Los autores desean reconocer Zack Shue, Casey John y Lynn Cialdella-Kam por su ayuda durante la optimización de este procedimiento.

<ol>
	<li>Nieman, D. C., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Influence+of+pistachios+on+performance+and+exercise-induced+inflammation,+oxidative+stress,+immune+dysfunction,+and+metabolite+shifts+in+cyclists:+a+randomized,+crossover+trial.">Influence of pistachios on performance and exercise-induced inflammation, oxidative stress, immune dysfunction, and metabolite shifts in cyclists: a randomized, crossover trial.</a> PLoS One. 9, e113725 (2014).</li><li>Knab, A. M., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Effects+of+a+freeze-dried+juice+blend+powder+on+exercise-induced+inflammation,+oxidative+stress,+and+immune+function+in+cyclists.">Effects of a freeze-dried juice blend powder on exercise-induced inflammation, oxidative stress, and immune function in cyclists.</a> Appl Physiol Nutr Metab. 39, 381-385 (2014).</li><li>Konrad, M., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=The+acute+effect+of+ingesting+a+quercetin-based+supplement+on+exercise-induced+inflammation+and+immune+changes+in+runners.">The acute effect of ingesting a quercetin-based supplement on exercise-induced inflammation and immune changes in runners.</a> Int J Sport Nutr Exerc Metab. 21, 338-346 (2011).</li><li>Nieman, D. C., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Immune+and+inflammation+responses+to+a+3-day+period+of+intensified+running+versus+cycling.">Immune and inflammation responses to a 3-day period of intensified running versus cycling.</a> Brain Behav Immun. 39, 180-185 (2014).</li><li>Nieman, D. C., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Carbohydrate+supplementation+affects+blood+granulocyte+and+monocyte+trafficking+but+not+function+after+2.5+h+of+running.">Carbohydrate supplementation affects blood granulocyte and monocyte trafficking but not function after 2.5 h of running.</a> Am J Clin Nutr. 66, 153-159 (1997).</li><li>Tidball, J. G. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Inflammatory+cell+response+to+acute+muscle+injury.">Inflammatory cell response to acute muscle injury.</a> Med Sci Sports Exerc. 27, 1022-1032 (1995).</li><li>McFarlin, B. K., Williams, R. R., Venable, A. S., Dwyer, K. C., Haviland, D. L. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Image-based+cytometry+reveals+three+distinct+subsets+of+activated+granulocytes+based+on+phagocytosis+and+oxidative+burst.">Image-based cytometry reveals three distinct subsets of activated granulocytes based on phagocytosis and oxidative burst.</a> Cytometry A. 83, 745-751 (2013).</li><li>Liao, Y., Liu, P., Guo, F., Zhang, Z. Y., Zhang, Z. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Oxidative+burst+of+circulating+neutrophils+following+traumatic+brain+injury+in+human.">Oxidative burst of circulating neutrophils following traumatic brain injury in human.</a> PLoS One. 8, e68963 (2013).</li><li>McFarlin, B. K., Venable, A. S., Prado, E. A., Henning, A. L., Williams, R. R. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Image-based+flow+cytometry+technique+to+evaluate+changes+in+granulocyte+function+in+vitro.">Image-based flow cytometry technique to evaluate changes in granulocyte function in vitro.</a> J Vis Exp. , (2014).</li><li>Nieman, D. 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C., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Immune+function+in+female+elite+rowers+and+non-athletes.">Immune function in female elite rowers and non-athletes.</a> Br J Sports Med. 34, 181-187 (2000).</li><li>Ichii, H., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Iron+sucrose+impairs+phagocytic+function+and+promotes+apoptosis+in+polymorphonuclear+leukocytes.">Iron sucrose impairs phagocytic function and promotes apoptosis in polymorphonuclear leukocytes.</a> Am J Nephrol. 36, 50-57 (2012).</li><li>Gomes, A., Fernandes, E., Lima, J. 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The authors have nothing to disclose.

