这项工作是由ERA-NET神经元/ BMBF德国（TYMON）的支持。出版费用由大学医院杜塞尔多夫补助覆盖。这里使用的侧卫任务由C.贝斯特教授和最初版本编程他的研究小组47修改。

星展过程和入侵的录音是由大学医院杜塞尔多夫，德国伦理委员会批准。 1.实验范式设计及病人同意注:设计一个实验范式或者选择现有的实验范式为目标感兴趣的认知/情感方面。 <ol><li>选择该患者将接受DBS治疗。请问如果DBS-病人符合该研究的纳入标准。如果是的话，获得患者和/或伦理委员会（如适用）签署知情同意书，进行相应的认知范式手术后记录和应用。 注意事项:术后记录发生时，第二天最初的DBS手术是DBS植入电极（从头部用特种电缆的方式及其相应的外在在一起）开展后第二次手术前发生řegarding DBS电极和刺激的永久植入。 <ol><li>在侧卫任务（实施例1）中，从与运动障碍的患者得到签署知情同意书（ 例如亨廷顿或帕金森氏病），以进行手术后录音。所述侧卫实验的目的是测试病人的能力适应错误行为，并确定适应如何这样在皮层和皮层下一级是反映在大脑振荡活性。 注:患者的选择是由要解决的认知机制和患者的病症所决定的。在DBS-DOC病案举例（例2），选择谁从头部受伤在遭受了38岁的女性患者DOC。由于患者的条件限定知情同意，DBS治疗和实验的参与受到了当地伦理委员会批准只。在DOC术后记录的主要目的是确定是否相对于认知情绪加工的脑功能仍然在与意识等严重障碍的患者完好无损。 </li></ol></li><li>刺激的类型之间进行选择，以呈现（听觉，视觉）。确定刺激呈现（块或混合设计）的顺序。选择刺激的持续时间，除刺激间隔（ISI）和试验次数。 <ol><li>作为一个实际的例子执行任务侧卫（例1， 图1A），检查响应响应错误的承诺，适应行为的能力。这项任务包括视觉刺激（箭头两侧垂直排列）。 </li><li>侧翼的目标刺激（在中心箭头）由两个相邻的箭头（上方和下方的目标）无论是在相同的（兼容）或相反（不相容）的方向指向，另外考虑停止试验（在中心圆）。 </li><li>目前该目标的左边或右边，并要求参与者按下RES用左手或右手拇指ponse按钮。在停止试验，指导学员不回应。目前侧卫目标之前，200毫秒。显示目标为300毫秒和响应刺激间隔设定为2000毫秒（经过的时间是由一个提示音指示）。目前共的各120刺激四大块完成这项任务。目前兼容（60％），不兼容的（20％）和停止试验（20％）的刺激随机。 注:对刺激间隔值的选择，以避免大量错过了试验电机考虑患者禁用时。侧卫和目标同时被关闭。指导患者尽可能快地作出回应。 注:在DBS-DOC病案举例（例2， 图1B），实验范式包括中性点非寻址和熟悉的寻址讲话块中的设计刺激26。刺激持续时间设置以4秒（与随机4 5秒间刺激间隔）。一个TOT的每种条件80试验人在这种模式（ 图1B）进行了审议。 </li></ol></li><li>设想病人的物理限制和需要在手术后的设置记录。具体地，确定是否患者能够通过考虑过度舞蹈病运动的存在（亨廷顿氏病）或震颤（帕金森氏病），以利用计算机键盘。 <ol><li>确保患者能够看到显示器（如局部麻醉剂或DBS手术期间所施加的立体定向头部框架可能导致在面部和眼睛周围的肿胀）和整个实验的持续时间期间坐在舒适。不要进行实验，如果患者不能满足这些条件。 </li></ol></li></ol> 2.建立了术后皮层下（个LFP）和曲面（EEG）录音<ol><li>成立了EEG设备（参阅材料在补充文件）的房间瓦特这里的实验将进行。录制计算机连接到EEG系统。启动脑电图记录软件（见补充文件"材料"）。 </li><li>点击"文件"，然后"新工作区"通过指定定义脑电图记录软件工作区:5 kHz时，低截止（DC）和高截止频率（1000赫兹），脑电图通道的采样频率根据国际10/20系统（至少:额中央（FZ）在，中央 - 中央（CZ），额极引用（FPZ）和地（乳突），并根据不同的范式此外parieto中部（Pz的） ，枕中央（盎司），颞（T3 / T4），额内侧（F3 / F4），额侧（F7 / F8））（ 图2D）和LFP通道（LFPL 0，LFPL1，LFPL2，LFPL3（左半球， 图2C）; LFPR0，LFPR1，LFPR2和LFPR3（右半球））。单击"监视"，以验证指定的通道现在被设置为录音。 注:PR工作区的eparation预先以尽量减少在实验时间，并监督在记录的配置的意外变化，建议。建议，以确保最高的时间分辨率，正确的过滤器设置，充足的采样率和利息的渠道适当选择。 </li><li>通过并行端口连接到EEG系统中设置的刺激计算机。启动刺激的软件。点击"运行"检查模式的电脑显示器上（视觉刺激）和/或扬声器（听觉刺激，声音提示）功能。从刺激计算机确认标记（触发）的刺激，并通过检查他们的脑电记录软件的外观受到响应的演讲中读入记录系统。 注意:从刺激设备触发器必须至少有200微秒至通过脑电图系统（用5 kHz的采样率）进行检测的持续时间。由于触发器事件RELA标志物发生在某一特定时间段的功能是用于后数据分析是至关重要的泰德事件或诱发相关的活动。在DBS-DOC区分例子（实施例2），实验范例（ 图1B）包括听觉刺激（熟悉陌生的声音），所以触发器分别设置在呈现每个刺激的开始和结束的。在侧卫任务的情况下（ 图1A）的触发器分别设立的瞬间，当1）侧卫和目标刺激出现; 2）患者反应良好，3）提示音听到告知病人的响应时间已经过去了。 </li><li>通过使用皮肤记号笔，并按照一个有经验的神经科医生或脑电图专家的意见，标志着病人的头部鼻根和INION之间的中点的顶点。此外，马克选择使用10-20系统脑电图电极位置。通过首先用一个isoprop清洗每个选定位置附上脑电图表面电极​​到头皮基醇垫和使用研磨膏的后。 注:这种行动是由绷带对DBS病人头部的位置的限制。然而，一个有经验的神经科医生应该能够定义每个电极/通道适当的（大致）位置。为了确保适当的接触举动头发出的方式（如适用）。使用通过外科胶带固定自粘电极可能会被使用，由于放置的容易性。 </li><li>外化DBS电极连接到一个经皮扩展。经皮连接扩展到外部电缆连接器。连接根据脑电图记录的建立由外部电缆连接器提供给EEG控制箱每个电极。首先封堵地面和参考连接头皮脑电图电极脑电控制箱。 </li><li>在指定的肌肉通过首先用异丙醇垫清洁区域附加EMG电极（参考和活性电极）。肌电电极连接到脑电图控制箱。 注:该步骤是可选的，并且当运动任务被认为成范式或当需要监测肌肉的活性的患者的情况下与运动障碍主要进行。 </li><li>单击"监视"可视化的数据。使监视器上显示一定脑电图和肌电图信号是神器，免费通过检测抖动的存在和叠加高频分量。查看与记录脑电图信号类型的工件及其他因素的准则35和/或有经验的神经科或神经科学家要求的技术咨询，直到你熟悉存在于这样的生理录音干扰的类型。 注意:这一步很重要，以确保离线数据分析的高质量信号。 </li></ol> 3.手术后的皮层下（个LFP）的记录和表面（EEG）脑活动<ol><li>提供给患者的说明。确保PAtient舒适并指示他/她在不舒服的时候停止了实验。 </li><li>点击软件刺激"运行"，使病人能在显示器上看到的范式和/或听提示音和声音。直到他/她是舒服的任务执行与病人一堂训练课。开始皮层下（LFP）和皮层（EEG）大脑活动的同步记录，而病人执行实验任务。 注意:在DBS-DOC情况下的例子（实施例2）的范例中的块设计包括听觉刺激的如（ 图1B）中所描述的情况。在侧卫任务（ 图1A）的情况下，对应于三个条件（兼容（60％），不兼容（20％），并停止审（20％）），随机内的每个块（混合设计）呈现的视觉刺激，每个块由120刺激和范例包括总共四个块。之后的任务已经完成，数据被存储在记录计算机的硬盘上购买离线筛选和定量分析。 </li></ol> 4.数据分析注意:使用脑电图分析软件的步骤: <ol><li>打开脑电图分析软件（见补充文件"材料"），然后单击"新建"，通过指定文件夹路径（原始，历史和出口）和数据的名称进行可视化记录的数据。点击"编辑频道"来选择感兴趣的通道。如有必要，重新命名渠道。 </li><li>点击"通道预处理"，然后"新参考"重新参考相邻DBS接触，从而创造了左，右半球的虚拟两极触点。重复此过程以创建脑电图频道的虚拟蒙太奇。 注:以减少体积传导的影响，并提高所记录的信号的空间可靠性的双极再参考蒙太奇是重要的。在DBS-DOC C的情况下，酶的例子（实施例2），下述双极通道分别设置DBS:LFPL01，LFPL12，LFPL23，LFPR01，LFPR12，LFPR23和脑电图:锆石/ Fz的，Pz的/ CZ，盎司/ Pz的，T3 /锆石和T4 /锆石。