acute effect of ingesting a quercetin-based supplement on exercise-induced inflammation and immune changes in runners.</a> Int J Sport Nutr Exerc Metab. 21, 338-346 (2011).</li><li>Nieman, D. C., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Immune+and+inflammation+responses+to+a+3-day+period+of+intensified+running+versus+cycling.">Immune and inflammation responses to a 3-day period of intensified running versus cycling.</a> Brain Behav Immun. 39, 180-185 (2014).</li><li>Nieman, D. C., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Carbohydrate+supplementation+affects+blood+granulocyte+and+monocyte+trafficking+but+not+function+after+2.5+h+of+running.">Carbohydrate supplementation affects blood granulocyte and monocyte trafficking but not function after 2.5 h of running.</a> Am J Clin Nutr. 66, 153-159 (1997).</li><li>Tidball, J. G. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Inflammatory+cell+response+to+acute+muscle+injury.">Inflammatory cell response to acute muscle injury.</a> Med Sci Sports Exerc. 27, 1022-1032 (1995).</li><li>McFarlin, B. K., Williams, R. R., Venable, A. S., Dwyer, K. C., Haviland, D. L. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Image-based+cytometry+reveals+three+distinct+subsets+of+activated+granulocytes+based+on+phagocytosis+and+oxidative+burst.">Image-based cytometry reveals three distinct subsets of activated granulocytes based on phagocytosis and oxidative burst.</a> Cytometry A. 83, 745-751 (2013).</li><li>Liao, Y., Liu, P., Guo, F., Zhang, Z. Y., Zhang, Z. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Oxidative+burst+of+circulating+neutrophils+following+traumatic+brain+injury+in+human.">Oxidative burst of circulating neutrophils following traumatic brain injury in human.</a> PLoS One. 8, e68963 (2013).</li><li>McFarlin, B. K., Venable, A. S., Prado, E. A., Henning, A. L., Williams, R. R. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Image-based+flow+cytometry+technique+to+evaluate+changes+in+granulocyte+function+in+vitro.">Image-based flow cytometry technique to evaluate changes in granulocyte function in vitro.</a> J Vis Exp. , (2014).</li><li>Nieman, D. C., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Immune+response+to+obesity+and+moderate+weight+loss.">Immune response to obesity and moderate weight loss.</a> Int J Obes Relat Metab Disord. 20, 353-360 (1996).</li><li>Nieman, D. C., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Immune+function+in+female+elite+rowers+and+non-athletes.">Immune function in female elite rowers and non-athletes.</a> Br J Sports Med. 34, 181-187 (2000).</li><li>Ichii, H., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Iron+sucrose+impairs+phagocytic+function+and+promotes+apoptosis+in+polymorphonuclear+leukocytes.">Iron sucrose impairs phagocytic function and promotes apoptosis in polymorphonuclear leukocytes.</a> Am J Nephrol. 36, 50-57 (2012).</li><li>Gomes, A., Fernandes, E., Lima, J. L. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Fluorescence+probes+used+for+detection+of+reactive+oxygen+species.">Fluorescence probes used for detection of reactive oxygen species.</a> J Biochem Biophys Methods. 65, 45-80 (2005).</li><li>Gruger, T., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Negative+impact+of+linezolid+on+human+neutrophil+functions+in+vitro.">Negative impact of linezolid on human neutrophil functions in vitro.</a> Chemotherapy. 58, 206-211 (2012).</li><li>Dementhon, K., El-Kirat-Chatel, S., Noel, T. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Development+of+an+in+vitro+model+for+the+multi-parametric+quantification+of+the+cellular+interactions+between+Candida+yeasts+and+phagocytes.">Development of an in vitro model for the multi-parametric quantification of the cellular interactions between Candida yeasts and phagocytes.</a> PLoS One. 7, e32621 (2012).</li></ol>

The authors have nothing to disclose.

