这篇文章是在 Zlin 的托马斯巴塔大学 IGA/FT/2017/007 项目的支持下编写的。

我们大学的员工和学生中都招募了志愿者。该方法的选择是根据 "国际伦理准则的生物医学研究涉及人类的主题。日内瓦国际医学组织理事会 (2002)。是一种常见的化妆品成分, 用于护发产品 (洗发水、调理剂、等), 因此不需要机构审查委员会的批准。
1. 加工鸡毛
<ol><li>从家禽饲养场收集鸡毛。</li>
	<li>用足够多的新鲜跑步 (冷水) 冲洗鸡毛中的不溶性杂质和血液残渣。将羽毛放在平板上, 在50° c 的晚上晾干。 注意: 协议可以在此处暂停。</li>
	<li>研磨50克干燥的羽毛在一个切割机 (适用于软到中硬样品材料, 和纤维材料) 到最后的细度1.0 毫米. 或者, 研磨羽毛的最后细度可以更高, 但不超过3.0 毫米。 注意: 协议可以在此处暂停。</li>
	<li>
脱脂羽毛 注: 最有效、最经济的脱脂家禽羽毛的方法是使用一种商业化的脂酶。<ol>
<li>在一个不锈钢 27 L 锅炉容器与温度控制, 混合的羽毛与水预热到40±2° c 在重量比率1:75。添加一个脂酶 (活性 100 3/克) 在剂量为 1.5-2.0% (与 weighed-in 干羽毛有关), 并轻轻搅拌的内容与一个头顶搅拌器5分钟。</li>
		<li>将混合 pH 值调整为9.0 ± 0.2, 通过添加1% 氢氧化钠或 1% H3PO4解决方案, 与脂酶的最大活性相对应的数值。搅拌5分钟的混合物与一个头顶搅拌器, 然后检查和重新调整 ph 值水平使用实验室台的 ph/mV 米。</li>
		<li>在40±0.5 ° c 时, 用顶置搅拌器轻轻搅拌24小时。另外, 孵育混合物在40±0.5 ° c, 并且在第一 6 h 期间孵育搅动内容在 1 h 间隔时间。</li>
		<li>通过细筛 (100 µm 大小) 过滤混合物, 用一股新鲜的跑步 (冷水) 洗涤脱脂羽毛。在干燥室过夜, 在50° c 的平盘上晾干羽毛。 注意: 协议可以在此处暂停。</li>
	</ol>
</li>
	<li>执行鸡羽水解的第一阶段。混合羽毛与 0.3% KOH 水溶液在重量比1:50 和轻轻搅拌与一个头顶搅拌器在60±0.5 ° c 为 24 h。在孵化的开始时, 混合物的 pH 值从大约12.5 下降到大约11.0。在完成水解的第一阶段后, 将混合物的 pH 值调整到与蛋白水解酶的最大活性相对应的水平, 10% H3PO4 (本例中为9.0 ± 0.2), 加入1% 氢氧化钠。</li>
	<li>进行鸡羽水解的第二阶段。添加到混合物中, 水解酶在一剂量为 5.0% (与羽毛的干物质有关, 在第一阶段的 weighed-in 开始时)。轻轻搅拌在60±0.5 ° c 为8小时, 然后加热混合物 (在同一个不锈钢 27-L 锅炉容器) 到沸点 (100 ° c) 和煮沸为 10 min 钝化酵素。</li>
	<li>将溶残余物 (在步骤1.6 中制备) 的溶液分离出来, 通过傅书礼漏斗上的低密度滤纸过滤, 并有轻微的真空压力;或者, 使用离心机。 注意: 如果在5±1° c 下存储了一个解决方案, 则可以在这里暂停协议几天。</li>
	<li>在塑料桶 (26 厘米直径 x 26 厘米高) 透析使用 12 K 分子膜去除小肽和盐。将400毫升溶液倒入透析管中, 在室温下透析4升蒸馏水80小时;在18、36和60小时后改变蒸馏水。</li>
	<li>在粘板上施放透析溶液 (例如, 硅胶) 在500毫升到1000厘米2板块面积的比率, 真空干燥它在一个薄膜在40±0.5 ° c 过夜, 研磨形成一个细粉, 并保持它在一个封闭的船只在干燥。 注意: 如果在干燥的地方储存了这些粉末, 可以在这里暂停协议几个月。</li>
</ol>2. 准备化妆品配方
注: 用于测试的 OB 是一个商业亲水的 O/W 奶油基地, 由水、石蜡、石蜡液、c16-18-醇、醚4、氢氧化钠、卡波姆、酯和 propylparaben 组成。
<ol><li>准备含有 2, 4 和6% 的配方 (根据软膏的基本重量)。在聚乙烯容器 (7 厘米直径 x 10 厘米高) 中称量粉末的数量, 并在保证配方总重量等于50克的量上加入 OB;请参见表 1中的菜谱。</li>
</ol><table border="1" fo:keep-together.within-page="1" fo:keep-with-next.within-page="always"><tbody>
<tr>
<td>化妆品配方</td>
			<td colspan="3">软膏底座重量 [g]</td>
			<td colspan="3">角蛋白水解物的重量 [g]</td>
			<td colspan="2">总重量 [g]</td>
		</tr>
<tr>
<td>软膏底座</td>
			<td colspan="3">50</td>
			<td colspan="3">0</td>
			<td colspan="2" rowspan="4">50</td>
		</tr>
<tr>
<td>软膏基 + 2%</td>
			<td colspan="3">49</td>
			<td colspan="3">1</td>
		</tr>
<tr>
<td>软膏基 + 4%</td>
			<td colspan="3">48</td>
			<td colspan="3">2</td>
		</tr>
<tr>
<td>软膏基 + 6%</td>
			<td colspan="3">47</td>
			<td colspan="3">3</td>
		</tr>
</tbody></table>表 1: Weight-in 量的软膏基和角蛋白水解物准备化妆品配方。
<ol start="2"><li>质的混合物与一个3叶片的实验室搅拌器为10分钟, 在 134.16 x g 和混合使用机械头顶搅拌器。在5±1° c 下保持准备好的配方, 在室温下加热2小时, 然后使用。 注: 将 OB 与非的混合物均匀化, 也可以用一个混合的搅拌器来完成。在非搅拌器上, 还有比转速 (rpm) 的刻度。轻柔的搅拌将为这一步的最好的工作。 注: 如果配方储存在5±1° c, 则可以在这里暂停长达5月的协议。</li>
</ol>3. 通过测量皮肤水化、TEWL 和 pH 值测试其性能
注: 在23±2° c 和相对湿度为56±3% 的条件室中执行所有测量。
<ol><li>安置5条滤纸 (大小 2 x 4 cm) 入生理解答 (0.90% 氯化钠) 并且留给他们大约 1 min 在解答。</li>
	<li>将两条带子应用于右前臂内侧, 三到左前臂内侧, 用胶布固定4小时。这一步是脱脂皮肤和消除个人特征的皮肤在网站上。在 4 h 之后, 卸下带永久笔的区域并丹麦, 请参见图 1。</li>
</ol><img alt="Figure 1" class="xfigimg" src="/files/ftp_upload/56254/56254fig1.jpg"> 图 1: 左侧和右侧上肢前臂上的试验配方的定位方法.<a href="//cloudflare-jove-com.remotexs.ntu.edu.sg/files/ftp_upload/56254/56254fig1large.jpg" target="_blank">请单击此处查看此图的较大版本.</a>
<ol start="3"><li>使用注射器在脱脂前臂部位的每个部位应用0.1 毫升的测试配方, 并将其涂抹在整个标记的表面上。在左前臂, 不要对第一个站点应用任何东西 (它是控制), 将 ob 应用到第二个站点, 而 ob + 2% 则是第三个。应用 ob + 4% 和 ob + 6%, 对右臂。</li>
	<li>测量每个站点和每个间隔的每个样本 (1, 2, 3, 4, 24, 和 48 h), 并采取5读数与皮肤水合仪探头皮肤水化, 15 读数与 TEWL 米探头皮肤 TEWL, 和1阅读与皮肤 ph 计探针皮肤 ph。在测试期间, 不允许志愿者将任何化妆品应用到测试场所和周边地区;他们被允许简要的晚上洗涤用自来水。 注意: 协议可以在此处暂停。</li>
	<li>使用电子表格软件, 根据描述性统计的基本数字特征处理所产生的读数。从为每个样本测量的5水合读数中, 忽略最低和最高读数, 并只计算算术平均值和标准偏差的3读数。从 15 TEWL 读数测量每个样本, 忽略前 5, 并计算只有10读数的算术平均数和标准差。</li>
</ol>