这是值得强调的是​​，虽然MEG记录的信号是自由参考，脑电图信号需要被引用在一个共同的框架设置真非任意零值信号。现有的EEG参考系统包括:直拉或FPZ参考，在两个耳朵电极之间的平均值，平均参考（考虑所有通道），双或单乳突参考和噪声参考。用于数据分析的目的，不同的再参考的安排可以被利用，例如DBS和EEG信号之间定位时频耦合分析时双极接触是适宜的。 </li><li>点击侧重于电机抖动和设备干扰的生理和设备有关的文物"原始数据检查"屏幕的数据。马克段中的文物都存在。 ñOTE:通过DBS外在动态记录头皮活性和同时皮层下活动时，脑电图出现更健壮到噪声伪影比技术，诸如乙二醇的量的电流正在努力朝向改善信噪比。由于患者有运动障碍的，如舞蹈病不自主运动遭受和震颤抖动运动伪影的出现在记录的信号需要被考虑。其他干扰是由于眨眼和设备有关的文物。着眼于DBS-DOC情况下的例子（实施例2），工件检查通过目视检查进行的和工件手动标记。自动神器检查模式的唯一应用气馁，因为一些文物可能无法按照指定的标准进行识别。 </li><li>通过特定50Hz（可处理电源线工件）和巴特沃斯零相位过滤器:点击"数据过滤"，然后"IIR滤波器"来指定一个陷波滤波器fying低和高截止参数。点击"更改采样率"来记录的信号下采样到指定的频率，还可以指定插值类型。 <ol><li>在DBS-DOC例子;设置低截止:1.0000赫兹，时间常数:0.1592s，坡度​​48分贝/ 10月;高截止:80.0000赫兹，时间常数:0.1592秒和48分贝/月，并通过使用样条插值下采样频率为512赫兹。 注:或者，通过基于著名的开源套件定制脚本的执行过滤:Fieltrip（http://www.fieldtriptoolbox.org/），EEGLab（http://sccn.ucsd.edu/eeglab/）和SPM8（ http://www.fil.ion.ucl.ac.uk/spm/software/spm8/）。在第一的情况下，在（http://www.fieldtriptoolbox.org/tutorial/preprocessing）设置示例脚本。其他套房还提供详细的文件来进行此步骤。 注:向下采样任何一点会限制的频率空间，可用于根据奈奎斯特定理进一步分析。考虑到DBS-DOC情况下，例如，在考虑频带高达80赫兹时512赫兹的选择采样频率是合适的。 注:另外，基于著名的开源套件定制脚本的执行降采样:实地考察（http://www.fieldtripbox.org），EEGLab（http://sccn.ucsd.edu/eeglab）和SPM8（ http://www.fil.ion.ucl.ac.uk/spm/software/spm8/）。在第一的情况下，提供了脚本的例子（http://www.fieldtriptoolbox.org/tutorial/preprocessing）。其他套房还提供文件来进行此步骤。 </li></ol></li><li>通过点击"导出"，然后选择"通用数据"的利益输出双极通道。通过点击"导出"导出数据标记（触发），然后选择"标记"。名要选择一个名为"txt"格式导出的文件。 注:为了使用工具箱实地考察在接下来的步骤中，建议出口通道（.txt）的复用格式，也推荐ED包含一个"vmrk"的文件，其中包括有关出口渠道的信息。它也被建议使用一（.txt）格式为导出标记同时跳过对应于在步骤4中选择不良间隔标记的选项）被提供。 </li></ol>注:通过实地考察步骤: <ol start="6"><li>启动MATLAB，然后单击"设置路径"上增加的情况下，它是不是默认设置的实地考察文件夹的路径。 </li><li>放以前预先处理过的数据和标记为小区阵列结构通过运行与内实地考察的功能兼容（ <a href="https://www-jove-com.remotexs.ntu.edu.sg/files/ftp_upload/53466/Script1.m">脚本1-补充文件</a> ），而不会错过指定:从步骤7包含脑电图和LFP文件的目录，频道名称，采样频率，采样时间，试验。 （可选）执行的"取消注释"所指示的代码神器拒绝。此脚本保存数据到指定的文件，将在NEX使用经T。 </li><li>计算LFP的感兴趣信道频谱功率运行（ <a href="https://www-jove-com.remotexs.ntu.edu.sg/files/ftp_upload/53466/Script2.m">脚本2-补充文件</a> ），而不会错过指定:包含所产生的文件的目录（脚本1），方法（小波或mtmconvol），窗口的宽度，利息（FOI），利息（TOI）的时间的周期和频率基线校正（可选）的频率。定义的统计分析和所需的p值的类型。 注意:在DBS-DOC区分例子（实施例2）中，通过考虑刺激锁定小波时频分析进行功率分析（Morlet小波（宽度= 5））用汉宁锥度，4-80赫兹的频率范围和之间-1至4秒的时间段。由于该小波具有在时间和频率可变分辨率。当选择小波，我们决定时间和光谱分辨率之间的折衷。特别是，的Morlet小波具有正弦形状的重量由高斯核，使在一个时间序列捕获本地振荡部件编使宽度参数越小将增加频率分辨率为代价，反之亦然时间分辨率。在给定的频率F的光谱带宽等于F /宽×2（与F = 40 Hz和宽度= 5的频谱带宽是16赫兹），而在小波持续时间等于宽度/ F / PI（对于F = 40赫兹和宽度= 5小波持续时间是39.8毫秒）。基于随机化方法的一个簇（时间和频率变量）用于条件（.05在双面检验p水平）39之间的统计分析。如通过执行该步骤中获得的输出的一个例子请看图4A和图4D。通过基于开放源码软件实地考察定制脚本（http://www.fieldtriptoolbox.org/）进行时频响应分析。有关如何自定义脚本来完成这一步的具体细节在http://www.fieldtriptoolbox.org/reference/ft_freqanalysis找到。 </li><li>通过运行（计算皮质和皮质信号之间的一致性<a href="https://www-jove-com.remotexs.ntu.edu.sg/files/ftp_upload/53466/Script3.m">脚本三补充文件</a> ）没有忘记指定:段长度，重叠率，感兴趣的频率。作为用于统计分析指定分析的类型和所需的p值。 注意:相干分析措施振幅40的恒定比率两个时间序列之间的线性关系。在DBS-DOC区分例子（实施例2），通过集中于1和25赫兹之间的频率间隔用于相干的计算1秒，用50％的重叠的段。用于相干的受试者内分析（.05在双面检验的P级）41基于群集的（时间和频率变量）随机的方法。此外，相干性的虚数部分进行计算的42。 在巴斯定制ç步骤相干分析的脚本中描述（http://www.fieldtriptoolbox.org/tutorial/coherence）。如通过执行该步骤中获得的输出的一个例子请看图4B。 </li><li>通过运行可作为参考43补充文件的软件实现计算交叉频率相位振幅耦合（PAC）。 注意:在DBS-DOC情况下的例子（实施例2），交频率分析的PAC是通过使用整个自由工件记录双极通道的不同组合计算的。尤其是，归一化的直接的PAC（ndPAC）43被优选的，因为它使显著耦合的测定在不同的统计水平，同时设置向上为零非显著联轴器（p水平:0.1）。其结果是，频率范围为相位和​​幅度的耦合可能的意义的基础上进行选择。里，DBS-DOC情况下例如，相位频率范围考虑わ小号3-22赫兹，而振幅频率范围内成立了以35-80赫兹。选择PAC分析LFP-EEG渠道是LFPR23和EEGFzPz步骤5.5执行的连贯性分析的基础上。如通过执行该步骤中获得的输出的一个例子请看图4C。 </li></ol><img alt="图1" src="/files/ftp_upload/53466/53466fig1.jpg" /> 图1:示例实验范 （A）（实施例1）侧卫任务:目标刺激（箭头在中心）由两个相邻的箭头两侧（上方和下方目标）或者指向在相同的（兼容）或相反（不相容）方向，停止试验（在中心圆）也考虑。当目标指向左边或右边的参与者都有分别按用左手或右手拇指的响应按钮，在停止试验参与者被要求不得做出回应。在FLA这里使用的北部重点经济区任务由教授C.贝斯特和他的团队（请参阅确认）最初设定的版本进行修改。 （B）（例2）在DBS-DOC情况下，例如使用情感认知模式的演讲。 <a href="https://www-jove-com.remotexs.ntu.edu.sg/files/ftp_upload/53466/53466fig1large.jpg" target="_blank">请点击此处查看该图的放大版本。</a>