Questo manoscritto fornisce un protocollo passo-passo per la determinazione di due indicatori di granulociti e monociti funzione. Abbiamo identificato alcuni punti che sono fondamentali per il successo di questo test. Un tale passo è l&#39;incubazione bagno di ghiaccio che si verifica immediatamente prima dell&#39;aggiunta di batteri. raffreddamento completa di tutti i campioni minimizzerà l&#39;effetto della temperatura sull&#39;attività fagocitosi e OB. Un altro punto critico è l&#39;aggiunta di batteri per ogni campione. A 8: 1 batteri: rapporto fagocita produce risultati ottimali; tuttavia altri ricercatori possono trovare che questo rapporto dovrà essere modificato per produrre risultati utili. Un altro passo importante è l&#39;uso di RBC lisi e reagenti di fissaggio WBC per lisare i globuli rossi e globuli bianchi risolvere. L&#39;uso di questo tali reagenti assicura la completa lisi dei globuli rossi e consente ai ricercatori di archiviare in modo sicuro i campioni trattati a 4 ° C per una notte, e poi correre attraverso il citofluorimetro il giorno successivo. lavoro precedente (inedito) indicAtes che RBC lisi e fissaggio WBC possono essere utilizzati per ritardare la citometria a flusso di campioni fissati da ben 12 ore senza compromettere l&#39;integrità dei dati. Questa procedura può essere facilmente modificato per soddisfare le capacità e interessi del ricercatore, ma va sottolineato che l&#39;ottimizzazione è necessaria quando adattamenti sono fatti. Alcuni degli adattamenti più comuni che sono stati segnalati sono ai batteri bersaglio, l&#39;etichetta / sonda, e il tempo di incubazione. I ricercatori hanno prodotto risultati eccezionali, quando Escherichia coli 7,8 viene utilizzato al posto di S. aureus come patogeno bersaglio (sia in rapporto 8: 1). Un fungo, come Saccharomyces cerevisiae, può anche essere indicato come sostituto per E. coli. Inoltre, i ricercatori spesso utilizzano una sonda molecolare pH-sensibile, 7,12 anziché FITC, come la sonda per la fagocitosi. Allo stesso modo, le sonde diverso da ciò che sono comunemente usati per misurare l&#39;attività OB, sapg dichlorofluorescin diacetato (DCF-DA) e 10 diidrorodamina 123 (DHR). 13 i tempi di incubazione riportati variano da 20 min a 120 min, con 12,14,15 McFarlin segnalazione che il tempo di risposta massima può variare a seconda di destinazione batterica. 7 Dovrebbe anche notare che i tempi di incubazione ottimali possono variare tra gli aspetti fagocitosi e OB del test. 7 Come per tutti i test di laboratorio, la risoluzione dei problemi può essere necessario quando si stabilisce questa tecnica in un nuovo ambiente di ricerca. Gli autori suggeriscono che l&#39;ottimizzazione dei batteri: rapporto fagocita è la chiave del successo per questo test. Gli autori fanno notare, inoltre, che i dati da un campione devono essere scartati dall&#39;analisi se meno del 80% delle cellule nella popolazione granulociti da un partecipante non-malati sono FITC positivo; in questa situazione, il campione può essere ri-raccolto e rianalizzato, se possibile. Ci sono alcune limitazioni algranulociti e monociti fagocitosi e saggio di attività OB descritte in questo manoscritto. Una tale limitazione è l&#39;uso esclusivo di FSC e SSC di identificare le popolazioni di cellule di interesse. L&#39;uso di marcatori di superficie cellulare consentirebbe ai ricercatori di identificare positivamente popolazioni cellulari. 10 Tuttavia, l&#39;aggiunta di questa funzionalità richiederebbe più di un flusso base citometro, ed è quindi oltre la portata di questo manoscritto. Un&#39;altra limitazione di questo saggio è che si basa sulla efficacia del trypan blu per estinguere la fluorescenza delle sonde che non sono stati internalizzati dalle cellule immunitarie di interesse. Una sonda molecolare 7,12 pH-sensibile può essere utilizzata come alternativa al FITC in situazioni in cui internalizzazione è una preoccupazione. Poiché tale sonda è solo fluorescente in ambienti acidi, come quelli in vescicole endocitiche, la fluorescenza realizzato rappresenta solo particelle internalizzate. Inoltre, diversi ricercatori hanno criticato il test corrente perché farees non includere una serie parallela di campioni che viene incubata in acqua ghiacciata invece che a 37 ° C per controllare per attività delle cellule immunitarie basale. In diverse occasioni, abbiamo incluso questa &quot;condizione di ghiaccio&quot; quando si esegue il test di granulociti e monociti fagocitosi e l&#39;attività OB, e abbiamo trovato che non migliora in modo significativo la qualità dei dati (non pubblicati). In sintesi, questo manoscritto descrive una tecnica per misurare la fagocitosi e OB attività nei granulociti e monociti. Questo è un semplice, test semplice che può essere facilmente modificato per tenere conto di capacità di laboratorio e interessi di ricerca. In esercizio sulla scienza e la ricerca di obesità legati, questa misura della funzione immunitaria innata permetterà al ricercatore di esplorare gli effetti di molti potenziali contromisure, tra cui la perdita di peso, l&#39;uso di supplemento, interventi dietetici, e altri cambiamenti dello stile di vita. Su padronanza questa tecnica, i ricercatori saranno in grado di monitorare acutae cambiamenti cronici nella funzione delle cellule immunitarie in risposta alla dieta, esercizio fisico, e molti altri stimoli.