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</ol>

作者没有什么可透露的。

碱性酶水解的优点是可以根据今后的应用进行改性。例如, 在头发护理化妆品应用中, 一个产品的轻微棕褐色不是一个障碍, 更高的温度在水解可以被应用导致更高的收益率。此外, 工艺过程中两个阶段的处理时间越长, 对整个工艺效率的影响越大--其收率上升到85%。
水合测量的结果表明, 在被监测的测量间隔 (1-48 h), 增加2% 的 OB 是最佳的, 因为它导致了 11-19% 增加的 SC 水合为男性志愿者和 12-22% 增加的妇女志愿者。添加的, 具有广泛的分子量分布。我们建议, 一小部分低分子重量分数 (兆瓦 < 20 kDa) 穿透表皮后, 应用于皮肤。增加的皮肤水化后, 添加了一个配方补充, 通过从较低的表皮层与 SC 的结构, 导致形成的 H 桥之间的水分子和水体的结合水解释。一些作者30也接受了这种操作机制。在乳液和凝胶制剂22中测试的保湿效果与传统的保湿剂 (如如、甘油、尿素和透明质酸) 相媲美。
TEWL 测量强调, 在观察的时间测量 (1-48 h) 为男性志愿者, 所有的配方与补充剂导致 TEWL 下降后, 应用。与纯 ob 相比, 2% 加入 ob 导致了 TEWL 11-23% 的减少。当 OB 被补充 4% TEWL, 下降了 28-47%;而对于 6%, 它减少了多达 31-54%。对于女性志愿者, 补充 OB 与 4%, 是最好的选择, 因为有 24-44% 的减少, 在 SC TEWL。TEWL 的明显较低的配方, 可解释的过程中, 更高分子重量的分数, 形成保护膜, 一旦应用于表皮, 从而防止损失的表皮水。事实上, 对 TEWL 的高度积极的影响是可比的, 甚至超过, 为了比较, TEWL 记录的化妆品凝胶或乳剂的价值, 补充 5-10% 的甘油和 1-5% 的丝胶。同样, 当与传统矿物油比较时, TEWL 减少了约 25-30%31。此外, 它的阻隔性能优于, 例如, 尿素和透明质酸22。
皮肤表面的 pH 值:
为参考, ph 值3.5 到4.3 是酸性皮肤表面, ph 4.4 到5.5 是中性的这方面, 和 ph 5.6 到6.5 代表一个基本的皮肤表面32。我们发现, 在所有被测试的配方 (OB + 2, 4, 和 6%) 后, 皮肤表面 pH 值没有显著变化;pH 值为4.6 到 5.0 (男性志愿者), 和4.9 到 5.4 (女性志愿者) 对应于一个正常的皮肤表面。longer-term 分析 (超过2天) 没有完成。
修改和故障排除:
鸡羽毛的加工是很容易的, 在大气压下和在温和的温度下运行。这一过程可以从实验室规模转化为试点工厂规模和工业规模。在该协议的2节中, 当与 (O/W) 乳化基的匀质性, 一些修改是可能的。在工业实践中, 用混合水 (w) 相 (水 + 化妆品成分可溶于水) 和油 (o) 相 (油 + 化妆品成分可溶于油) 制备的 o/w 和 w/o 乳液。可溶于水, 有利于将其直接混入系统的水相中。
技术的局限性:
测量水化、TEWL 和锤击压力的每个点的定位, 用昂贵的皮肤水化仪测量。
协议中的关键步骤主要在3节中。健康状况、个体差异、吸烟者/不吸烟者、性别、年龄差异、月经和心理状况都会影响测量皮肤水化和 TEWL。为获得代表性的结果, 同一人应应用测试配方前臂和测量水合和 TEWL 值。这是至关重要的执行所有测量在一个条件的房间, 具有稳定的温度和相对湿度。在测量值的时间间隔为24和48小时, 在有条件的房间里, 自愿者在测量前至少30分钟的适应是必要的。

