这项工作是由中国国家重点研究开发项目 (2017YFC0111800) 和上海市政府 (批准号: 2013ZYJB0902 和 15GWZK1002) 资助的。一张博士获得中国国家自然科学基金 (批准 ID 81300239 和 81670377) 的支持。

本议定书经上海市第十人民医院伦理委员会批准。
1. 征聘参加者
<ol><li>包括中等心率的成年人 (40 < HR < 160)。</li>
	<li>使用以下排除条件。<ol>
<li>排除无内动静脉瘘的肾脏透析或任何其他周围动静脉瘘这样。</li>
		<li>排除那些没有外周动脉痉挛, 例如雷诺疾病。</li>
		<li>排除没有主动脉瓣狭窄的患者 (transprosthetic 压力梯度 > 60 mmHg)。</li>
		<li>排除没有第二或三度房室 (AV) 阻滞的人。</li>
		<li>排除无心房颤动或心房扑动的患者。</li>
		<li>排除不稳定的颈动脉粥样硬化斑块, 揉捏后可能破裂。9) 没有认知障碍或无法合作。</li>
	</ol>
</li>
	<li>确保参与者的膀胱是空的。</li>
	<li>参加者在测量前至少3小时内不要吸烟、抽烟或使用咖啡因。在测量前至少12小时戒酒。速度至少在测量前3小时。</li>
</ol>2. 血管托德的测量
注: PWV 和 PWA 测量, 如常规的四肢体血压测量, 是通过非侵入性评价方法进行的。标准协议对于获得准确的值至关重要, 特别是当有多个运算符时。请务必在实际操作之前练习该方法。参与者的合作是测量 cf PWV 的关键。
<ol><li>向参与者解释程序并获得许可。</li>
	<li>在测量开始前测量身体的高度和重量。</li>
	<li>解释这个过程可能需要5-10 分钟, 让参与者躺在床上。<ol>
<li>在移位仰卧位时, 保持病人的皮肤清洁干燥。如果病人的皮肤因出汗而受潮, 则擦干皮肤。</li>
		<li>在安静的房间里进行测量, 室温稳定。</li>
	</ol>
</li>
	<li>把参与者的手放在他们的身体旁边, 以确保有一个平滑的, 不受干扰的心电图信号。根据下图 (图 2), 连接多达3个导心心电图显示器, 定位三电极 (RA、LL、LA)。 注: 推荐使用一次性电极。心电图导线和导线不能用于其他心电绘图设备。</li>
	<li>让病人在仰卧位休息至少5分钟。然后用半自动示波法装置测量病人的血压。 注: 血压是根据欧洲高血压学会的建议来衡量的17。</li>
	<li>让病人休息至少2分钟。 注: 测量肱动脉血压时动脉闭塞引起的周围血管扩张会改变肱动脉的脉搏传递。休息对于避免过度的偏差是必不可少的。</li>
	<li>当参与者休息时, 输入参与者的详细信息, 包括仰卧血压、身高、体重和操作员的姓名, 进入测量装置 (图 3)。</li>
	<li>输入所有信息后, 让参与者处于仰卧位。</li>
	<li>手动测量下列参数 (mm) (图 3)。<ol>
<li>测量从胸骨凹槽 (SSN) 到远端检测点 (股动脉) 的距离。</li>
		<li>测量从胸骨切口到近端 (颈动脉) 检测点的距离。</li>
		<li>测量距离从远端检测点 (股动脉) 到近端 (颈动脉) 检测点 (cf 距离)。</li>
	</ol>
</li>
	<li>选择 PWA 模式。输入 "0" 作为 ssn-颈动脉距离, 并输入 0.8 * cf 距离作为 ssn 股距离。如果设备不接受 "0", 则将另一值作为 ssn-颈动脉距离, 并将该值添加到 80% cf 距离作为 ssn 股距离5。 注意: 操作者应坐在最舒适的位置。</li>
	<li>按下该按钮以捕获数据。将血压计在径向动脉波动点 (1-2 厘米以上的径向茎过程中, 在一个点, 波动是强和稳定), 以测量中央血压。<ol>
<li>保持血压计的位置, 以获得计算机上的稳定波形。测量测量的质量和重现性达到标准后, 计算机自动完成信号记录。</li>
		<li>把血压计在90°。</li>
		<li>为了避免寄生虫运动, 用手指固定在基地附近的血压计, 牢牢地将血压计贴在皮肤上。 注: 当血压计与测量站点接触时, 软件会自动记录数据。对测量测量的质量和重现性进行了自动测试。运算符索引大于80% 被认为是可靠的度量。脉冲压力放大 (PPA) 被定义为外周到中心脉压比和计算公式, 苯丙胺 = (臂动脉收缩-臂的 dbp)/(中央收缩率-中央 DBP)-1。可以在设备18 (图 4) 上观察到 PWA。</li>
	</ol>
</li>
	<li>选择 PWV 模式。把血压计放在颈动脉的波动点上。保持血压计的位置, 以获得计算机上的稳定波形。记录一个稳定的波形15-20 秒后。一旦测量测量的质量和重现性达到标准, 手动完成录制 (图 5)。</li>
	<li>将血压计在股动脉起伏点 (1-2 厘米以下的腹股沟韧带的中点, 在那里的波动是稳定的)。保持血压计的位置以记录稳定的波形。记录稳定波形15-20 秒后, 一旦测量测量的质量和重现性达到标准, 则手动完成记录。在设备上可以观察到的 PWV 值 PWV ≥10米/秒被认为是动脉僵硬 (图 5)1。</li>
</ol>