作者宣称，他们没有竞争的经济利益。

相反，非侵入​​性的脑记录技术，如头皮脑电图和MEG，建议结合侵入性和非侵入性的神经电生理记录框架提供了一个很好的机会，相对于提取皮层和皮层下区域的信息认知情感的任务。这些信息是通过在多个频段和有关不同层次的组织对大脑功能的大脑44振荡的活动反映出来。脑振荡模式，在我们的记录框架相关的包括:皮质下振荡活动（个LFP），改变皮层，皮层下的一致性表明线性相关活动之间的皮质和在特定频段，皮质下相位幅度耦合变化皮质下区域（PAC）和相相位耦合（PPC）。特别是，聚合氯化铝和PPC的相关性被强调作为不同频带的振荡之间的关系和相互作用已被证明是在理解大脑功能是有用的。在PAC的情况下，一个低频振荡的相位是相关的从而导致更快的节奏与慢节奏的相位幅度包络的同步的高频振荡的功率。 PPC表示振幅独立相位高频振荡的n个周期和低频1 45 m的周期之间的锁定。皮层/皮层下的​​着眼于DBS-DOC情况下的例子（实施例2），分析中的θ具有增加丘脑皮层相干记录的数据为熟悉的寻址讲话条件显示在中央丘脑内的测试和θ频带振荡活性的调节一起带。此外，θ相 - γ振幅耦合是局部丘脑内显而易见。这些发现不仅支持在情感和认知处理丘脑的参与，还强调功能THAt为慢性DOC患者完好无损，可以在这样的患者26处于意识状态的评估是有用的。 在方法论上，我们的两个例子作为例证，对于涉及感情的认知加工记录和皮质，皮质下大脑活动的分析最相关的步骤包括: 1）的实验范例的设计，通过考虑患者的需求和限制在手术后的设置，以确保他/她将能够进行该研究中指定的任务而不损害他/她的完整性，同时最大化在实验完成成功的机会。 2）获得来自病人，病人家属或委托道德签署知情同意书，进行手术后的记录。里，DBS-DOC情况下的例子（实施例2）批准是仅由伦理委员会由于病人获得无意识状态（昏迷）。在患有运动障碍的同意的情况下直接从患者获得。 3）适当的实验设置为皮层下的LPF和皮质M（EEG）活动的同时进行记录的定义。在脑电图的情况下，我们强调的是:正确选择和EEG通道蒙太奇和电极放置在患者的头皮设置。特别是，电极放置比较困难，由于对DBS手术后病人的头部绷带的存在，所以建议脑电图专业或神经科医师强烈建议适当安置;建议不要以防止直接送入患者（"标示"使用脑电图放大器）的大脑任何当前进行任何阻抗控制检查。请注意，阻抗检查的许多EEG系统模式利用，通过所有连接的电极传递一个小的电流，从而产生的电压和impedanCES是由欧姆定律估计;适当的记录的采样速率和频带的选择主要是由因素决定，如EEG设备能力，正在研究和Nyquist采样规则所研究的问题，其中指出，所要求的取样率，以消除在带宽受限信号别名频率（在等于一半的奈奎斯特速率的值）是频率存在于该信号的两倍的最高部件。 4）的适当的软件工具的选择:在DBS-DOC数据的定量分析所有的计算（实施例2）通过商业分析软件，开源套件46和自定制脚本（见补充文件）进行。开源软件工具的优点是通过修改，并结合现有的脚本（普通牌照的归属下）来定制自己的分析管道的机会。然而，为了做马，以便更深入的了解信号处理和编程thematical基础是必需的。另外，通过这样的定制管道处理数据需要符合由特定套件所需的格式。在商业软件工具的情况下，数据处理由图形界面，使每一个处理步骤尽可能直观容易，但是用户在他们的能力来修改包括在软件中的算法的限制。作为例证通过本协议的商业和开源软件工具组合已是硕果累累，只要数据可以导出（进口）的兼容的方式从一个系统到另一个。 5）限制和修改:建议微创/无创记录的框架有两种使用和限制提供的录音。作为临床技术，它是仅定向到经受DBS治疗特定医疗状况和脑靶患者，因此被认为对于螺柱脑区Ÿ将手术计划的限制。通过这种技术提供的记录的空间分辨率是在LFP电位的水平，需要在多尺度水平的脑活动的分析从而医疗翻译研究将不得不通过在单细胞水平，涉及记录动物研究进行补充。关于到DBS-DOC区分例子（实施例2），一种限制还涉及所获得的结果的概因为它具有单为例论述。 可能的修改和侧卫任务的故障处理（实施例1）包括肿大有关的患者无法在指定的时间间隔内发生反应的反应刺激间隔（&gt; 2,000毫秒）的。这是在Huntington疾病的患者，谁被生涩不自主运动与认知和情感下降特征一起的情况下是特别重要的。此外，工作（最初由120刺激四大块EACH）可缩短因无法病人继续，因为疲劳的。在这方面，身体状况和年龄将是患者的选择决定因素。 可以得出结论，提出的侵入性/非侵入性脑记录方法不仅代表​​在相对于认知和情感范式的皮质 - 皮质下一级提取脑振荡型态的有力工具，但也强调时间 - 频率 - 相位的重要性分析了在不同的空间分辨率和时间分辨率提取大脑同步模式。这种技术的未来应用包括认知和感觉处理的皮质类皮层神经相关的研究通过靶向不仅从运动障碍的患者，而且精神疾病，如DOC，强迫症，抑郁症和痴呆症。

在人类入侵神经生理学记录可以追溯到开创性研究癫痫手术和肿瘤研究1时从目标皮质区electrocorticographic录音和小脑。一个关键的里程碑，为这样的记录程序的进一步发展，已引进立体定向技术，提供安全，高效的进入人脑2深层结构。除了临床治疗中，在人脑侵入方法提供一个相当独特的机会来研究脑功能相对于由外部刺激，在接受深部脑刺激患者内和手术后侵入录音特别的情况下调制的记录活动模式（DBS ）程序。 DBS的适用性和有用性在各种神经和神经精神性疾病得到解决帕金森氏病（PD）到强迫症（OCD）或类似CHRO条件意识（DOC）的NIC障碍。 特别是，DBS已在帕金森氏病3,4,5，特发性震颤6，初级/广义节段性张力障碍7,8,9，亨廷顿病10,11，难治性抑郁12,13，烟碱的治疗应用和酒精成瘾14，阿尔茨海默氏病15,16，抽动秽语综合征17和意识（DOC）的慢性疾病18,19,20。 在神经精神病的范围，DBS是强迫症（OCD）针对内囊（ALIC）的前肢已批准/ CE标志的处理和正在使用针对腹舱/腹侧纹状体/腹尾（VC / VS），伏隔核（NAC）和丘脑底核（STN）21。关于强迫症22 DBS，最近的研究强调STN的作用下转化成强迫性检查机制通过利用存储为基础的范例23,24,25 ING。 范式认知和情感内涵的影响下，大脑的活动值得注意的是，调制一直强调DOC 26,27,28,29。因此，DBS被突出显示不仅作为潜在治疗慢性DOC，而且作为由记录从中央丘脑区域内和后局部场电位（LFP）打开了研究皮层下活性的调节的可能性临床过程操作性。 在DBS，电极神经外科植入是基于立体定向技术，安全地占脑解剖限制，而病人的刺激是通过手术中的脉冲刺激测试定制。手术后的LFP记录DBS电极的最初植入之后和脉冲发生器的内化之前是可能的。特别是，本协议是centereD于手术后的录音。 在同个LFP组合，皮层大脑活动的同时记录可以例如通过非侵入性的脑电图（EEG）或脑磁图（MEG）30,31来实现的。这两个非侵入性方法，由于其优异的时间分辨率的支持。而MEG比脑电图影响较小由头骨效果32，脑电图，因为它较少受引起金属植入物和头部运动伪影的影响，它可以在患者的床边33被用于显示是有利的。通过响应于施加的情绪-认知范式皮质-皮层下大脑活动（LFP和脑电图/ MEG）的同时进行记录，可以时间-频率耦合的基础上建立脑振荡和行为之间的不同关系的分析34。反过来，这种模式可能会导致患者的个性化认知的潜在生物标志物和情感状态和邻考虑的个性化设置治疗参数ptimization。 下面的协议目标侵入性和非侵入性的神经电生理记录在人类的认知和情感功能的评估，特别是在皮层和皮层下水平（EEG和个LFP）。 首先，在视频，伴随本协议中所示的神经生理记录步骤，对应于记录与执行所谓侧卫任务运动障碍（实施例1）的例子的病人。 第二，在协议中的步骤是通过着眼于从已发布的DBS例如慢性DOC 26采取分析和样品的结果（实施例2）的方法进行讨论。 这两个例子突出了提出的协议，以DBS治疗的患者具有不同的疾病和各种实验范式的适用性。

