Diese Arbeit wird von NIH DK095137 (THC) unterstützt. Wir danken den aktuellen und ehemaligen Labor-Mitglieder, die an der Entwicklung und Verfeinerung der beschriebenen Verfahren beigetragen.

Ethik-Statement: Die University of Michigan Ausschuss für Benutzung und Pflege der Tiere (UCUCA) hat sich für die Pflege und Verwendung von Labortieren (Institut für Labortierforschung, National Research Council) alle Methoden und Protokolle gemäß dem Leitfaden genehmigt. Die Mäuse werden in einer von der Universität Michigan Vivarium gehalten und haben freien Zugang zu Nahrung und Wasser und hielt auf einem 12 Stunden Hell / Dunkel-Zyklus gegeben. 1. Vorbereitungen <ol><li> Bereiten Primärkulturmedien DMEM, 10% FBS, 1 x P / S / G und 1x Antibiotika / Antimykotika. Dies wird verwendet, um Gewebe zu halten, bevor die Verdauung. Legen Sie Lager und aliquoten in 37 ºC Wasserbad. </li><li> Bereiten fünf Milliliter Typ III Kollagenase-Lösung auf 5 mg / ml in HBSS gelöst (+ Ca + Mg) für jede Art von Fettpolsters isoliert ist, bis zu fünf Mäusen. Wenn zum Beispiel SQ und VIS aus einem einzigen Genotyp zu isolieren, machen 10 ml, wenn Wildtyp und Mutante SQ und VIS, 20 ml zu machen. Der pH-Wert auf 7,4 und sterile Filter. Aliquote in 50-ml-Röhrchen. Nehmen Sie sich weg vom Licht. </li><li> Verwenden Sie 70% Ethanol Operationsfeld zu desinfizieren. Wischen Sie und Deckel mit einem blauen Pad. Sprühen Sie etwas Ethanol auf dem blauen Kissen. </li><li> Verwenden Sie die 22 G Nadeln ein absorbierendes Kissen auf der Styroporplatte festzunageln und schneiden mit einer Schere. Sprühen Sie das Pad mit Ethanol dann das Brett auf dem blauen Kissen gesetzt und mit einem anderen blauen Kissen abdecken, bis Dissektion beginnt. </li><li> Füllen Sie zwei 50-ml-Röhrchen mit Ethanol und in einem Stand neben dem OP-Feld. Legen Sie die Schere und Pinzette in Ethanol. </li><li> Füllen Sie ein weiteres 50-ml-Röhrchen mit PBS plus 1x anti-anti für Ethanol aus chirurgischen Werkzeugen zu spülen. </li><li> In der Haube, Etikett 60-mm-Schalen für jeden Gewebetyp und füllen mit Kulturmedien auf 37 ° C erwärmt. Legen Sie die Platten neben dem OP-Bereich. </li></ol> 2. Isolierung von subkutanem (SQ) Fettpolster <ol><li> Euthanize Maus mit einer Überdosis von Isofluran und Pneumothorax. </li><li> SanftSpray-Maus mit 70% Ethanol und lag dem Rücken. Pin die Pfoten auf die Schaumplatte mit 22 G Nadeln. </li><li> Machen Sie einen kleinen Schnitt in der Haut des Unterleibs. die Spitze der Schnitt mit der Zange halten, nehmen Sie die Schere und die Haut vor dem Peritoneum trennen. </li><li> Sobald die Haut aus dem Peritoneum vom Abdomen auf den Thorax getrennt ist, spiegeln die Haut vom Peritoneum in Richtung des Kopfes durch entlang der Seite des Körpers seitliche Schnitte in der Haut. </li><li> Spiegeln die verbleibende Haut in den Leisten Fett vom Körper weg halten und Stift mit 22 G Nadeln an der Platte nach unten. </li><li> Wechseln Sie zu einer feinen Schere und Pinzette. Besorgen Sie sich die Leistenfettpolster mit der Zange am Ursprung in der Nähe des Peritoneum und schnippeln entfernt zwischen der Haut und Leisten- Fett in Richtung der Leiste voran Vermeidung der SQ mit der Haut zu kontaminieren. </li><li> Legen Sie die insolated Leistenfettpolster in der 60-mm-Schale bezeichnet. </li></ol> 3. Isolierung von Visceral (VIS) Fettpolster <ol><li> In ähnlicher Weise zu Schritt 2.5, schneiden Sie das Peritoneum geöffnet, um die viszerale Fettpolster und gut aus. </li><li> Bewegen Sie den Darm weg in Richtung des Thorax. </li><li> Besorgen Sie sich die VIS Fettpolster am distalen Ende und sanft nach oben ziehen. Präparieren Sie das VIS Fettpolster, während vorsichtig epididymal auszuschließen (oder des Uterus, wenn weibliche Mäuse verwendet wird) Gewebe. </li><li> Platz in der Bezeichnung Schale und wiederholen Sie den Schritt 3.3 für den verbleibenden VIS-Pad. </li></ol> 4. Collagenaseverdau von Fettpolstern <ol><li> Verschieben 60 mm-Schalen auf die Gewebekultur Kapuze und absaugen Medien. </li><li> Mince die Fettpolster mit einer gebogenen Schere fügen Sie dann zu Kollagenase-Lösung. Achten Sie darauf, die Schere und Zange zwischen Gewebetypen mit Ethanol und PBS zu spülen. </li><li> Schütteln bei 300 rpm