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涉及实验动物的动物议定书遵循了国家卫生研究院 (NIH) 制定的指导方针, 并得到了首都医科大学动物保育和使用委员会的批准。
使用以下描述的激光多普勒设备介绍 SCI 和测量脊髓 BF 的程序在发布的研究1中使用。
1. 手术准备
<ol><li>在生理盐水中准备戊巴比妥钠溶液 3% (w/v), 在35毫克/千克的剂量下进行管理。 注意: 戊巴比妥钠是一种受控物质。应保存详细记录, 并将解决方案存储在安全、锁定的位置。</li>
	<li>消毒设备, 准备手术区。<ol>
<li>用以下步骤清洁手术设备: 75% 乙醇清洗, 然后在121摄氏度的蒸压釜30分钟, 然后在60摄氏度烤箱过夜。用75% 酒精消毒手术区。</li>
	</ol>
</li>
</ol>2. 手术大鼠的制备
<ol><li>麻醉大鼠腹腔注射戊巴比妥钠 (35 毫克/千克)。整个过程应采取 30-40 分钟, 包括手术, 高炉测量, 缝合。</li>
	<li>从下背部到颈部剃去老鼠的背部区域。头发应尽可能短。把老鼠放在40摄氏度的加热垫上, 保持恒定的体温。</li>
</ol>3. 椎板切除术与脊髓震荡
注意: 要只为假组执行椎板切除术, 请按照步骤3.1 至3.6。
<ol><li>将动物背侧向上定位。用碘消毒剃光部分, 然后用无菌棉球75% 乙醇。做一个皮肤切口 (4 厘米) 与手术刀在椎板切除部位覆盖胸椎 T7 到 T11。</li>
	<li>从 T8 到 T10, 将两侧连接的肌肉切开, 以暴露棘突过程、椎板和关节。</li>
	<li>使用手术刀, 使切口断开 T10 和 T11 之间的连接。通过仔细解剖肌肉层以暴露骨骼, 进一步暴露连接。</li>
	<li>使用剪刀进一步清除肌肉远离叶片和周围的椎弓根小剪。这将在 T10 和 T11 的椎骨之间打开一个小空间 (图 1A)。慢慢地, 微妙地插入一个止血钳进入这个缺口, 并打破椎弓根 (图 1B)。确保钳的曲率始终处于横向, 远离脐带。在另一边重复。</li>
	<li>暴露脊髓 (图 1C) 并小心地提起并折断叶片。确保不要留下任何游离或锯齿状的骨骼碎片。</li>
	<li>重复该过程以进一步去除 T9 和 T8 板。</li>
	<li>将动物移动到撞击器设备表中, 并使用连接在表上的一对 Adson 钳, 通过夹紧 T7 和 T11 的棘突过程来稳定动物的脊椎, 然后调整镊子以伸直脊柱 (图 1D)。</li>
	<li>把动物放在撞击器下, 瞄准被暴露的脊髓中心的触击杆, 并将杆降低到脊髓表面3-5 毫米以内。</li>
	<li>设置撞击力 (160 KD) 和停留时间 (1 秒) 的影响参数<ol>
<li>通过单击软件界面上的 "开始实验" 按钮, 然后在下面的接口上单击 "是" 以自动启动影响。在影响之后, 软件将显示设置参数旁边的影响的实际数据, 检查数据以确保它靠近设置点 (图 1E)。 注: 实验成功的一个典型标志是短周期的非自愿尾部摆动和肢体运动后的影响。刺激尾巴检查肢体反射也可以做。然而, 运动评估, 如低音, 贝蒂, 和 Bresnahan (BBB) 运动规模22,23是必要的, 以确定诱发伤害的有效性。</li>
	</ol>
</li>
</ol>4. 激光多普勒扫描
<ol><li>有关本研究中使用的激光多普勒扫描仪的详细信息, 请参阅材料表。要扫描裸露的脊髓, 将大鼠背侧放在黑色的、不反光的背景上。</li>
	<li>
设置扫描参数:打开扫描软件, 单击 "测量" 以输入测量图形用户界面, 然后单击 "扫描仪设置" 按钮打开扫描仪安装界面。要扫描诸如本实验中的小区域, 请在 "扫描大小和显示选项" 下选择 "高分辨率", 以提高分辨率 (256 x 256 磅, 覆盖 4 x 10 厘米2) (图 2A)。单击 "图像扫描" 选项以检查扫描周长 (图 2B)。</li>
	<li>单击 "视频和距离" 选项以检查实时视频图像。将扫描仪放置在手术窗口上方10-13 厘米处, 并将背景与动物一起移动到扫描窗口 (图 2C) 上的裸露脊髓中心。</li>
	<li>使用 "自动远程" 功能微调扫描高度, 注意在实验图 2C中, 扫描高度应保持一致。</li>
	<li>使用不会反射盖与窗口, 只暴露手术区域, 以进一步减少背景和标记动物的方向。</li>
	<li>点击 "重复扫描", 设置扫描次数 (我们使用8重复扫描在这种情况下), 然后单击 "确定" 打开重复扫描界面。单击 "开始" 按钮开始扫描, 整个过程将需要大约 3-4 分钟 (图 2D)。</li>
</ol>5. 激光多普勒监测
<ol><li>我们使用了一个扫描仪显示器与 VP3 钝针端交付探针监视 BF, 因此2随着时间的推移。将激光多普勒探头与立体定向仪器连接在一起, 建立监测设备。</li>
	<li>把老鼠放在立体定向的器械上, 在必要时给动物垫上一小块泡沫塑料, 以使裸露的脊髓水平。</li>
	<li>将探头放在脊髓上以监测 BF。 注: 步骤5.3 对于测量的重现性至关重要, 因为数据读数对探头施加的压力敏感, 因此需要格外小心, 以不超过或不定位探头。<ol>
<li>检查切口和清除任何过量的液体或血液使用无菌棉垫。</li>
		<li>使用该仪器的 X 和 Y 轴定位探针到2毫米延髓到中心点的暴露脊髓或病灶点, 并避免中心静脉。</li>
		<li>使用 Z 轴慢慢地将探针降低到刚刚触及脊髓表面的水平。探头应该只是触摸脊髓的表面, 但不那么松散, 以允许任何明亮的光线从接触点一侧逃脱。</li>
	</ol>
</li>
	<li>
数据记录
	<ol>
<li>打开数据采集软件, 点击 "新实验" 按钮打开安装界面。在 "常规" 选项中检查系统配置并单击 "下一步" (图 3A), 在显示安装程序中选择 BF 的通道, 因此2 , 然后单击 "下一步" (图 3B)。</li>
		<li>输入文件信息并单击 "下一步" (图 3C) 输入数据录制界面, 单击绿色三角形按钮开始从探头记录数据 (图 3D)。</li>
		<li>信号稳定后, 连续8分钟记录数据。然后抬起探头, 将动物从立体定向装置中取出, 缝合切口, 将动物置于术后护理中。</li>
	</ol>
</li>
</ol>6. 缝合和术后护理
<ol><li>缝合切口: 在切口两侧的肌肉上插入缝合针。拉线通过, 拉组织在一起, 从而覆盖裸露的脊髓在被删除的叶片的地方。使用针架, 拉整个线程通过, 形成三平方节和修剪线程尽可能接近的节点。</li>
	<li>用与缝合切口相同的方式缝合皮肤 3-4 平方节, 然后从结节中修剪大约1厘米的螺纹。</li>
	<li>把老鼠放在笼子的一侧, 避免手术部位和笼子底部的接触。笼子应该放在暖气垫上。</li>
	<li>监测动物, 直到它从麻醉中醒来, 以确保没有手术后出血和缝合仍然关闭。</li>
	<li>皮下注射苄青霉素钠在大鼠手术后3天, 每天120毫克/千克。腹腔在手术后立即注射丁丙诺啡 (0.05 毫克/千克), 每6小时后手术1天。</li>
	<li>为了确保动物能够获得足够的食物和水, 装上长嘴的水瓶, 把食物靠近笼子里的动物。 注: 我们进行了脑屏障评分表, 以评估动物24小时后的后肢运动功能, 以排除在0以上的动物的脑屏障评分, 从而确保该动物瘫痪的诱发伤害。</li>
	<li>手术后, 如果需要, 每天两次轻轻按压腹部, 提供人工膀胱排空。</li>
</ol>