<table><tbody><tr><td>BrainAmp Amplifier</td><td>Brain Products GmbH, Gilching Germany</td><td></td><td>Quantity: 2</td></tr><tr><td>BrainVision Recorder Software</td><td>Brain Products GmbH, Gilching Germany</td><td></td><td>1 License&amp;nbsp;</td></tr><tr><td>BrainVision Analyzer Software&amp;nbsp;</td><td>Brain Products GmbH, Gilching Germany</td><td></td><td>1 License&amp;nbsp;</td></tr><tr><td>Fiber Optic cables and USB connectors</td><td>Brain Products GmbH, Gilching Germany</td><td></td><td>These come with the above listed equipment</td></tr><tr><td>Electrode Input box (64 channels)</td><td>Brain Products GmbH, Gilching Germany</td><td></td><td>Quantity: 1</td></tr><tr><td>EEG gel&amp;nbsp;</td><td>Natus Inc</td><td></td><td>Quantity: 1</td></tr><tr><td>Isopropyl alcohol</td><td>Sch&amp;uuml;lke &amp;amp; Mayr GmbH, Germany</td><td></td><td>Quantity: 1</td></tr><tr><td>Skin preparation gel</td><td>Weaver and Co, USA</td><td></td><td>Quantity: 1</td></tr><tr><td>MATLAB&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;</td><td>Math-Works, Natick, Massachusetts, USA</td><td></td><td>1 License</td></tr><tr><td>FieldTrip toolbox</td><td>http://www.fieldtriptoolbox.org/</td><td></td><td>Open Source</td></tr><tr><td>Macroelectrodes (model 3387 quadripolar DBS lead)</td><td>Medtronic Inc., Minneapolis, MN, USA</td><td></td><td>Quantity: 2</td></tr><tr><td>Sterile percutaneous extension wires (model 3550-05)&amp;nbsp;</td><td>Medtronic Inc., Minneapolis, MN, USA</td><td></td><td>Quantity: 2</td></tr><tr><td>Twist lock cable (model 3550-03)&amp;nbsp;</td><td>Medtronic Inc., Minneapolis, MN, USA</td><td></td><td>Quantity: 2</td></tr><tr><td>custom made connectors to DIN 428092 touch proof connectors</td><td></td><td></td><td>Quantity: 2</td></tr><tr><td>Vercise Lead kit DB -2201&amp;nbsp;</td><td>Boston Scientific</td><td></td><td>Quantity: 2</td></tr><tr><td>Contact extension kit NM-3138&amp;nbsp;</td><td>Boston Scientific</td><td></td><td>Quantity: 2</td></tr><tr><td>O.R. cabel &amp;amp; extension SC-4100 A&amp;nbsp;</td><td>Boston Scientific</td><td></td><td>Quantity: 2</td></tr><tr><td>connector&amp;nbsp;to touch proof&amp;nbsp;</td><td>Twente Medical Systems International B.V.</td><td></td><td>Quantity: 2</td></tr><tr><td>CT scanner Modell PQ2000 (Postoperative CT scans)</td><td>Philips Healthcare GmbH Hamburg</td><td></td><td>Quantity: 1</td></tr><tr><td>Presentation Software (Flanker Task)</td><td>Neurobehavioral systems Inc.</td><td></td><td>1 License&amp;nbsp;</td></tr><tr><td>MEG System</td><td>Elekta Neuromag Inc</td><td></td><td>Alternatively</td></tr><tr><td>High-density EEG sensor net (128 or 256 channels)</td><td>Electrical Geodesics Inc (EGI), USA</td><td></td><td>Alternatively</td></tr></tbody></table>

combined invasive subcortical and non-invasive surface neurophysiological recordings for the assessment of cognitive and emotional functions in humans

尽管在用于提取关于人类大脑的机理的关键信息将非侵入性的脑电图（EEG），磁 - 脑照相（MEG）和功能性磁共振成像（fMRI）成功的，这些方法仍不足以提供关于生理信息流程体现在皮层下水平的认知和情感功能。在这方面，在人类现代侵袭性临床方法，如脑深部刺激（DBS），提供了巨大的可能性来记录皮层大脑活动，即局部场电位（个LFP）表示从局部基底节或丘脑区域的神经组件相干活性。尽管事实上在人类侵入方法被医疗指示之后才施加，因而记录的数据对应于改变的脑回路，宝贵的见解可以关于完整的脑功能的关系存在于脑振荡来获得活动和病症的响应于实验认知范式病理生理学。在这个方向上，在患者的帕金森氏病（PD），越来越多的DBS研究的目标不仅运动功能，而且更高级别进程，如情绪，决策，注意力，记忆和感官知觉。最近的临床试验还强调DBS的作用，在神经精神障碍，从强迫症（OCD）意识（DOC）的慢性疾病的替代疗法。因此，我们专注于采用联合微创（LFP）和非侵入性（EEG）人脑的录音在评估认知和情感处理槽实验范式的皮质，皮质下结构的作用（ 如语音刺激与情感内涵或范式认知控制，如侧卫任务），对接受DBS治疗的患者。