und 37 ° C für 10-20 min, bis Gewebe verdaut werden. Es ist akzeptabel, wenn einige Stücke von SQ noch sichtbar sind. Dies wird in einem späteren Schritt zu richten. </li><li> 25 ml Kulturmedien auf die Kollagenase-Lösung die collag zu stoppenenase Behandlung und Pipette nach oben und unten 10-mal mit einer 10 ml serologische Pipette die verdaute Gewebe zu verteilen. </li><li> Der Stamm-Zellen eine 100 &amp; mgr; m Zelle Sieb verwendet wird. Zentrifuge für 10 min bei 300 x g. </li><li> Sorgfältig Medien abdekantieren nicht das Pellet zu stören und zu 5 ml sterilem Wasser zu dem Pellet hinzu und sanft Pipetten Zellen zu suspendieren. Warten Sie 2 min Erythrozyten zu lysieren. </li><li> 25 ml Medium mit 10% FBS und Dehnungs Zellen durch ein 100 &amp; mgr; m Zellsieb. </li><li> Zentrifuge für 10 min bei 300 x g. Dekantieren Medien und Pellet in 1 ml Kulturmedium. </li><li> Zählen von Zellen mit einem Hämozytometer unter Verwendung von 1: 1 Trypanblau. </li><li> Platte 1 x 10 6 Zellen in einer Vertiefung auf einer Platte mit 6 Vertiefungen. </li></ol> 5. Magnetzellseparation <ol><li> Nach etwa 4 bis 6 Stunden der Zelladhäsion, spülen die Zellen zweimal mit HBSS (-Ca, -Mg). Distanzieren anhaftenden Zellen unter Verwendung von 0,05% Trypsin. Verdünnen Trypsin Zellsuspension in 1 ml Trennpuffer und Spin5 min bei 300 x g. </li><li> Überstand entfernen. Die Zellen in 500 &amp; mgr; l Puffer. Entfernen Sie ein 10-ul-Aliquot und zählen Zellen eine Zählkammer. </li><li> Spin-Zellen für 5 min bei 300 x g. </li><li> Überstand entfernen vollständig. Die Zellen in 90 &amp; mgr; l Puffer. In 10 ul anti-Sca1-FITC primären Antikörper. Gut mischen und Inkubation für 10 min bei 4 ° C im Dunkeln. </li><li> Wasche die Zellen mit 1 ml Puffer und Zentrifuge Zellen 5 min bei 300 x g. Vollständig entfernen Überstand. </li><li> Die Zellen in 80 ul Puffer. In 20 ul anti-FITC-Mikrokügelchen. Gut mischen und Inkubation für 15 min bei 4 ° C im Dunkeln. </li><li> Wasche die Zellen mit 1 ml Puffer und Zentrifuge Zellen 5 min bei 300 x g. </li><li> Überstand entfernen und Pellet in 500 &amp; mgr; l Puffer. </li><li> Legen Sie Spalte in der Magnethalterung und spülen Säule mit 500 &amp; mgr; l Puffer. </li><li> Hinzufügen Zellsuspension zu Spalte. Vermeiden Sie Blasen beim Pipettieren. </li><li> Sammeln Sie die unbeschriftete Sca1 - &lt;/ Sup&gt; Zellen und Säule 3-mal mit 500 &amp; mgr; l Puffer waschen. Nur neue Puffer hinzuzufügen, wenn der Behälter leer ist. Vermeiden Sie Blasen beim Pipettieren. </li><li> Entfernen Sie Spalte aus dem Magnethalter und in einen 15 ml konischen Röhrchen. </li><li> 1 ml Säulenpuffer und Sca1 + eluieren durch geliefert Kolben durch die Säule Reservoir drückt. </li><li> Spin down Zellfraktionen für 5 Minuten bei 300 x g. Die Zellen in 1 ml Kulturmedium. </li><li> Entfernen Sie ein 10-ul-Aliquot aus den markierten und unmarkierten Fraktionen und zählen Zellen eine Zählkammer. </li><li> Platte jede Zellfraktion in 1 Vertiefung einer 6-Well-Platte. </li></ol> 6. Überprüfung der Immunomagnetische Trennung von Sca1 hohe ACSs mit Durchflusszytometrie <ol><li> Spülen Sie die Zellen zweimal mit HBSS (-Ca, -Mg) und distanzieren Zellen unter Verwendung von 0,05% Trypsin. </li><li> Zentrifugen Zellen bei 300 xg für 5 min. Die Zellen in 1 ml Kulturmedien und zählen eine Zählkammer. </li><li> Erhalten&gt; 10 6 </sup&gt; Zellen in 1 ml Kulturmedien und Zentrifuge bei 300 g für 5 min. </li><li> Überstand entfernen und wiederholen Sie den Schritt 6.3 zwei weitere Male. </li><li> Die Zellen mit 1 ml 2% Ziegenserum + 2% BSA und Block 30 min bei RT. </li><li> Zentrifugen Zellen bei 300 xg für 5 min. </li><li> Entfernen Lösung blockiert. </li><li> Hinzufügen Ratte IgG2a Alexa Fluor 647 (0,25 &amp; mgr; g, 1: 400) oder anti-Sca1 Alexa Fluor 647 (0,25 &amp; mgr; g, 1: 400), in 100 &amp; mgr; l PBS mit 2% Ziegenserum und 2% BSA + PBS bei 4 ° C für 30 min im Dunkeln. </li><li> 1 ml kaltem PBS zu den Zellen. Zentrifuge 300 xg für 5 min bei 4 ° C. </li><li> Überstand entfernen und wiederholen Sie den Schritt 6.9 zwei weitere Male. </li><li> Die Zellen in 1 ml PBS. Pass Zellsuspensionen durch ein 100 &amp; mgr; m Zellsieb in der Vorbereitung für die durchflusszytometrische Analyse. </li></ol>