屠宰场、食品工业和制革业每年生产大量的固体角蛋白 by-products--羊毛、羽毛、刚毛、蹄、爪、角等。根据最新的统计数据, 美国的鸡、火鸡、鸭和其他屠宰家禽的活体重为每年625亿磅1;在欧盟, 每年大约有287亿英镑。考虑到羽毛占家禽总重量的 8.5%, 美国每年单独生产大约53亿磅的废弃羽毛2。
角蛋白是一种表现出高耐化学性的蛋白质, 因为它与二硫化桥紧密交联, 使其加工变得困难。获得可溶性产品需要裂解交和可能进行水解的肽键3。二硫化物桥梁的劈裂可以通过硫醇阴离子的反应进行, 根据下面的模式4,5:
sa - + sbsc–↔sb+ s sc-
与一个非常高 pH 水平, 也出现的二硫化物桥梁的水解, 与样式符合6
–SS- +- → s- + –SOH
在温和的条件下 (pH 值约 8), 甚至 sulfitolysis 发生根据以下模式:
–SS– + HSO3- →–SH + –SSO3-
降解角蛋白最经济的方法是微生物分解, 其特点是加工过程中反应条件温和, 击穿效率高 (约 90%)7,8。Keratinases 是由一些从土壤和角蛋白废料中分离出来的细菌产生的9。微生物 keratinases 水解刚性和强交联的角蛋白结构10和所得到的所制备的含有丰富的可溶性蛋白质, 在它的基本氨基酸没有损失, 在它的检测11。
为了在化妆品制剂中加入一种蛋白质 (例如, 如、乳液、乳液和凝胶), 这些要求确保了这种蛋白质在水中是可溶的, 给定的系统是透明的, 并且避免了 re-aggregation 的多肽, 因为疏水相互作用。因此, 一个常见的做法是应用水解蛋白, 如水解胶原蛋白, 弹性蛋白, 和角蛋白。在化妆品乳液中加入水解物时, 采取步骤确保水解液首先溶解于水中。在某些情况下, 它是可取的蛋白质 (或水解物) 是可溶性的酒精或其他有机溶剂12。
通常在洗发水, 调理剂, 乳液, 和营养血清的头发, 以及睫毛, 指甲油, 和眼部化妆品的特点。所宣布的影响通常包括形成保护膜, 平滑头发或指甲结构, 提高可塑性和外观的处理形成, 调节产品的一致性, 并鼓励泡沫的形成13,14. 它也表明, 降低表面张力, 因此补充化妆品可以促进减少乳化剂添加到稳定霜。限制清洁剂 (表面活性剂) 对皮肤、眼睛和毛发的刺激作用, 从而减少清洁剂对组织的潜在副作用 (例如、皮肤脱水、硬度和降低屏障功能皮肤)。同时利用水解物的高缓冲能力来稳定化妆品的 pH 值;较短长度的多肽具有更大的缓冲效果15,16。虽然 KHs 已成为在头发和指甲化妆品的标准成分, 以及在产品中使用的护肤品, 研究的保湿作用, 不出现在当代文学。
碱性酶技术已经发展为加工角蛋白 by-products 成的, 并且活性测试是在过程中的一些化妆品添加剂的效果17,18,19,20,21,22. 二级碱性酶水解利用微生物蛋白酶对鸡羽毛的优越性在温和的反应条件下达到高效, 而在强酸中使用的水解液的质量很高。或碱。在第一阶段, 在碱性环境中, 羽毛会在较高的温度下孵化, 这会部分地扰乱角蛋白结构并使羽毛膨胀;在调整 pH 值后, 在第二阶段, 在温和的条件下, 用水解酶水解羽毛。透析具有高含量的蛋白质。
本文所描述的方法的目的是通过碱性酶水解处理家禽羽毛, 并检测其在化妆品乳液中的保湿性能。用非侵入性方法对体内的保湿性能进行了研究。最常用的测量皮肤水化和屏障功能的方法包括测量皮肤的电学特性 (电导或电容)。研究 SC 水合的不同方法包括近红外多光谱想象方法 (尼姆)、核磁共振光谱学、光学相干断层扫描或瞬态热传导23。sc 的阻隔作用与 sc 的 TEWL 性有关, 采用通风室法、通风室法和开放式室法测定24。
模型配方的性质是使用多探头适配器 MPA 5 和三种探针确定的。第一个, corneometer CM 825, 通过评估皮肤表面的电容量变化来测量皮肤水化;测量电容器显示 corneometric 单位的皮肤表面电容的变化。corneometer 只给出皮肤水化的相对评估25。对于 TEWL, 第二探针, tewameter TM 300, 用于测量水蒸发密度梯度 (在一个开放的房间仪器基于菲克的扩散定律) 从皮肤间接由两对传感器 (温度和相对湿度)表示每一个定义的区域和时间段内运输的水量 (克/米2/小时)。这种方法甚至可以检测到皮肤屏障功能的轻微破坏26。皮肤 pH 值是 SC27的屏障和抗菌功能的一个指标。皮肤地幔的酸度是由 (第三) 皮肤 PH 值905探头连接到 MPA 5 站测量的。这个专门设计的探头由一个平顶的玻璃电极组成, 用于全皮肤接触, 连接到电压表。该系统测量的潜在变化, 由于氢阳离子周围的非常薄层的半固态形式测试顶部的探针。电压的变化显示为 pH 值28。
本实验分为三部分: (1) 用两段碱性酶解法制备鸡羽毛中的水, 并通过透析 (除去盐和低分子分数) 纯化, (2) 化妆品的制备含有2、4和6% 的配方, 以及 (3) 通过测量皮肤水化、TEWL 和皮肤 pH 值来测试其性能。对10名平均年龄为27.2 岁的妇女和平均年龄为26.2 岁的10男子进行了试验。选择志愿者和测试本身的方法是按照国际生物医学研究的伦理原则进行的, 利用人体主体29;在纳入研究之前, 所有的人都给予了他们知情的同意。在测试开始之前, 志愿者们被要求填写一份关于他们健康状况的问卷。志愿者承诺在试验期间和测试期间, 避免在24小时内将任何化妆品应用于试验场和周边地区;此外, 他们只允许短暂的傍晚冲洗自来水。