对于DBS-DOC情况下（例2），我们现在提供目标定位为DBS植入数据，LFP电极和脑电图的示意图设立，脑电图和LFP活动（原始数据）和有代表性的分析结果的示范录音: 图2A示出了投射在解剖图谱36计划轨迹（黑线），第30，冠状动脉，前连合（AC）（红线:AC-PC平面）后面10.7毫米。红色圆圈大关针对性的最低15毫米领域:与IML =内部髓质层丘脑和Rt =丘脑网状核（阿特拉斯格大小为10毫米）。 VA = ventroanterior丘脑核，AV =腹侧丘脑核，AM =丘脑前内侧核，发= fasciculosus核，IthA = interthalamic附着力。 图2B示出的最终埃尔ectrode上可见三维中央丘脑寰37。由寰38的装置沿与CT扫描的三维图谱的登记后右半球电极的轴部的两个正交平面。电极（蓝圈）的四个接触者位于右侧丘脑（R-塔尔）。内侧部=内部苍白球，STN =丘脑底核，ZI =未定带，RPT =网状perithalamic核，RN =红核。 图2C示出了DBS电极的示意图。电极触点进行离线再引用，导致3双极LFP通道每个半球（LFPL01，LFPL12，LFPL23，LFPR01，LFPR12和LFPR23）。脑电图电极蒙太奇（10-20系统）与在DOC区分例如录音（Fz的，CZ，Pz的，盎司，T4，T3和FPZ）期间所使用的电极（ 图2D） <imgALT ="图2"SRC ="/文件/ ftp_upload / 53466 / 53466fig2.jpg"/&gt; 图2:目标定位，LFP电极和脑电图建立（来自例2）（A）投影到解剖图谱计划36轨迹（黑线），第30条，冠心病，落后AC10.7毫米（红线:AC- PC平面）。红色圆圈大关针对性的最低15毫米领域:与IML =内部髓质层丘脑和Rt =丘脑网状核（阿特拉斯格大小为10毫米）。 VA = ventroanterior丘脑核，AV =腹侧丘脑核，AM =丘脑前内侧核，发= fasciculosus核，IthA = interthalamic附着力。 （B）在可视化上的三维图谱37中央丘脑最终电极。通过地图册38的装置沿与CT扫描的三维图谱的登记后右半球电极的轴部的两个正交平面。电极的四个触点（蓝色圆圈）分别LOCATED在右侧丘脑（R-塔尔）。内侧部=内部苍白球，STN =丘脑底核，ZI =未定带，RPT =网状perithalamic核，RN =红核。 （ 三 ）示意图的DBS电极的图。电极触点进行离线再引用，导致3双极LFP通道每个半球。 （D）脑电图电极蒙太奇（10 - 20系统）与在DOC的情况下，例如使用电极灰色高亮显示。 （图A和B经许可修改为从26，图C与美敦力权限修改）。 <a href="https://www-jove-com.remotexs.ntu.edu.sg/files/ftp_upload/53466/53466fig2large.jpg" target="_blank">请点击此处查看该图的放大版本。</a> 图3A示出了对应于双极频道示例性脑电图记录:T4Cz，T3Cz，PzCz，OzPz和FzPz在中性非寻址状态（左）和熟悉的寻址conditi的情况下在右边）。 图3B显示对应于双极频道示例性LFP录音:LFPL23和LFPR23在非寻址状态（左）和熟悉的寻址状态（右）的情况下。 <img alt="图3" src="/files/ftp_upload/53466/53466fig3.jpg" /> 图3:示例性的录音（来自实施例2）（A）中图示出脑电图recordings.The图说明脑电图迹线对应于双极通道（见4.2有关信道重新参考详情）。 （B）图显示LFP recordings.The图说明LFP痕迹对应于左，右半球（见4.2关于通道重新引用的细节）的情况下，双极性通道。 <a href="https://www-jove-com.remotexs.ntu.edu.sg/files/ftp_upload/53466/53466fig3large.jpg" target="_blank">请点击此处查看大图</a>这个数字。 对比中性解决与熟悉，当中央丘脑内振荡活动的刺激锁定调制的分析显示测试功率（12-25赫兹）的第一秒（0.45-0.55秒）内右路显著（P = 0.044）增加-addressing条件（ 图4A）。 渠道PzCz（EEG）和LFPR23（右半球）之间的连贯性分析显示，在θ波带条件之间有显著差异。此外，相干性的虚数部分显示偏离零指示LFP和脑电图（ 图4B）之间的相位延迟。当地分析显示显著（P = 0.01）THETA-γPAC（最大。在5到75赫兹），在熟悉的寻址条件（ 图4C）合适的当地LFP通道（LFPR23-LFPR23）。 图4D，顶部）。这也是明显的，大约40赫兹伽玛（绿色圆圈/椭圆）之后是一个更广泛的和更高的伽马高达80赫兹（ 图4D，顶部）。在熟悉寻址条件在4-6.5赫兹和时期2.6-2.8秒（红圈），上LFPL23（p值= 0.048），以及对LFPR23增加的走向的显著THETA增加，揭示（ 图4D，底部） 。 <img alt="图4 A和B" src="/files/ftp_upload/53466/53466fig4AB.jpg" /> 图4:时频功率分析和脑电图LFP连贯（来自实施例2）（A）的本地振荡功率对比中性与用于第一第二熟悉寻址状态 ;颜色代码表示t值。顶部:L<html> EFT通道LFPL23;下图:右声道LFPR23。显著测试增加（p = 0.044）在12-25赫兹，0.45-0.55秒（红圈）。 （改性许可26）。 （ 二 ）熟悉寻址状态（红色线）和中性点非寻址状态（蓝线）。相干，计算从持续时间为0-4秒时代独立1秒段和所有部门的平均。前（左）:一致性与渠道LFPL23左半球，顶部（右）:用连贯性通道LFPR23右半球。条件之间（P = 0.044）显著差由红圈/明星与通道PzCz，5-6赫兹的一致性表示。下图:LFPR23右半球和渠道锆石（绿圈）之间的一致性的虚部表示从零意味着LFP和脑电图之间的相位延迟偏差（因此影响不是由于体积传导）。 （改性许可26）"_blank"&gt;请点击此处查看该图的放大版本。 <img alt="图4C" src="/files/ftp_upload/53466/53466fig4C.jpg" /> 图4C: 相耦合幅度（PAC）（来自例2）PAC相位频率3-22赫兹和幅度频率35-80赫兹。颜色编码标准化的直接相位幅度交叉频耦合（ndPAC）。寄生耦合被设置为0（p值= 0.01）。条件:左:中性，右:熟悉寻址。上图:PAC合适的当地LFP通道LFPR23-LFPR23的显示，最大熟悉的解决条件PAC。在5-75赫兹（红圈）。下图:与LFPR23-EEGPzCz右LFP-EEG结合PAC。 （改性许可26） <a href="https://www-jove-com.remotexs.ntu.edu.sg/files/ftp_upload/53466/53466fig4Clarge.jpg" target="_blank">点击此处查看该图的放大版本。</a> </一&gt; <img alt="图4D" src="/files/ftp_upload/53466/53466fig4D.jpg" /> 图4D:LFP 时频分析（例2）时间在LFP23局部功率变化频率曲线。 TOP:从基线过审（0-4秒）​​的时间熟悉寻址条件功率差。左:宽频带5-80赫兹，右:伽玛带;顶行:左半球（LFPL23），下排:右半球（LFPR23）。 BOTTOM:说明在4-6.5 Hz和时间段2.6-2.8秒（红圈），P = 0.048上LFPR23 LFPL23和增加（趋势），在熟悉的寻址条件显著上升THETA条件之间的统计对比。彩色编码图t值;顶部:左半球（LFPL23），底部:右半球（LFPR23）。 （修改与26的许可）， <a href="https://www-jove-com.remotexs.ntu.edu.sg/files/ftp_upload/53466/53466fig4Dlarge.jpg" target="_blank">请按^ h</a>ERE查看此图的放大版本。

Watch this Scientific Journal Video about Combined Invasive Subcortical and Non-invasive Surface Neurophysiological Recordings for the Assessment of Cognitive and Emotional Functions in Humans at JoVE

Combined Invasive Subcortical and Non-invasive Surface Neurophysiological Recordings for the Assessment of Cognitive and Emotional Functions in Humans

The present protocol aims at assessing cognitive-emotional functions in the basal ganglia by simultaneous neurophysiological recording of local field potentials and non-invasive brain cortical activity (EEG). The procedure is exemplified by the use of paradigms involving speech stimuli with emotional connotation or the Flanker task involving cognitive control.

在人类联合微创皮层下和非侵入性的表面神经生理学录音认知的评估和情感作用

In spite of the success in applying non-invasive electroencephalography (EEG), magneto-encephalography (MEG) and functional magnetic resonance imaging ...

combined-invasive-subcortical-non-invasive-surface-neurophysiological

Nanyang Technological University

Research

JoVE Journal

Behavior

10.7K 次观看.  Medical Faculty, Heinrich-Heine-University. The present protocol aims at assessing cognitive-emotional functions in the basal ganglia by simultaneous neurophysiological recording of local field potentials and non-invasive brain cortical activity (EEG). The procedure is exemplified by the use of paradigms involving speech stimuli with emotional connotation or the Flanker task involving cognitive control. 

视频: Combined Invasive Subcortical and Non-invasive Surface Neurophysiological Recordings for the Assessment of Cognitive and Emotional Functions in Humans

Performing Behavioral Tasks in Subjects with Intracranial Electrodes

Patients having stereo-electroencephalography (SEEG) electrode, subdural grid or depth electrode implants have a multitude of electrodes implanted in different areas of their brain for the localization of their seizure focus and eloquent areas. After implantation, the patient must remain in the hospital until the pathological area of brain is found and possibly resected. During this time, these patients offer a unique opportunity to the research community because any number of behavioral paradigms can be performed to uncover the neural correlates that guide behavior. Here we present a method for recording brain activity from intracranial implants as subjects perform a behavioral task designed to assess decision-making and reward encoding. All electrophysiological data from the intracranial electrodes are recorded during the behavioral task, allowing for the examination of the many brain areas involved in a single function at time scales relevant to behavior. Moreover, and unlike animal studies, human patients can learn a wide variety of behavioral tasks quickly, allowing for the ability to perform more than one task in the same subject or for performing controls. Despite the many advantages of this technique for understanding human brain function, there are also methodological limitations that we discuss, including environmental factors, analgesic effects, time constraints and recordings from diseased tissue. This method may be easily implemented by any institution that performs intracranial assessments; providing the opportunity to directly examine human brain function during behavior.