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作者没有什么可透露的。

在这里, 我们展示了一个广泛的方法, 以评估参与者的新的前血管托德, 动脉僵硬, 评估 PWV。为了比较 PWs 与设备前测量的最小血流动力学差异, 只有当臂收缩和舒张血压变化小于 3 mmHg 时才接受数据。这减少了人为操作造成的偏差。在这项议定书中, 关键步骤是使用80% 的直接直接距离在颈动脉和股动脉之间的标准的病人条件, 并使用10米/秒作为基准截止值的颈动脉股 PWV 作为动脉僵硬。
有了这种测量的设备, 我们就可以对参与者的 PWV 进行非侵入性评估。事实上, 在基于测量的设备中, 他们评估个人的心血管风险。然而, 它们在测量中央 BP 和临床实践中的波浪反射方面并不一致, 其中有相当大的差异, 其中有20。这种基于测量的设备通常用于测量主动脉 PWV1。
我们还可以从这个装置中获得中央 BP 的测量结果。然而, 来自非侵入性装置的中央 BP 测量的准确度是很大的争论, 应该加以改进。为实现对真正的中央 BP 的准确非侵入性评估, 需要对动脉内臂 bp 进行更准确的非侵入性估计,21。中央 BP 的数据从这个测量可以进一步用于与其他非侵入性设备或侵入的动脉内标准进行比较22。
动脉僵硬可视为危险因素与临床 CV 事件之间的中间状态, 影响医疗决策的制定。例如, 长期高血压可能导致严重的动脉僵硬。抗高血压治疗对高血压患者有重要意义。然而, 我们更倾向于逆转, 终止或至少控制动脉僵硬的过程与药物, 而不是只关注高血压。动脉僵硬比高血压本身更能代表风险因素的暴露。因此, 动脉僵硬也应考虑到风险预测模型。考虑到 TOD 对风险分层策略的影响也很重要。事实上, 被定义为增加 PWV 的动脉僵硬是衰老和微变化的复合体。在某些患者中, 增加的 PWV 应被认为是心血管疾病加速发展的现象。专注于 PWV 及其管理的研究可能会提供更长的无疾病寿命23。这样, 我们就可以作出更准确的 CV 评估, 为管理和治疗提供更有效的指导。