<table><tbody><tr><td>&lt;strong&gt;Material or chemicals&lt;/strong&gt;</td><td></td><td></td><td></td></tr><tr><td>LIPEX 100T</td><td>Novozymes</td><td>LJP30020</td><td>&lt;em&gt;Lipex&lt;/em&gt; - enzyme produced by submerged fermentation of a genetically-modified microorganism, activity 100 KLU/g</td></tr><tr><td>Savinase Ultra 16L</td><td>Novozymes</td><td>PXN40001</td><td>&lt;em&gt;Savinase&lt;/em&gt; - enzyme produced by submerged fermentation of a genetically-modified microorganism, activity 16 KNPU-S/g</td></tr><tr><td>Potassium hydroxide, KOH</td><td>Sigma-Aldrich</td><td>302510289</td><td>Potassium hydroxide, KOH, 97,0 %, Mr 56,11</td></tr><tr><td>Phosphoric acid solution, H&lt;sub&gt;3&lt;/sub&gt;PO&lt;sub&gt;4&lt;/sub&gt;</td><td>Sigma-Aldrich</td><td>W290017</td><td>Phosphoric acid solution, H&lt;sub&gt;3&lt;/sub&gt;PO&lt;sub&gt;4, &lt;/sub&gt;85 wt. % concentration in water, Mr 98,00</td></tr><tr><td>Sodium chloride physiological solution</td><td>Sigma-Aldrich</td><td>52455</td><td>Tablets of BioUltra NaCl physiological solution; 1 tablet in 1000 mL of water yields 0.9 % NaCl</td></tr><tr><td>Sodium hydroxide, NaOH</td><td>Penta s.r.o.</td><td>40216</td><td>Sodium hydroxide, NaOH, 97,0 %, Mr 40,00</td></tr><tr><td>AmiFarm (Cremor base-A)</td><td>Fagron</td><td>608425</td><td>Hydrophilic oil in water (O/W) cream base; the composition: aqua, paraffin, paraffin liquid, cetearyl alkohol, Laureth 4, sodium hydroxide, carbomer, methylparaben, propylparaben.</td></tr><tr><td>&lt;strong&gt;Name&lt;/strong&gt;</td><td>&lt;strong&gt;Company&lt;/strong&gt;</td><td>&lt;strong&gt;Catalog Number&lt;/strong&gt;</td><td>&lt;strong&gt;Comments&lt;/strong&gt;</td></tr><tr><td>&lt;strong&gt;Equipment&lt;/strong&gt;</td><td></td><td></td><td></td></tr><tr><td>IKA EUROSTAR POWER control-visc stirrers</td><td>IKA-labortechnik</td><td>Z404020</td><td>Digital laboratory stirrer, for tasks up to the high viscosity range, 230V, 1/cs</td></tr><tr><td>IKA Propeller stirrer, 3-bladed</td><td>IKA-labortechnik</td><td>R 1381</td><td>Propeller stirrer, 3-bladed, stirrer &amp;Oslash;: 45 mm, shaft &amp;Oslash;: 8 mm, shaft length: 350 mm</td></tr><tr><td>Dialysis tubing closures</td><td>Sigma-Aldrich</td><td>Z371017-10EA</td><td>Dialysis tubing closures, red, size 110 mm</td></tr><tr><td>Dialysis tubing cellulose membrane</td><td>Sigma-Aldrich</td><td>D9402-100FT</td><td>Dialysis tubing cellulose membrane, average flat width 76 mm (3.0 in.)</td></tr><tr><td>DOMO Pot with stailess, LCD</td><td>DOMO Elektronic</td><td>DO42325PC</td><td>Preserving boiler stainless steel, 2000 W, 27-L container (diameter 37 cm, height 30 cm), temperature control 30-100 &amp;deg; C, operation LCD display</td></tr><tr><td>Hettich zentrifugen Universal 32</td><td>Gemini bv</td><td>2770 GS1R</td><td>Mid bench centrifuge, speed 18000 rpm</td></tr><tr><td>LT 3 shaking device</td><td>Fischer Scientific</td><td>6470.0002</td><td>Orbital shaking device</td></tr><tr><td>KERN 440-47N</td><td>Kern</td><td>440-47N</td><td>Laboratory balance</td></tr><tr><td>KERN 770</td><td>Kern</td><td>770 -N</td><td>Laboratory analytical balance</td></tr><tr><td>VENTICELL 222 - Komfort</td><td>BMT, MMM Group</td><td>C 131749</td><td>Drying oven, temperature control 30-100 &amp;deg; C, air circulation control</td></tr><tr><td>Vacucell 55 - EVO</td><td>BMT, MMM Group</td><td>B 050328</td><td>Vacuum drying oven, temperature control 30-100 &amp;deg; C</td></tr><tr><td>PULVERISETTE 19</td><td>Fritsch</td><td>19.1030.00</td><td>Universal cutting mill, rotor with V-cutting edges and fixed knives</td></tr><tr><td>Multi Probe Adapter System MPA 5</td><td>Courage &amp;amp; Kazaka Electronic</td><td>10225237</td><td>MPA 5 Station - equipment for measurement hydratation, TEWL and pH</td></tr><tr><td>Skin pH-meter PH 905 probe</td><td>Courage &amp;amp; Kazaka Electronic</td><td></td><td>Probe to specifically measure the pH on the skin surface or the scalp</td></tr><tr><td>Corneometer CM 825 probe</td><td>Courage &amp;amp; Kazaka Electronic</td><td></td><td>Probe to determine the hydration level of the skin surface (Stratum corneum).</td></tr><tr><td>Tewameter TM 300</td><td>Courage &amp;amp; Kazaka Electronic</td><td></td><td>Probe for the assessment of the transepidermal water loss (TEWL)</td></tr><tr><td>Heidolph RZR 2020</td><td>Heidolph</td><td>13-225-007-03-1</td><td>Overhead stirrer, mechanical speed setting and stepless transmission; speed range 40-2000 rpm</td></tr><tr><td>Heidolph mechanical stirrer BR 10</td><td>Heidolph</td><td>Z336688-1EA</td><td>Blade impeller crossed stirrer</td></tr><tr><td>Fagor FS 12</td><td>Fagor</td><td>BTT-138</td><td>Laboratory refrigerator with freezer space</td></tr><tr><td>WTW bench pH/mV meter</td><td>WTW</td><td>Z313165</td><td>High-performance bench pH and pH/conductivity meters for routine and high precision laboratory measurements in research or quality control laboratories</td></tr><tr><td>Container</td><td>RPC Superfos</td><td></td><td>13-L plastic bucket, diameter 26 cm, height 26 cm</td></tr><tr><td>&lt;strong&gt;Name&lt;/strong&gt;</td><td>&lt;strong&gt;Company&lt;/strong&gt;</td><td>&lt;strong&gt;Catalog Number&lt;/strong&gt;</td><td>&lt;strong&gt;Comments&lt;/strong&gt;</td></tr><tr><td>&lt;strong&gt;Software&lt;/strong&gt;</td><td></td><td></td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Microsoft Office 2010</td><td>Microsoft</td><td></td><td></td></tr><tr><td>C+K software</td><td>Courage and Khazaka Electronic GmbH</td><td>MPA 5 station operating software</td><td></td></tr></tbody></table>

preparation of keratin hydrolysate from chicken feathers and its application in cosmetics

角蛋白水解物 (KHs) 是建立在头发化妆品的标准成分。了解其保湿效果有利于护肤化妆品。该协议的目标是: (1) 用碱性酶水解法将鸡羽毛加工成一层, 用透析法纯化, (2) 如果将其加入软膏基 (OB), 可增加皮肤的水化, 改善皮肤屏障功能, 减少皮失水 (TEWL)。在碱性酶水解过程中, 在碱性环境下, 先在较高的温度下孵育, 然后在温和的条件下, 用水解酶水解。溶液的透析, 真空干燥, 研磨成细粉。在水乳剂中含有2、4和 6 weight% (基于 OB 重量) 的含油的化妆品配方。在10男性和10妇女的时间间隔内对其保湿性能进行测试, 1、2、3、4、24和 48 h. 试验配方在脱脂掌侧前臂部位分布。通过测量皮肤的电容来评估角质层 (SC) 的皮肤水化, 这是世界上使用最广泛和简单的方法之一。TEWL 的基础是测量每一个定义的区域和从皮肤的时间段的水运输量。这两种方法都是完全无创的。使一个优秀的闭塞;根据添加到 OB, 它带来约30% 减少 TEWL 后, 应用。它也起到了剂的作用, 因为它将水从表皮的下层层束缚到 SC;在 OB 的最佳的增加, 19% 上升在男性和22% 上升妇女发生。