Este manuscrito proporciona un protocolo paso a paso para la determinación de dos indicadores de granulocitos y la función de monocitos. Hemos identificado algunos pasos que son críticos para el éxito de este ensayo. Una de estas medidas es la incubación baño de hielo que se produce inmediatamente antes de la adición de bacterias. enfriamiento a fondo de todas las muestras minimizará el efecto de la temperatura sobre la actividad de fagocitosis y OB. Otro paso crítico es la adición de las bacterias a cada muestra. Un 8: 1 bacterias: relación de los fagocitos produce resultados óptimos; sin embargo, otros investigadores pueden descubrir que tendrá que ser modificado esta relación para producir resultados adecuados. Otro paso importante es el uso de RBC lisis y reactivos de fijación del CMB para la lisis de los glóbulos rojos y fijar los glóbulos blancos. El uso de este tipo de reactivos asegura la lisis completa de los glóbulos rojos y permite a los investigadores para almacenar de manera segura muestras procesadas a 4 ° C durante la noche, y luego pasarlas por el citómetro de flujo al día siguiente. El trabajo previo (no publicado) Indicates de que RBC de lisis y de fijación WBC se pueden utilizar para retrasar la citometría de flujo de muestras fijadas por tantos como 12 hr sin comprometer la integridad de los datos. Este procedimiento puede ser fácilmente modificado para satisfacer las capacidades e intereses del investigador, pero debe hacerse hincapié en que la optimización es necesario cuando se hacen adaptaciones. Algunas de las adaptaciones más comunes que se han reportado son para las bacterias diana, la etiqueta / sonda, y el tiempo de incubación. Los investigadores han producido resultados excepcionales en Escherichia coli 7,8 se utiliza en lugar de S. aureus como el patógeno diana (tanto en la proporción de 8: 1). Un hongo, tal como Saccharomyces cerevisiae, también puede ser adecuado como un sustituto de la E. coli. Además, los investigadores utilizan con frecuencia una sonda molecular sensible al pH, 7,12 en lugar de FITC, como la sonda para la fagocitosis. Del mismo modo, las sondas que no sea HE se usan comúnmente para medir la actividad OB, including dichlorofluorescin diacetato (DCF-DA) 10 y dihidrorodamina 123 (DHR). 13 tiempos de incubación reportados varían de 20 min a 120 min, 12,14,15 con McFarlin informar que el tiempo de respuesta máxima puede variar según la diana bacteriana. 7 Debería se observará también que los tiempos óptimos de incubación puede variar entre los aspectos fagocitosis y OB del ensayo. 7 Al igual que con todos los ensayos de laboratorio, resolución de problemas puede ser necesario cuando se establece esta técnica en un nuevo entorno de investigación. Los autores recomiendan que la optimización de las bacterias: relación de los fagocitos es la clave del éxito para este ensayo. Los autores también señalan que los datos de una muestra deben ser descartados del análisis si menos del 80% de las células en la población de granulocitos de un participante no enfermas son FITC positivo; en esta situación, la muestra se puede volver a recoge y se volvió a analizar, si es posible. Hay algunas limitaciones a lagranulocitos y monocitos fagocitosis y ensayo de actividad OB descritos en este manuscrito. Una de tales limitaciones es el uso exclusivo de FSC y SSC para identificar las poblaciones de células de interés. El uso de marcadores de superficie celular permitiría a los investigadores a identificar positivamente poblaciones celulares. 10 Sin embargo, la adición de esta característica requeriría más de un flujo básico citómetro, y es por lo tanto más allá del alcance de este manuscrito. Otra limitación de este ensayo es que se basa en la eficacia de azul de tripano para extinguir la fluorescencia de las sondas que no han sido internalizados por las células inmunes de interés. A 7,12 sonda molecular sensible al pH puede ser utilizado como una alternativa a FITC en situaciones en que la internalización es una preocupación. Dado que una sonda de este tipo sólo es fluorescente en ambientes ácidos como los de las vesículas de endocitosis, la fluorescencia adquirida representa sólo partículas internalizadas. Además, varios investigadores han criticado el ensayo actual, ya que haceres no incluir un conjunto paralelo de muestras que se incuba en agua de hielo en lugar de a 37 ° C para el control de la actividad de células inmunes línea de base. En varias ocasiones, hemos incluido esta &quot;condición de hielo&quot; cuando se realiza el ensayo de granulocitos y monocitos fagocitosis y la actividad OB, y encontramos que no mejora significativamente la calidad de los datos (no publicados). En resumen, este manuscrito describe una técnica para medir la actividad de fagocitosis y OB en los granulocitos y monocitos. Este es un simple ensayo, sencilla que puede ser modificado fácilmente para tener en cuenta las capacidades de laboratorio e intereses de investigación. En la ciencia del ejercicio y la investigación relacionada con la obesidad, esta medida de la función inmune innata permitirá al investigador para explorar los efectos de muchos posibles contramedidas, incluyendo la pérdida de peso, uso del suplemento, las intervenciones dietéticas, y otros cambios de estilo de vida. Al dominar esta técnica, los investigadores serán capaces de controlar aguday los cambios crónicos en la función de las células inmunes en respuesta a la dieta, el ejercicio, y muchos otros estímulos.