动脉僵硬是血管老化评估的好标志1,2。动脉僵硬的测量传统上使用脉搏波速度 (PWV) 方法, 是一个重要和可靠的测量动脉刚度1,3,4,5。具体地说, PWV 代表特定动脉段的刚度。脉冲波通过特定段的动脉血管传输, 其速度与墙体本身的粘弹性特性6呈反比关系。PWV 值随动脉僵硬而增加。
颈动脉-股 PWV (cf PWV) 和臂踝 PWV (ba PWV) 是2最常用的 PWV 测量。它们广泛应用于临床实践中, PWV 在西方国家很受欢迎, PWV 在亚洲国家很受欢迎。7,8. 事实上, cf PWV 已被认为是 "金标准" 测量的动脉僵硬度1。对于 cf PWV, 它是作为 PWV 的代表整个主动脉。此外, 对于 ba-PWV, 没有真正的动脉通路连接测量点 (臂到脚踝)。估计的 ba-PWV 代表中央和外周动脉系统的整体 PWV9。先前的一项研究报告说, PWV 比 PWV 在无症状高血压靶器官损害 (TOD)10 (图 1) 的关联中优于 ba-------------
具有特定血压计的区域刚性的非侵入性装置越来越多地被用来测量颈动脉到股骨段的刚度1。在 cf PWV 测量中, 此设备和手持血压计在计算机上创建一个稳定的波形, 可以记录高分辨率的数字波形图像和特定的 PWV 值 (图 2)。所有这些测量都需要标准化。在这里, 我们展示如何记录一个良好的质量 PWV 与这个无创测量的设备在现实世界的设置。
一些建立的心血管风险预测模型, 如弗雷明汉风险评分和评分风险图表主要是计算和排序的常规风险因素11,12。但是, 应将一些新的生物标志物添加到风险评估模型中, 以改进风险分层13。在文献中, 动脉僵硬被认为是常规危险因素与临床心血管事件之间的中间状态14。因此, 将 cf PWV 添加到风险评估模型中可能是风险分层的工具15,16。
在这里, 我们生成一个方法学计划来评估参与者的 PWV, 连同 PWA, 建立一个标准的动脉硬化评估协议。

<table>
	<tbody>
		<tr>
			<td>SphygmoCor tonometry-based device</td>
			<td>AtCor Medical, Australia</td>
			<td></td>
			<td>For central blood pressures and cf-PWV</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Electrodes</td>
			<td>AtCor Medical, Australia</td>
			<td></td>
			<td>To record the ECG</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Semiautomatic Oscillometric device</td>
			<td>OMRON Healthcare, kyoto, Japan</td>
			<td></td>
			<td>To measure brachial BP</td>
		</tr>
	</tbody>
</table>

measuring the carotid to femoral pulse wave velocity (cf-pwv) to evaluate arterial stiffness

对老年人来说, 动脉僵硬是评价衰老的一个很好的标志, 建议通过测量颈动脉对股脉搏波速度 (无创性 PWV) 来确定动脉僵硬度 (I. 类;A 级证据 A)。在文学方面, 许多以社区为基础或针对疾病的研究报告说, 高 PWV 与心血管风险增加有关。在这里, 我们讨论的策略, 评估动脉僵硬的 PWV。根据这里详细定义的步骤,例如, 适当的位置运算符, 距离测量和血压计位置, 我们将获得一个标准的 cf PWV 值来评估动脉刚度。本文将讨论一种利用非侵入测量器件记录良好质量 PWV 和脉冲波分析的详细逐步方法。

PWV (使用此方法) 和 ba-PWV (与其他方法10) 是在2098名来自北上海研究19的参与者中进行的。PWV 和 PWV 均采用同一逻辑回归模型。在这个模型中, 年龄和性别被调整。结果表明, 只有 cf-PWV, 而不是 ba-PWV, 与增加的 IMT 和动脉斑块显著相关, 这表明 PWV 在 ba PWV 的优势与血管异常的老年人 (图 1)。
<img alt="Figure 1" class="xfigimg" src="/files/ftp_upload/57083/57083fig1.jpg"> 图 1: PWV 和 ba PWV 与其他高血压靶器官损伤有关, 2098年来自上海北部的研究人员.将 cf-PWV 和 ba-PWV 分别放在相同的全模式模型中, 利用 PWV 和 ba-PWV 的概率比进行了逻辑回归。此数据已与当前2098参与者重新计算。从上一个出版物10中修改了该图形。 缩写: IMT, 颈动脉内膜-介质厚度;托德, 目标器官损害。<a href="/files/ftp_upload/57083/57083fig1large.jpg" target="_blank">请单击此处查看此图的较大版本.</a>
<img alt="Figure 2" class="xfigimg" src="/files/ftp_upload/57083/57083fig2.jpg"> 图 2: 电极的位置和测量的动脉段.通过记录心电图和血压计信号, 该装置将测量转运时间作为脉搏波到达颈总动脉和股动脉的时间延迟。颈动脉-股 PWV 的计算方法是通过运输时间除以距离 (PWV = 距离/时间) 缩写: RA: 右臂;左腿;LA: 左臂<a href="/files/ftp_upload/57083/57083fig2large.jpg" target="_blank">请单击此处查看此图的较大版本.</a>
<img alt="Figure 3" class="xfigimg" src="/files/ftp_upload/57083/57083fig3.jpg"> 图 3: 检查员和患者定位 PWV 测量.在至少5分钟的休息后, 应在仰卧位进行测量。测量应优先做在右颈总动脉和股骨干。房间要安静, 室温稳定。
<img alt="Figure 4" class="xfigimg" src="/files/ftp_upload/57083/57083fig4.jpg"> 图 4: 使用非侵入性测量设备成像的正常脉冲波形分析波形 (径向动脉).波形将被记录在设备和操作员索引直接地提供。运算符索引大于80% 被认为是可靠的度量。<a href="/files/ftp_upload/57083/57083fig4large.jpg" target="_blank">请单击此处查看此图的较大版本.</a>
<img alt="Figure 5" class="xfigimg" src="/files/ftp_upload/57083/57083fig5.jpg"> 图 5: 正常的脉搏波速度波形 (颈动脉和股动脉), 使用无创测量的设备进行成像.波形将被记录在设备和 PWV 值直接提供。PWV 超过10米/秒被认为是动脉僵硬。<a href="/files/ftp_upload/57083/57083fig5large.jpg" target="_blank">请单击此处查看此图的较大版本.</a>