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Z., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Dynamics+of+Microvascular+Blood+Flow+and+Oxygenation+Measured+Simultaneously+in+Human+Skin.">Dynamics of Microvascular Blood Flow and Oxygenation Measured Simultaneously in Human Skin.</a> Microcirculation. 21 (6), 562-573 (2014).</li><li>Li, Z. Y., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Post+pressure+response+of+skin+blood+flowmotions+in+anesthetized+rats+with+spinal+cord+injury.">Post pressure response of skin blood flowmotions in anesthetized rats with spinal cord injury.</a> Microvascular Research. 78 (1), 20-24 (2009).</li><li>Muck-Weymann, M. E., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Respiratory-dependent+laser-Doppler+flux+motion+in+different+skin+areas+and+its+meaning+to+autonomic+nervous+control+of+the+vessels+of+the+skin.">Respiratory-dependent laser-Doppler flux motion in different skin areas and its meaning to autonomic nervous control of the vessels of the skin.</a> Microvasc Res. 52 (1), 69-78 (1996).</li><li>Stefanovska, A., Bracic, M., Kvernmo, H. D. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Wavelet+analysis+of+oscillations+in+the+peripheral+blood+circulation+measured+by+laser+Doppler+technique.">Wavelet analysis of oscillations in the peripheral blood circulation measured by laser Doppler technique.</a> Ieee Transactions on Biomedical Engineering. 46 (10), 1230-1239 (1999).</li></ol>