Il granulociti e monociti fagocitosi / burst ossidativo (OB) saggio di attività è una tecnica semplice, straight-forward che viene spesso utilizzato per raccogliere informazioni sui innato funzione immunitaria dopo l&#39;attività fisica intensa e prolungata. 1-4 Quando si studia la risposta del sistema immunitario a uno stimolo, granulociti e monociti sono di particolare interesse perché giocano un ruolo centrale nella difesa ospite e sono le prime cellule immunitarie per accumulare nel sito di infezione. 5 neutrofili, un tipo di granulociti, sono le prime cellule di traslocare nel muscolo danneggiato tessuto dopo l&#39;attività fisica intensa. 6 fagocitosi e l&#39;attività OB sono le misure più comuni di granulociti e monociti funzione, 7 e sono preferiti come indicatori di funzione delle cellule immunitarie innate a causa del loro ruolo centrale sia nel processo di infezione e il processo di riparazione. Il test descritto in questo Utili manoscrittozes un flusso base citometro a fornire una determinazione quantitativa di granulociti e monociti fagocitosi e l&#39;attività OB nel sangue intero. L&#39;uso di sangue intero in questa tecnica è vantaggiosa perché permette il test da condurre senza una procedura di purificazione tempo. Questo test può essere facilmente modificato per accogliere una varietà di disegni di ricerca e capacità di laboratorio. Ad esempio, Liao et al. Utilizzato una tecnica simile a dimostrare che l&#39;attività dei neutrofili OB è aumentata e neutrofili fagocitosi è diminuita in seguito a lesione cerebrale traumatica. 8 In un altro esempio, McFarlin et al. Descrive un elegante modifica di questa tecnica che utilizza allophycocyanin (APC ) coniugata CD66b e ad alte prestazioni in tandem APC-coniugato etichettatura CD45 con image-based citometria a flusso per classificare i granulociti in termini di attività di fagocitosi e OB. 7,9 Il nostro gruppo di ricerca ha utilizzato vari adattamenti di questo TEchnique come un indicatore della funzione immunitaria innata nelle popolazioni in sovrappeso, obesi, e atletiche per quasi 20 anni. 10,11 Il testo qui di seguito vi fornire al lettore con le istruzioni passo-passo per l&#39;esecuzione di questo test ed evidenziare le aree che il lettore può adattare per soddisfare le esigenze della loro ricerca.

<table><tbody><tr><td>12 x 75 mm tubes, with cap</td><td>VWR</td><td>20170-579</td><td>You will need 2 tubes per sample (&quot;H&quot; and &quot;F&quot;) plus 3 tubes per batch (for assay controls; &quot;F&quot;, &quot;H&quot;, and &quot;Blood only&quot;).</td></tr><tr><td>PBS (10x), pH 7.4</td><td>Life Technologies</td><td>70011-044</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Bottle top 0.2 &amp;micro;m cellulose acetate filter (500 ml capacity)</td><td>Fisher Scientific</td><td>09-741-07&amp;nbsp;</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Glucose, powder</td><td>Life Technologies</td><td>15023-021</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Citric acid (anhydrous, cell culture tested, plant cell culture tested)</td><td>Sigma-Aldrich</td><td>C2404-100G</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Sodium citrate tribasic dihydrate</td><td>Sigma-Aldrich</td><td>S4641-25G</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Dihydroethidium (Hydroethidine) (HE)</td><td>Life Technologies</td><td>D11347</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO) Anhydrous</td><td>Life Technologies</td><td>D12345</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Staphylococcus aureus&amp;nbsp;(Wood strain without protein A) BioParticles, fluorescein conjugate (FITC)</td><td>Life Technologies</td><td>S2851</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Staphylococcus aureus&amp;nbsp;(Wood strain without protein A) BioParticles, unlabeled</td><td>Life Technologies</td><td>S-2859</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Trypan Blue Solution, 0.4%</td><td>Life Technologies</td><td>15250-061</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>4.0 ml vacutainer containing 7.2 mg K&lt;sub&gt;2&lt;/sub&gt;EDTA, spray-dried</td><td>VWR</td><td>BD367861</td><td>You will need 1 K&lt;sub&gt;2&lt;/sub&gt;EDTA blood collection tube per sample.</td></tr><tr><td>4.0 ml vacutainer containing 68 USP units Lithium Heparin, spray-coated</td><td>VWR</td><td>BD367884</td><td>You will need 1 Lithium Heparin blood collection tube per sample.</td></tr><tr><td>COULTER Ac&amp;middot;T 5diff CP</td><td>Beckman Coulter</td><td>6605705</td><td>&lt;em&gt;i.e.&lt;/em&gt;, hematology analyzer</td></tr><tr><td>COULTER Ac&amp;middot;T 5diff Rinse</td><td>Beckman Coulter</td><td>8547167</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>COULTER Ac&amp;middot;T 5diff Fix</td><td>Beckman Coulter</td><td>8547171</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>COULTER Ac&amp;middot;T 5diff WBC Lyse</td><td>Beckman Coulter</td><td>8547170</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>COULTER Ac&amp;middot;T 5diff Hgb Lyse</td><td>Beckman Coulter</td><td>8547168</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>COULTER Ac&amp;middot;T 5diff Cal Calibrator</td><td>Beckman Coulter</td><td>7547175</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>COULTER Ac&amp;middot;T 5diff Control Plus</td><td>Beckman Coulter</td><td>7547198</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>AcT 5diff Diluent</td><td>Beckman Coulter</td><td>8547169</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>200 &amp;micro;l extended-length pipette tips</td><td>VWR</td><td>37001-526</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Insulated ice pan</td><td>VWR</td><td>89198-980</td><td>For ice water bath.</td></tr><tr><td>Open metal tube rack</td><td>VWR</td><td>60916-702</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Fetal Bovine Serum</td><td>Life Technologies</td><td>26140-111</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>TQ-Prep Workstation</td><td>Beckman Coulter</td><td>6605429</td><td>&lt;em&gt;i.e.&lt;/em&gt;, automated cell lyse preparation workstation</td></tr><tr><td>ImmunoPrep Reagent System</td><td>Beckman Coulter</td><td>7546999</td><td>&lt;em&gt;i.e.&lt;/em&gt;, RBC lyse/WBC fix reagent system</td></tr><tr><td>Cytomics FC500 MCL Flow Cytometry System with CXP Software</td><td>Beckman Coulter</td><td>626553</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>IsoFlow Sheath Fluid</td><td>Beckman Coulter</td><td>8547008</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>COULTER CLENZ</td><td>Beckman Coulter</td><td>8546929</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Flow-Check Fluorospheres&amp;nbsp;</td><td>Beckman Coulter</td><td>6605359</td><td>&lt;em&gt;i.e.&lt;/em&gt;, alignment and fluidics verification fluorospheres</td></tr><tr><td>FlowJo Software</td><td>FlowJo</td><td>FlowJo</td><td>&lt;em&gt;i.e.&lt;/em&gt;, flow cytometry analysis software</td></tr><tr><td>Excel Software</td><td>Microsoft</td><td>Microsoft Excel</td><td>&lt;em&gt;i.e.&lt;/em&gt;, electronic spreadsheet program</td></tr></tbody></table>

