KB è supportato dal NIH concedere GM54544.

The authors have nothing to disclose.

Registrazione elettrofisiologica da embrioni di Drosophila richiede la manipolazione manuale e dissezione. La salute della preparazione, e la conseguente qualità delle registrazioni, dipende da un solo essere in grado di preparare rapidamente e ordinatamente i tessuti fragili embrionali per la registrazione, e quindi eseguire l&#39;esperimento. Sperimentatori dovranno essere in grado in entrambe le dissezioni embrionale e di patch clamp elettrofisiologia prima di tentare di affrontare entrambi contemporaneamente. Le registrazioni possono essere fatta in una delle diverse varianti del &quot;modificato standard&quot; o &quot;emolinfa-like&quot; (HL) saline. Le principali differenze tra queste due classi salina sono: 1) Na + concentrazione (120-135 mm standard vs 70 mm HL) e 2) Mg 2 + concentrazione (4 mm standard vs 20 mM HL). Il principale vantaggio della alta concentrazione di Na + nella soluzione standard è quello di facilitare l&#39;azione potenziale di propagazione e, quindi, il mantenimento della normale trasmissione sinaptica fantasia. Le saline HL sopprimere azione potenziale trasmissione sinaptica mediata. La differenza di Mg 2 +, che blocca i canali voltaggio-dipendenti del calcio, altera l&#39;ampiezza della trasmissione sinaptica e sposta la +-dipendenza verso l&#39;alto gamma Ca 2 nel saline HL (Stewart et al. 1994). HL saline quindi mostrare molto più basse ampiezze trasmissione sinaptica in un dato [Ca 2 +]. Attento controllo della osmolarità elimina vacuolizzazione cellulare in entrambe le saline, e la morfologia appare altrettanto ben conservati in soluzione salina. Dal momento che né salina replica emolinfa reale, la selezione di una soluzione salina dovrebbe riflettere le esigenze della questione in esame. Ci sono diversi importanti linee guida per massimizzare il successo delle registrazioni embrionale. In primo luogo, la capacità di formare con successo foche gigaohm sul muscolo embrionale diminuisce con l&#39;età dello sviluppo. Ciò è probabilmente dovuto principalmente allo sviluppo della membrana basale che circonda i muscoli stagionatura. Per contrastare questo, un trattamento più lungo collagenasi (1-2 minuti) è obbligatorio. Tuttavia, occorre fare attenzione, perché questo trattamento enzimatico allungato rapidamente compromesso di inserzione del muscolo alla parete del corpo, e può facilmente portare al distacco del muscolo. Una regola che abbiamo trovato efficace è quello di limitare il trattamento enzimatico per circa il 50% del tempo che provoca il distacco rilevabili muscolare. In secondo luogo, è fondamentale che il nervo ha una perfetta aderenza al aspirazione elettrodo per la stimolazione adeguata; troppo sciolti e la stimolazione non riesce, troppo stretto e non è possibile stimolare una sezione adeguata del nervo. Nella nostra esperienza, questo è sicuramente il più grande limitazione singolo di successo di registrazione NMJ. Il diametro appropriato per l&#39;elettrodo di aspirazione deve essere empiricamente determinato, ma ogni sforzo dovrebbe essere fatto per preservare un elettrodo buona stimolazione, che può facilmente essere utilizzato per un&#39;intera giornata di registrazione. In terzo luogo, per il successo delle applicazioni neurotrasmettitore e droga al NMJ, è fondamentale per acquisire familiarità con il posizionamento delle sinapsi. Con l&#39;esperienza, le terminazioni stereotipati possono essere facilmente trovati con ottica DIC. Per il principiante, terminazioni nervose in embrione può essere rivelato con membrana mitocondriale permeanti coloranti fluorescenti, come rodamina 123 o 4-Di-2-Asp (Yoshikami e Okun, 1984; Broadie e Bate, 1993a). L&#39;embrione sezionato è semplicemente esposto al colorante colorante (5mm, 5 minuti) e l&#39;eccesso rimosso con numerosi lavaggi di soluzione fisiologica. La preparazione è quindi visualizzati con un epi-fluorescenza attaccamento e filtri appropriati. Approcci simili possono utilizzare i costrutti GFP transgenici che segna il sinapsi embrionale.