作者没有什么可透露的。

执行此协议时应注意一些细节。首先, 应尽可能快速、优雅地进行麻醉和手术, 尽量减少对动物的压力。为了减少对结果的干扰, 保持动物处于相对平静和稳定的状态。其次, 在使用激光多普勒设备测量时, 应更加注意出血, 因为血液可能会干扰阅读。最后, 在数据记录过程中, 应将动物保存在温度控制的环境中, 避免因温度变化而产生不一致的结果。
研究人员在使用激光多普勒扫描时应考虑的几个重要因素。正如在协议中提到的, 扫描的距离应该保持一致, 在整个实验中可以比较的结果。对于小面积, 我们建议高分辨率的多扫描, 以产生可靠的数据, 高炉。此外, 我们建议把一个不育纱布与动物的标记方向覆盖的外科区域与一个小窗口只暴露脊柱, 以进一步减少背景。
探针定位是适应和实施监测协议的关键因素。探头应垂直于实测表面, 应避免过大的压力。为了达到这一目的, 大鼠脊柱应该在必要时用泡沫塑料下垫, 然后用该仪器和坐标定位探针, 以确保测量从大致相同的面积中取走。
正如我们上一篇文章1中所讨论的那样, 这项技术有一些限制, 如绝对流量校准的缺陷和对运动工件24的敏感度。另一个被注意的限制是生物零信号, 即没有 BF 的信号的存在25,26。为了尽量减少这些限制对结果的影响, 应反复采取测量方法, 并建议规范化以减少干扰。
另外, 还研制了用于高炉测量的放射性微球技术和多普勒超声技术等技术。然而, 前者不是实时的, 因为必须注入血液中的放射性物质和组织需要切除的测量27。对于造影增强超声成像技术, 虽然它是非侵入性的像内镜, 造影剂 (微气泡) 必须静脉注射和导尿管的颈或股骨是必要的一致微气泡输液28. 与这些技术相比, 该方法能够对组织的微循环通量进行无创测量。
该信号由时间和频率的不同特征组成。为了捕捉这些特征, 采用了小波分析和傅立叶分析的方法来揭示周期性频率波动29,30。这些振荡表现了心脏跳动、呼吸、血管平滑肌的内在肌活动、血管壁的神经源性活动和内皮相关代谢活动的影响31,32。在临床应用和基础研究中, 该方法不仅能获得 bf 的信号, 而且对微血管化高炉的评价可以为微血管损伤的研究提供一个平台, 更普遍地,微血管疾病。
在目前的研究中, 两种方法都应用于评价 BF 在脊髓。LDPI 的数据提供了高炉的地理分布, 概述了该区周围的灌注情况, 使高炉在不同位置进行比较分析成为可能。通过对探测区域的深入测量, 从 LD 监测得到的数据提供了对局部血流的更详细的描述, 允许深度分析, 如频谱和小波分析, 以加深对该地区高炉的认识。, 这是一个有前途的研究课题。

脊髓损伤 (SCI) 的组织是高血管化的, 对缺氧非常敏感。我们以前的研究表明, 脑震荡后脊髓血流明显减少1,2, 这可能与运动功能的缺陷有关。最近的研究表明, SCI 后血管的完整性与感官运动功能的改善有很好的相关性3。据报道, 改良的血管可能会拯救白质, 间接导致改善功能4。因此, 维持损伤后脊髓灌注似乎是至关重要的维持生存能力和功能。
许多研究者在 sci5、6、7的实验模型中使用多种技术, 对 sci 后的各种治疗效果进行了研究。激光多普勒作为一种公认的技术, 无疑是定量研究几种动物和人体实验的有效方法8,9,10,11。该技术是基于测量的多普勒移位12诱导的红色血细胞到照明光。自二十世纪八十年代代初技术商业化以来, 激光技术、光纤和信号处理在激光多普勒仪器测量中的应用已经取得了很大的进展, 这使得该方法成为一种可靠的技术.
本研究采用激光多普勒测量方法对震荡大鼠脊髓血流 (BF) 进行评价。由于该技术的无创性和简单的设置, 我们的协议提供了一个敏感, 快速, 可靠的方法, 对高炉测量脊髓。更重要的是, 这种方法允许对高炉后震荡 SCI 的纵向研究没有动物牺牲在每个时间点。
由于有能力评估高炉的组织和快速灌注变化的刺激, 有可能应用此协议评估脑 BF14,15以及测量其他组织, 如肝16,17、皮肤18、19和肠道20。在大脑中动脉短暂闭塞的大鼠模型中, 采用激光多普勒读数, 以确保 BF 率适当地降低到缺血性半影14中预期的水平。在发生严重肢体缺血 (cli) 诱导的大鼠中, 应用激光多普勒扫描观察了术前和术后的后肢 BF, 并在治疗后的不同时期进行了21。此外, 一些药物的生物利用度和代谢清除依赖于肝 BF, 这是由16检测到的。因此, 可广泛应用于实验模型、药效学和药动学评价。