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Die Autoren haben nichts zu offenbaren.

Hier zeigen wir die Isolierung und immunomagnetischer Zellseparation von murinen ASCS aus verschiedenen Fettpolster und deren Verwendung für die in - vitro - Experimenten. Die vorgestellte Methode ist wirksam für die schnelle Isolierung von großen Anzahl von Sca1-positive ASCS, die über die technisch aufwendige und teure FACS-vermittelte Isolierung von ASCS 9,14 vorteilhaft ist. Anders als FACS, ist immunomagnetischen Zelltrennung erlauben nicht die Verwendung von mehreren Antigen zur Id...

Stammzell - Antigen 1 (Sca1 oder Ly6A / E) wurde zuerst als ein Zelloberflächenmarker von hämatopoetischen Stammzellen und mesenchymalen 5,6 ausgedrückt identifiziert. Die stromalen vaskulären Fraktion (SVF) von Fettgewebe aus Maus - Fettdepots erhalten ist eine heterogene Population von Zellen von Fibroblasten umfasst, Makrophagen, vaskulären Endothelzellen, Nervenzellen und Adipozyten Progenitorzellen 7. Adipocyte Vorläuferzellen oder Fettgewebe gewonnene Stammzellen (ASCS) sind nicht-lipidbeladenen Zellen , die in das Kollagen-reiche perivaskulärem extrazellulären Matrix (ECM) 8 befinden. Etwa 50% des SVF von ASCS bestehen, die als linien negativ charakterisiert sind (Lin -) und CD29 +: CD34 +: Sca1 + 9. Die meisten dieser Zellen sind Sca1 +: CD24 - Adipozyten - Progenitoren, die von Adipozyten - Differenzierung in vitro geeignet sind; jedoch nur ein Bruchteil der Zellen (0,08% SVF) bildet Sca1 <soben&gt; +: CD24 + Zellen , die durchaus in der Lage vermehren und differenzieren zu Adipozyten in den in - vivo - Bedingungen 9 sind. Trotz der möglichen Einschränkung der ohne Unterscheidung CD24 + Zellen aus CD24 Sca1 + SVF mit - Zellen, Isolierung Sca1 + ASCS von Fettdepots immunomagnetischer Zelltrennung unter Verwendung ist eine effiziente und praktische Ansatz , um die zellautonome Phänotyp der primären Adipozyten Vorläuferzellen zu bestimmen. Auf dem Gebiet der Adipositas und Diabetes, Gewebefibrose und Entzündungen eine entscheidende Rolle bei der Entwicklung und Wartung von Typ-2 - Diabetes 3 ​​spielen. Vor kurzem Tokunaga et al. zeigten , dass von Leisten- isolierten High - Zellen Sca1 (oder subkutan, SQ) und perigonadal (oder viszerale, VIS) 10 verschiedene Gen - Signaturen und ECM - Umbau in vitro C57BL6 / J Fettdepots aufweisen. MMP14 (MT1-MMP), ein prototypisches Mitglied der membran typ Matrix - Metalloproteinase (MMP) Familie vermittelt die Entwicklung von weißen Fettgewebe (WAT) durch seine kollagenolytischer Aktivität 1. Beispiele für Experimente , die mit den Zellen kann durch das folgende Protokoll sind die dreidimensionale Kultur, Differenzierung Studien, Kollagenabbau - Assays und RNA - Sequenzierung 10,11 isoliert und angereichert durchgeführt werden. Der Abbau Assays sollten mit Säure extrahierten Kollagen durchgeführt werden , um die Erhaltung der Telopeptid 11,12 zu gewährleisten. Das folgende Protokoll wird die Methoden nachweisen primären Zellen vaskuläre Stroma aus verschiedenen Fettdepots zu isolieren und zu Adipozyten-Vorläuferzellen unter Verwendung von immunomagnetischer Zelltrennung zu bereichern. Die Gültigkeit der Zellsortierung mit Fluss bewertet werden Zytometrie und durch den Einsatz von Sca1-GFP - Mäuse , die GFP in Sca1 + Zellen exprimieren, angetrieben durch einen Sca1 Promotor 13.