Patients implanted with intracranial electrodes provide a unique opportunity to record neurological data from multiple areas of the brain while the patient performs behavioral tasks. Here, we present a method of recording from implanted patients that can be reproducible at other institutions with access to this patient population.

执行任务的行为与颅内电极主题

Patients having stereo-electroencephalography (SEEG) electrode, subdural grid or depth electrode implants have a multitude of electrodes implanted in ...

科研

行为学

Recording Human Electrocorticographic (ECoG) Signals for Neuroscientific Research and Real-time Functional Cortical Mapping

Neuroimaging studies of human cognitive, sensory, and motor processes are usually based on noninvasive techniques such as electroencephalography (EEG), magnetoencephalography or functional magnetic-resonance imaging. These techniques have either inherently low temporal or low spatial resolution, and suffer from low signal-to-noise ratio and/or poor high-frequency sensitivity. Thus, they are suboptimal for exploring the short-lived spatio-temporal dynamics of many of the underlying brain processes. In contrast, the invasive technique of electrocorticography (ECoG) provides brain signals that have an exceptionally high signal-to-noise ratio, less susceptibility to artifacts than EEG, and a high spatial and temporal resolution (i.e., &lt;1 cm/&lt;1 millisecond, respectively). ECoG involves measurement of electrical brain signals using electrodes that are implanted subdurally on the surface of the brain. Recent studies have shown that ECoG amplitudes in certain frequency bands carry substantial information about task-related activity, such as motor execution and planning1, auditory processing2 and visual-spatial attention3. Most of this information is captured in the high gamma range (around 70-110 Hz). Thus, gamma activity has been proposed as a robust and general indicator of local cortical function1-5. ECoG can also reveal functional connectivity and resolve finer task-related spatial-temporal dynamics, thereby advancing our understanding of large-scale cortical processes. It has especially proven useful for advancing brain-computer interfacing (BCI) technology for decoding a user's intentions to enhance or improve communication6 and control7. Nevertheless, human ECoG data are often hard to obtain because of the risks and limitations of the invasive procedures involved, and the need to record within the constraints of clinical settings. Still, clinical monitoring to localize epileptic foci offers a unique and valuable opportunity to collect human ECoG data. We describe our methods for collecting recording ECoG, and demonstrate how to use these signals for important real-time applications such as clinical mapping and brain-computer interfacing. Our example uses the BCI2000 software platform8,9 and the SIGFRIED10 method, an application for real-time mapping of brain functions. This procedure yields information that clinicians can subsequently use to guide the complex and laborious process of functional mapping by electrical stimulation.
Prerequisites and Planning:
Patients with drug-resistant partial epilepsy may be candidates for resective surgery of an epileptic focus to minimize the frequency of seizures. Prior to resection, the patients undergo monitoring using subdural electrodes for two purposes: first, to localize the epileptic focus, and second, to identify nearby critical brain areas (i.e., eloquent cortex) where resection could result in long-term functional deficits. To implant electrodes, a craniotomy is performed to open the skull. Then, electrode grids and/or strips are placed on the cortex, usually beneath the dura. A typical grid has a set of 8 x 8 platinum-iridium electrodes of 4 mm diameter (2.3 mm exposed surface) embedded in silicon with an inter-electrode distance of 1cm. A strip typically contains 4 or 6 such electrodes in a single line. The locations for these grids/strips are planned by a team of neurologists and neurosurgeons, and are based on previous EEG monitoring, on a structural MRI of the patient's brain, and on relevant factors of the patient's history. Continuous recording over a period of 5-12 days serves to localize epileptic foci, and electrical stimulation via the implanted electrodes allows clinicians to map eloquent cortex. At the end of the monitoring period, explantation of the electrodes and therapeutic resection are performed together in one procedure.
In addition to its primary clinical purpose, invasive monitoring also provides a unique opportunity to acquire human ECoG data for neuroscientific research. The decision to include a prospective patient in the research is based on the planned location of their electrodes, on the patient's performance scores on neuropsychological assessments, and on their informed consent, which is predicated on their understanding that participation in research is optional and is not related to their treatment. As with all research involving human subjects, the research protocol must be approved by the hospital's institutional review board. The decision to perform individual experimental tasks is made day-by-day, and is contingent on the patient's endurance and willingness to participate. Some or all of the experiments may be prevented by problems with the clinical state of the patient, such as post-operative facial swelling, temporary aphasia, frequent seizures, post-ictal fatigue and confusion, and more general pain or discomfort.
At the Epilepsy Monitoring Unit at Albany Medical Center in Albany, New York, clinical monitoring is implemented around the clock using a 192-channel Nihon-Kohden Neurofax monitoring system. Research recordings are made in collaboration with the Wadsworth Center of the New York State Department of Health in Albany. Signals from the ECoG electrodes are fed simultaneously to the research and the clinical systems via splitter connectors. To ensure that the clinical and research systems do not interfere with each other, the two systems typically use separate grounds. In fact, an epidural strip of electrodes is sometimes implanted to provide a ground for the clinical system. Whether research or clinical recording system, the grounding electrode is chosen to be distant from the predicted epileptic focus and from cortical areas of interest for the research. Our research system consists of eight synchronized 16-channel g.USBamp amplifier/digitizer units (g.tec, Graz, Austria). These were chosen because they are safety-rated and FDA-approved for invasive recordings, they have a very low noise-floor in the high-frequency range in which the signals of interest are found, and they come with an SDK that allows them to be integrated with custom-written research software. In order to capture the high-gamma signal accurately, we acquire signals at 1200Hz sampling rate-considerably higher than that of the typical EEG experiment or that of many clinical monitoring systems. A built-in low-pass filter automatically prevents aliasing of signals higher than the digitizer can capture. The patient's eye gaze is tracked using a monitor with a built-in Tobii T-60 eye-tracking system (Tobii Tech., Stockholm, Sweden). Additional accessories such as joystick, bluetooth Wiimote (Nintendo Co.), data-glove (5th Dimension Technologies), keyboard, microphone, headphones, or video camera are connected depending on the requirements of the particular experiment.
Data collection, stimulus presentation, synchronization with the different input/output accessories, and real-time analysis and visualization are accomplished using our BCI2000 software8,9. BCI2000 is a freely available general-purpose software system for real-time biosignal data acquisition, processing and feedback. It includes an array of pre-built modules that can be flexibly configured for many different purposes, and that can be extended by researchers' own code in C++, MATLAB or Python. BCI2000 consists of four modules that communicate with each other via a network-capable protocol: a Source module that handles the acquisition of brain signals from one of 19 different hardware systems from different manufacturers; a Signal Processing module that extracts relevant ECoG features and translates them into output signals; an Application module that delivers stimuli and feedback to the subject; and the Operator module that provides a graphical interface to the investigator.
A number of different experiments may be conducted with any given patient. The priority of experiments will be determined by the location of the particular patient's electrodes. However, we usually begin our experimentation using the SIGFRIED (SIGnal modeling For Realtime Identification and Event Detection) mapping method, which detects and displays significant task-related activity in real time. The resulting functional map allows us to further tailor subsequent experimental protocols and may also prove as a useful starting point for traditional mapping by electrocortical stimulation (ECS).
Although ECS mapping remains the gold standard for predicting the clinical outcome of resection, the process of ECS mapping is time consuming and also has other problems, such as after-discharges or seizures. Thus, a passive functional mapping technique may prove valuable in providing an initial estimate of the locus of eloquent cortex, which may then be confirmed and refined by ECS. The results from our passive SIGFRIED mapping technique have been shown to exhibit substantial concurrence with the results derived using ECS mapping10.
The protocol described in this paper establishes a general methodology for gathering human ECoG data, before proceeding to illustrate how experiments can be initiated using the BCI2000 software platform. Finally, as a specific example, we describe how to perform passive functional mapping using the BCI2000-based SIGFRIED system.