El granulocitos y monocitos fagocitosis / explosión oxidativa (OB) ensayo de actividad es una técnica simple y directa que se utiliza con frecuencia para reunir información acerca de la función inmune innata después de un ejercicio prolongado e intensivo. 1-4 Al estudiar la respuesta del sistema inmune a un estímulo, los granulocitos y los monocitos son de particular interés, ya que juegan un papel central en la defensa del huésped y son las primeras células inmunes a acumularse en el sitio de infección. 5 neutrófilos, un tipo de granulocitos, son las primeras células de translocación de en el músculo dañado de tejidos después de un ejercicio intenso. 6 la fagocitosis y la actividad de OB son las medidas más comunes de granulocitos y monocitos función, 7 y se prefieren como indicadores de la función celular inmune innato debido a su papel central tanto en el proceso de infección y el proceso de reparación. El ensayo descrito en este manuscrito utilizes un flujo básico citómetro para proporcionar una determinación cuantitativa de granulocitos y la fagocitosis de monocitos y la actividad OB en la sangre entera. El uso de sangre total en esta técnica es ventajosa porque permite que el ensayo se lleva a cabo sin un procedimiento de purificación que consume tiempo. Este ensayo se puede modificar fácilmente para acomodar una variedad de diseños de investigación y capacidades de laboratorio. Por ejemplo, Liao et al. Utilizó una técnica similar para mostrar que la actividad de neutrófilos OB se incrementa y neutrófilos fagocitosis se disminuye después de una lesión cerebral traumática. 8 En otro ejemplo, McFarlin et al. Describe un elegante modificación de esta técnica que utiliza aloficocianina (APC ) conjugado con CD66b y CD45 etiquetado APC-conjugado tándem de alto rendimiento con la imagen basada en citometría de flujo para clasificar los granulocitos en términos de sus actividades fagocitosis y OB 7,9. Nuestro grupo de investigación ha utilizado diversas adaptaciones de la presente technique como un indicador de la función inmune innata en poblaciones con sobrepeso, obesos, y atléticas durante casi 20 años. 10,11 El texto a continuación proporcionará al lector con instrucciones paso a paso para realizar este ensayo y destacar las áreas que el lector pueda adaptarse para satisfacer las necesidades de sus investigaciones.

<table><tbody><tr><td>12 x 75 mm tubes, with cap</td><td>VWR</td><td>20170-579</td><td>You will need 2 tubes per sample (&quot;H&quot; and &quot;F&quot;) plus 3 tubes per batch (for assay controls; &quot;F&quot;, &quot;H&quot;, and &quot;Blood only&quot;).</td></tr><tr><td>PBS (10x), pH 7.4</td><td>Life Technologies</td><td>70011-044</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Bottle top 0.2 &amp;micro;m cellulose acetate filter (500 ml capacity)</td><td>Fisher Scientific</td><td>09-741-07&amp;nbsp;</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Glucose, powder</td><td>Life Technologies</td><td>15023-021</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Citric acid (anhydrous, cell culture tested, plant cell culture tested)</td><td>Sigma-Aldrich</td><td>C2404-100G</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Sodium citrate tribasic dihydrate</td><td>Sigma-Aldrich</td><td>S4641-25G</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Dihydroethidium (Hydroethidine) (HE)</td><td>Life Technologies</td><td>D11347</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO) Anhydrous</td><td>Life Technologies</td><td>D12345</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Staphylococcus aureus&amp;nbsp;(Wood strain without protein A) BioParticles, fluorescein conjugate (FITC)</td><td>Life Technologies</td><td>S2851</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Staphylococcus aureus&amp;nbsp;(Wood strain without protein A) BioParticles, unlabeled</td><td>Life Technologies</td><td>S-2859</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Trypan Blue Solution, 0.4%</td><td>Life Technologies</td><td>15250-061</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>4.0 ml vacutainer containing 7.2 mg K&lt;sub&gt;2&lt;/sub&gt;EDTA, spray-dried</td><td>VWR</td><td>BD367861</td><td>You will need 1 K&lt;sub&gt;2&lt;/sub&gt;EDTA blood collection tube per sample.</td></tr><tr><td>4.0 ml vacutainer containing 68 USP units Lithium Heparin, spray-coated</td><td>VWR</td><td>BD367884</td><td>You will need 1 Lithium Heparin blood collection tube per sample.</td></tr><tr><td>COULTER Ac&amp;middot;T 5diff CP</td><td>Beckman Coulter</td><td>6605705</td><td>&lt;em&gt;i.e.&lt;/em&gt;, hematology analyzer</td></tr><tr><td>COULTER Ac&amp;middot;T 5diff Rinse</td><td>Beckman Coulter</td><td>8547167</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>COULTER Ac&amp;middot;T 5diff Fix</td><td>Beckman Coulter</td><td>8547171</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>COULTER Ac&amp;middot;T 5diff WBC Lyse</td><td>Beckman Coulter</td><td>8547170</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>COULTER Ac&amp;middot;T 5diff Hgb Lyse</td><td>Beckman Coulter</td><td>8547168</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>COULTER Ac&amp;middot;T 5diff Cal Calibrator</td><td>Beckman Coulter</td><td>7547175</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>COULTER Ac&amp;middot;T 5diff Control Plus</td><td>Beckman Coulter</td><td>7547198</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>AcT 5diff Diluent</td><td>Beckman Coulter</td><td>8547169</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>200 &amp;micro;l extended-length pipette tips</td><td>VWR</td><td>37001-526</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Insulated ice pan</td><td>VWR</td><td>89198-980</td><td>For ice water bath.</td></tr><tr><td>Open metal tube rack</td><td>VWR</td><td>60916-702</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Fetal Bovine Serum</td><td>Life Technologies</td><td>26140-111</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>TQ-Prep Workstation</td><td>Beckman Coulter</td><td>6605429</td><td>&lt;em&gt;i.e.&lt;/em&gt;, automated cell lyse preparation workstation</td></tr><tr><td>ImmunoPrep Reagent System</td><td>Beckman Coulter</td><td>7546999</td><td>&lt;em&gt;i.e.&lt;/em&gt;, RBC lyse/WBC fix reagent system</td></tr><tr><td>Cytomics FC500 MCL Flow Cytometry System with CXP Software</td><td>Beckman Coulter</td><td>626553</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>IsoFlow Sheath Fluid</td><td>Beckman Coulter</td><td>8547008</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>COULTER CLENZ</td><td>Beckman Coulter</td><td>8546929</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Flow-Check Fluorospheres&amp;nbsp;</td><td>Beckman Coulter</td><td>6605359</td><td>&lt;em&gt;i.e.&lt;/em&gt;, alignment and fluidics verification fluorospheres</td></tr><tr><td>FlowJo Software</td><td>FlowJo</td><td>FlowJo</td><td>&lt;em&gt;i.e.&lt;/em&gt;, flow cytometry analysis software</td></tr><tr><td>Excel Software</td><td>Microsoft</td><td>Microsoft Excel</td><td>&lt;em&gt;i.e.&lt;/em&gt;, electronic spreadsheet program</td></tr></tbody></table>