<table border="1" fo:keep-together.within-page="1" fo:keep-with-next.within-page="always">
	<tbody>
		<tr>
			<td>Type 3 Collagenase</td>
			<td>Worthington Biochemical</td>
			<td>LS004182</td>
			<td>Tissue digestion</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>DMEM</td>
			<td>Gibco</td>
			<td>11965-092</td>
			<td>High-glucose culture medium</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Pen/Strep/Glutamine (100x)</td>
			<td>Gibco</td>
			<td>10378-016</td>
			<td>Media antibiotic</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Anti-anti (100x)</td>
			<td>Gibco</td>
			<td>15240-062</td>
			<td>Media antifungal</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>FBS</td>
			<td>Gibco</td>
			<td>16000-044</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>PBS (1x, pH 7.4)</td>
			<td>Gibco</td>
			<td>10010-023</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Trypsin (0.05%)</td>
			<td>Gibco</td>
			<td>25300-054</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Cell strainer</td>
			<td>BD Bioscience</td>
			<td>352360</td>
			<td>100-&#956;m cell strainer</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>60mm plates</td>
			<td>BD Falcon</td>
			<td>353004</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Scissors</td>
			<td>FST</td>
			<td>14001-12</td>
			<td>Large</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Scissors</td>
			<td>FST</td>
			<td>14091-11</td>
			<td>Fine, curved tip</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Large Forceps</td>
			<td>FST</td>
			<td>11000-12</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Fine Forceps</td>
			<td>Any vendor</td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>25G 5/8&#8221; needles</td>
			<td>BD</td>
			<td>305122</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>22G 1.5&#8221; needles</td>
			<td>BD</td>
			<td>305159</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>15 ml conical tubes</td>
			<td>BD Falcon</td>
			<td>352097</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>50 ml conical tubes</td>
			<td>BD Falcon</td>
			<td>352098</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>MACS separation columns</td>
			<td>Miltenyi Biotec</td>
			<td>130-042-201</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td rowspan="3">Anti-Sca1 microbead kit (FITC)</td>
			<td rowspan="3">Miltenyi Biotec</td>
			<td rowspan="3">130-092-529</td>
			<td rowspan="3">FITC-anti-Sca1 1&#186;Ab and anti-FITC microbeads 2&#186;Ab</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
		</tr>
		<tr>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>AutoMACS running buffer</td>
			<td>Miltenyi Biotec</td>
			<td>130-091-221</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>MiniMACS separator</td>
			<td>Miltenyi Biotec</td>
			<td>130-042-102</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>MACS MultiStand</td>
			<td>Miltenyi Biotec</td>
			<td>130-042-303</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Blue chux pads</td>
			<td>Fisher</td>
			<td>276-12424</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Absorbent pads</td>
			<td>Fisher</td>
			<td>19-165-621</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Styrofoam board</td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
			<td>Use from 50ml tubes</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>70% ethanol</td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Isoflurane</td>
			<td>Any vendor</td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Rat IgG2a Alexa Fluor 647</td>
			<td>Invitrogen</td>
			<td>R2a21</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Rat IgG2a anti-mouse Sca1 Alexa Fluor 647</td>
			<td>Invitrogen</td>
			<td>MSCA21</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Rat IgG2a R-PE</td>
			<td>Invitrogen</td>
			<td>R2a04</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Rat IgG2a anti-mouse F4/80 R-PE</td>
			<td>Invitrogen</td>
			<td>MF48004</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Round-bottom tube</td>
			<td>BD Falcon</td>
			<td>352058</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>HBSS (&#8211;Ca, &#8211;Mg)</td>
			<td>Gibco</td>
			<td>14175-095</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>HBSS (+Ca, +Mg)</td>
			<td>Gibco</td>
			<td>14025-092</td>
			<td>For collagenase solution</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Type I collagen (2.7 mg/ml in 37mm acetic acid</td>
			<td>Prepare in house12</td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>10x MEM</td>
			<td>Gibco</td>
			<td>11430-030</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>1M HEPES</td>
			<td>Gibco</td>
			<td>15630-080</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>0.34N NaOH</td>
			<td>Prepare in house</td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Cover slips</td>
			<td>Corning</td>
			<td>2870-22</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Alexa Fluor 594 carboxylic acid, succinimidyl ester, mixed isomers</td>
			<td>Invitrogen</td>
			<td>A-20004</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>0.89M NaHCO3&#160;</td>
			<td>Gibco</td>
			<td>25080-094</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
	</tbody>
</table>

immunomagnetic separation of fat depot-specific sca1high adipose-derived stem cells (ascs)

The isolation of adipose-derived stem cells (ASCs) is an important method in the field of adipose tissue biology, adipogenesis, and extracellular matrix (ECM) remodeling. In vivo, ECM-rich environment consisting of fibrillar collagens provides a structural support to adipose tissues during the progression and regression of obesity. Physiological ECM remodeling mediated by matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs) plays a major role in regulating adipose tissue size and function1,2. The loss of physiological collagenolytic ECM remodeling may lead to excessive collagen accumulation (tissue fibrosis), macrophage infiltration, and ultimately, a loss of metabolic homeostasis including insulin resistance3,4. When a phenotypic change of the adipose tissue is observed in gene-targeted mouse models, isolating primary ASCs from fat depots for in vitro studies is an effective approach to define the role of the specific gene in regulating the function of ASCs. In the following, we define an immunomagnetic separation of Sca1high ASCs.