Watch this Scientific Journal Video about Measuring the Carotid to Femoral Pulse Wave Velocity Cf-PWV to Evaluate Arterial Stiffness at JoVE.com

Measuring the Carotid to Femoral Pulse Wave Velocity Cf-PWV to Evaluate Arterial Stiffness

本协议描述了一种规范颈动脉股脉搏波速度测量的方法, 以评估动脉僵硬度。

测量颈动脉股脉搏波速度 (Cf PWV) 评价动脉僵硬度

For the elderly, arterial stiffening is a good marker for aging evaluation and it is recommended that the arterial stiffness be determined noninvasively ...

measuring-carotid-to-femoral-pulse-wave-velocity-cf-pwv-to-evaluate

Nanyang Technological University

Research

Education

JoVE Core

JoVE Journal

Nursing

Medicine

Unit 1

Measuring the Carotid to Femoral Pulse Wave Velocity (Cf-PWV) to Evaluate Arterial Stiffness

Vital Signs: Pulse

SCIENTISTS IN ACTION

17.2K 次观看.  Tongji University School of Medicine. 本协议描述了一种规范颈动脉股脉搏波速度测量的方法, 以评估动脉僵硬度。

视频: Measuring the Carotid to Femoral Pulse Wave Velocity Cf-PWV to Evaluate Arterial Stiffness

The Measurement and Treatment of Suppression in Amblyopia

Amblyopia, a developmental disorder of the visual cortex, is one of the leading causes of visual dysfunction in the working age population. Current estimates put the prevalence of amblyopia at approximately 1-3%1-3, the majority of cases being monocular2. Amblyopia is most frequently caused by ocular misalignment (strabismus), blur induced by unequal refractive error (anisometropia), and in some cases by form deprivation.
Although amblyopia is initially caused by abnormal visual input in infancy, once established, the visual deficit often remains when normal visual input has been restored using surgery and/or refractive correction. This is because amblyopia is the result of abnormal visual cortex development rather than a problem with the amblyopic eye itself4,5 . Amblyopia is characterized by both monocular and binocular deficits6,7 which include impaired visual acuity and poor or absent stereopsis respectively. The visual dysfunction in amblyopia is often associated with a strong suppression of the inputs from the amblyopic eye under binocular viewing conditions8. Recent work has indicated that suppression may play a central role in both the monocular and binocular deficits associated with amblyopia9,10 .
Current clinical tests for suppression tend to verify the presence or absence of suppression rather than giving a quantitative measurement of the degree of suppression. Here we describe a technique for measuring amblyopic suppression with a compact, portable device11,12 . The device consists of a laptop computer connected to a pair of virtual reality goggles. The novelty of the technique lies in the way we present visual stimuli to measure suppression. Stimuli are shown to the amblyopic eye at high contrast while the contrast of the stimuli shown to the non-amblyopic eye are varied. Patients perform a simple signal/noise task that allows for a precise measurement of the strength of excitatory binocular interactions. The contrast offset at which neither eye has a performance advantage is a measure of the "balance point" and is a direct measure of suppression. This technique has been validated psychophysically both in control13,14 and patient6,9,11 populations.
In addition to measuring suppression this technique also forms the basis of a novel form of treatment to decrease suppression over time and improve binocular and often monocular function in adult patients with amblyopia12,15,16 . This new treatment approach can be deployed either on the goggle system described above or on a specially modified iPod touch device15.