electrophysiological recording in the drosophila embryo

Drosophila è un modello premier genetico per lo studio sia dello sviluppo embrionale e funzionale delle neuroscienze. Tradizionalmente, questi campi sono abbastanza isolati gli uni dagli altri, con storie in gran parte indipendenti e le comunità scientifiche. Tuttavia, l&#39;interfaccia tra questi campi di solito disparati sono i programmi di sviluppo funzionali alla base dell&#39;acquisizione di proprietà elettriche di segnalazione e la differenziazione delle sinapsi chimici funzionali durante le fasi finali della formazione circuito neurale. Questa interfaccia è un&#39;area estremamente importante per le indagini. In Drosophila, queste fasi di sviluppo funzionale si verificano durante un periodo di &lt;8 ore (a 25 ° C) durante l&#39;ultimo terzo di embriogenesi. Questo periodo tardo di sviluppo è stato a lungo considerato intrattabile a causa indagine per la deposizione di un duro, cuticola impermeabile epidermica. Un passo avanti è stato anticipato l&#39;applicazione di acqua-polimerizzazione colla chirurgica che può essere applicata a livello locale per la cuticola per permettere la dissezione controllato di fase avanzata di embrioni. Con una incisione longitudinale dorsale, l&#39;embrione può essere posato piatto, esponendo il cordone ventrale dei nervi e muscolatura della parete del corpo di indagine sperimentale. Whole-cell patch-clamp tecniche possono essere impiegate per registrare da neuroni individualmente identificabili e muscoli somatici. Queste configurazioni di registrazione sono stati utilizzati per monitorare l&#39;aspetto e la maturazione delle correnti ioniche e propagazione del potenziale d&#39;azione sia in neuroni e muscoli. Mutanti genetici che influenzano le proprietà elettriche sono stati caratterizzati per rivelare la composizione molecolare dei canali ionici e dei relativi complessi di segnalazione, e per iniziare l&#39;esplorazione dei meccanismi molecolari del differenziamento funzionale. Un focus particolare è stato l&#39;assemblaggio delle connessioni sinaptiche, sia nel sistema nervoso centrale e la periferia. Il glutamatergici giunzione neuromuscolare (NMJ) è più accessibile ad una combinazione di imaging ottico e la registrazione elettrofisiologica. Un elettrodo di vetro di aspirazione è usato per stimolare il nervo periferico, con eccitatorio giunzione corrente (EJC), le registrazioni effettuate nella tensione muscolare bloccato. Questa configurazione di registrazione è stato utilizzato per tracciare la differenziazione funzionale della sinapsi, e traccia l&#39;aspetto e la maturazione di proprietà presinaptico rilascio di glutammato. Inoltre, le proprietà postsinaptici possono essere analizzati in maniera indipendente tramite iontoforesi o applicazione di una pressione di glutammato direttamente sulla superficie del muscolo, per misurare la comparsa e la maturazione dei campi recettori del glutammato. Così, sia gli elementi pre-e post-sinaptici possono essere monitorate separatamente o in combinazione durante la sinaptogenesi embrionale. Questo sistema è stato molto utilizzato per isolare e caratterizzare mutanti genetici che impedire la formazione embrionale sinapsi, e quindi svelare i meccanismi molecolari che regolano la specificazione e differenziazione delle connessioni di sinapsi e funzionali, le proprietà di segnalazione sinaptica.

Watch this Scientific Journal Video about Electrophysiological Recording in the Drosophila Embryo at JoVE.com

Electrophysiological Recording in the Drosophila Embryo

Le registrazioni elettrofisiologiche da<em&gt; Drosophila</em&gt; Embrioni consentire analisi di sviluppo muscolare e le proprietà elettriche dei neuroni, così come la caratterizzazione di sinaptogenesi funzionali a livello della giunzione neuromuscolare glutammatergica e centrale colinergici e GABAergici sinapsi.

Registrazione elettrofisiologiche in Drosophila Embryo

Drosophila is a premier genetic model for the study of both embryonic development and functional neuroscience. Traditionally, these fields are quite ...

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Nanyang Technological University

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Biology

Electrophysiological Recording in the Drosophila Embryo

11.4K Views.  University of Illinois. Le registrazioni elettrofisiologiche da Drosophila Embrioni consentire analisi di sviluppo muscolare e le proprietà elettriche dei neuroni, così come la caratterizzazione di sinaptogenesi funzionali a livello della giunzione neuromuscolare glutammatergica e centrale colinergici e GABAergici sinapsi.