Recording Human Electrocorticographic ECoG Signals for Neuroscientific Research and Real-time Functional Cortical Mapping

We present a method for collecting electrocorticographic signals for research purposes from humans who are undergoing invasive epilepsy monitoring. We show how to use the BCI2000 software platform for data collection, signal processing and stimulus presentation. Specifically, we demonstrate SIGFRIED, a BCI2000-based tool for real-time functional brain mapping.

神经科学的研究和实时功能皮层映射记录人力Electrocorticographic（ECOG）信号

Neuroimaging studies of human cognitive, sensory, and motor processes are usually based on noninvasive techniques such as electroencephalography (EEG), ...

神经科学

Simultaneous Monitoring of Wireless Electrophysiology and Memory Behavioral Test as a Tool to Study Hippocampal Neurogenesis

Brainwaves amplitude obtained from electroencephalography (EEG) has been well-recognized as a basis for cognitive capacity, memory, and learning on animals and humans. Adult neurogenesis mechanism is also linked to memory and learning improvement. Traditionally, researchers used to assess learning and memory parameters in rodent models by behavioral tasks. Therefore, the simultaneous monitoring of behavioral changes and EEG is particularly interesting in correlating data between brain activity and task-related behaviors. However, most of the equipment required to perform both studies are either complex, expensive, or uses a wired setup network that hinders the natural animals&#8217; movement. In this study, EEG was recorded with a wireless electrophysiology device along with the execution of a novel object recognition task (NORT). The animal&#8217;s behavior was monitored simultaneously by a video tracking system. Both recordings were analyzed offline by their timestamps which were synched to link EEG signals with the animal&#8217;s actions. Subjects consist of adult Wistar rats after medium-term environmental enrichment treatment. Six skull screw electrodes were fixed in pairs on both hemispheres over frontal, central, and parietal regions and were referenced to an electrode located posterior of the nasal bone. NORT protocol consists of exposing the animal to two identical objects for 10 min. After 2 h and 24 h, one of the objects was replaced with a novel one. Exploration time for each object was monitored by a behavioral tracking software (BTS) and EEG data recording. The analysis of the EEG synced with behavioral data consists of estimations of alpha and beta relative band power and comparisons between novel object recognition versus familiar object exploration, between three experimental stages. In this manuscript, we have discussed electrodes manufacturing process, epidural electrodes implantation surgery, environmental enrichment protocol, NORT protocol, BTS setup, EEG &#8211; BTS coupling for simultaneous monitoring in real-time, and EEG data analysis based on automatic events detection.

The protocol presented here provides information on the simultaneous electroencephalography (EEG) and behavioral assessment in real-time. We have discussed all steps involved in this protocol as an attractive solution for researchers in many fields of neuroscience, particularly in learning and memory areas.

同时监测无线电生理学和记忆行为测试作为研究海马神经发生的工具

Brainwaves amplitude obtained from electroencephalography (EEG) has been well-recognized as a basis for cognitive capacity, memory, and learning on ...

Investigating the Function of Deep Cortical and Subcortical Structures Using Stereotactic Electroencephalography: Lessons from the Anterior Cingulate Cortex

Stereotactic Electroencephalography (SEEG) is a technique used to localize seizure foci in patients with medically intractable epilepsy. This procedure involves the chronic placement of multiple depth electrodes into regions of the brain typically inaccessible via subdural grid electrode placement. SEEG thus provides a unique opportunity to investigate brain function. In this paper we demonstrate how SEEG can be used to investigate the role of the dorsal anterior cingulate cortex (dACC) in cognitive control. We include a description of the SEEG procedure, demonstrating the surgical placement of the electrodes. We describe the components and process required to record local field potential (LFP) data from consenting subjects while they are engaged in a behavioral task. In the example provided, subjects play a cognitive interference task, and we demonstrate how signals are recorded and analyzed from electrodes in the dorsal anterior cingulate cortex, an area intimately involved in decision-making. We conclude with further suggestions of ways in which this method can be used for investigating human cognitive processes.

Stereotactic Electroencephalography (SEEG) is an operative technique used in epilepsy surgery to help localize seizure foci. It also affords a unique opportunity to investigate brain function. Here we describe how SEEG can be used to investigate cognitive processes in human subjects.

调查深皮层的功​​能和皮层下结构采用立体定向脑电图:由前扣带皮层的经验教训

Stereotactic Electroencephalography (SEEG) is a technique used to localize seizure foci in patients with medically intractable epilepsy. This procedure ...

Acute In Vivo Electrophysiological Recordings of Local Field Potentials and Multi-unit Activity from the Hyperdirect Pathway in Anesthetized Rats

Converging evidence shows that many neuropsychiatric diseases should be understood as disorders of large-scale neuronal networks. To better understand the pathophysiological basis of these diseases, it is necessary to precisely characterize in which way the processing of information is disturbed between the different neuronal parts of the circuit. Using extracellular in vivo electrophysiological recordings, it is possible to accurately delineate neuronal activity within a neuronal network. The application of this method has several advantages over alternative techniques, e.g., functional magnetic resonance imaging and calcium imaging, as it allows a unique temporal and spatial resolution and does not rely on genetically engineered organisms. However, the use of extracellular in vivo recordings is limited since it is an invasive technique that cannot be universally applied. In this article, a simple and easy to use method is presented with which it is possible to simultaneously record extracellular potentials such as local field potentials and multiunit activity at multiple sites of a network. It is detailed how a precise targeting of subcortical nuclei can be achieved using a combination of stereotactic surgery and online analysis of multi-unit recordings. Thus, it is demonstrated, how a complete network such as the hyperdirect cortico-basal ganglia loop can be studied in anesthetized animals in vivo.

Acute In Vivo Electrophysiological Recordings of Local Field Potentials and Multi-unit Activity from the Hyperdirect Pathway in Anesthetized Rats

In this study, the methodology is presented on how to perform multi-site in vivo electrophysiological recordings from the hyperdirect pathway under urethane anesthesia.

急性<em&gt;体内</em&gt;麻醉大鼠超导途径局部场电位和多单位活动的电生理记录

Converging evidence shows that many neuropsychiatric diseases should be understood as disorders of large-scale neuronal networks. To better understand the ...

Visual Evoked Potential Recordings in Mice Using a Dry Non-invasive Multi-channel Scalp EEG Sensor

For scalp EEG research environments with laboratory mice, we designed a dry-type 16 channel EEG sensor which is non-invasive, deformable, and re-usable because of the plunger-spring-barrel structural facet and mechanical strengths resulting from metal materials. The whole process for acquiring the VEP responses in vivo from a mouse consists of four steps: (1) sensor assembly, (2) animal preparation, (3) VEP measurement, and (4) signal processing. This paper presents representative measurements of VEP responses from multiple mice with a submicro-voltage signal resolution and sub-hundred millisecond temporal resolution. Although the proposed method is safer and more convenient compared to other previously reported animal EEG acquiring methods, there are remaining issues including how to enhance the signal-to-noise ratio and how to apply this technique with freely moving animals. The proposed method utilizes easily available resources and shows a repetitive VEP response with a satisfactory signal quality. Therefore, this method could be utilized for longitudinal experimental studies and reliable translational research exploiting non-invasive paradigms.

We designed a dry-type 16 channel EEG sensor which is non-invasive, deformable, and re-usable. This paper describes the whole process from manufacturing the proposed EEG electrode to signal processing of visual evoked potential (VEP) signals measured on a mouse scalp using a dry non-invasive multi-channel EEG sensor.

干无创多通道头皮脑电传感器在小鼠视觉诱发电位记录中的应用

For scalp EEG research environments with laboratory mice, we designed a dry-type 16 channel EEG sensor which is non-invasive, deformable, and re-usable ...

Simultaneous Recordings of Cortical Local Field Potentials, Electrocardiogram, Electromyogram, and Breathing Rhythm from a Freely Moving Rat

Monitoring the physiological dynamics of the brain and peripheral tissues is necessary for addressing a number of questions about how the brain controls body functions and internal organ rhythms when animals are exposed to emotional challenges and changes in their living environments. In general experiments, signals from different organs, such as the brain and the heart, are recorded by independent recording systems that require multiple recording devices and different procedures for processing the data files. This study describes a new method that can simultaneously monitor electrical biosignals, including tens of local field potentials in multiple brain regions, electrocardiograms that represent the cardiac rhythm, electromyograms that represent awake/sleep-related muscle contraction, and breathing signals, in a freely moving rat. The recording configuration of this method is based on a conventional micro-drive array for cortical local field potential recordings in which tens of electrodes are accommodated, and the signals obtained from these electrodes are integrated into a single electrical board mounted on the animal's head. Here, this recording system was improved so that signals from the peripheral organs are also transferred to an electrical interface board. In a single surgery, electrodes are first separately implanted into the appropriate body parts and the target brain areas. The open ends of all of these electrodes are then soldered to individual channels of the electrical board above the animal's head so that all of the signals can be integrated into the single electrical board. Connecting this board to a recording device allows for the collection of all of the signals into a single device, which reduces experimental costs and simplifies data processing, because all data can be handled in the same data file. This technique will aid the understanding of the neurophysiological correlates of the associations between central and peripheral organs.