measuring granulocyte and monocyte phagocytosis and oxidative burst activity in human blood

The granulocyte and monocyte phagocytosis and oxidative burst (OB) activity assay can be used to study the innate immune system. This manuscript provides the necessary methodology to add this assay to an exercise immunology arsenal. The first step in this assay is to prepare two aliquots ("H" and "F") of whole blood (heparin). Then, dihydroethidium is added to the H aliquot, and both aliquots are incubated in a warm water bath followed by a cold water bath. Next, Staphylococcus aureus (S. aureus) is added to the H aliquot and fluorescein isothiocyanate-labeled S. aureus is added to the F aliquot (bacteria:phagocyte = 8:1), and both aliquots are incubated in a warm water bath followed by a cold water bath. Then, trypan blue is added to each aliquot to quench extracellular fluorescence, and the cells are washed with phosphate-buffered saline. Next, the red blood cells are lysed, and the white blood cells are fixed. Finally, a flow cytometer and appropriate analysis software are used to measure granulocyte and monocyte phagocytosis and OB activity. This assay has been used for over 20 years. After heavy and prolonged exertion, athletes experience a significant but transient increase in phagocytosis and an extended decrease in OB activity. The post-exercise increase in phagocytosis is correlated with inflammation. In contrast to normal weight individuals, granulocyte and monocyte phagocytosis is chronically elevated in overweight and obese participants, and is modestly correlated with C-reactive protein. In summary, this flow cytometry-based assay measures the phagocytosis and OB activity of phagocytes and can be used as an additional measure of exercise- and obesity-induced inflammation.

ejercicio prolongado e intensivo tiene profundos efectos en la función inmune innata, incluyendo función natural killer celular, la respuesta de macrófagos mediada por citoquinas a la infección viral, y de granulocitos y la fagocitosis de monocitos y la actividad OB. Múltiples estudios indican que los granulocitos y monocitos fagocitosis aumenta significativamente después del ejercicio, lo que refleja la inflamación inducida por el daño muscular y las demandas metabólicas. En contraste, la actividad de granulocitos y monocitos OB disminuye después del ejercicio y puede ser un indicador inmunológico de aumento de la susceptibilidad a la infección. Por ejemplo, la Figura 1 muestra que la fagocitosis de S. aureus por los granulocitos se incrementa de inmediato y 1,5 horas después de una serie de ciclismo de 75 km (70% VO 2 máx), volviendo a la normalidad por la mañana siguiente. La fagocitosis de monocitos se ve afectado de manera similar por este nivel de ejercicio. La figura 2 muestra que la actividad de granulocitos OB es disminuciónd durante al menos 21 horas después de 75 km en bicicleta. la actividad de los monocitos OB es también disminuyó después de 75 km en bicicleta. Granulocitos y monocitos fagocitosis de S. aureus, pero no la actividad OB monocitos de granulocitos y, están correlacionados a los biomarcadores de inflamación sistémica figura 3 muestra la modesta correlación entre la fagocitosis de granulocitos y los niveles de proteína C reactiva en suero (PCR) (Pearson producto-momento de correlación;. r = 0,44; p &lt;0,01 ) en 106 mujeres con sobrepeso / obesidad. CRP en suero también se correlaciona con la fagocitosis de monocitos de S. aureus (Pearson producto-momento de correlación; r = 0,30; p &lt;0,01). Además, los neutrófilos de sangre / recuento de leucocitos (correlación de Pearson producto-momento; r = 0,62 yr = 0,61, respectivamente; p &lt;0,001), el índice de masa corporal (correlación de Pearson producto-momento; r = 0,50 yr = 0,40, respectivamente; P &lt;0,001), los niveles de insulina en suero (r = 0,30 yr =0,23; p &lt;0,03), y los niveles sanguíneos A 1C (Pearson de correlación de r = 0,28; yr = 0,21, respectivamente; p &lt;0,04) se correlacionan con granulocitos y monocitos fagocitosis de S. aureus. En general, estos datos indican que el alto de granulocitos y la fagocitosis de monocitos en sujetos en reposo es indicativo de inflamación sistémica. <img alt="Figura 1" src="/files/ftp_upload/54264/54264fig1.jpg" /> Figura 1: La fagocitosis de granulocitos se ve afectado por el ejercicio de resistencia intenso fagocitosis de granulocitos aumentó inmediatamente y 1,5 horas después de una serie de ciclismo de 75 km a 70% del VO 2 máx.. Para el 21-hr después del ejercicio, la fagocitosis de granulocitos volvió a ligeramente por debajo de los niveles pre-ejercicio. * indica diferente de pre-ejercicio (ANOVA de medidas repetidas con el análisis de la prueba t post-hoc emparejado, cuando sea apropiado; N = 19; p &lt;0,05). Los valores son miun error estándar de ±. <a href="https://www-jove-com.remotexs.ntu.edu.sg/files/ftp_upload/54264/54264fig1large.jpg" target="_blank">Por favor, haga clic aquí para ver una versión más grande de esta figura.</a> <img alt="Figura 2" src="/files/ftp_upload/54264/54264fig2.jpg" /> Figura 2:. Granulocitos oxidativo actividad de la explosión se ve afectada por la actividad de la explosión oxidativa de granulocitos intensa resistencia al ejercicio disminuyó inmediatamente, 1,5-hr y 21 hr después de una serie de ciclismo de 75 km a 70% del VO 2 máx. * indica diferente de pre-ejercicio (ANOVA de medidas repetidas con el análisis de la prueba t post-hoc emparejado, cuando sea apropiado; N = 19; p &lt;0,05). Los valores son la media ± error estándar. <a href="https://www-jove-com.remotexs.ntu.edu.sg/files/ftp_upload/54264/54264fig2large.jpg" target="_blank">Haga clic aquí para ver una versión más grande de esta figura.</a> <imgalt = &quot;Figura 3&quot; src = &quot;/ files / ftp_upload / 54264 / 54264fig3.jpg&quot; /&gt; . Figura 3: granulocitos La fagocitosis se correlaciona con la inflamación sistémica en mujeres con sobrepeso / obesidad fagocitosis de granulocitos se correlacionó con suero de proteína C-reactiva, un biomarcador ampliamente aceptada de la inflamación sistémica (correlación de Pearson producto-momento; N = 87; r = 0,44; P &lt;0,01). <a href="https://www-jove-com.remotexs.ntu.edu.sg/files/ftp_upload/54264/54264fig3large.jpg" target="_blank">Haga clic aquí para ver una versión más grande de esta figura.</a>