Video: Electrophysiological Recording in the Drosophila Embryo

Assay for Neural Induction in the Chick Embryo

The chick embryo is a valuable tool in the study of early embryonic development. Its transparency, accessibility and ease of manipulation, make it an ideal tool for studying the formation and initial patterning of the nervous system. This video demonstrates how to graft organizer tissue into a host, a method by which Hensen s node (the organizer in the chick embryo) is grafted to a host competent ectoderm. The organizer graft instructs overlying na ve tissue to adopt a neural fate via neural inducing signals. This mechanism is referred to as neural induction, and constitutes the initial step in the formation of brain and spinal cord in amniotes. This method is essentially used for the characterization of putative neural inducing molecules in chick. This video demonstrates the different steps in the assay for neural induction; First, the donnor embryo is explanted and pinned on a dish. Then, the host embryo is prepared for New culture. The graft is excised and transplanted to the host area pellucida margin. The host is cultured for 18-22 hrs. The assembly is fixed and processed for further applications (e.g. in situ hybridization). This method was originally devised by Waddington 1,2 and Gallera 3,4.

Neural induction is the first step in the formation of the brain. It is a mechanism by which Hensen's node (organizer), instructs adjacent tissue to adopt a neural fate, i.e. to give rise to the nervous system. This video demonstrates an assay for neural induction in chick embryo.

Test di induzione neurale nell&#39;embrione Chick

The chick embryo is a valuable tool in the study of early embryonic development. Its transparency, accessibility and ease of manipulation, make it an ...

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Biologia

Electrophysiological Methods for Recording Synaptic Potentials from the NMJ of Drosophila Larvae

In this video, we describe the electrophysiological methods for recording synaptic transmission at the neuromuscular junction (NMJ) of Drosophila larva. The larval neuromuscular system is a model synapse for the study of synaptic physiology and neurotransmission, and is a valuable research tool that has defined genetics and is accessible to experimental manipulation. Larvae can be dissected to expose the body wall musculature, central nervous system, and peripheral nerves. The muscles of Drosophila and their innervation pattern are well characterized and muscles are easy to access for intracellular recording. Individual muscles can be identified by their location and orientation within the 8 abdominal segments, each with 30 muscles arranged in a pattern that is repeated in segments A2 - A7. Dissected drosophila larvae are thin and individual muscles and bundles of motor neuron axons can be visualized by transillumination1. Transgenic constructs can be used to label target cells for visual identification or for manipulating gene products in specific tissues. In larvae, excitatory junction potentials (EJP&#8217;s) are generated in response to vesicular release of glutamate from the motoneurons at the synapse. In dissected larvae, the EJP can be recorded in the muscle with an intracellular electrode. Action potentials can be artificially evoked in motor neurons that have been cut posterior to the ventral ganglion, drawn into a glass pipette by gentle suction and stimulated with an electrode. These motor neurons have distinct firing thresholds when stimulated, and when they fire simultaneously, they generate a response in the muscle. Signals transmitted across the NMJ synapse can be recorded in the muscles that the motor neurons innervate. The EJP&#8217;s and minature excitatory junction potentials (mEJP&#8217;s) are seen as changes in membrane potential. Electrophysiological responses are recorded at room temperature in modified minimal hemolymph-like solution2 (HL3) that contains 5 mM Mg2+ and 1.5 mM Ca2+. Changes in the amplitude of evoked EJP&#8217;s can indicate differences in synaptic function and structure. Digitized recordings are analyzed for EJP amplitude, mEJP frequency and amplitude, and quantal content.

Here we describe electrophysiological methods for measuring synaptic transmission at the neuromuscular junction of Drosophila larva. Evoked release is initiated artificially by stimulating the motor neuron axons, and transmission through the NMJ can be measured by the postsynaptic response evoked in the muscle.

Metodi elettrofisiologici per la registrazione Potenziali Synaptic dal NMJ Larve di Drosophila

In this video, we describe the electrophysiological methods for recording synaptic transmission at the neuromuscular junction (NMJ) of Drosophila larva. ...