Amblyopia is a developmental disorder of the visual cortex that is often accompanied by strong suppression of one eye. We present a new technique for measuring and treating interocular suppression in patients with amblyopia that can be deployed using virtual reality goggles or a portable iPod Touch device.

测量和制止在弱视治疗

Amblyopia, a developmental disorder of the visual cortex, is one of the leading causes of visual dysfunction in the working age population. Current ...

科研

医学

Pulse Wave Velocity Testing in the Baltimore Longitudinal Study of Aging

Carotid-femoral pulse wave velocity is considered the gold standard for measurements of central arterial stiffness obtained through noninvasive methods1.&#160;Subjects are placed in the supine position and allowed to rest quietly for at least 10 min prior to the start of the exam. The proper cuff size is selected and a blood pressure is obtained using an oscillometric device. Once a resting blood pressure has been obtained, pressure waveforms are acquired from the right femoral and right common carotid arteries. The system then automatically calculates the pulse transit time between these two sites (using the carotid artery as a surrogate for the descending aorta). Body surface measurements are used to determine the distance traveled by the pulse wave between the two sampling sites. This distance is then divided by the pulse transit time resulting in the pulse wave velocity. The measurements are performed in triplicate and the average is used for analysis.

Pulse wave velocity (PWV) measurement assesses arterial stiffness by a tonometry-based system that measures the speed with which arterial pressure wave travels along the arterial tree, typically approximating the time that it takes this wave to travel from the descending aorta (using the carotid artery as a surrogate) to the femoral artery. Carotid-femoral PWV increases two- to threefold across the adult lifespan.

脉搏波传导速度测试老化的巴尔的摩纵向研究中

Carotid-femoral pulse wave velocity is considered the gold standard for measurements of central arterial stiffness obtained through noninvasive ...

Measuring Ascending Aortic Stiffness In Vivo in Mice Using Ultrasound

We present a protocol for measuring in vivo aortic stiffness in mice using high-resolution ultrasound imaging. Aortic diameter is measured by ultrasound and aortic blood pressure is measured invasively with a solid-state pressure catheter. Blood pressure is raised then lowered incrementally by intravenous infusion of vasoactive drugs phenylephrine and sodium nitroprusside. Aortic diameter is measured for each pressure step to characterize the pressure-diameter relationship of the ascending aorta. Stiffness indices derived from the pressure-diameter relationship can be calculated from the data collected. Calculation of arterial compliance is described in this protocol.
This technique can be used to investigate mechanisms underlying increased aortic stiffness associated with cardiovascular disease and aging. The technique produces a physiologically relevant measure of stiffness compared to ex vivo approaches because physiological influences on aortic stiffness are incorporated in the measurement. The primary limitation of this technique is the measurement error introduced from the movement of the aorta during the cardiac cycle. This motion can be compensated by adjusting the location of the probe with the aortic movement as well as making multiple measurements of the aortic pressure-diameter relationship and expanding the experimental group size.

Measuring Ascending Aortic Stiffness In Vivo in Mice Using Ultrasound

We describe a technique for measuring aortic stiffness from its pressure-diameter relationship in vivo in mice. Aortic diameter is recorded by ultrasound and aortic pressure is measured invasively with a solid-state pressure catheter. Blood pressure is changed incrementally and the resulting diameter is measured.

测量升主动脉刚度<em&gt;在体内</em&gt;小鼠使用超声

We present a protocol for measuring in vivo aortic stiffness in mice using high-resolution ultrasound imaging. Aortic diameter is measured by ultrasound ...