根据这里所介绍的程序 (参见图 2) 是黄色的, 容易溶于高蛋白质含量的水中 (无机固体代表 < 2.0%); 1.0% 溶液的 pH 值为 5.3, 满足了化妆品级水解物。50克原料的产量约为30%。通过 SDS 页确定了其分子量分布, 如图 3所示。
<img alt="Figure 2" class="xfigimg" src="/files/ftp_upload/56254/56254fig2.jpg"> 图 2: 角蛋白水解物的代表性图片.<a href="//cloudflare-jove-com.remotexs.ntu.edu.sg/files/ftp_upload/56254/56254fig2large.jpg" target="_blank">请单击此处查看此图的较大版本.</a>
<img alt="Figure 3" class="xfigimg" src="/files/ftp_upload/56254/56254fig3.jpg"> 图 3: 角蛋白水解物和蛋白质标准的 SDS 页.车道 1: 超低范围分子量标记 (3.5-26.6 kDa)。车道 2, 3 和 4: 角蛋白水解物制备3批次。120µg 悬浮在20µL 加载缓冲区在每个井。车道 5: 宽范围分子量标记 (6.5-200 kDa)
不同的志愿者对水化和 TEWL 的价值进行了描述, 因此不能相互比较。因此, 这些值是以百分比的变化来表示的, 与在现场处理的配方相比, 后者包含 2, 4 和6% 增加的时间间隔, 以测量 1, 2, 3, 4, 24 和 48 h。皮肤的 ph 值表示为所有志愿者的皮肤 ph 值的算术平均值。在表 2中给出了10名男性和10名女性志愿者在表 3中的水合和 TEWL 的变化率, 与 OB 和皮肤 pH 值有关的结果。
<table border="1" fo:keep-together.within-page="1" fo:keep-with-next.within-page="always"><tbody>
<tr>
<td colspan="7">男人</td>
		</tr>
<tr>
<td>时间</td>
			<td>1 h</td>
			<td>2 h</td>
			<td>3 h</td>
			<td>4 h</td>
			<td>24 h</td>
			<td>48 h</td>
		</tr>
<tr>
<td></td>
			<td colspan="6">水合 (% 变化与 Oitment 基) ± SD</td>
		</tr>
<tr>
<td>软膏基 + 2%</td>
			<td>+16 ±</td>
			<td>+14 ±16</td>
			<td>+12 ±9</td>
			<td>+19 ±14</td>
			<td>+11 ±18</td>
			<td>+15 ±9</td>
		</tr>
<tr>
<td>软膏基 + 4%</td>
			<td>+6 ±19</td>
			<td>+1 ±18</td>
			<td>+5 ±</td>
			<td>+7 ±16</td>
			<td>+11 ±9</td>
			<td>+14 ±</td>
		</tr>
<tr>
<td>软膏基 + 6%</td>
			<td>-3 ±25</td>
			<td>-4 ±14</td>
			<td>-7 ±18</td>
			<td>-4 ±17</td>
			<td>+11 ±14</td>
			<td>-17 ±14</td>
		</tr>
<tr>
<td></td>
			<td colspan="6">TEWL (% 变化与 Oitment 基) ± SD</td>
		</tr>
<tr>
<td>软膏基 + 2%</td>
			<td>-20 ±</td>
			<td>-20 ±22</td>
			<td>-11 ±21</td>
			<td>-20 ±21</td>
			<td>-23 ±20</td>
			<td>-21±17</td>
		</tr>
<tr>
<td>软膏基 + 4%</td>
			<td>-28 ±12</td>
			<td>-29 ±20</td>
			<td>-28 ±20</td>
			<td>-28 ±24</td>
			<td>-47 ±20</td>
			<td>-36 ±20</td>
		</tr>
<tr>
<td>软膏基 + 6%</td>
			<td>-36 ±16</td>
			<td>-41 ±21</td>
			<td>-31 ±17</td>
			<td>-36 ±17</td>
			<td>-53 ±20</td>
			<td>-54 ±17</td>
		</tr>
<tr>
<td></td>
			<td colspan="6">ph</td>
		</tr>
<tr>
<td>控制</td>
			<td>4.7 0。5</td>
			<td>5.1 ±0。4</td>
			<td>4.9 ±0。4</td>
			<td>5.1 0。3</td>
			<td>4.6 0。5</td>
			<td>4.8 ±0。7</td>
		</tr>
<tr>
<td>软膏底座</td>
			<td>4.8 0。5</td>
			<td>5.1 0。3</td>
			<td>4.9 0。3</td>
			<td>5.0 ±0。4</td>
			<td>4.6 ±0。4</td>
			<td>5.0 ±0。6</td>
		</tr>
<tr>
<td>软膏基 + 2%</td>
			<td>5.0 ±0。6</td>
			<td>4.8 ±0。4</td>
			<td>4.9 0。5</td>
			<td>4.9 0。5</td>
			<td>4.7 0。3</td>
			<td>5.0 ±0。6</td>
		</tr>
<tr>
<td>软膏基 + 4%</td>
			<td>4.8 0。5</td>
			<td>4.9 0。3</td>
			<td>4.8 ±0。4</td>
			<td>4.8 0。3</td>
			<td>4.7 0。5</td>
			<td>4.8 0。5</td>
		</tr>
<tr>
<td>软膏基 + 6%</td>
			<td>4.7 0。5</td>
			<td>5.0 0。2</td>
			<td>4.9 ±0。4</td>
			<td>4.8 ±0。4</td>
			<td>4.8 ±0。6</td>
			<td>5.0 ±0。6</td>
		</tr>
</tbody></table>表 2:10 男性志愿者皮肤水合、TEWL 和 pH 变化的结果, 测量间隔为1、2、3、4、24和 48 h。
<table border="1" fo:keep-together.within-page="1" fo:keep-with-next.within-page="always"><tbody>
<tr>
<td colspan="7">妇女</td>
		</tr>
<tr>
<td>时间</td>
			<td>1 h</td>
			<td>2 h</td>
			<td>3 h</td>
			<td>4 h</td>
			<td>24 h</td>
			<td>48 h</td>
		</tr>
<tr>
<td></td>
			<td colspan="6">水合 (% 变化与 Oitment 基) ± SD</td>
		</tr>
<tr>
<td>软膏基 + 2%</td>
			<td>+22 ±7</td>
			<td>+15 ±6</td>
			<td>+15 ±8</td>
			<td>+12 ±9</td>
			<td>+14 ±14</td>
			<td>+18 ±9</td>
		</tr>
<tr>
<td>软膏基 + 4%</td>
			<td>0±</td>
			<td>-6 ±</td>
			<td>-2 ±</td>
			<td>+1 ±7</td>
			<td>+10 ±13</td>
			<td>+15 ±</td>
		</tr>
<tr>
<td>软膏基 + 6%</td>
			<td>-12 ±</td>
			<td>-14 ±2</td>
			<td>-9 ±7</td>
			<td>-5 ±9</td>
			<td>+8 ±12</td>
			<td>+10 ±9</td>
		</tr>
<tr>
<td></td>
			<td colspan="6">TEWL (% 变化与 Oitment 基) ± SD</td>
		</tr>
<tr>
<td>软膏基 + 2%</td>
			<td>-32 ±1。6</td>
			<td>-16 ±3。0</td>
			<td>-12 ±1。3</td>
			<td>-20 ±0。9</td>
			<td>-35 ±1。9</td>
			<td>-38 ±1。6</td>
		</tr>
<tr>
<td>软膏基 + 4%</td>
			<td>-41 ±1。1</td>
			<td>-37 ±2。7</td>
			<td>-24 ±0。8</td>
			<td>-34 ±0。9</td>
			<td>-44 ±1。5</td>
			<td>-38 ±1。9</td>
		</tr>
<tr>
<td>软膏基 + 6%</td>
			<td>-50 ±1。4</td>
			<td>-39 ±2。2</td>
			<td>-29 ±0。7</td>
			<td>-39 ±0。9</td>
			<td>-16 ±2。4</td>
			<td>-33 ±2。1</td>
		</tr>
<tr>
<td></td>
			<td colspan="6">ph</td>
		</tr>
<tr>
<td>控制</td>
			<td>5.0 ±0。7</td>
			<td>5.3 0。3</td>
			<td>4.9 ±0。7</td>
			<td>5.0 0。5</td>
			<td>5.0 ±0。8</td>
			<td>4.7 ±0。7</td>
		</tr>
<tr>
<td>软膏底座</td>
			<td>5.2 ±0。6</td>
			<td>5.3 0。3</td>
			<td>5.2 ±0。7</td>
			<td>5.0 ±0。4</td>
			<td>5.1 ±0。8</td>
			<td>4.8 ±0。7</td>
		</tr>
<tr>
<td>软膏基 + 2%</td>
			<td>5.4 ±0。7</td>
			<td>5.1 ±0。4</td>
			<td>4.9 ±0。4</td>
			<td>5.1 ±0。7</td>
			<td>4.9 ±0。7</td>
			<td>5.0 ±1。0</td>
		</tr>
<tr>
<td>软膏基 + 4%</td>
			<td>5.2 ±0。7</td>
			<td>5.1 0。3</td>
			<td>5.0 ±0。4</td>
			<td>4.9 ±0。4</td>
			<td>5.1 ±0。6</td>
			<td>5.1 0。2</td>
		</tr>
<tr>
<td>软膏基 + 6%</td>
			<td>5.2 ±07</td>
			<td>5.2 0。2</td>
			<td>5.0 ±0。4</td>
			<td>5.0 0。3</td>
			<td>5.4 ±0。6</td>
			<td>5.2 ±0。4</td>
		</tr>
</tbody></table>表 3: 在1、2、3、4、24和 48 h 的测量间隔内, 10 妇女志愿者的水化、TEWL 和皮肤 pH 变化的结果。
男性志愿者的水合:
在测量的短时间间隔 (1-4 h), 最高的增加的皮肤水化 (12-19%) 被记录为补充 OB 与2% 的配方; 增加 4%, 在水化中显示了一个较小的上升 (1-7%)。反之, 在6% 的情况下, 在 SC 水合 (减少 3-7%) 的价值反映消极。经过24小时的测量, 增加了11% 的 SC 水合被识别为所有添加的 OB 测试。同样的趋势仍然持续了48小时后, 随之而来的水化量略有增加, 但仍保持不变: 15% 的增加为 2%, 上升14% 为4% 增加的, 和17% 的下降, 在6%。
妇女志愿者的水化:
可以观察到, 补充 ob 与 2%, 使大约22% 增加的 SC 水合, 相对于 OB, 早在 1 h 的测量;在 OB 的4% 增加, 事实上, 没有影响水化;反之, 在 ob 中加入 6%, 则反映在大约12% 的水化减少, 与纯 ob 相比. 相似的倾向在 2, 3 和 4 h 测量以后被看见, 水合增加由 12-15% 为补充与2%。对于更大的附加物, 水化要么保持不变, 要么减少。经过24小时的测量, 水合被记录为高于 OB 为所有测试的增加;最大的增加 (14%) 的水化发生的加法 2%, 而最低的增加 (8%) 被视为补充6% 的。类似的结果是在48小时的测量后取得的, 其中更大的水化比纯 OB 被记录在所有的样品与添加物;在水化中最大的上升 (18%) 发生在2% 的附加, 而最低的增加 (10%) 被注意到的补充在6%。
TEWL 为男性志愿者:
TEWL 的结果表明, 配方补充与 TEWL, 当应用于皮肤, 与纯 OB 比较。增加的数量对 TEWL 的低值产生了积极的影响。在应用配方后1小时后, TEWL 的记录为 20%, 低于纯 OB, 与2% 的配方有关;而在4% 下降28% 在 TEWL;而6% 的 TEWL 导致了戏剧性的36% 的减少。事实上, 减少的 TEWL 值也被观察到在 2, 3, 和 4 h 的测量配方补充与。在24和 48 h 之后, TEWL 在被处理的站点甚而显著地被降下了与被提供的公式化。24小时后, 在皮肤上观察到的 TEWL 为 ob 的 2%, 比在现场的纯 ob 低 23%;在4% 下降了约 47% TEWL, 而在6% 触发 TEWL 下降53%。同样的趋势是明显的, 即使在 48 h: TEWL 治疗皮肤的 ob 含有2% 的, 比现场的纯 ob 21% 低;4% 的 TEWL 在36% 低的时候出现了。而6% 的那一滴, 带来了54% 的下降。
TEWL 妇女志愿者:
很明显, 所有的监测添加到 OB 应反映在减少 TEWL, 如在男性志愿者。在应用 1 h 后, TEWL 的显著减少记录了包含所有添加物的 OB 样品;约32% 减少 TEWL 被视为2% 加法, 约41% 减少为 4%, 甚至50% 下降的 TEWL 为6% 补充。在测量间隔2、3和 4 h 之后, 情况保持不变,即, 在这样的时间间隔内 TEWL 减少;TEWL 的最小下降发生在 2%, 而最大的是6%。2小时后, TEWL 减少了 16%, 在 2%, 37% 为在 4%, 和39% 为在6%。在3小时, TEWL 进一步减少12% 为在 2%, 由24% 为在 4%, 并且29% 为在6%。在4小时, TEWL 进一步减少20% 为 2%, 34% 为 4%, 和39% 为6%。24小时后, TEWL (16%) 的最小减少发生在6% 加法, 而最大的 (44%) 被认为是4% 补充; 在2% 被观察到导致35% 减少 TEWL。在48小时, 结果仍然是相似和相对地平衡的, 以最小的减退在 TEWL (33%) 为6% 加法, 最大 (38%) 为 4%, 并且为2%。