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Measuring Granulocyte and Monocyte Phagocytosis and Oxidative Burst Activity in Human Blood

The purpose of this manuscript is to present a method for measuring monocyte and granulocyte phagocytosis and oxidative burst activity in human blood samples.

La medición de granulocitos y de monocitos fagocitosis y la actividad de la explosión oxidativa en la sangre humana

The granulocyte and monocyte phagocytosis and oxidative burst (OB) activity assay can be used to study the innate immune system. This manuscript provides ...

measuring-granulocyte-monocyte-phagocytosis-oxidative-burst-activity

Nanyang Technological University

Research

JoVE Journal

Immunology and Infection

14.0K vistas.  Appalachian State University. The purpose of this manuscript is to present a method for measuring monocyte and granulocyte phagocytosis and oxidative burst activity in human blood samples.

Video: Measuring Granulocyte and Monocyte Phagocytosis and Oxidative Burst Activity in Human Blood

An In vitro Model to Study Heterogeneity of Human Macrophage Differentiation and Polarization

Monocyte-derived macrophages represent an important cell type of the innate immune system. Mouse models studying macrophage biology suffer from the phenotypic and functional differences between murine and human monocyte-derived macrophages. Therefore, we here describe an in vitro model to generate and study primary human macrophages. Briefly, after density gradient centrifugation of peripheral blood drawn from a forearm vein, monocytes are isolated from peripheral blood mononuclear cells using negative magnetic bead isolation. These monocytes are then cultured for six days under specific conditions to induce different types of macrophage differentiation or polarization. The model is easy to use and circumvents the problems caused by species-specific differences between mouse and man. Furthermore, it is closer to the in vivo conditions than the use of immortalized cell lines. In conclusion, the model described here is suitable to study macrophage biology, identify disease mechanisms and novel therapeutic targets. Even though not fully replacing experiments with animals or human tissues obtained post mortem, the model described here allows identification and validation of disease mechanisms and therapeutic targets that may be highly relevant to various human diseases.

An In vitro Model to Study Heterogeneity of Human Macrophage Differentiation and Polarization

Monocyte-derived macrophages are important cells of the innate immune system. Here, we describe an easy to use in vitro model to generate these cells. Using gradient centrifugation, negative bead isolation and specific cell culture conditions, monocyte-derived macrophages can be generated for phenotypic and functional studies.

Un<em&gt; In vitro</em&gt; Modelo para estudiar la heterogeneidad de diferenciación de los macrófagos humanos y polarización

Monocyte-derived macrophages represent an important cell type of the innate immune system. Mouse models studying macrophage biology suffer from the ...