A Murine Model of Arterial Restenosis: Technical Aspects of Femoral Wire Injury

Cardiovascular disease caused by atherosclerosis is the leading cause of death in the developed world. Narrowing of the vessel lumen, due to atherosclerotic plaque development or the rupturing of established plaques, interrupts normal blood flow leading to various morbidities such as myocardial infarction and stroke. In the clinic endovascular procedures such as angioplasty are commonly performed to reopen the lumen. However, these treatments inevitably damage the vessel wall as well as the vascular endothelium, triggering an excessive healing response and the development of a neointimal plaque that extends into the lumen causing vessel restenosis (re-narrowing). Restenosis remains a major cause of failure of endovascular treatments for atherosclerosis. Thus, preclinical animal models of restenosis are vitally important for investigating the pathophysiological mechanisms as well as translational approaches to vascular interventions. Among several murine experimental models, femoral artery wire injury is widely accepted as the most suitable for studies of post-angioplasty restenosis because it closely resembles the angioplasty procedure that injures both endothelium and vessel wall. However, many researchers have difficulty utilizing this model due to its high degree of technical difficulty. This is primarily because a metal wire needs to be inserted into the femoral artery, which is approximately three times thinner than the wire, to generate sufficient injury to induce prominent neointima. Here, we describe the essential surgical details to effectively overcome the major technical difficulties of this model. By following the presented procedures, performing the mouse femoral artery wire injury becomes easier. Once familiarized, the whole procedure can be completed within 20 min.

The mouse femoral artery wire injury model of restenosis is technically challenging. In this protocol we show the key technical details essential for successfully performing wire injury to induce consistent&#160;neointima for studies of restenosis.

动脉再狭窄小鼠模型:股导线损伤的技术方面

Cardiovascular disease caused by atherosclerosis is the leading cause of death in the developed world. Narrowing of the vessel lumen, due to ...

Ultrasound-based Pulse Wave Velocity Evaluation in Mice

Arterial stiffness can be evaluated by calculating pulse wave velocity (PWV), i.e., the speed with which the pulse wave travels in a conduit vessel. This parameter is being increasingly investigated in small rodent models in which it is used for assessing alterations in vascular function related to particular genotypes/treatments or for characterizing cardiovascular disease progression. This protocol describes an image processing algorithm which leads to non-invasive arterial PWV measurement in mice using ultrasound (US) images only. The proposed technique has been used to assess abdominal aorta PWV in mice and evaluate its age-associated changes.
Abdominal aorta US scans are obtained from mice under gaseous anesthesia using a specific US device equipped with high-frequency US probes. B-mode and Pulse-Wave Doppler (PW-Doppler) images are analyzed in order to obtain diameter and mean velocity instantaneous values, respectively. For this purpose, edge detection and contour tracking techniques are employed. The single-beat mean diameter and velocity waveforms are time aligned and combined in order to achieve the diameter-velocity (lnD-V) loop. PWV values are obtained from the slope of the linear part of the loop, which corresponds to the early systolic phase.
With the present approach, anatomical and functional information about the mouse abdominal aorta can be non-invasively achieved. Requiring the processing of US images only, it may represent a useful tool for the non-invasive characterization of different arterial sites in the mouse in terms of elastic properties. The application of the present technique can be easily extended to other vascular districts, such as the carotid artery, thus providing the possibility to obtain a multi-site arterial stiffness assessment.

Arterial stiffness represents a key factor in cardiovascular disease and pulse wave velocity (PWV) can be considered as a surrogate index for arterial stiffness. This protocol describes an image processing algorithm for calculating PWV in mice based on ultrasound image processing that is applicable at different arterial sites.

基于超声脉搏波速度评价小鼠

Arterial stiffness can be evaluated by calculating pulse wave velocity (PWV), i.e., the speed with which the pulse wave travels in a conduit vessel. This ...

In Vivo Gene Transfer to the Rabbit Common Carotid Artery Endothelium

The goal of this method is to introduce a transgene into the endothelium of isolated segments of both rabbit common carotid arteries. The method achieves focal endothelial-selective transgenesis, thereby allowing an investigator to determine the biological roles of endothelial-expressed transgenes and to quantify the in vivo transcriptional activity of DNA sequences in large artery endothelial cells. The method uses surgical isolation of rabbit common carotid arteries and an arteriotomy to deliver a transgene-expressing viral vector into the arterial lumen. A short incubation period of the vector in the lumen, with subsequent aspiration of the lumen contents, is sufficient to achieve efficient and durable expression of the transgene in the endothelium, with no detectable transduction or expression outside of the isolated arterial segment. The method allows assessment of the biological activities of transgene products both in normal arteries and in models of human vascular disease, while avoiding systemic effects that could be caused either by targeting gene delivery to other sites (e.g. the liver) or by the alternative approach of delivering genetic constructs to the endothelium by germ line transgenesis. Application of the method is limited by the need for a skilled surgeon and anesthetist, a well-equipped operating room, the costs of purchasing and housing rabbits, and the need for expertise in gene-transfer vector construction and use. Results obtained with this method include: transgene-related alterations in arterial structure, cellularity, extracellular matrix, or vasomotor function; increases or reductions in arterial inflammation; alterations in vascular cell apoptosis; and progression, retardation, or regression of diseases such as intimal hyperplasia or atherosclerosis. The method also allows measurement of the ability of native and synthetic DNA regulatory sequences to alter transgene expression in endothelial cells, providing results that include: levels of transgene mRNA, levels of transgene protein, and levels of transgene enzymatic activity.