Harvesting and Preparing Drosophila Embryos for Electrophysiological Recording and Other Procedures

Drosophila is a premier genetic model for the study of both embryonic development and functional neuroscience. Traditionally, these fields are quite isolated from each other, with largely independent histories and scientific communities. However, the interface between these usually disparate fields is the developmental programs underlying acquisition of functional electrical signaling properties and differentiation of functional chemical synapses during the final phases of neural circuit formation. This interface is a critically important area for investigation. In Drosophila, these phases of functional development occur during a period of &lt;8 hours (at 25&deg;C) during the last third of embryogenesis. This late developmental period was long considered intractable to investigation owing to the deposition of a tough, impermeable epidermal cuticle. A breakthrough advance was the application of water-polymerizing surgical glue that can be locally applied to the cuticle to enable controlled dissection of late-stage embryos. With a dorsal longitudinal incision, the embryo can be laid flat, exposing the ventral nerve cord and body wall musculature to experimental investigation. This system has been heavily used to isolate and characterize genetic mutants that impair embryonic synapse formation, and thus reveal the molecular mechanisms governing the specification and differentiation of synapse connections and functional synaptic signaling properties.

Harvesting and Preparing Drosophila Embryos for Electrophysiological Recording and Other Procedures

This technique exposes the Drosophila embryonic neuromusculature for immunohistochemistry or electrophysiological recording. It is useful for studying early events in neuromuscular development or performing electrophysiology in mutants that cannot hatch.

Raccolta e Preparazione Drosophila Gli embrioni per la registrazione elettrofisiologici e altre procedure

Microinjection Techniques for Studying Mitosis in the Drosophila melanogaster Syncytial Embryo

This protocol describes the use of the Drosophila melanogaster syncytial embryo for studying mitosis1. Drosophila has useful genetics with a sequenced genome, and it can be easily maintained and manipulated. Many mitotic mutants exist, and transgenic flies expressing functional fluorescently (e.g. GFP) - tagged mitotic proteins have been and are being generated. Targeted gene expression is possible using the GAL4/UAS system2. 

The Drosophila early embryo carries out multiple mitoses very rapidly (cell cycle duration, &asymp;10 min). It is well suited for imaging mitosis, because during cycles 10-13, nuclei divide rapidly and synchronously without intervening cytokinesis at the surface of the embryo in a single monolayer just underneath the cortex. These rapidly dividing nuclei probably use the same mitotic machinery as other cells, but they are optimized for speed; the checkpoint is generally believed to not be stringent, allowing the study of mitotic proteins whose absence would cause cell cycle arrest in cells with a strong checkpoint. Embryos expressing GFP labeled proteins or microinjected with fluorescently labeled proteins can be easily imaged to follow live dynamics (Fig. 1). In addition, embryos can be microinjected with function-blocking antibodies or inhibitors of specific proteins to study the effect of the loss or perturbation of their function3. These reagents can diffuse throughout the embryo, reaching many spindles to produce a gradient of concentration of inhibitor, which in turn results in a gradient of defects comparable to an allelic series of mutants. Ideally, if the target protein is fluorescently labeled, the gradient of inhibition can be directly visualized4. It is assumed that the strongest phenotype is comparable to the null phenotype, although it is hard to formally exclude the possibility that the antibodies may have dominant effects in rare instances, so rigorous controls and cautious interpretation must be applied. Further away from the injection site, protein function is only partially lost allowing other functions of the target protein to become evident.

Microinjection Techniques for Studying Mitosis in the Drosophila melanogaster Syncytial Embryo

This protocol describes the use of microinjection and high resolution imaging in the Drosophila melanogaster syncytial embryo to study mitosis.

Tecniche di microiniezione per Studiare Mitosi in Drosophila melanogaster Embryo sinciziale

This protocol describes the use of the Drosophila melanogaster syncytial embryo  for studying mitosis1.  Drosophila has useful genetics with a sequenced ...

Visualizing the Beating Heart in Drosophila

The Drosophila heart has recently emerged as a good model system for examining the genetic, cellular, and molecular mechanisms underlying function in myogenic hearts. A key step in examining heart function in the fly is finding a way to access the heart in a manner that preserves its myogenic function while still allowing the beating heart organ to be observed and recorded. Two different methods for observing and recording the beating heart in both larva and adult Drosophila are described here. Our semi-intact preparation using adult flies allows clear visualization of the abdominal heart without interference from the pigmented cuticle and overlying fat bodies. To record larval heart beats it is necessary to immobilize the larva, which minimizes body wall movements thereby reducing heart movements that are not associated with myocardial contractions. Our methodologies produce stable adult and larval heart preparations that can beat for hours at rates of 1-3 Hz.