Watch this Scientific Journal Video about Preparation of Keratin Hydrolysate from Chicken Feathers and Its Application in Cosmetics at JoVE.com

Preparation of Keratin Hydrolysate from Chicken Feathers and Its Application in Cosmetics

鸡羽毛角蛋白水解物的制备及其在化妆品中的应用

该协议的目的是用碱性酶水解法制备鸡羽毛中的角蛋白水解物, 并测试在化妆品软膏基中添加角蛋白水解液是否改善了皮肤屏障功能 (提高水化和减少皮水损失)。对男性和女性志愿者进行测试。

Keratin hydrolysates (KHs) are established standard components in hair cosmetics. Understanding the moisturizing effects of KH is advantageous for ...

preparation-keratin-hydrolysate-from-chicken-feathers-its-application

Nanyang Technological University

Research

JoVE Journal

Biochemistry

19.4K 次观看.  Tomas Bata University in Zlín. 该协议的目的是用碱性酶水解法制备鸡羽毛中的角蛋白水解物, 并测试在化妆品软膏基中添加角蛋白水解液是否改善了皮肤屏障功能 (提高水化和减少皮水损失)。对男性和女性志愿者进行测试。

视频: Preparation of Keratin Hydrolysate from Chicken Feathers and Its Application in Cosmetics

Generation of Integration-free Human Induced Pluripotent Stem Cells Using Hair-derived Keratinocytes

Recent advances in reprogramming allow us to turn somatic cells into human induced pluripotent stem cells (hiPSCs). Disease modeling using patient-specific hiPSCs allows the study of the underlying mechanism for pathogenesis, also providing a platform for the development of in vitro drug screening and gene therapy to improve treatment options. The promising potential of hiPSCs for regenerative medicine is also evident from the increasing number of publications (>7000) on iPSCs in recent years. Various cell types from distinct lineages have been successfully used for hiPSC generation, including skin fibroblasts, hematopoietic cells and epidermal keratinocytes. While skin biopsies and blood collection are routinely performed in many labs as a source of somatic cells for the generation of hiPSCs, the collection and subsequent derivation of hair keratinocytes are less commonly used. Hair-derived keratinocytes represent a non-invasive approach to obtain cell samples from patients. Here we outline a simple non-invasive method for the derivation of keratinocytes from plucked hair. We also provide instructions for maintenance of keratinocytes and subsequent reprogramming to generate integration-free hiPSC using episomal vectors.