In Vivo Gene Transfer to the Rabbit Common Carotid Artery Endothelium

This method is to introduce a transgene into the endothelium of rabbit carotid arteries. Introduction of the transgene allows the assessment of the biological role of the transgene product either in normal arteries or disease models. The method is also useful for measuring activity of DNA regulatory sequences.

体内兔颈总动脉内皮的基因转移

The goal of this method is to introduce a transgene into the endothelium of isolated segments of both rabbit common carotid arteries. The method achieves ...

A Clinical Trial Assessing the Safety, Efficacy, and Delivery of Olive-Oil-Based Three-Chamber Bags for Parenteral Nutrition

Limited evidence exists to precisely estimate efficacy and safety differences between parenteral nutrition (PN) prepared using olive-oil-based three-chamber bags (3CBs) and soybean-oil-based compounded bags (CoBs) in hospitalized adult patients. We designed a multicenter, randomized, prospective, open-label, noninferiority protocol to compare the efficacy, safety, and distribution of olive-oil-based 3CBs and soybean-oil-based CoB formulations in adult Chinese patients requiring PN during surgical intervention. Subjects were randomized to receive either one of the study treatments using an interactive voice or web-based recognition system in accordance with the randomization code. Randomization was further stratified based on the study site and surgical category. Both treatment groups received similar amounts of calories and protein. In addition, the two study treatments contained a similar composition of the amino-acid component. The only difference between the two PN formulations was the lipid constitution. The duration of administration of study treatments was a minimum of 5 days up to a maximum of 14 days after the surgical procedure. The primary efficacy endpoint was serum prealbumin levels on day 5 of the study. Noninferiority was proved if the anti-log of the lower bound of the 95% confidence interval (CI) of the treatment difference was at least 0.80. Other efficacy measures included treatment preparation time; duration to achieve tolerability of oral nutrition; associated infectious complications; length of hospitalization; and laboratory assessment of markers of nutrition, inflammation, metabolism, and oxidative stress. A total of 458 patients were enrolled in the study. The results showed that olive-oil-based 3CBs were non-inferior to soybean-based CoBs, besides being well tolerated. The infection rate was found to be significantly lower in the olive-oil-based 3CB group. Thus, this study may be used as a reference for future research on lipid emulsion and 3CBs.

Here, we present a protocol for a study comparing the efficacy, safety, and delivery of olive-oil-based 3CB and soybean-oil-based CoB formulations in adults requiring parenteral nutrition. The results revealed that olive-oil-based 3CBs is non-inferior and well tolerated compared to soybean formulations.

一项临床试验，评估基于橄榄油的三腔袋的亲子营养的安全性、有效性和交付

Limited evidence exists to precisely estimate efficacy and safety differences between parenteral nutrition (PN) prepared using olive-oil-based ...

Using a Knee Arthrometer to Evaluate Tissue-specific Contributions to Knee Flexion Contracture in the Rat

Normal knee range of motion (ROM) is critical to well-being and allows one to perform basic activities such as walking, climbing stairs and sitting. Lost ROM is called a joint contracture and results in increased morbidity. Due to the difficulty of reversing established knee contractures, early detection is important, and hence, knowing risk factors for their development is essential. The rat represents a good model with which the effect of an intervention can be studied due to the similarity of rat knee anatomy to that of humans, the rat's ability to tolerate long durations of knee immobilization in flexion, and because mechanical data can be correlated with histologic and biochemical analysis of knee tissue.
Using an automated arthrometer, we demonstrate a validated, precise, reproducible, user-independent method of measuring the extension ROM of the rat knee joint at specific torques. This arthrometer can be used to determine the effects of interventions on knee joint ROM in the rat.