Anreicherung von Sca1 hohe ASCS aus verschiedenen Fettpolster. Die vaskuläre Stromazellen aus SQ Fett Anzeige Fibroblasten-ähnliche isoliert, gestreckt Zellform unabhängig von Sca1 Expressionsniveau (Abbildung 1A). Auf der anderen Seite, VIS (EWAT-derived) Sca1 hoch und Sca1 niedrigen Zellen zeigen deutliche Unterschiede in ihren Zellform. Wie SQ (iWAT abgeleitete) Sca1 <sup...

Watch this Scientific Journal Video about Immunomagnetic Separation of Fat Depot-specific Sca1high Adipose-derived Stem Cells ASCs at JoVE.com

Immunomagnetic Separation of Fat Depot-specific Sca1high Adipose-derived Stem Cells ASCs

We present the techniques required to isolate the stromal vascular fraction (SVF) from mouse inguinal (subcutaneous) and perigonadal (visceral) adipose tissue depots to assess their gene expression and collagenolytic activity. This method includes the enrichment of Sca1high adipose-derived stem cells (ASCs) using immunomagnetic cell separation.

Immunomagnetische Trennung von Fett Depot-spezifische Sca1<sup&gt; Hoch</sup&gt; Fettgewebe gewonnene Stammzellen (ASC)

The isolation of adipose-derived stem cells (ASCs) is an important method in the field of adipose tissue biology, adipogenesis, and extracellular matrix ...

immunomagnetic-separation-fat-depot-specific-sca1high-adipose-derived

Research

JoVE Journal

Developmental Biology

Immunomagnetic Separation of Fat Depot-specific Sca1high Adipose-derived Stem Cells (ASCs)

6.8K Aufrufe.  Biointerfaces Institute, University of Michigan. We present the techniques required to isolate the stromal vascular fraction (SVF) from mouse inguinal (subcutaneous) and perigonadal (visceral) adipose tissue depots to assess their gene expression and collagenolytic activity. This method includes the enrichment of Sca1high adipose-derived stem cells (ASCs) using immunomagnetic cell separation.

Serie: Immunomagnetic Separation of Fat Depot-specific Sca1high Adipose-derived Stem Cells ASCs

Isolation and Enrichment of Human Adipose-derived Stromal Cells for Enhanced Osteogenesis

Bone marrow-derived mesenchymal stromal cells (BM-MSCs) are considered the gold standard for stem cell-based tissue engineering applications. However, the process by which they must be harvested can be associated with significant donor site morbidity. In contrast, adipose-derived stromal cells (ASCs) are more readily abundant and more easily harvested, making them an appealing alternative to BM-MSCs. Like BM-MSCs, ASCs can differentiate into osteogenic lineage cells and can be used in tissue engineering applications, such as seeding onto scaffolds for use in craniofacial skeletal defects. ASCs are obtained from the stromal vascular fraction (SVF) of digested adipose tissue, which is a heterogeneous mixture of ASCs, vascular endothelial and mural cells, smooth muscle cells, pericytes, fibroblasts, and circulating cells. Flow cytometric analysis has shown that the surface marker profile for ASCs is similar to that for BM-MSCs. Despite several published reports establishing markers for the ASC phenotype, there is still a lack of consensus over profiles identifying osteoprogenitor cells in this heterogeneous population. This protocol describes how to isolate and use a subpopulation of ASCs with enhanced osteogenic capacity to repair critical-sized calvarial defects.

The transcriptional heterogeneity within human adipose-derived stromal cells can be defined on the single cell level using cell surface markers and osteogenic genes. We describe a protocol utilizing flow cytometry for the isolation of cell subpopulations with increased osteogenic potential, which may be used to enhance craniofacial skeletal reconstruction.

Isolierung und Anreicherung von menschlichen Fettgewebe gewonnene Stromazellen für verbesserte Osteogenesis

Bone marrow-derived mesenchymal stromal cells (BM-MSCs) are considered the gold standard for stem cell-based tissue engineering applications. However, the ...