This study introduces a method for the simultaneous recording of local field potentials in the brain, electrocardiograms, electromyograms, and breathing signals of a freely moving rat. This technique, which reduces experimental costs and simplifies data analysis, will contribute to the understanding of the interactions between the brain and peripheral organs.

自由运动大鼠皮质局部电位、心电图、肌电图和呼吸节律的同步记录

Monitoring the physiological dynamics of the brain and peripheral tissues is necessary for addressing a number of questions about how the brain controls ...

Subdural Soft Electrocorticography (ECoG) Array Implantation and Long-Term Cortical Recording in Minipigs

Neurological impairments and diseases can be diagnosed or treated using electrocorticography (ECoG) arrays. In drug-resistant epilepsy, these help delineate the epileptic region to resect. In long-term applications such as brain-computer interfaces, these epicortical electrodes are used to record the movement intention of the brain, to control the robotic limbs of paralyzed patients. However, current stiff electrode grids do not answer the need for high-resolution brain recordings and long-term biointegration. Recently, conformable electrode arrays have been proposed to achieve long-term implant stability with high performance. However, preclinical studies for these new implant technologies are needed to validate their long-term functionality and safety profile for their translation to human patients. In this context, porcine models are routinely employed in developing medical devices due to their large organ sizes and easy animal handling. However, only a few brain applications are described in the literature, mostly due to surgery limitations and integration of the implant system on a living animal.
Here, we report the method for long-term implantation (6 months) and evaluation of soft ECoG arrays in the minipig model. The study first presents the implant system, consisting of a soft microfabricated electrode array integrated with a magnetic resonance imaging (MRI)-compatible polymeric transdermal port that houses instrumentation connectors for electrophysiology recordings. Then, the study describes the surgical procedure, from subdural implantation to animal recovery. We focus on the auditory cortex as an example target area where evoked potentials are induced by acoustic stimulation. We finally describe a data acquisition sequence that includes MRI of the whole brain, implant electrochemical characterization, intraoperative and freely moving electrophysiology, and immunohistochemistry staining of the extracted brains.
This model can be used to investigate the safety and function of novel design of cortical prostheses; mandatory preclinical study to envision translation to human patients.

Subdural Soft Electrocorticography ECoG Array Implantation and Long-Term Cortical Recording in Minipigs

Here, we present a method for the long-term performance and safety assessment of soft subdural electrode arrays in a minipig model, describing surgical method and tools, postoperative magnetic resonance imaging, electrophysiology of the auditory cortex, electrochemical properties of the implant, and postmortem immunochemistry.

硬膜下软皮质电图 （ECoG） 阵列植入和小型猪的长期皮质记录

Neurological impairments and diseases can be diagnosed or treated using electrocorticography (ECoG) arrays. In drug-resistant epilepsy, these help ...

生物工程

Conducting Concurrent Electroencephalography and Functional Near-Infrared Spectroscopy Recordings with a Flanker Task

Concurrent EEG and fNIRS recordings offer an excellent opportunity to gain a full understanding of the neural mechanism of cognitive processing by inspecting the relationship between the neural and hemodynamic signals. EEG is an electrophysiological technology that can measure the rapid neuronal activity of the cortex, whereas fNIRS relies on the hemodynamic responses to infer brain activation. The combination of EEG and fNIRS neuroimaging techniques can identify more features and reveal more information associated with the functioning of the brain. In this protocol, fused EEG-fNIRS measurements were performed for concurrent recordings of evoked-electrical potentials and hemodynamic responses during a Flanker task. In addition, the critical steps for setting up the hardware and software system as well as the procedures for data acquisition and analysis were provided and discussed in detail. It is expected that the present protocol can pave a new avenue for improving the understanding of the neural mechanisms underlying various cognitive processes by using the EEG and fNIRS signals.

The present protocol describes how to perform concurrent EEG and fNIRS recordings and how to inspect the relationship between the EEG and fNIRS data.&#160;

使用 Flanker 任务进行并发脑电图和功能近红外光谱记录

Concurrent EEG and fNIRS recordings offer an excellent opportunity to gain a full understanding of the neural mechanism of cognitive processing by ...

Concurrent EEG and Functional MRI Recording and Integration Analysis for Dynamic Cortical Activity Imaging

Electroencephalography (EEG) and functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) are two of the fundamental noninvasive methods for identifying brain activity. Multimodal methods have sought to combine the high temporal resolution of EEG with the spatial precision of fMRI, but the complexity of this approach is currently in need of improvement. The protocol presented here describes the recently developed spatiotemporal fMRI-constrained EEG source imaging method, which seeks to rectify source biases and improve EEG-fMRI source localization through the dynamic recruitment of fMRI sub-regions. The process begins with the collection of multimodal data from concurrent EEG and fMRI scans, the generation of 3D cortical models, and independent EEG and fMRI processing. The processed fMRI activation maps are then split into multiple priors, according to their location and surrounding area. These are taken as priors in a two-level hierarchical Bayesian algorithm for EEG source localization. For each window of interest (defined by the operator), specific segments of the fMRI activation map will be identified as active to optimize a parameter known as model evidence. These will be used as soft constraints on the identified cortical activity, increasing the specificity of the multimodal imaging method by reducing cross-talk and avoiding erroneous activity in other conditionally active fMRI regions. The method generates cortical maps of activity and time-courses, which may be taken as final results, or used as a basis for further analyses (analyses of correlation, causation, etc.) While the method is somewhat limited by its modalities (it will not find EEG-invisible sources), it is broadly compatible with most major processing software, and is suitable for most neuroimaging studies.

An EEG-fMRI multimodal imaging method, known as the spatiotemporal fMRI-constrained EEG source imaging method, is described here. The presented method employs conditionally-active fMRI sub-maps, or priors, to guide EEG source localization in a manner that improves spatial specificity and limits erroneous results.

在人类联合微创皮层下和非侵入性的表面神经生理学录音认知的评估和情感作用

摘要

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此视频中的章节

执行任务的行为与颅内电极主题

神经科学的研究和实时功能皮层映射记录人力Electrocorticographic（ECOG）信号

同时监测无线电生理学和记忆行为测试作为研究海马神经发生的工具

调查深皮层的功能和皮层下结构采用立体定向脑电图:由前扣带皮层的经验教训

急性

干无创多通道头皮脑电传感器在小鼠视觉诱发电位记录中的应用

自由运动大鼠皮质局部电位、心电图、肌电图和呼吸节律的同步记录

硬膜下软皮质电图（ECoG）阵列植入和小型猪的长期皮质记录

使用 Flanker 任务进行并发脑电图和功能近红外光谱记录

动态皮层活动影像的并发脑电图与功能 MRI 记录及积分分析

在人类联合微创皮层下和非侵入性的表面神经生理学录音认知的评估和情感作用

摘要

探索更多视频

此视频中的章节

执行任务的行为与颅内电极主题

神经科学的研究和实时功能皮层映射记录人力Electrocorticographic（ECOG）信号

同时监测无线电生理学和记忆行为测试作为研究海马神经发生的工具

调查深皮层的功​​能和皮层下结构采用立体定向脑电图:由前扣带皮层的经验教训

急性

干无创多通道头皮脑电传感器在小鼠视觉诱发电位记录中的应用

自由运动大鼠皮质局部电位、心电图、肌电图和呼吸节律的同步记录

硬膜下软皮质电图 （ECoG） 阵列植入和小型猪的长期皮质记录

使用 Flanker 任务进行并发脑电图和功能近红外光谱记录

动态皮层活动影像的并发脑电图与功能 MRI 记录及积分分析

调查深皮层的功能和皮层下结构采用立体定向脑电图:由前扣带皮层的经验教训

硬膜下软皮质电图（ECoG）阵列植入和小型猪的长期皮质记录