The goal of the protocol is to measure the extension range of motion of the rat knee. The effects of various diseases that increase the stiffness of the knee joint and the effectiveness of treatments can be quantified.

用膝关节关节仪评价大鼠膝关节屈曲收缩的特定组织贡献

Normal knee range of motion (ROM) is critical to well-being and allows one to perform basic activities such as walking, climbing stairs and sitting. Lost ...

Improved Renal Denervation Mitigated Hypertension Induced by Angiotensin II Infusion

The benefits of renal sympathetic denervation (RDN) on blood pressure have been proved in a large number of clinical trials in recent years. However, the regulatory mechanism of RDN on hypertension remains elusive. Thus, it&#39;s essential to establish a simpler RDN model in mice. In this study, osmotic mini pumps filled with Angiotensin II were implanted in 14-week-old C57BL/6 mice. One week after the implantation of the mini-osmotic pump, a modified RDN procedure was performed on bilateral renal arteries of the mice using phenol. Age-sex-matched mice were given saline and served as sham group. Blood pressure was measured at baseline and every week subsequently for 21 days. Then, renal artery, abdominal aorta and heart were collected for histological examination using H&#38;E and Masson staining. In this study, we present a simple, practical, repeatable, and standardized RDN model, which can control hypertension and alleviate cardiac hypertrophy. The technique can denervate peripheral renal sympathetic nerves without renal artery damage. Compared to previous models, the modified RDN facilitates the study of the pathobiology and pathophysiology of hypertension.

Here, we present a protocol for renal sympathetic denervation (RDN) in mice with hypertension induced by Angiotensin II infusion. The procedure is repeatable, convenient and allows to study the regulatory mechanisms of RDN on hypertension and cardiac hypertrophy.

改善肾去神经支配缓解血管紧张素II.诱导的高血压

The benefits of renal sympathetic denervation (RDN) on blood pressure have been proved in a large number of clinical trials in recent years. However, the ...

Network Pharmacology Prediction and Experimental Validation of Trichosanthes-Fritillaria thunbergii Action Mechanism Against Lung Adenocarcinoma

We aimed to study the mechanism of Trichosanthes-Fritillaria thunbergii in treating lung adenocarcinoma (LUAD) based on network pharmacology and experimental verification. The effective components and potential targets of Trichosanthis and Fritillaria thunbergii were collected by high-throughput experiment and reference-guided (HERB) database of traditional Chinese medicine and a similarity ensemble approach (SEA) database, and the LUAD-related targets were queried by the GeneCards and Online Mendelian Inheritance in Man (OMIM) databases. A drug-component-disease-target network was constructed by Cytoscape software. Protein-protein interaction (PPI) network, gene ontology (GO) function, and Kyoto encyclopedia of genes and genomes (KEGG) pathway enrichment analyses were conducted to obtain core targets and key pathways. An aqueous extract of Trichosanthes-Fritillaria thunbergii and A549 cells were used for the subsequent experimental validation. Through the HERB database and literature search, 31 effective compounds and 157 potential target genes of Trichosanthes-Fritillaria thunbergii were screened, of which 144 were regulatory targets of Trichosanthes-Fritillaria thunbergii in the treatment of lung adenocarcinoma. The GO functional enrichment analysis showed that the mechanism of action of Trichosanthes-Fritillaria thunbergii against lung adenocarcinoma is mainly protein phosphorylation. The KEGG pathway enrichment analysis suggested that the treatment of lung adenocarcinoma by Trichosanthes-Fritillaria thunbergii mainly involves the PI3K/AKT signaling pathway. The experimental validation showed that an aqueous extract of Trichosanthes-Fritillaria thunbergii could inhibit the proliferation of A549 cells and the phosphorylation of AKT. Through network pharmacology and experimental validation, it was verified that the PI3K/AKT signaling pathway plays a vital role in the action of Trichosanthes-Fritillaria thunbergii in treating lung adenocarcinoma.

Network Pharmacology Prediction and Experimental Validation of Trichosanthes-Fritillaria thunbergii Action Mechanism Against Lung Adenocarcinoma

This study reveals the mechanism of Trichosanthes-Fritillaria thunbergii in treating lung adenocarcinoma based on network pharmacology and experimental verification. The study also demonstrates that the PI3K/AKT signaling pathway plays a vital role in the action of Trichosanthes-Fritillaria thunbergii in treating lung adenocarcinoma.