Investigación

Inmunología e Infección

Bioenergetics and the Oxidative Burst: Protocols for the Isolation and Evaluation of Human Leukocytes and Platelets

Mitochondrial dysfunction is known to play a significant role in a number of pathological conditions such as atherosclerosis, diabetes, septic shock, and neurodegenerative diseases but assessing changes in bioenergetic function in patients is challenging.&#160;Although diseases such as diabetes or atherosclerosis present clinically with specific organ impairment, the systemic components of the pathology, such as hyperglycemia or inflammation, can alter bioenergetic function in circulating leukocytes or platelets. This concept has been recognized for some time but its widespread application has been constrained by the large number of primary cells needed for bioenergetic analysis.&#160;This technical limitation has been overcome by combining the specificity of the magnetic bead isolation techniques, cell adhesion techniques, which allow cells to be attached without activation to microplates, and the sensitivity of new technologies designed for high throughput microplate respirometry.&#160;An example of this equipment is the extracellular flux analyzer. Such instrumentation typically uses oxygen and pH sensitive probes to measure rates of change in these parameters in adherent cells, which can then be related to metabolism. Here we detail the methods for the isolation and plating of monocytes, lymphocytes, neutrophils and platelets, without activation, from human blood and the analysis of mitochondrial bioenergetic function in these cells. In addition, we demonstrate how the oxidative burst in monocytes and neutrophils can also be measured in the same samples. Since these methods use only 8-20 ml human blood they have potential for monitoring reactive oxygen species generation and bioenergetics in a clinical setting.

Blood leukocytes and platelets can be used as a marker of overall bioenergetic health of an individual and so have the potential to monitor pathological processes and the impact of treatments. Here&#160;we describe a method to isolate and measure mitochondrial function and the oxidative burst in these cells.

Bioenergética y los Oxidativo ráfaga: Los protocolos para el aislamiento y la Evaluación de leucocitos humanos y plaquetas

Mitochondrial dysfunction is known to play a significant role in a number of pathological conditions such as atherosclerosis, diabetes, septic shock, and ...

Image-based Flow Cytometry Technique to Evaluate Changes in Granulocyte Function In Vitro

Granulocytes play a key role in the body&#8217;s innate immune response to bacterial and viral infections. While methods exist to measure granulocyte function, in general these are limited in terms of the information they can provide. For example, most existing assays merely provide a percentage of how many granulocytes are activated following a single, fixed length incubation. Complicating matters, most assays focus on only one aspect of function due to limitations in detection technology. This report demonstrates a technique for simultaneous measurement of granulocyte phagocytosis of bacteria and oxidative burst. By measuring both of these functions at the same time, three unique phenotypes of activated granulocytes were identified: 1) Low Activation (minimal phagocytosis, no oxidative burst), 2) Moderate Activation (moderate phagocytosis, some oxidative burst, but no co-localization of the two functional events), and 3) High Activation (high phagocytosis, high oxidative burst, co-localization of phagocytosis and oxidative burst). A fourth population that consisted of inactivated granulocytes was also identified. Using assay incubations of 10, 20, and 40-min the effect of assay incubation duration on the redistribution of activated granulocyte phenotypes was assessed. A fourth incubation was completed on ice as a control. By using serial time incubations, the assay may be able to able to detect how a treatment spatially affects granulocyte function. All samples were measured using an image-based flow cytometer equipped with a quantitative imaging (QI) option, autosampler, and multiple lasers (488, 642, and 785 nm).

Image-based Flow Cytometry Technique to Evaluate Changes in Granulocyte Function In Vitro

This method demonstrates a technique for assessing granulocyte function by simultaneously measuring phagocytosis of bacteria and oxidative burst. Image-based flow cytometry allowed for the identification of three distinct subsets of activated granulocytes that all differed in their relative functional capacity.

Imagen basada en Citometría de Flujo Técnica para evaluar los cambios en función de los granulocitos<em&gt; In Vitro</em

Granulocytes play a key role in the body&#8217;s innate immune response to bacterial and viral infections. While methods exist to measure granulocyte ...

Use of a Monocyte Monolayer Assay to Evaluate Fc&#947; Receptor-mediated Phagocytosis

Although originally developed for predicting transfusion outcomes of serologically incompatible blood, the monocyte monolayer assay (MMA) is a highly versatile in vitro assay that can be modified to examine different aspects of antibody and Fc&#947; receptor (Fc&#947;R)-mediated phagocytosis in both research and clinical settings. The assay utilizes adherent monocytes from peripheral blood mononuclear cells isolated from mammalian whole blood. MMA has been described for use in both human and murine investigations. These monocytes express Fc&#947;Rs (e.g., Fc&#947;RI, Fc&#947;RIIA, Fc&#947;RIIB, and Fc&#947;RIIIA) that are involved in immune responses. The MMA exploits the mechanism of Fc&#947;R-mediated interactions, phagocytosis in particular, where antibody-sensitized red blood cells (RBCs) adhere to and/or activate Fc&#947;Rs and are subsequently phagocytosed by the monocytes. In vivo, primarily tissue macrophages found in the spleen and liver carry out Fc&#947;R-mediated phagocytosis of antibody-opsonized RBCs, causing extravascular hemolysis. By evaluating the level of phagocytosis using the MMA, different aspects of the in vivo Fc&#947;R-mediated process can be investigated. Some applications of the MMA include predicting the clinical relevance of allo- or autoantibodies in a transfusion setting, assessing candidate drugs that promote or inhibit phagocytosis, and combining the assay with fluorescent microscopy or traditional Western immunoblotting to investigate the downstream signaling effects of Fc&#947;R-engaging drugs or antibodies. Some limitations include the laboriousness of this technique, which takes a full day from start to finish, and the requirement of research ethics approval in order to work with mammalian blood. However, with diligence and adequate training, the MMA results can be obtained within a 24-h turnover time.