Forschung

Entwicklungsbiologie

Isolation and Differentiation of Adipose-Derived Stem Cells from Porcine Subcutaneous Adipose Tissues

Obesity is an unconstrained worldwide epidemic. Unraveling molecular controls in adipose tissue development holds promise to treat obesity or diabetes. Although numerous immortalized adipogenic cell lines have been established, adipose-derived stem cells from the stromal vascular fraction of subcutaneous white adipose tissues provide a reliable cellular system ex vivo much closer to adipose development in vivo. Pig adipose-derived stem cells (pADSC) are isolated from 7- to 9-day old piglets. The dorsal white fat depot of porcine subcutaneous adipose tissues is sliced, minced and collagenase digested. These pADSC exhibit strong potential to differentiate into adipocytes. Moreover, the pADSC also possess multipotency, assessed by selective stem cell markers, to differentiate into various mesenchymal cell types including adipocytes, osteocytes, and chondrocytes. These pADSC can be used for clarification of molecular switches in regulating classical adipocyte differentiation or in direction to other mesenchymal cell types of mesodermal origin. Furthermore, extended lineages into cells of ectodermal and endodermal origin have recently been achieved. Therefore, pADSC derived in this protocol provide an abundant and assessable source of adult mesenchymal stem cells with full multipotency for studying adipose development and application to tissue engineering of regenerative medicine.

This protocol describes the isolation of pig adipose-derived stem cells (pADSC) from subcutaneous adipose tissues with examination of multipotency. The multipotent pADSC are used to delineate processes of adipocyte differentiation and study transdifferentiation into multiple cell lineages of mesodermal mesenchyme or further lineages of ectoderm and endoderm for regenerative studies.

Isolierung und Differenzierung von Fettgewebe gewonnenen Stammzellen aus Porcine Subkutan Fettgewebes

Obesity is an unconstrained worldwide epidemic. Unraveling molecular controls in adipose tissue development holds promise to treat obesity or diabetes. ...

An Efficient Method to Obtain Dedifferentiated Fat Cells

Tissue engineering and cell therapy hold great promise clinically. In this regard, multipotent cells, such as mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs), may be used therapeutically, in the near future, to restore function to damaged organs. Nevertheless, several technical issues, including the highly invasive procedure of isolating MSCs and the inefficiency surrounding their amplification, currently hamper the potential clinical use of these therapeutic modalities. Herein, we introduce a highly efficient method for the generation of dedifferentiated fat cells (DFAT), MSC-like cells. Interestingly, DFAT cells can be differentiated into several cell types including adipogenic, osteogenic, and chondrogenic cells. Although other groups have previously presented various methods for generating DFAT cells from mature adipose tissue, our method allows us to produce DFAT cells more efficiently. In this regard, we demonstrate that DFAT culture medium (DCM), supplemented with 20% FBS, is more effective in generating DFAT cells than DMEM, supplemented with 20% FBS. Additionally, the DFAT cells produced by our cell culture method can be redifferentiated into several tissue types. As such, a very interesting and useful model for the study of tissue dedifferentiation is presented.

We have modified the conditions for DFAT cell generation and provide herein information regarding the use of an improved growth medium for the production of these cells.

Eine effiziente Methode erhalten Sie Dedifferenzierte Fettzellen

Tissue engineering and cell therapy hold great promise clinically. In this regard, multipotent cells, such as mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs), may be used ...

Chondrogenic Differentiation Induction of Adipose-derived Stem Cells by Centrifugal Gravity

Impaired cartilage cannot heal naturally. Currently, the most advanced therapy for defects in cartilage is the transplantation of chondrocytes differentiated from stem cells using cytokines. Unfortunately, cytokine-induced chondrogenic differentiation is costly, time-consuming, and associated with a high risk of contamination during in vitro differentiation. However, biomechanical stimuli also serve as crucial regulatory factors for chondrogenesis. For example, mechanical stress can induce chondrogenic differentiation of stem cells, suggesting a potential therapeutic approach for the repair of impaired cartilage. In this study, we demonstrated that centrifugal gravity (CG, 2,400 &#215; g), a mechanical stress easily applied by centrifugation, induced the upregulation of sex determining region Y (SRY)-box 9 (SOX9) in adipose-derived stem cells (ASCs), causing them to express chondrogenic phenotypes. The centrifuged ASCs expressed higher levels of chondrogenic differentiation markers, such as aggrecan (ACAN), collagen type 2 alpha 1 (COL2A1), and collagen type 1 (COL1), but lower levels of collagen type 10 (COL10), a marker of hypertrophic chondrocytes. In addition, chondrogenic aggregate formation, a prerequisite for chondrogenesis, was observed in centrifuged ASCs.

Mechanical stress can induce the chondrogenic differentiation of stem cells, providing a potential therapeutic approach for the repair of impaired cartilage. We present a protocol to induce the chondrogenic differentiation of adipose-derived stem cells (ASCs) using centrifugal gravity (CG). CG-induced upregulation of SOX9 results in the development of chondrogenic phenotypes.

Chondrogene Differenzierung Induktion von Fettgewebe gewonnene Stammzellen durch Zentrifugalkraft Gravity

Impaired cartilage cannot heal naturally. Currently, the most advanced therapy for defects in cartilage is the transplantation of chondrocytes ...