measuring granulocyte and monocyte phagocytosis and oxidative burst activity in human blood

The granulocyte and monocyte phagocytosis and oxidative burst (OB) activity assay can be used to study the innate immune system. This manuscript provides the necessary methodology to add this assay to an exercise immunology arsenal. The first step in this assay is to prepare two aliquots ("H" and "F") of whole blood (heparin). Then, dihydroethidium is added to the H aliquot, and both aliquots are incubated in a warm water bath followed by a cold water bath. Next, Staphylococcus aureus (S. aureus) is added to the H aliquot and fluorescein isothiocyanate-labeled S. aureus is added to the F aliquot (bacteria:phagocyte = 8:1), and both aliquots are incubated in a warm water bath followed by a cold water bath. Then, trypan blue is added to each aliquot to quench extracellular fluorescence, and the cells are washed with phosphate-buffered saline. Next, the red blood cells are lysed, and the white blood cells are fixed. Finally, a flow cytometer and appropriate analysis software are used to measure granulocyte and monocyte phagocytosis and OB activity. This assay has been used for over 20 years. After heavy and prolonged exertion, athletes experience a significant but transient increase in phagocytosis and an extended decrease in OB activity. The post-exercise increase in phagocytosis is correlated with inflammation. In contrast to normal weight individuals, granulocyte and monocyte phagocytosis is chronically elevated in overweight and obese participants, and is modestly correlated with C-reactive protein. In summary, this flow cytometry-based assay measures the phagocytosis and OB activity of phagocytes and can be used as an additional measure of exercise- and obesity-induced inflammation.