The monocyte monolayer assay (MMA) is an in vitro assay that utilizes isolated primary monocytes obtained from mammalian peripheral whole blood to evaluate Fc&#947; receptor (Fc&#947;R)-mediated phagocytosis.

El uso de una monocapa de monocitos Ensayo para evaluar la fagocitosis mediada por el receptor Fc gamma

Although originally developed for predicting transfusion outcomes of serologically incompatible blood, the monocyte monolayer assay (MMA) is a highly ...

Time-lapse 3D Imaging of Phagocytosis by Mouse Macrophages

Phagocytosis plays a key role in host defense, as well as in tissue development and maintenance, and involves rapid, receptor-mediated rearrangements of the actin cytoskeleton to capture, envelop and engulf large particles. Although phagocytic receptors, downstream signaling pathways, and effectors, such as Rho GTPases, have been identified, the dynamic cytoskeletal remodeling of specific receptor-mediated phagocytic events remain unclear. Four decades ago, two distinct mechanisms of phagocytosis, exemplified by Fc&#947; receptor (Fc&#947;R)- and complement receptor (CR)-mediated phagocytosis, were identified using scanning electron microscopy. Binding of immunoglobulin G (IgG)-opsonized particles to Fc&#947;Rs triggers the protrusion of thin membrane extensions, which initially form a so-called phagocytic cup around the particle before it becomes completely enclosed and retracted into the cell. In contrast, complement opsonized particles appear to sink into the phagocyte following binding to complement receptors. These two modes of phagocytosis, phagocytic cup formation and sinking in, have become well established in the literature. However, the distinctions between the two modes have become blurred by reports that complement receptor-mediated phagocytosis may induce various membrane protrusions. With the availability of high resolution imaging techniques, phagocytosis assays are required that allow real-time 3D (three dimensional) visualization of how specific phagocytic receptors mediate the uptake of individual particles. More commonly used approaches for the study of phagocytosis, such as end-point assays, miss the opportunity to understand what is happening at the interface of particles and phagocytes. Here we describe phagocytic assays, using time-lapse spinning disk confocal microscopy, that allow 3D imaging of single phagocytic events. In addition, we describe assays to unambiguously image Fc&#947; receptor- or complement receptor-mediated phagocytosis.

Here we describe methods using spinning disk confocal microscopy to image single phagocytic events by mouse resident peritoneal macrophages. The protocols can be extended to other phagocytic cells.

Proyección de imagen 3D Time-lapse de la fagocitosis por macrófagos de ratón

Phagocytosis plays a key role in host defense, as well as in tissue development and maintenance, and involves rapid, receptor-mediated rearrangements of ...

Assessing Respiratory Immune Responses to Haemophilus Influenzae

Haemophilus influenzae (Hi) is a prevalent bacterium found in a range of respiratory conditions. A variety of different assays/techniques may be used to assess the respiratory immune/inflammatory response to this bacterium. Flow cytometry and confocal microscopy are fluorescence-based technologies that allow detailed characterization of biological responses.&#160;Different forms of Hi antigen can be used, including cell wall components, killed/inactivated preparations, and live bacteria. Hi is a fastidious bacterium that requires enriched media but is generally easy to grow in standard laboratory settings. Tissue samples for stimulation with Hi may be obtained from peripheral blood, bronchoscopy, or resected lung (e.g., in patients undergoing surgery for the treatment of lung cancer). Macrophage and neutrophil function may be comprehensively assessed using flow cytometry with a variety of parameters measured, including phagocytosis, reactive oxygen species, and intracellular cytokine production. Lymphocyte function (e.g., T cell and NK cell function) may be specifically assessed using flow cytometry, principally for intracellular cytokine production. Hi infection is a potent inducer of extracellular trap production, both by neutrophils (NETs) and macrophages (METs). Confocal microscopy is arguably the most optimal way to assess NET and MET expression, which may also be used to assess protease activity. Lung immunity to Haemophilus influenzae can be assessed using flow cytometry and confocal microscopy.

Assessing Respiratory Immune Responses to Haemophilus Influenzae

Haemophilus influenzae induces inflammation in the respiratory tract. This article will focus on the use of flow cytometry and confocal microscopy to define immune responses by phagocytes and lymphocytes in response to this bacterium.

Evaluación de las respuestas inmunitarias respiratorias a Haemophilus influenzae

Haemophilus influenzae (Hi) is a prevalent bacterium found in a range of respiratory conditions. A variety of different assays/techniques may be used to ...