Rapid Isolation of BMPR-IB+ Adipose-Derived Stromal Cells for Use in a Calvarial Defect Healing Model

Invasive cancers, major injuries, and infection can cause bone defects that are too large to be reconstructed with preexisting bone from the patient's own body. The ability to grow bone de novo using a patient's own cells would allow bony defects to be filled with adequate tissue without the morbidity of harvesting native bone. There is interest in the use of adipose-derived stromal cells (ASCs) as a source for tissue engineering because these are obtained from an abundant source: the patient's own adipose tissue. However, ASCs are a heterogeneous population and some subpopulations may be more effective in this application than others. Isolation of the most osteogenic population of ASCs could improve the efficiency and effectiveness of a bone engineering process. In this protocol, ASCs are obtained from subcutaneous fat tissue from a human donor. The subpopulation of ASCs expressing the marker BMPR-IB is isolated using FACS. These cells are then applied to an in vivo calvarial defect healing assay and are found to have improved osteogenic regenerative potential compared with unsorted cells.

Adipose-derived stromal cells may be useful for engineering new tissue from a patient's own cells. We present a protocol for the isolation of a subpopulation of human adipose-derived stromal cells (ASCs) with increased osteogenic potential, followed by application of the cells in an in vivo calvarial healing assay.

Schnelle Isolierung von BMPR-IB + Fettgewebe gewonnene Stromazellen für die Verwendung in einem Schädeldachdefektheilung Modell

Invasive cancers, major injuries, and infection can cause bone defects that are too large to be reconstructed with preexisting bone from the patient's own ...

A Novel Mammary Fat Pad Transplantation Technique to Visualize the Vessel Generation of Vascular Endothelial Stem Cells

Endothelial cells (ECs) are the fundamental building blocks of the vascular architecture and mediate vascular growth and remodeling to ensure proper vessel development and homeostasis. However, studies on endothelial lineage hierarchy remain elusive due to the lack of tools to gain access as well as to directly evaluate their behavior in vivo. To address this shortcoming, a new tissue model to study angiogenesis using the mammary fat pad has been developed. The mammary gland develops mostly in the postnatal stages, including puberty and pregnancy, during which robust epithelium proliferation is accompanied by extensive vascular remodeling. Mammary fat pads provide space, matrix, and rich angiogenic stimuli from the growing mammary epithelium. Furthermore, mammary fat pads are located outside the peritoneal cavity, making them an easily accessible grafting site for assessing the angiogenic potential of exogenous cells. This work also describes an efficient tracing approach using fluorescent reporter mice to specifically label the targeted population of vascular endothelial stem cells (VESCs) in vivo. This lineage tracing method, coupled with subsequent tissue whole-mount microscopy, enable the direct visualization of targeted cells and their descendants, through which the proliferation capability can be quantified and the differentiation commitment can be fate-mapped. Using these methods, a population of bipotent protein C receptor (Procr) expressing VESCs has recently been identified in multiple vascular systems. Procr+ VESCs, giving rise to both new ECs and pericytes, actively contribute to angiogenesis during development, homeostasis, and injury repair. Overall, this manuscript describes a new mammary fat pad transplantation and in vivo lineage tracing techniques that can be used to evaluate the stem cell properties of VESCs.

This work demonstrates a novel approach to assess the proliferation, differentiation, and vessel-forming potential of vascular endothelial stem cells (VESCs) through mammary fat pad transplantation followed by whole-mount tissue preparation for microscopic observation. A lineage tracing strategy to investigate the behavior of VESCs in vivo is also presented.

Eine neuartige Mamma-Fat-Pad-Transplantationstechnik zur Visualisierung der Gefäßerzeugung von vaskulären endothelialen Stammzellen

Endothelial cells (ECs) are the fundamental building blocks of the vascular architecture and mediate vascular growth and remodeling to ensure proper ...

Horizontal Whole Mount: A Novel Processing and Imaging Protocol for Thick, Three-dimensional Tissue Cross-sections of Skin

Processing a tissue of interest to generate a microscopic image that supports a scientific argument can be challenging. The acquisition of high-quality microscopic images is not entirely dependent upon the quality of the microscope, but also upon the methods of tissue processing, which often involve multiple critical actions or steps. Furthermore, mesenchymal cell types in the skin and other tissues represent a new challenge for tissue preparation and imaging. Here, we present a complete process, from tissue harvest to microscopy. Our technique, called &#34;horizontal whole mount,&#34; is one that novices can quickly become proficient in and that allows for antigen preservation and detection in 60-300 &#181;m-thick sections cut with a cryostat. Sections of this thickness provide enhanced visualization of tissue microarchitecture in a three-dimensional environment. In addition, the protocol preserves mesenchymal cells in a manner that enhances image quality when compared to standard cryostat or paraffin sections, thereby increasing the efficacy and reliability of immunostaining. We believe that this protocol will benefit all laboratories that visualize skin, and possibly other tissues and organs.

This work presents a novel processing and imaging protocol for thick, three-dimensional tissue cross-section analysis that enables the full exploitation of confocal imaging modalities. This protocol preserves antigenicity and represents a robust system to analyze skin histology and potentially other tissue types.