<table>
	<tbody>
		<tr>
			<td>Laser Doppler Line Scanner</td>
			<td>Moor Instruments</td>
			<td>moorLDLS2</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Laser Doppler Monitor</td>
			<td>Moor Instruments</td>
			<td>moorVMS-LDF</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Probe for Monitor</td>
			<td>Moor Instruments</td>
			<td>VP3</td>
			<td>Blunt needle end delivery probe</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Impactor</td>
			<td>Precision Systems and Instrumentation</td>
			<td>IH-0400</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Phenobarbital sodium</td>
			<td>Sigma-Aldrich</td>
			<td>P3761</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Buprenorphine</td>
			<td>Sigma-Aldrich</td>
			<td>B-908</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Syringe</td>
			<td>Becton Dickinson Medica (s) Pte.Ltd</td>
			<td>300841</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Surgical suture needles with thread</td>
			<td>Shanghai Pudong Jinhuan Medical Products Co., Ltd</td>
			<td></td>
			<td>18T0329 (batch number) /4-0</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Scalpel</td>
			<td>Operation instrument factory of Shanghai Medical Instrument Co., Ltd.</td>
			<td>J11030 4#</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Scalpel blade</td>
			<td>Operation instrument factory of Shanghai Medical Instrument Co., Ltd.</td>
			<td>J12130 20#</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Ophthalmic forceps</td>
			<td>Operation instrument factory of Shanghai Medical Instrument Co., Ltd.</td>
			<td>JD1040</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Hemostatic forceps</td>
			<td>Operation instrument factory of Shanghai Medical Instrument Co., Ltd.</td>
			<td>J31050</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Benzyl penicillin sodium</td>
			<td>North China Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd</td>
			<td></td>
			<td>F6072116 (batch number)</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>75% alcohol</td>
			<td>Dezhou Anjie Gaoke disinfection products Co., Ltd</td>
			<td></td>
			<td>150421R (batch number)</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Iodine</td>
			<td>Shandong Lierkang Medical Technology Co., Ltd</td>
			<td></td>
			<td>20170102 (batch number)</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Rat</td>
			<td>Laboratory Animal Center, The Academy of Millitery Medical Sciences</td>
			<td></td>
			<td>Sprague-Dawly (rat strain)</td>
		</tr>
	</tbody>
</table>

using laser doppler imaging and monitoring to analyze spinal cord microcirculation in rat

激光多普勒血流仪是一种无创的血流 (BF) 测量方法, 它更适合于测量脊髓微循环的变化。在本文中, 我们的目标是使用激光多普勒成像和监测来分析在脊髓损伤后 BF 的变化。激光多普勒图像扫描器和探头/显示器都被用来获取每个读数。LDPI 的数据提供了高炉的局部分布, 对损伤部位的灌注进行了概述, 使高炉在不同地点进行了比较分析。通过在一段时间内对探测区域进行强烈测量, 采用联合探针同时测量脊髓的 BF 和氧饱和度, 显示整体脊髓灌注和供氧量。它本身有一些局限性, 如相对通量, 运动敏感性和生物零信号。然而, 由于高炉的简易设置和快速测量, 该技术已在临床和实验研究中得到应用。