attività intensa e prolungata ha effetti profondi sulla funzione immunitaria innata, tra cui la funzione Natural Killer delle cellule, la risposta dei macrofagi citochina-mediata alle infezioni virali, e granulociti e monociti fagocitosi e l&#39;attività OB. Diversi studi indicano che i granulociti e monociti fagocitosi aumenta in modo significativo post-esercizio, che riflettono l&#39;infiammazione indotta da danno muscolare e richieste metaboliche. Al contrario, granulociti e monociti OB attività diminuisce post-esercizio e può essere un indicatore immunitario di una maggiore suscettibilità alle infezioni. Ad esempio, la Figura 1 mostra che fagocitosi di S. aureus da granulociti è aumentata immediatamente e 1,5 ore dopo un 75-km in bicicletta attacco (70% VO2max), tornando alla normalità entro la mattina successiva. Monociti fagocitosi è analogamente interessato da questo livello di esercizio. La Figura 2 mostra che l&#39;attività granulociti OB è diminuzioned per almeno 21 ore dopo 75 km in bicicletta. l&#39;attività dei monociti OB è anche diminuito dopo 75 km in bicicletta. Granulociti e monociti fagocitosi di S. aureus, ma non granulociti e l&#39;attività OB monociti, sono correlati ai biomarcatori dell&#39;infiammazione sistemica figura 3 mostra la modesta correlazione tra granulociti fagocitosi e siero proteina C-reattiva (CRP) livelli (Pearson prodotto-momento di correlazione;. r = 0.44; P &lt;0,01 ) in 106 donne in sovrappeso / obese. Siero CRP è anche correlata a monociti fagocitosi di S. aureus (Pearson prodotto-momento di correlazione; r = 0.30; P &lt;0,01). Inoltre, neutrofili nel sangue / conta dei leucociti (Pearson prodotto-momento di correlazione; r = 0,62 er = 0,61, rispettivamente; p &lt;0.001), indice di massa corporea (Pearson prodotto-momento di correlazione; r = 0,50 er = 0,40, rispettivamente; P &lt;0.001), i livelli di insulina nel siero (r = 0,30 er =0,23; p &lt;0,03), e nel sangue i livelli di A1c (Pearson prodotto-momento di correlazione; r = 0,28 er = 0,21, rispettivamente; p &lt;0.04) sono correlati a granulociti e monociti fagocitosi di S. aureus. In generale, questi dati indicano che l&#39;alta granulociti e monociti fagocitosi in soggetti riposo è indicativo di infiammazione sistemica. <img alt="Figura 1" src="/files/ftp_upload/54264/54264fig1.jpg" /> Figura 1: granulociti fagocitosi è influenzato da esercizio di resistenza intenso granulociti fagocitosi aumentato immediatamente e 1,5 ore dopo un 75-km in bicicletta incontro al 70% del VO2max.. Con 21-ore post-esercizio, granulociti fagocitosi tornato leggermente al di sotto dei livelli pre-esercizio. * indica diverso dal pre-esercizio (misure ripetute ANOVA con l&#39;analisi post-hoc abbinato t-test, se del caso; N = 19; p &lt;0.05). I valori sono meun errore standard ±. <a href="https://www-jove-com.remotexs.ntu.edu.sg/files/ftp_upload/54264/54264fig1large.jpg" target="_blank">Clicca qui per vedere una versione più grande di questa figura.</a> <img alt="figura 2" src="/files/ftp_upload/54264/54264fig2.jpg" /> Figura 2:. Granulociti ossidativo Attività Burst è interessato da una intensa attività scoppio granulociti ossidativo Endurance esercizio è diminuito immediatamente, 1,5 ore, e 21-ore dopo un 75-km in bicicletta incontro al 70% del VO2max. * indica diverso dal pre-esercizio (misure ripetute ANOVA con l&#39;analisi post-hoc abbinato t-test, se del caso; N = 19; p &lt;0.05). I valori sono media ± errore standard. <a href="https://www-jove-com.remotexs.ntu.edu.sg/files/ftp_upload/54264/54264fig2large.jpg" target="_blank">Cliccate qui per vedere una versione più grande di questa figura.</a> <imgalt = &quot;Figura 3&quot; src = &quot;/ files / ftp_upload / 54264 / 54264fig3.jpg&quot; /&gt; . Figura 3: granulociti Fagocitosi è correlata con infiammazione sistemica in sovrappeso donne / obese granulociti fagocitosi è stata correlata alle proteine ​​del siero C-reattiva, un biomarker ampiamente accettata di infiammazione sistemica (Pearson prodotto-momento di correlazione; N = 87; r = 0.44; P &lt;0.01). <a href="https://www-jove-com.remotexs.ntu.edu.sg/files/ftp_upload/54264/54264fig3large.jpg" target="_blank">Fate clic qui per vedere una versione più grande di questa figura.</a>

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Measuring Granulocyte and Monocyte Phagocytosis and Oxidative Burst Activity in Human Blood

The purpose of this manuscript is to present a method for measuring monocyte and granulocyte phagocytosis and oxidative burst activity in human blood samples.

Misurazione dei granulociti e dei monociti fagocitosi e ossidativo attività Burst nel sangue umano

The granulocyte and monocyte phagocytosis and oxidative burst (OB) activity assay can be used to study the innate immune system. This manuscript provides ...

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Nanyang Technological University

Research

JoVE Journal

Immunology and Infection

14.0K Views.  Appalachian State University. The purpose of this manuscript is to present a method for measuring monocyte and granulocyte phagocytosis and oxidative burst activity in human blood samples.

Video: Measuring Granulocyte and Monocyte Phagocytosis and Oxidative Burst Activity in Human Blood

An In vitro Model to Study Heterogeneity of Human Macrophage Differentiation and Polarization

Monocyte-derived macrophages represent an important cell type of the innate immune system. Mouse models studying macrophage biology suffer from the phenotypic and functional differences between murine and human monocyte-derived macrophages. Therefore, we here describe an in vitro model to generate and study primary human macrophages. Briefly, after density gradient centrifugation of peripheral blood drawn from a forearm vein, monocytes are isolated from peripheral blood mononuclear cells using negative magnetic bead isolation. These monocytes are then cultured for six days under specific conditions to induce different types of macrophage differentiation or polarization. The model is easy to use and circumvents the problems caused by species-specific differences between mouse and man. Furthermore, it is closer to the in vivo conditions than the use of immortalized cell lines. In conclusion, the model described here is suitable to study macrophage biology, identify disease mechanisms and novel therapeutic targets. Even though not fully replacing experiments with animals or human tissues obtained post mortem, the model described here allows identification and validation of disease mechanisms and therapeutic targets that may be highly relevant to various human diseases.

An In vitro Model to Study Heterogeneity of Human Macrophage Differentiation and Polarization

Monocyte-derived macrophages are important cells of the innate immune system. Here, we describe an easy to use in vitro model to generate these cells. Using gradient centrifugation, negative bead isolation and specific cell culture conditions, monocyte-derived macrophages can be generated for phenotypic and functional studies.

Un<em&gt; In vitro</em&gt; Modello per studiare eterogeneità di differenziazione dei macrofagi umani e polarizzazione

Monocyte-derived macrophages represent an important cell type of the innate immune system. Mouse models studying macrophage biology suffer from the ...