Visualizing the Beating Heart in Drosophila

Technique required for visualizing the beating heart in larval and adult Drosophila are presented. Each life stage requires a different methodology.

Visualizzare il cuore pulsante di Drosophila</em

The Drosophila heart has recently emerged as a good model system for examining the genetic, cellular, and molecular mechanisms underlying function in ...

Ambulatory ECG Recording in Mice

Telemetric ECG recording in mice is essential to understanding the mechanisms behind arrhythmias, conduction disorders, and sudden cardiac death. Although the surface ECG is utilized for short-term measurements of waveform intervals, it is not practical for long-term studies of heart rate variability or the capture of rare episodes of arrhythmias. Implantable ECG telemeters offer the advantages of simple surgical implantation, long-term recording of electrograms in ambulatory mice, and scalability with simultaneous recordings of multiple animals. Here, we present a step-by-step guide to the implantation of telemeters for ambulatory ECG recording in mice. Careful adherence to aseptic technique is required for favorable survival results with the possibility of implantation and recording from weeks to months. Thus, implantable ECG telemetry is a valuable tool for detection of critical information on cardiac electrophysiology in ambulatory animal models such as the mouse. 

Telemetric ECG has emerged as an essential tool in evaluating animal models for cardiac arrhythmias and sudden cardiac death. Here, we present a stepwise guide to telemetric ECG recordings for application in long-term ambulatory ECG monitoring in mice.

La registrazione ECG ambulatoriale nei topi

Telemetric ECG recording in mice is essential to understanding the mechanisms behind arrhythmias, conduction disorders, and sudden cardiac death. Although ...

Optimized Transfection Strategy for Expression and Electrophysiological Recording of Recombinant Voltage-Gated Ion Channels in HEK-293T Cells

The in vitro expression and electrophysiological recording of recombinant voltage-gated ion channels in cultured human embryonic kidney cells (HEK-293T) is a ubiquitous research strategy. HEK-293T cells must be plated onto glass coverslips at low enough density so that they are not in contact with each other in order to allow for electrophysiological recording without confounding effects due to contact with adjacent cells. Transfected channels must also express with high efficiency at the plasma membrane for whole-cell patch clamp recording of detectable currents above noise levels. Heterologous ion channels often require long incubation periods at 28&deg;C after transfection in order to achieve adequate membrane expression, but there are increasing losses of cell-coverslip adhesion and membrane stability at this temperature. To circumvent this problem, we developed an optimized strategy to transfect and plate HEK-293T cells. This method requires that cells be transfected at a relatively high confluency, and incubated at 28&deg;C for varying incubation periods post-transfection to allow for adequate ion channel protein expression. Transfected cells are then plated onto glass coverslips and incubated at 37&deg;C for several hours, which allows for rigid cell attachment to the coverslips and membrane restabilization. Cells can be recorded shortly after plating, or can be transferred to 28&deg;C for further incubation. We find that the initial incubation at 28&deg;C, after transfection but before plating, is key for the efficient expression of heterologous ion channels that normally do not express well at the plasma membrane. Positively transfected, cultured cells are identified by co-expressed eGFP or eGFP expressed from a bicistronic vector (e.g. pIRES2-EGFP) containing the recombinant ion channel cDNA just upstream of an internal ribosome entry site and an eGFP coding sequence. Whole-cell patch clamp recording requires specialized equipment, plus the crafting of polished recording electrodes and L-shaped ground electrodes from borosilicate glass. Drug delivery to study the pharmacology of ion channels can be achieved by directly micropipetting drugs into the recording dish, or by using microperfusion or gravity flow systems that produce uninterrupted streams of drug solution over recorded cells.

Reliable method for highly efficient in vitro expression and subsequent electrophysiological recording of recombinant voltage-gated ion channels in cultured human embryonic kidney cells (HEK-293T).

Transfection strategia ottimizzata per espressione e registrazione elettrofisiologica di ricombinante tensione canali ionici in cellule HEK-293T

The in vitro expression and electrophysiological recording of recombinant voltage-gated ion channels in cultured human embryonic kidney cells (HEK-293T) ...