This manuscript provides a step-by-step procedure for the derivation and maintenance of human keratinocytes from plucked hair and subsequent generation of integration-free human induced pluripotent stem cells (hiPSCs) by episomal vectors.

集成的无人类诱导多能干细胞的生成方法头发衍生角质形成细胞

Recent advances in reprogramming allow us to turn somatic cells into human induced pluripotent stem cells (hiPSCs). Disease modeling using ...

科研

发育生物学

A Simplified and Efficient Method to Isolate Primary Human Keratinocytes from Adult Skin Tissue

Primary human keratinocytes isolated from fresh skin tissues and their expansion in vitro have been widely used for laboratory research and for clinical applications. The conventional isolation method of human keratinocytes involves a two-step sequential enzymatic digestion procedure, which has been proven to be inefficient in generating primary cells from adult tissues due to the low cell recovery rate and reduced cell viability. We recently reported an advanced method to isolate human primary epidermal progenitor cells from skin tissues that utilizes the Rho kinase inhibitor Y-27632 in the medium. Compared with the traditional protocol, this new method is simpler, easier, and less time-consuming, and increases epithelial stem cell yield and enhances their stem cell characteristics. Moreover, the new methodology does not require the separation of the epidermis from the dermis, and, therefore, is suitable for isolating cells from different types of adult tissues. This new isolation method overcomes the major shortcomings of conventional methods and is more suitable for producing large numbers of epidermal cells with high potency both for laboratory and for clinical applications. Here, we describe the new method in detail.

Here we present a protocol to efficiently isolate primary human keratinocytes from adult skin tissues. This method simplifies the conventional procedure by using the ROCK Inhibitor Y-27632 in the inoculation medium to spontaneously separate epidermal cells from dermal cells.

一种简便有效的成人皮肤组织中人角质形成细胞的分离方法

Primary human keratinocytes isolated from fresh skin tissues and their expansion in vitro have been widely used for laboratory research and for clinical ...

Synthesis of Keratin-based Nanofiber for Biomedical Engineering

Electrospinning, due to its versatility and potential for applications in various fields, is being frequently used to fabricate nanofibers. Production of these porous nanofibers is of great interest due to their unique physiochemical properties. Here we elaborate on the fabrication of keratin containing poly (&#949;-caprolactone) (PCL) nanofibers (i.e., PCL/keratin composite fiber). Water soluble keratin was first extracted from human hair and mixed with PCL in different ratios. The blended solution of PCL/keratin was transformed into nanofibrous membranes using a laboratory designed electrospinning set up. Fiber morphology and mechanical properties of the obtained nanofiber were observed and measured using scanning electron microscopy and tensile tester. Furthermore, degradability and chemical properties of the nanofiber were studied by FTIR. SEM images showed uniform surface morphology for PCL/keratin fibers of different compositions. These PCL/keratin fibers also showed excellent mechanical properties such as Young&#39;s modulus and failure point. Fibroblast cells were able to attach and proliferate thus proving good cell viability. Based on the characteristics discussed above, we can strongly argue that the blended nanofibers of natural and synthetic polymers can represent an excellent development of composite materials that can be used for different biomedical applications.

Electrospun nanofibers have a high surface area to weight ratio, excellent mechanical integrity, and support cell growth and proliferation. These nanofibers have a wide range of biomedical applications. Here we fabricate keratin/ PCL nanofibers, using the electrospinning technique, and characterize the fibers for possible applications in tissue engineering.

基于角蛋白纳米纤维生物医学工程合成

Electrospinning, due to its versatility and potential for applications in various fields, is being frequently used to fabricate nanofibers. Production of ...

生物工程

Preparation of Expanded Chitin Foams and their Use in the Removal of Aqueous Copper

Chitin is an underexploited, naturally abundant, mechanically robust, and chemically resistant biopolymer. These qualities are desirable in an adsorbent, but chitin lacks the necessary specific surface area, and its modification involves specialized techniques and equipment. Herein is described a novel chemical procedure for expanding chitin flakes, derived from shrimp shell waste, into foams with higher surface area. The process relies on the evolution of H2 gas from the reaction of water with NaH trapped in a chitin gel. The preparation method requires no specialized equipment. Powder X-ray diffraction and N2-physisorption indicate that the crystallite size decreases from 6.6 nm to 4.4 nm and the specific surface area increases from 12.6 &#177; 2.1 m2/g to 73.9 &#177; 0.2 m2/g. However, infrared spectroscopy and thermogravimetric analysis indicate that the process does not change the chemical identity of the chitin. The specific Cu adsorption capacity of the expanded chitin increases in proportion to specific surface area from 13.8 &#177; 2.9 mg/g to 73.1 &#177; 2.0 mg/g. However, the Cu adsorption capacity as a surface density remains relatively constant at an average of 10.1 &#177; 0.8 atom/nm2, which again suggests no change in the chemical identity of the chitin. This method offers the means to transform chitin into a higher surface area material without sacrificing its desirable properties. Although the chitin foam is described here as an adsorbent, it can be envisioned as a catalyst support, thermal insulator, and structural material.

This study describes a method to expand chitin into a foam by chemical techniques that require no specialized equipment.

准备扩大的奇廷泡沫及其用于去除水中的铜

Chitin is an underexploited, naturally abundant, mechanically robust, and chemically resistant biopolymer. These qualities are desirable in an adsorbent, ...

化学

禽胚胎皮肤外植体培养方案的全面回顾

Using Avian Skin Explants to Study Tissue Patterning and Organogenesis

The developing avian skin during embryogenesis is a unique model that can provide valuable insights into tissue patterning. Here three variations on skin explant cultures to examine different aspects of skin development are described. First, ex vivo organ cultures and manipulations offer researchers opportunities to observe and study the development of feather buds directly. Skin explant culture can grow for 7 days enabling direct analysis of cellular behavior and 4D imaging at intervals during this growth period. This also allows for physical and molecular manipulations of culture conditions to visualize tissue response. For example, growth factor-coated beads can be applied locally to induce changes in feather patterning in a limited area. Alternatively, viral transduction can be delivered globally in the culture media to up or downregulate gene expression. Second, the skin recombination protocol allows researchers to investigate tissue interactions between the epidermis and mesenchyme that are derived from different skin regions, different life stages, or different species. This affords an opportunity to test the time window in which the epithelium is competent to respond to signals and its ability to form different skin appendages in response to signals from different mesenchymal sources. Third, skin reconstitution using dissociated dermal cells overlaid with intact epithelium resets skin development and enables the study of the initial processes of periodic patterning. This approach also enhances our ability to manipulate gene expression among the dissociated cells before creating the reconstituted skin explant. This paper provides the three culture protocols and exemplary experiments to demonstrate their utility.