Ricerca

Immunologia e infezioni

Bioenergetics and the Oxidative Burst: Protocols for the Isolation and Evaluation of Human Leukocytes and Platelets

Mitochondrial dysfunction is known to play a significant role in a number of pathological conditions such as atherosclerosis, diabetes, septic shock, and neurodegenerative diseases but assessing changes in bioenergetic function in patients is challenging.&#160;Although diseases such as diabetes or atherosclerosis present clinically with specific organ impairment, the systemic components of the pathology, such as hyperglycemia or inflammation, can alter bioenergetic function in circulating leukocytes or platelets. This concept has been recognized for some time but its widespread application has been constrained by the large number of primary cells needed for bioenergetic analysis.&#160;This technical limitation has been overcome by combining the specificity of the magnetic bead isolation techniques, cell adhesion techniques, which allow cells to be attached without activation to microplates, and the sensitivity of new technologies designed for high throughput microplate respirometry.&#160;An example of this equipment is the extracellular flux analyzer. Such instrumentation typically uses oxygen and pH sensitive probes to measure rates of change in these parameters in adherent cells, which can then be related to metabolism. Here we detail the methods for the isolation and plating of monocytes, lymphocytes, neutrophils and platelets, without activation, from human blood and the analysis of mitochondrial bioenergetic function in these cells. In addition, we demonstrate how the oxidative burst in monocytes and neutrophils can also be measured in the same samples. Since these methods use only 8-20 ml human blood they have potential for monitoring reactive oxygen species generation and bioenergetics in a clinical setting.

Blood leukocytes and platelets can be used as a marker of overall bioenergetic health of an individual and so have the potential to monitor pathological processes and the impact of treatments. Here&#160;we describe a method to isolate and measure mitochondrial function and the oxidative burst in these cells.

Bioenergetica e il burst ossidativo: Protocolli per l&#39;isolamento e la valutazione dei leucociti umani e piastrine

Mitochondrial dysfunction is known to play a significant role in a number of pathological conditions such as atherosclerosis, diabetes, septic shock, and ...

Image-based Flow Cytometry Technique to Evaluate Changes in Granulocyte Function In Vitro

Granulocytes play a key role in the body&#8217;s innate immune response to bacterial and viral infections. While methods exist to measure granulocyte function, in general these are limited in terms of the information they can provide. For example, most existing assays merely provide a percentage of how many granulocytes are activated following a single, fixed length incubation. Complicating matters, most assays focus on only one aspect of function due to limitations in detection technology. This report demonstrates a technique for simultaneous measurement of granulocyte phagocytosis of bacteria and oxidative burst. By measuring both of these functions at the same time, three unique phenotypes of activated granulocytes were identified: 1) Low Activation (minimal phagocytosis, no oxidative burst), 2) Moderate Activation (moderate phagocytosis, some oxidative burst, but no co-localization of the two functional events), and 3) High Activation (high phagocytosis, high oxidative burst, co-localization of phagocytosis and oxidative burst). A fourth population that consisted of inactivated granulocytes was also identified. Using assay incubations of 10, 20, and 40-min the effect of assay incubation duration on the redistribution of activated granulocyte phenotypes was assessed. A fourth incubation was completed on ice as a control. By using serial time incubations, the assay may be able to able to detect how a treatment spatially affects granulocyte function. All samples were measured using an image-based flow cytometer equipped with a quantitative imaging (QI) option, autosampler, and multiple lasers (488, 642, and 785 nm).

Image-based Flow Cytometry Technique to Evaluate Changes in Granulocyte Function In Vitro

This method demonstrates a technique for assessing granulocyte function by simultaneously measuring phagocytosis of bacteria and oxidative burst. Image-based flow cytometry allowed for the identification of three distinct subsets of activated granulocytes that all differed in their relative functional capacity.

Immagine a base di Citometria a flusso Tecnica per valutare le variazioni Granulocyte Funzione<em&gt; In Vitro</em

Granulocytes play a key role in the body&#8217;s innate immune response to bacterial and viral infections. While methods exist to measure granulocyte ...

Use of a Monocyte Monolayer Assay to Evaluate Fc&#947; Receptor-mediated Phagocytosis

Although originally developed for predicting transfusion outcomes of serologically incompatible blood, the monocyte monolayer assay (MMA) is a highly versatile in vitro assay that can be modified to examine different aspects of antibody and Fc&#947; receptor (Fc&#947;R)-mediated phagocytosis in both research and clinical settings. The assay utilizes adherent monocytes from peripheral blood mononuclear cells isolated from mammalian whole blood. MMA has been described for use in both human and murine investigations. These monocytes express Fc&#947;Rs (e.g., Fc&#947;RI, Fc&#947;RIIA, Fc&#947;RIIB, and Fc&#947;RIIIA) that are involved in immune responses. The MMA exploits the mechanism of Fc&#947;R-mediated interactions, phagocytosis in particular, where antibody-sensitized red blood cells (RBCs) adhere to and/or activate Fc&#947;Rs and are subsequently phagocytosed by the monocytes. In vivo, primarily tissue macrophages found in the spleen and liver carry out Fc&#947;R-mediated phagocytosis of antibody-opsonized RBCs, causing extravascular hemolysis. By evaluating the level of phagocytosis using the MMA, different aspects of the in vivo Fc&#947;R-mediated process can be investigated. Some applications of the MMA include predicting the clinical relevance of allo- or autoantibodies in a transfusion setting, assessing candidate drugs that promote or inhibit phagocytosis, and combining the assay with fluorescent microscopy or traditional Western immunoblotting to investigate the downstream signaling effects of Fc&#947;R-engaging drugs or antibodies. Some limitations include the laboriousness of this technique, which takes a full day from start to finish, and the requirement of research ethics approval in order to work with mammalian blood. However, with diligence and adequate training, the MMA results can be obtained within a 24-h turnover time.