LDPI 用于测量脊髓中的 BF, 这是通过提取线性轮廓 (图 4) 在脊髓的延髓-尾鳍轴上进行量化的。图 5A和图 5B分别代表了假组和 SCI 组脊髓的通量成像。图 5C和图 5D分别代表了假组和 SCI 组脊髓的延髓-尾轴的改变。图 5A和图 5B的比较表明, SCI 诱发的高炉和震中的高炉比延髓线和尾线低。
LDPM 显示了时间域 LD 信号, 因此2和图 6说明了 LDPM 数据的获取和处理。在记录数据后, 选择了8分钟连续的感兴趣区域 (ROI) 数据, 然后由内置过滤器筛选以最小化任何非生物信号。随后, 对 ROI 进行了统计分析, 结果以原始数据格式导出。图 7在假组和 SCI 组中记录了 BF 等2随时间推移的周期性变化。如图 7A所示, 与假组相比, SCI 组的脊髓 BF 明显减少。同时, 脊髓震荡 (图 7B) 后脊髓的2明显降低, 这与 BF 损伤后的变化是一致的。为了减少干扰, 测量重复, 数据被规范化。
<img alt="Figure 1" class="xfigimg" src="/files/ftp_upload/56243/56243fig1.jpg"> 图1。椎板切除术和脊柱脑震荡.(A)断开 T10 和 T11 之间的连接。(B)插入钳以折断椎弓根。(C)打破叶片并暴露脊髓。(解剖学示意图)(D)在实验台上稳定脊柱。(E)使用软件的初始影响并检查数据。<a href="https://cloudflare-jove-com.remotexs.ntu.edu.sg/files/ftp_upload/56243/56243fig1large.jpg" target="_blank">请单击此处查看此图的较大版本.</a>
<img alt="Figure 2" class="xfigimg" src="/files/ftp_upload/56243/56243fig2.jpg"> 图2。逐步设置激光多普勒扫描.(A)用于扫描的常规设置。(B)用于图像扫描参数的设置界面。用于视频和距离的(C)安装接口。用于重复扫描的(D)设置界面。<a href="https://cloudflare-jove-com.remotexs.ntu.edu.sg/files/ftp_upload/56243/56243fig2large.jpg" target="_blank">请单击此处查看此图的较大版本.</a>
<img alt="Figure 3" class="xfigimg" src="/files/ftp_upload/56243/56243fig3.jpg"> 图3。逐步设置激光多普勒监测.(A)开始一个新的实验。(B)选择频道显示。(C)输入主题详细信息。(D)开始数据记录。<a href="https://cloudflare-jove-com.remotexs.ntu.edu.sg/files/ftp_upload/56243/56243fig3large.jpg" target="_blank">请单击此处查看此图的较大版本.</a>
<img alt="Figure 4" class="xfigimg" src="/files/ftp_upload/56243/56243fig4.jpg"> 图4。激光多普勒灌注成像的过程.(A) 8 通过扫描假组中的大鼠而获得的连续扫描。(B)连续扫描的平均图像。(C、D)根据红外图像选取感兴趣区域 (ROI), 提取沿脊柱中心轴线的强度剖面。"嵌入" 框显示 ROI 的性能分析结果。颜色条指示用激光多普勒扫描仪测量的灌注单元, 蓝色代表最低值, 红色代表最高值。该仪器检测了灌注的相对价值, 即 "通量"。<a href="https://cloudflare-jove-com.remotexs.ntu.edu.sg/files/ftp_upload/56243/56243fig4large.jpg" target="_blank">请单击此处查看此图的较大版本.</a>
<img alt="Figure 5" class="xfigimg" src="/files/ftp_upload/56243/56243fig5.jpg"> 图5。用激光多普勒灌注成像技术检测脊髓的 BF.(A, B)从延髓到尾线沿脊柱的通量图绘制了5毫米 ROI。(C、D)提取了以脊髓轴为中心线的每个 ROI 的强度剖面, 以进行量化。
<img alt="Figure 6" class="xfigimg" src="/files/ftp_upload/56243/56243fig6.jpg"> 图6。激光多普勒灌注监测的过程.(A)在时间标记指示起始点的原始数据的记录。(B)选择8分钟 ROI。(C)选定的数据随后被内置筛选器筛选。(D) ROI 的统计分析。(E)原始数据的导出。<a href="https://cloudflare-jove-com.remotexs.ntu.edu.sg/files/ftp_upload/56243/56243fig6large.jpg" target="_blank">请单击此处查看此图的较大版本.</a>
<img alt="Figure 7" class="xfigimg" src="/files/ftp_upload/56243/56243fig7.jpg"> 图7。采用激光多普勒灌注监测对脊髓灌注进行评价.(A) 十五年代来自假组和 SCI 组的原始血流输出样本。(B) 十五年代来自假组和 SCI 组的原始氧饱和度输出样本。激光多普勒探针被定位2毫米 rostrally 到中间点的水平刚好在脊髓的表面上的中央静脉右侧。<a href="https://cloudflare-jove-com.remotexs.ntu.edu.sg/files/ftp_upload/56243/56243fig7large.jpg" target="_blank">请单击此处查看此图的较大版本.</a>

Watch this Scientific Journal Video about Using Laser Doppler Imaging and Monitoring to Analyze Spinal Cord Microcirculation in Rat at JoVE.com

Using Laser Doppler Imaging and Monitoring to Analyze Spinal Cord Microcirculation in Rat

在这里, 我们提出了激光多普勒灌注成像 (LDPI) 和激光多普勒灌注监测 (LDPM) 来测量脊髓局部血流量和氧饱和度 (因此,2), 以及一个标准化的程序, 脊髓的介绍老鼠受伤了

激光多普勒成像与监测在大鼠脊髓微循环分析中的应用

Laser Doppler flowmetry (LDF) is a noninvasive method for blood flow (BF) measurement, which makes it preferable for measuring microcirculatory ...

using-laser-doppler-imaging-monitoring-to-analyze-spinal-cord

Nanyang Technological University

Research

JoVE Journal

Behavior

9.9K 次观看.  China Rehabilitation Research Center. 在这里, 我们提出了激光多普勒灌注成像 (LDPI) 和激光多普勒灌注监测 (LDPM) 来测量脊髓局部血流量和氧饱和度 (因此,2), 以及一个标准化的程序, 脊髓的介绍老鼠受伤了

视频: Using Laser Doppler Imaging and Monitoring to Analyze Spinal Cord Microcirculation in Rat

How to Detect Amygdala Activity with Magnetoencephalography using Source Imaging

In trace fear conditioning a conditional stimulus (CS) predicts the occurrence of the unconditional stimulus (UCS), which is presented after a brief stimulus free period (trace interval)1. Because the CS and UCS do not co-occur temporally, the subject must maintain a representation of that CS during the trace interval. In humans, this type of learning requires awareness of the stimulus contingencies in order to bridge the trace interval2-4. However when a face is used as a CS, subjects can implicitly learn to fear the face even in the absence of explicit awareness*. This suggests that there may be additional neural mechanisms capable of maintaining certain types of "biologically-relevant" stimuli during a brief trace interval. Given that the amygdala is involved in trace conditioning, and is sensitive to faces, it is possible that this structure can maintain a representation of a face CS during a brief trace interval.
It is challenging to understand how the brain can associate an unperceived face with an aversive outcome, even though the two stimuli are separated in time. Furthermore investigations of this phenomenon are made difficult by two specific challenges. First, it is difficult to manipulate the subject's awareness of the visual stimuli. One common way to manipulate visual awareness is to use backward masking. In backward masking, a target stimulus is briefly presented (&lt; 30 msec) and immediately followed by a presentation of an overlapping masking stimulus5. The presentation of the mask renders the target invisible6-8. Second, masking requires very rapid and precise timing making it difficult to investigate neural responses evoked by masked stimuli using many common approaches. Blood-oxygenation level dependent (BOLD) responses resolve at a timescale too slow for this type of methodology, and real time recording techniques like electroencephalography (EEG) and magnetoencephalography (MEG) have difficulties recovering signal from deep sources.
However, there have been recent advances in the methods used to localize the neural sources of the MEG signal9-11. By collecting high-resolution MRI images of the subject's brain, it is possible to create a source model based on individual neural anatomy. Using this model to "image" the sources of the MEG signal, it is possible to recover signal from deep subcortical structures, like the amygdala and the hippocampus*.