Horizontale Ganze Mount: Ein neuartiges Verarbeitungs- und Imaging-Protokoll für dickes, dreidimensionales Gewebequerschnitt der Haut

Processing a tissue of interest to generate a microscopic image that supports a scientific argument can be challenging. The acquisition of high-quality ...

In Vivo Tracking of Human Adipose-derived Mesenchymal Stem Cells in a Rat Knee Osteoarthritis Model with Fluorescent Lipophilic Membrane Dye

In order to support the clinical application of human adipose-derived mesenchymal stem cell (haMSC) therapy for knee osteoarthritis (KOA), we examined the efficacy of cell persistence and biodistribution of haMSCs in animal models. We demonstrated a method to label the cell membrane of haMSCs with lipophilic fluorescent dye. Subsequently, intra-articular injection of the labeled cells in rats with surgically induced KOA was monitored dynamically by an in vivo imaging system. We employed the lipophilic carbocyanines DiD (DilC18 (5)), a far-red fluorescent Dil (dialkylcarbocyanines) analog, which utilized a red laser to avoid excitation of the natural green autofluorescence from surrounding tissues. Furthermore, the red-shifted emission spectra of DiD allowed deep-tissue imaging in live animals and the labeling procedure caused no cytotoxic effects or functional damage to haMSCs. This approach has been shown to be an efficient tracking method for haMSCs in a rat KOA model. The application of this method could also be used to determine the optimal administration route and dosage of MSCs from other sources in pre-clinical studies.

In Vivo Tracking of Human Adipose-derived Mesenchymal Stem Cells in a Rat Knee Osteoarthritis Model with Fluorescent Lipophilic Membrane Dye

This protocol describes an efficient way to monitor the cell persistence and biodistribution of human adipose-derived mesenchymal stem cells (haMSCs) by far-red fluorescence labeling in a rat knee osteoarthritis (KOA) model via intra-articular (IA) injection.

In Vivo Tracking der menschlichen Fettgewebe mesenchymalen Stammzellen in einem Rattenmodell Knie Arthrose mit fluoreszierenden lipophile Membran Farbstoff

In order to support the clinical application of human adipose-derived mesenchymal stem cell (haMSC) therapy for knee osteoarthritis (KOA), we examined the ...

Single-cell Photoconversion in Living Intact Zebrafish

Animal and plant tissue is composed of distinct populations of cells. These cells interact over time to build and maintain the tissue and can cause disease when disrupted. Scientists have developed clever techniques to investigate characteristics and natural dynamics of these cells within intact tissue by expressing fluorescent proteins in subsets of cells. However, at times, experiments require more selected visualization of cells within the tissue, sometimes at the single-cell or population-of-cells manner. To achieve this and visualize single cells within a population of cells, scientists have utilized single-cell photoconversion of fluorescent proteins. To demonstrate this technique, we show here how to direct UV light to an Eos-expressing cell of interest in an intact, living zebrafish. We then image those photoconverted Eos+ cells 24 h later to determine how they changed in the tissue. We describe two techniques: single cell photoconversion and photoconversions of populations of cell. These techniques can be used to visualize cell-cell interactions, cell-fate and differentiation, and cell migrations, making it a technique that is applicable in numerous biological questions.

Here, we present a protocol to show how cell photoconversion is achieved through UV exposure to specific areas expressing the fluorescent protein, Eos, in living animals.

Einzellige Ladungszustand im lebendigen intakten Zebrafisch

Animal and plant tissue is composed of distinct populations of cells. These cells interact over time to build and maintain the tissue and can cause ...

Computational Analysis of the Caenorhabditis elegans Germline to Study the Distribution of Nuclei, Proteins, and the Cytoskeleton

The Caenorhabditis elegans (C. elegans) germline is used to study several biologically important processes including stem cell development, apoptosis, and chromosome dynamics. While the germline is an excellent model, the analysis is often two dimensional due to the time and labor required for three-dimensional analysis. Major readouts in such studies are the number/position of nuclei and protein distribution within the germline. Here, we present a method to perform automated analysis of the germline using confocal microscopy and computational approaches to determine the number and position of nuclei in each region of the germline. Our method also analyzes germline protein distribution that enables the three-dimensional examination of protein expression in different genetic backgrounds. Further, our study shows variations in cytoskeletal architecture in distinct regions of the germline that may accommodate specific spatial developmental requirements. Finally, our method enables automated counting of the sperm in the spermatheca of each germline. Taken together, our method enables rapid and reproducible phenotypic analysis of the C. elegans germline.

Computational Analysis of the Caenorhabditis elegans Germline to Study the Distribution of Nuclei, Proteins, and the Cytoskeleton

We present an automated method for three-dimensional reconstruction of the Caenorhabditis elegans germline. Our method determines the number and position of each nucleus within the germline and analyses germline protein distribution and cytoskeletal structure.

Computergestützte Analyse der Keimbahn Caenorhabditis Elegans , die Verteilung der Kerne, Proteine und das Zytoskelett zu studieren

The Caenorhabditis elegans (C. elegans) germline is used to study several biologically important processes including stem cell development, apoptosis, and ...