The monocyte monolayer assay (MMA) is an in vitro assay that utilizes isolated primary monocytes obtained from mammalian peripheral whole blood to evaluate Fc&#947; receptor (Fc&#947;R)-mediated phagocytosis.

L&#39;uso di un monociti monostrato test per valutare fagocitosi Fcy recettore-mediata

Although originally developed for predicting transfusion outcomes of serologically incompatible blood, the monocyte monolayer assay (MMA) is a highly ...

Time-lapse 3D Imaging of Phagocytosis by Mouse Macrophages

Phagocytosis plays a key role in host defense, as well as in tissue development and maintenance, and involves rapid, receptor-mediated rearrangements of the actin cytoskeleton to capture, envelop and engulf large particles. Although phagocytic receptors, downstream signaling pathways, and effectors, such as Rho GTPases, have been identified, the dynamic cytoskeletal remodeling of specific receptor-mediated phagocytic events remain unclear. Four decades ago, two distinct mechanisms of phagocytosis, exemplified by Fc&#947; receptor (Fc&#947;R)- and complement receptor (CR)-mediated phagocytosis, were identified using scanning electron microscopy. Binding of immunoglobulin G (IgG)-opsonized particles to Fc&#947;Rs triggers the protrusion of thin membrane extensions, which initially form a so-called phagocytic cup around the particle before it becomes completely enclosed and retracted into the cell. In contrast, complement opsonized particles appear to sink into the phagocyte following binding to complement receptors. These two modes of phagocytosis, phagocytic cup formation and sinking in, have become well established in the literature. However, the distinctions between the two modes have become blurred by reports that complement receptor-mediated phagocytosis may induce various membrane protrusions. With the availability of high resolution imaging techniques, phagocytosis assays are required that allow real-time 3D (three dimensional) visualization of how specific phagocytic receptors mediate the uptake of individual particles. More commonly used approaches for the study of phagocytosis, such as end-point assays, miss the opportunity to understand what is happening at the interface of particles and phagocytes. Here we describe phagocytic assays, using time-lapse spinning disk confocal microscopy, that allow 3D imaging of single phagocytic events. In addition, we describe assays to unambiguously image Fc&#947; receptor- or complement receptor-mediated phagocytosis.

Here we describe methods using spinning disk confocal microscopy to image single phagocytic events by mouse resident peritoneal macrophages. The protocols can be extended to other phagocytic cells.

Time-lapse Imaging 3D della fagocitosi dai macrofagi del topo

Phagocytosis plays a key role in host defense, as well as in tissue development and maintenance, and involves rapid, receptor-mediated rearrangements of ...

Assessing Respiratory Immune Responses to Haemophilus Influenzae

Haemophilus influenzae (Hi) is a prevalent bacterium found in a range of respiratory conditions. A variety of different assays/techniques may be used to assess the respiratory immune/inflammatory response to this bacterium. Flow cytometry and confocal microscopy are fluorescence-based technologies that allow detailed characterization of biological responses.&#160;Different forms of Hi antigen can be used, including cell wall components, killed/inactivated preparations, and live bacteria. Hi is a fastidious bacterium that requires enriched media but is generally easy to grow in standard laboratory settings. Tissue samples for stimulation with Hi may be obtained from peripheral blood, bronchoscopy, or resected lung (e.g., in patients undergoing surgery for the treatment of lung cancer). Macrophage and neutrophil function may be comprehensively assessed using flow cytometry with a variety of parameters measured, including phagocytosis, reactive oxygen species, and intracellular cytokine production. Lymphocyte function (e.g., T cell and NK cell function) may be specifically assessed using flow cytometry, principally for intracellular cytokine production. Hi infection is a potent inducer of extracellular trap production, both by neutrophils (NETs) and macrophages (METs). Confocal microscopy is arguably the most optimal way to assess NET and MET expression, which may also be used to assess protease activity. Lung immunity to Haemophilus influenzae can be assessed using flow cytometry and confocal microscopy.

Assessing Respiratory Immune Responses to Haemophilus Influenzae

Haemophilus influenzae induces inflammation in the respiratory tract. This article will focus on the use of flow cytometry and confocal microscopy to define immune responses by phagocytes and lymphocytes in response to this bacterium.

Valutazione delle risposte immunitarie respiratorie all'Haemophilus influenzae

Haemophilus influenzae (Hi) is a prevalent bacterium found in a range of respiratory conditions. A variety of different assays/techniques may be used to ...