This article describes how to record amygdala activity with magnetoencephalography (MEG). In addition this article will describe how to conduct trace fear conditioning without awareness, a task that activates the amygdala. It will cover 3 topics: 1) Designing a trace conditioning paradigm using backward masking to manipulate awareness. 2) Recording brain activity during the task using magnetoencephalography. 3) Using source imaging to recover signal from subcortical structures.

如何检测杏仁核活动脑磁图源成像

In trace fear conditioning a conditional  stimulus (CS) predicts the occurrence of the unconditional stimulus (UCS),  which is presented after a brief ...

科研

行为学

Measurement of Fronto-limbic Activity Using an Emotional Oddball Task in Children with Familial High Risk for Schizophrenia

Adolescence is a critical developmental period where the early symptoms of schizophrenia frequently emerge. First-degree relatives of people with schizophrenia who are at familial high risk (FHR) may show similar cognitive and emotional changes. However, the neurological changes underlying the emergence of these symptoms remain unclear. This study sought to identify differences in frontal, striatal, and limbic regions in children and adolescents with FHR using functional magnetic resonance imaging. Groups of 21 children and adolescents at FHR and 21 healthy controls completed an emotional oddball task that relied on selective attention and the suppression of task-irrelevant emotional information. The standard oddball task was modified to include aversive and neutral distractors in order to examine potential group differences in both emotional and executive processing. This task was designed specifically to allow for children and adolescents to complete by keeping the difficulty and emotional image content age-appropriate. Furthermore, we demonstrate a technique for suitable fMRI registration for children and adolescent participants. This paradigm may also be applied in future studies to measure changes in neural activity in other populations with hypothesized developmental changes in executive and emotional processing.

This paper describes how to use the emotional oddball task and fMRI to measure brain activation in children and adolescents at familial high risk for schizophrenia (FHR).&#160;FMRI was used to measure differences in fronto-striato-limbic regions during an emotional oddball task. Children with FHR exhibited abnormal functional activation during adolescence.

的额边缘活度测量在儿童使用情绪穿着或行为古怪的任务与家族性高风险的精神分裂症

Adolescence is a critical developmental period where the early symptoms of schizophrenia frequently emerge. First-degree relatives of people with ...

Uncovering Beat Deafness: Detecting Rhythm Disorders with Synchronized Finger Tapping and Perceptual Timing Tasks

A set of behavioral tasks for assessing perceptual and sensorimotor timing abilities in the general population (i.e., non-musicians) is presented here with the goal of uncovering rhythm disorders, such as beat deafness. Beat deafness is characterized by poor performance in perceiving durations in auditory rhythmic patterns or poor synchronization of movement with auditory rhythms (e.g., with musical beats). These tasks include the synchronization of finger tapping to the beat of simple and complex auditory stimuli and the detection of rhythmic irregularities (anisochrony detection task) embedded in the same stimuli. These tests, which are easy to administer, include an assessment of both perceptual and sensorimotor timing abilities under different conditions (e.g., beat rates and types of auditory material) and are based on the same auditory stimuli, ranging from a simple metronome to a complex musical excerpt. The analysis of synchronized tapping data is performed with circular statistics, which provide reliable measures of synchronization accuracy (e.g., the difference between the timing of the taps and the timing of the pacing stimuli) and consistency. Circular statistics on tapping data are particularly well-suited for detecting individual differences in the general population. Synchronized tapping and anisochrony detection are sensitive measures for identifying profiles of rhythm disorders and have been used with success to uncover cases of poor synchronization with spared perceptual timing. This systematic assessment of perceptual and sensorimotor timing can be extended to populations of patients with brain damage, neurodegenerative diseases (e.g., Parkinson&#8217;s disease), and developmental disorders (e.g., Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder).

Behavioral tasks that allow for the assessment of perceptual and sensorimotor timing abilities in the general population (i.e., non-musicians) are presented. Synchronization of finger tapping to the beat of an auditory stimuli and detecting rhythmic irregularities provides a means of uncovering rhythm disorders.

揭开节拍耳聋:检测节律紊乱与同步手指敲击和感知定时任务

A set of behavioral tasks for assessing perceptual and sensorimotor timing abilities in the general population (i.e., non-musicians) is presented here ...