作者聚焦:深入了解当前的实验性禽皮外植体方法

Here we describe protocols for three types of avian embryonic skin explant cultures that can be used to examine tissue interactions, 4D imaging timelapse movie (3D plus time), global or local perturbation of molecular function, and systems biology characterization.

使用禽皮肤外植体研究组织模式和器官发生

The developing avian skin during embryogenesis is a unique model that can provide valuable insights into tissue patterning. Here three variations on skin ...

Cultivating a Three-dimensional Reconstructed Human Epidermis at a Large Scale

A three-dimensional human epidermis model reconstructed from neonatal primary keratinocytes is presented. Herein, a protocol for the cultivation process and the characterization of the model is described. Neonatal primary keratinocytes are grown submerged on permeable polycarbonate inserts and lifted to the air-liquid interface three days after seeding. After fourteen days of stimulation with defined growth factors and ascorbic acid in high calcium culture medium, the model is fully differentiated. Histological analysis revealed a completely stratified epidermis, mimicking the morphology of native human skin. To characterize the model and its barrier functions, protein levels and localization specific for early-stage keratinocyte differentiation (i.e., keratin 10), late-stage differentiation (i.e., involucrin, loricrin, and filaggrin) and tissue adhesion (i.e., desmoglein 1), were assessed by immunofluorescence. The tissue barrier integrity was further evaluated by measuring transepithelial electrical resistance. Reconstructed human epidermis was responsive to proinflammatory stimuli (i.e., lipopolysaccharide and tumor necrosis factor alpha), leading to increased cytokine release (i.e., interleukin 1 alpha and interleukin 8). This protocol represents a straightforward and reproducible in vitro method to cultivate reconstructed human epidermis as a tool to assess environmental effects and a broad range of skin-related studies.

This protocol describes a straightforward method to cultivate three-dimensional reconstituted human epidermis in a reproducible and robust manner. Additionally, it characterizes the structure-function relationship of the epidermal barrier model. The biological responses of the reconstituted human epidermis upon proinflammatory stimuli are also presented.

大规模培育三维重建人类表皮

A three-dimensional human epidermis model reconstructed from neonatal primary keratinocytes is presented. Herein, a protocol for the cultivation process ...

Generation of a Simplified Three-Dimensional Skin-on-a-chip Model in a Micromachined Microfluidic Platform

This work presents a new, cost-effective, and reliable microfluidic platform with the potential to generate complex multilayered tissues. As a proof of concept, a simplified and undifferentiated human skin containing a dermal (stromal) and an epidermal (epithelial) compartment has been modelled. To accomplish this, a versatile and robust, vinyl-based device divided into two chambers has been developed, overcoming some of the drawbacks present in microfluidic devices based on polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS) for biomedical applications, such as the use of expensive and specialized equipment or the absorption of small, hydrophobic molecules and proteins. Moreover, a new method based on parallel flow was developed, enabling the in situ deposition of both the dermal and epidermal compartments. The skin construct consists of a fibrin matrix containing human primary fibroblasts and a monolayer of immortalized keratinocytes seeded on top, which is subsequently maintained under dynamic culture conditions. This new microfluidic platform opens the possibility to model human skin diseases and extrapolate the method to generate other complex tissues.

Here, we present a protocol to generate a three-dimensional simplified and undifferentiated skin model using a micromachined microfluidic platform. A parallel flow approach allows the in situ deposition of a dermal compartment for the seeding of epithelial cells on top, all controlled by syringe pumps.

在微加工微流体平台中生成简化的三维芯片皮肤模型

This work presents a new, cost-effective, and reliable microfluidic platform with the potential to generate complex multilayered tissues. As a proof of ...

<meta charset="utf8"></head><body>高效的 3D 皮肤模型，用于灵活的研究应用

Building Up Skin Models for Numerous Applications - from Two-Dimensional (2D) Monoculture to Three-Dimensional (3D) Multiculture

Due to the complex structure and important functions of the skin, it is an interesting research model for the cosmetic, pharmaceutical, and medical industries. In the European Union, there has been a total ban on testing cosmetic products and their ingredients on animals. In the case of medicine and pharmaceuticals, this possibility is also constantly limited. In accordance with the 3Rs principle, it is becoming more and more common to test individual compounds as well as entire formulations on artificially created models. The cheapest and most widely used are the 2D models, which consist of a cell monolayer but do not reflect the real interactions between the cells in the tissue. Although the commercially available 3D models provide a better representation of the tissue, they are not used on a large scale. This is because they are expensive, the waiting time is quite long, and the available models are frequently limited to only those typically used. 
In order to move the conducted research to a higher level, we have optimized the procedures of various 3D skin model preparations. The described procedures are cheap and simple to prepare as they can be applied in numerous laboratories and by researchers with different experiences in cell culture.

<meta charset="utf8"></head><body>作者聚焦:使用经济高效的 3D 细胞模型增强皮肤模型的多样性

Here, we present inexpensive and simple procedures to introduce various 3D skin models for routine research in a cell culture laboratory. Researchers can create models tailored to their needs without relying on commercially available models.

为众多应用构建皮肤模型 - 从二维 （2D） 单一培养到三维 （3D） 多培养

Due to the complex structure and important functions of the skin, it is an interesting research model for the cosmetic, pharmaceutical, and medical ...

鸡羽毛角蛋白水解物的制备及其在化妆品中的应用

摘要

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集成的无人类诱导多能干细胞的生成方法头发衍生角质形成细胞

一种简便有效的成人皮肤组织中人角质形成细胞的分离方法

基于角蛋白纳米纤维生物医学工程合成

准备扩大的奇廷泡沫及其用于去除水中的铜

使用禽皮肤外植体研究组织模式和器官发生

使用禽皮肤外植体研究组织模式和器官发生

使用禽皮肤外植体研究组织模式和器官发生

大规模培育三维重建人类表皮

在微加工微流体平台中生成简化的三维芯片皮肤模型

为众多应用构建皮肤模型 - 从二维（2D）单一培养到三维（3D）多培养

鸡羽毛角蛋白水解物的制备及其在化妆品中的应用

摘要

探索更多视频

集成的无人类诱导多能干细胞的生成方法头发衍生角质形成细胞

一种简便有效的成人皮肤组织中人角质形成细胞的分离方法

基于角蛋白纳米纤维生物医学工程合成

准备扩大的奇廷泡沫及其用于去除水中的铜

使用禽皮肤外植体研究组织模式和器官发生

使用禽皮肤外植体研究组织模式和器官发生

使用禽皮肤外植体研究组织模式和器官发生

大规模培育三维重建人类表皮

在微加工微流体平台中生成简化的三维芯片皮肤模型

为众多应用构建皮肤模型 - 从二维 （2D） 单一培养到三维 （3D） 多培养

为众多应用构建皮肤模型 - 从二维（2D）单一培养到三维（3D）多培养