Prediction of Red Blood Cell Antibody Significance Using the Monocyte-Macrophage Assay

Derived from monocytes in the bone marrow, macrophages are large, innate immune cells that play a major role in clearing dead cells, debris, tumor cells, and foreign pathogens. The phagocytic capacity of monocytes versus macrophages is a concept that is not well understood. Here, we aim to examine a difference in the phagocytosis of monocytes versus macrophages, specifically M1/M2 macrophages, against various opsonized red cells using a modified and updated version of the established monocyte monolayer assay (MMA). Peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) were isolated from donor buffy coats. Using purified monocytes, inflammatory M1 and anti-inflammatory M2 macrophages were produced by in vitro culture and polarization. M1/M2 cells were harvested and used in an MMA-like assay, which we refer to as the M-MA, to decipher clinically significant phagocytosis of various red cell antibodies. A phagocytic index (PI) &#62; 5 was deemed clinically significant phagocytosis with the use of monocytes. A phagocytic index (PI) &#62; 12 was deemed clinically significant phagocytosis with the use of M1/M2 macrophages. M2 macrophages demonstrate an increased ability to phagocytose opsonized RBCs compared to monocytes and M1s. The same weak antibody (anti-S) yields significant phagocytosis with only M2 macrophages (PI=43) but not M1s (PI=2) or monocytes (PI=0), and this was demonstrated repeatedly using various antibodies. The use of M2 macrophages instead of monocytes may allow for more accurate results as these cells are more phagocytic, offering further clinical relevance to the assay. Further studies with different antibodies to red blood cells, including validation of the monocyte-macrophage assay (M-MA) with antibodies having known clinical significance, may show the M-MA&#160;more useful to help predict clinically significant red cell alloantibodies and transfusion reactions. This method will advance the field of transfusion medicine and immunology.

We have developed enhancements and updated methods for the existing monocyte-monolayer assay (MMA), in which macrophages are used to help better predict the clinical relevance of red cell alloantibodies in transfusion medicine and immunology. This assay is named the monocyte-macrophage assay (M-MA).

Previsione del significato degli anticorpi dei globuli rossi utilizzando il test dei monociti-macrofagi

Derived from monocytes in the bone marrow, macrophages are large, innate immune cells that play a major role in clearing dead cells, debris, tumor cells, ...

Real-Time Imaging of Macrophage Phagocytosis of IgG-Opsonized Red Blood Cells

Source: Horsthemke, M., et al. <a href="https://app-jove-com.remotexs.ntu.edu.sg/v/57566">Time-lapse 3D Imaging of Phagocytosis by Mouse Macrophages.</a> J. Vis. Exp. (2018)
This video demonstrates an assay to monitor independent macrophage-mediated red blood cell (RBC) phagocytosis events. Mouse immunoglobulin G (IgG)-opsonized human RBCs are incubated with mouse macrophages and observed under a confocal microscope. The RBCs are engulfed by macrophages via a phagocytic cup formation and targeted for lysosomal degradation.

Imaging in tempo reale della fagocitosi macrofagica dei globuli rossi opsonizzati IgG

Source: Horsthemke, M., et al. Time-lapse 3D Imaging of Phagocytosis by Mouse Macrophages. J. Vis. Exp. (2018)
This video demonstrates an assay to monitor ...

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Immunology

Immunodiagnostics

Specialized Assays

Quantitative Flow Cytometric Measurement of Fungal Spore Phagocytosis by Human Phagocytes

Source: Hartung, S., et al., <a href="https://app-jove-com.remotexs.ntu.edu.sg/v/60397">Measuring Phagocytosis of Aspergillus fumigatus Conidia by Human Leukocytes using Flow Cytometry.</a> J. Vis. Exp. (2019)
This video demonstrates a method for quantifying the phagocytosis of FITC-labeled pathogenic fungal spores by human leukocytes. Phagocytosed spores are discerned from cell-adherent spores through counterstaining, followed by flow cytometric analysis.

Misurazione citofluorimetrica quantitativa della fagocitosi delle spore fungine da parte dei fagociti umani

All procedures involving sample collection have been performed in accordance with the institute&#39;s IRB guidelines.
1. Phagocytosis Assay

	Incubate 2 x ...

An Assay to Assess Phagocytosis and Oxidative Burst Activity In Granulocytes and Monocytes

Source: Meaney, M. P. et al., <a href="https://app-jove-com.remotexs.ntu.edu.sg/v/54264">Measuring Granulocyte and Monocyte Phagocytosis and Oxidative Burst Activity in Human Blood.</a> J. Vis. Exp. (2016)
This video demonstrates the assay to confirm phagocytic activity by cells in human blood via flow cytometry. The granulocytes and monocytes confirm their phagocytic activity by showing green and red fluorescence confirming the presence of engulfed bacteria and oxidative burst activity respectively.

Un test per valutare la fagocitosi e l'attività di burst ossidativo nei granulociti e nei monociti

All procedures involving human participants have been performed in compliance with the institutional, national, and international guidelines for human ...

Misurazione dei granulociti e dei monociti fagocitosi e ossidativo attività Burst nel sangue umano

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Bioenergetica e il burst ossidativo: Protocolli per l'isolamento e la valutazione dei leucociti umani e piastrine

Immagine a base di Citometria a flusso Tecnica per valutare le variazioni Granulocyte Funzione

L'uso di un monociti monostrato test per valutare fagocitosi Fcy recettore-mediata