Prediction of Red Blood Cell Antibody Significance Using the Monocyte-Macrophage Assay

Derived from monocytes in the bone marrow, macrophages are large, innate immune cells that play a major role in clearing dead cells, debris, tumor cells, and foreign pathogens. The phagocytic capacity of monocytes versus macrophages is a concept that is not well understood. Here, we aim to examine a difference in the phagocytosis of monocytes versus macrophages, specifically M1/M2 macrophages, against various opsonized red cells using a modified and updated version of the established monocyte monolayer assay (MMA). Peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) were isolated from donor buffy coats. Using purified monocytes, inflammatory M1 and anti-inflammatory M2 macrophages were produced by in vitro culture and polarization. M1/M2 cells were harvested and used in an MMA-like assay, which we refer to as the M-MA, to decipher clinically significant phagocytosis of various red cell antibodies. A phagocytic index (PI) &#62; 5 was deemed clinically significant phagocytosis with the use of monocytes. A phagocytic index (PI) &#62; 12 was deemed clinically significant phagocytosis with the use of M1/M2 macrophages. M2 macrophages demonstrate an increased ability to phagocytose opsonized RBCs compared to monocytes and M1s. The same weak antibody (anti-S) yields significant phagocytosis with only M2 macrophages (PI=43) but not M1s (PI=2) or monocytes (PI=0), and this was demonstrated repeatedly using various antibodies. The use of M2 macrophages instead of monocytes may allow for more accurate results as these cells are more phagocytic, offering further clinical relevance to the assay. Further studies with different antibodies to red blood cells, including validation of the monocyte-macrophage assay (M-MA) with antibodies having known clinical significance, may show the M-MA&#160;more useful to help predict clinically significant red cell alloantibodies and transfusion reactions. This method will advance the field of transfusion medicine and immunology.

We have developed enhancements and updated methods for the existing monocyte-monolayer assay (MMA), in which macrophages are used to help better predict the clinical relevance of red cell alloantibodies in transfusion medicine and immunology. This assay is named the monocyte-macrophage assay (M-MA).

Predicción de la importancia de los anticuerpos contra los glóbulos rojos mediante el ensayo de monocitos y macrófagos

Derived from monocytes in the bone marrow, macrophages are large, innate immune cells that play a major role in clearing dead cells, debris, tumor cells, ...

Real-Time Imaging of Macrophage Phagocytosis of IgG-Opsonized Red Blood Cells

Source: Horsthemke, M., et al. <a href="https://app-jove-com.remotexs.ntu.edu.sg/v/57566">Time-lapse 3D Imaging of Phagocytosis by Mouse Macrophages.</a> J. Vis. Exp. (2018)
This video demonstrates an assay to monitor independent macrophage-mediated red blood cell (RBC) phagocytosis events. Mouse immunoglobulin G (IgG)-opsonized human RBCs are incubated with mouse macrophages and observed under a confocal microscope. The RBCs are engulfed by macrophages via a phagocytic cup formation and targeted for lysosomal degradation.

Imágenes en tiempo real de la fagocitosis de macrófagos de glóbulos rojos opsonizados con IgG

Source: Horsthemke, M., et al. Time-lapse 3D Imaging of Phagocytosis by Mouse Macrophages. J. Vis. Exp. (2018)
This video demonstrates an assay to monitor ...

JoVE Encyclopedia of Experiments

Immunology

Immunodiagnostics

Specialized Assays

Quantitative Flow Cytometric Measurement of Fungal Spore Phagocytosis by Human Phagocytes

Source: Hartung, S., et al., <a href="https://app-jove-com.remotexs.ntu.edu.sg/v/60397">Measuring Phagocytosis of Aspergillus fumigatus Conidia by Human Leukocytes using Flow Cytometry.</a> J. Vis. Exp. (2019)
This video demonstrates a method for quantifying the phagocytosis of FITC-labeled pathogenic fungal spores by human leukocytes. Phagocytosed spores are discerned from cell-adherent spores through counterstaining, followed by flow cytometric analysis.

Medición cuantitativa por citometría de flujo de la fagocitosis de esporas fúngicas por fagocitos humanos

All procedures involving sample collection have been performed in accordance with the institute&#39;s IRB guidelines.
1. Phagocytosis Assay

	Incubate 2 x ...

An Assay to Assess Phagocytosis and Oxidative Burst Activity In Granulocytes and Monocytes

Source: Meaney, M. P. et al., <a href="https://app-jove-com.remotexs.ntu.edu.sg/v/54264">Measuring Granulocyte and Monocyte Phagocytosis and Oxidative Burst Activity in Human Blood.</a> J. Vis. Exp. (2016)
This video demonstrates the assay to confirm phagocytic activity by cells in human blood via flow cytometry. The granulocytes and monocytes confirm their phagocytic activity by showing green and red fluorescence confirming the presence of engulfed bacteria and oxidative burst activity respectively.

Un ensayo para evaluar la fagocitosis y la actividad de estallido oxidativo en granulocitos y monocitos

All procedures involving human participants have been performed in compliance with the institutional, national, and international guidelines for human ...

La medición de granulocitos y de monocitos fagocitosis y la actividad de la explosión oxidativa en la sangre humana

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