Tracking Morphogenetic Tissue Deformations in the Early Chick Embryo

Embryonic epithelia undergo complex deformations (e.g. bending, twisting, folding, and stretching) to form the primitive organs of the early embryo. Tracking fiducial markers on the surfaces of these cellular sheets is a well-established method for estimating morphogenetic quantities such as growth, contraction, and shear. However, not all surface labeling techniques are readily adaptable to conventional imaging modalities and possess different advantages and limitations. Here, we describe two labeling methods and illustrate the utility of each technique. In the first method, hundreds of fluorescent labels are applied simultaneously to the embryo using magnetic iron particles. These labels are then used to quantity 2-D tissue deformations during morphogenesis. In the second method, polystyrene microspheres are used as contrast agents in non-invasive optical coherence tomography (OCT) imaging to track 3-D tissue deformations. These techniques have been successfully implemented in our lab to studythe physical mechanisms of early head fold, heart, and brain development, and should be adaptable to a wide range morphogenetic processes.

This article describes surface labeling and ex ovo tissue culture in the early chick embryo. Techniques amenable to time-lapse bright field, fluorescence, and optical coherence tomography imaging are presented. Tracking surface labels with high spatiotemporal resolution enables kinematic quantities such as morphogenetic strains (deformations) to be calculated in both two and three dimensions.

Monitoraggio Deformazioni tessuto morfogenetica in embrione di pollo primi

Embryonic epithelia undergo complex deformations (e.g. bending, twisting, folding, and stretching) to form the primitive organs of the early embryo. ...

Live Imaging of Apoptotic Cell Clearance during Drosophila Embryogenesis

The proper elimination of unwanted or aberrant cells through apoptosis and subsequent phagocytosis (apoptotic cell clearance) is crucial for normal development in all metazoan organisms. Apoptotic cell clearance is a highly dynamic process intimately associated with cell death; unengulfed apoptotic cells are barely seen in vivo under normal conditions. In order to understand the different steps of apoptotic cell clearance and to compare 'professional' phagocytes - macrophages and dendritic cells to 'non-professional' - tissue-resident neighboring cells, in vivo live imaging of the process is extremely valuable. Here we describe a protocol for studying apoptotic cell clearance in live Drosophila embryos. To follow the dynamics of different steps in phagocytosis we use specific markers for apoptotic cells and phagocytes. In addition, we can monitor two phagocyte systems in parallel: 'professional' macrophages and 'semi-professional' glia in the developing central nervous system (CNS). The method described here employs the Drosophila embryo as an excellent model for real time studies of apoptotic cell clearance.

Live Imaging of Apoptotic Cell Clearance during Drosophila Embryogenesis

Here we describe an effective method for studying dynamics of apoptotic cell clearance in vivo. This method employs live Drosophila embryos as a powerful model for monitoring phagocytosis of apoptotic cells using specific labeling of apoptotic cells and phagocytes.

Vivere Imaging di apoptotica delle cellule libera nel corso<em&gt; Drosophila</em&gt; Embriogenesi

The  proper elimination of unwanted or aberrant cells through apoptosis and  subsequent phagocytosis (apoptotic cell clearance) is crucial for normal  ...

Mouse Embryonic Development in a Serum-free Whole Embryo Culture System

Mid-gestation stage mouse embryos were cultured utilizing a serum-free culture medium prepared from commercially available stem cell media supplements in an oxygenated rolling bottle culture system. Mouse embryos at E10.5 were carefully isolated from the uterus with intact yolk sac and in a process involving precise surgical maneuver the embryos were gently exteriorized from the yolk sac while maintaining the vascular continuity of the embryo with the yolk sac. Compared to embryos prepared with intact yolk sac or with the yolk sac removed, these embryos exhibited superior survival rate and developmental progression when cultured under similar conditions. We show that these mouse embryos, when cultured in a defined medium in an atmosphere of 95% O2 / 5% CO2 in a rolling bottle culture apparatus at 37 &#176;&#8203;C for 16-40 hr, exhibit morphological growth and development comparable to the embryos developing in utero. We believe this method will be useful for investigators needing to utilize whole embryo culture to study signaling interactions important in embryonic organogenesis.

Serum utilized in embryo cultures contains unknown components that can affect the outcome of experiments especially in studies involving signaling interactions. Here we utilized a serum-free oxygenated culture system and show that mid-gestation mouse embryos cultured for 16-40 hr&#160;exhibit morphological development comparable to embryos developing in utero.

Embrionali di topo di sviluppo in un embrione di tutta la cultura di sistema privo di siero

Mid-gestation stage mouse embryos were cultured utilizing a serum-free culture medium prepared from commercially available stem cell media supplements in ...