Behavioral and Locomotor Measurements Using an Open Field Activity Monitoring System for Skeletal Muscle Diseases

The open field activity monitoring system comprehensively assesses locomotor and behavioral activity levels of mice. It is a useful tool for assessing locomotive impairment in animal models of neuromuscular disease and efficacy of therapeutic drugs that may improve locomotion and/or muscle function. The open field activity measurement provides a different measure than muscle strength, which is commonly assessed by grip strength measurements. It can also show how drugs may affect other body systems as well when used with additional outcome measures. In addition, measures such as total distance traveled mirror the 6 min walk test, a clinical trial outcome measure. However, open field activity monitoring is also associated with significant challenges: Open field activity measurements vary according to animal strain, age, sex, and circadian rhythm. In addition, room temperature, humidity, lighting, noise, and even odor can affect assessment outcomes. Overall, this manuscript provides a well-tested and standardized open field activity SOP for preclinical trials in animal models of neuromuscular diseases. We provide a discussion of important considerations, typical results, data analysis, and detail the strengths and weaknesses of open field testing. In addition, we provide recommendations for optimal study design when using open field activity in a preclinical trial.

Open field activity levels are used to assess locomotive and behavioral activity levels. This protocol provides a well-designed, standardized protocol to use in preclinical trials for neuromuscular disorders.

行为和运动测量使用一个开放的领域活动监控系统的骨骼肌疾病

The open field activity monitoring system comprehensively assesses locomotor and behavioral activity levels of mice. It is a useful tool for assessing ...

Using Fiberless, Wearable fNIRS to Monitor Brain Activity in Real-world Cognitive Tasks

Functional Near Infrared Spectroscopy (fNIRS) is a neuroimaging technique that uses near-infrared light to monitor brain activity. Based on neurovascular coupling, fNIRS is able to measure the haemoglobin concentration changes secondary to neuronal activity. Compared to other neuroimaging techniques, fNIRS represents a good compromise in terms of spatial and temporal resolution. Moreover, it is portable, lightweight, less sensitive to motion artifacts and does not impose significant physical restraints. It is therefore appropriate to monitor a wide range of cognitive tasks (e.g., auditory, gait analysis, social interaction) and different age populations (e.g., new-borns, adults, elderly people). The recent development of fiberless fNIRS devices has opened the way to new applications in neuroscience research. This represents a unique opportunity to study functional activity during real-world tests, which can be more sensitive and accurate in assessing cognitive function and dysfunction than lab-based tests. This study explored the use of fiberless fNIRS to monitor brain activity during a real-world prospective memory task. This protocol is performed outside the lab and brain haemoglobin concentration changes are continuously measured over the prefrontal cortex while the subject walks around in order to accomplish several different tasks.

Monitoring brain activity outside the lab without physical constraints presents methodological challenges. A fiberless, wearable functional Near Infrared Spectroscopy (fNIRS) system was used to measure brain activity during an ecological prospective memory task. It was demonstrated that this system could be used to monitor brain activity during non-lab based experiments.

用无纤维，耐磨fNIRS监视在真实世界的认知任务脑活动

Functional Near Infrared Spectroscopy (fNIRS) is a neuroimaging technique that uses near-infrared light to monitor brain activity. Based on neurovascular ...

Treating Low Back Pain in Failed Back Surgery Patients with Multicolumn-lead Spinal Cord Stimulation

Failed back surgery syndrome (FBSS) refers to persistent, chronic pain following spinal surgery. Spinal cord stimulation with dorsal epidural leads can be used to treat back and leg pain in FBSS patients. This paper presents a detailed protocol for using spinal cord stimulation with surgical leads in FBSS patients. In our department, with the patient under general anesthesia, we place the lead in the epidural space by means of a small laminectomy at the 10th thoracic level. Placement of the lead is followed by a 1 month trial period with an externalized lead. If pain relief is greater than 50% at the end of this 1 month stimulation trial (required by Belgian reimbursement criteria), an internal pulse generator is then placed under the skin and connected to the lead in a second surgical procedure. We have demonstrated that using this technique in rigorously selected FBSS patients can significantly improve back pain, leg pain, patient activity, and quality of life for a sustained period of time.

This paper presents a method that uses spinal cord stimulation with a multicolumn lead to treat neuropathic low back pain in failed back surgery patients.

多列铅脊髓刺激术后腰痛的治疗

Failed back surgery syndrome (FBSS) refers to persistent, chronic pain following spinal surgery. Spinal cord stimulation with dorsal epidural leads can be ...

Paradigms of Lower Extremity Electrical Stimulation Training After Spinal Cord Injury

Skeletal muscle atrophy, increased adiposity and reduced physical activity are key changes observed after spinal cord injury (SCI) and are associated with numerous cardiometabolic health consequences. These changes are likely to increase the risk of developing chronic secondary conditions and impact the quality of life in persons with SCI. Surface neuromuscular electrical stimulation evoked resistance training (NMES-RT) was developed as a strategy to attenuate the process of skeletal muscle atrophy, decrease ectopic adiposity, improve insulin sensitivity and enhance mitochondrial capacity. However, NMES-RT is limited to only a single muscle group. Involving multiple muscle groups of the lower extremities may maximize the health benefits of training. Functional electrical stimulation-lower extremity cycling (FES-LEC) allows for the activation of 6 muscle groups, which is likely to evoke greater metabolic and cardiovascular adaptation. Appropriate knowledge of the stimulation parameters is key to maximizing the outcomes of electrical stimulation training in persons with SCI. Adopting strategies for long-term use of NMES-RT and FES-LEC during rehabilitation may maintain the integrity of the musculoskeletal system, a pre-requisite for clinical trials aiming to restore walking after injury. The current manuscript presents a combined protocol using NMES-RT prior to FES-LEC. We hypothesize that muscles conditioned for 12 weeks prior to cycling will be capable of generating greater power, cycle against higher resistance and result in greater adaptation in persons with SCI.

Spinal cord injury is a traumatic medical condition that may result in elevated risks of chronic secondary metabolic disorders. Here, we presented a protocol using surface neuromuscular electrical stimulation-resistance training in conjunction with functional electrical stimulation-lower extremities cycling as a strategy to ameliorate several of these medical problems.

脊髓损伤后下肢电刺激训练的模式

Skeletal muscle atrophy, increased adiposity and reduced physical activity are key changes observed after spinal cord injury (SCI) and are associated with ...

Simultaneous Recordings of Cortical Local Field Potentials and Electrocorticograms in Response to Nociceptive Laser Stimuli from Freely Moving Rats

Electrocortical responses, elicited by laser heat pulses that selectively activate nociceptive free nerve endings, are widely used in many animal and human studies to investigate the cortical processing of nociceptive information. These laser-evoked brain potentials (LEPs) consist of several transient responses that are time-locked to the onset of laser stimuli. However, the functional properties of the LEP responses are still largely unknown, due to the lack of a sampling technique that can simultaneously record neural activities at the surface of the cortex (i.e., electrocorticogram [ECoG] and scalp electroencephalogram [scalp EEG]) and inside the brain (i.e., local field potential [LFP]). To address this issue, we present here an animal protocol using freely moving rats. This protocol is composed of three main procedures: (1) animal preparation and surgical procedures, (2) a simultaneous recording of ECoG and LFP in response to nociceptive laser stimuli, and (3) data analysis and feature extraction. Specifically, with the help of a 3D-printed protective shell, both ECoG and LFP electrodes implanted on the rat&#39;s skull were securely held together. During data collection, laser pulses were delivered on the rat&#39;s forepaws through gaps in the bottom of the chamber when the animal was in spontaneous stillness. Ongoing white noise was played to avoid the activation of the auditory system by the laser-generated ultrasounds. As a consequence, only nociceptive responses were selectively recorded. Using the standard analytical procedures (e.g., band-pass filtering, epoch extraction, and baseline correction) to extract stimulus-related brain responses, we obtained results showing that LEPs with a high signal-to-noise ratio were simultaneously recorded from ECoG and LFP electrodes. This methodology makes the simultaneous recording of ECoG and LFP activities possible, which provides a bridge of electrocortical signals at the mesoscopic and macroscopic levels, thereby facilitating the investigation of nociceptive information processing in the brain.

We developed a technique that simultaneously records both electrocorticography and local field potentials in response to nociceptive laser stimuli from freely moving rats. This technique helps establish a direct relationship of electrocortical signals at the mesoscopic and macroscopic levels, which facilitates the investigation of nociceptive information processing in the brain.

在自由运动大鼠的反应中, 皮质局部电位和电皮质图谱的同时记录

Electrocortical responses, elicited by laser heat pulses that selectively activate nociceptive free nerve endings, are widely used in many animal and ...

Modified Blood Collection from Tail Veins of Non-anesthetized Mice with a Vacuum Blood Collection System and Eyeglass Magnifier

Blood sample collection is the basis of experimental animal research. It is of importance to obtain adequate blood samples for various research purposes. The tail veins of mice are small, and it is sometimes difficult to obtain the required blood volume by conventional puncture methods. This study investigates the superiority of repeated blood sample collection from tail veins of mice through use of a vacuum blood collection system and eyeglass magnifier (experimental group) compared to conventional blood sampling methods (conventional group), performed by beginners and experts, respectively. With the help of an eyeglass magnifier, a butterfly needle tip is inserted into the tail vein of each mouse in the experimental group. When the vein is penetrated successfully, a blood sample is collected in the vacuum collection tube by insertion of the rubber end of a butterfly needle into the vacuum blood collection tube. The plunger is then used to collect blood without the help of the eyeglass magnifier in the conventional group. Success rates of blood sample collection by the beginners and experts were shown to be 70% vs. 100% (p &#60; 0.01) in the experimental group and 35% vs. 85% (p &#60; 0.01) in the conventional group. For both beginners and experts, puncture times required for obtaining required blood sample were significantly lower in the experimental group compared to the conventional group (2.40 &#177; 0.75 vs. 2.90 &#177; 0.31, p &#60; 0.05; 1.15 &#177; 0.37 vs. 1.55 &#177; 0.76, p &#60; 0.05). In conclusion, the presented blood sampling technique is feasible and easy to practice and enables frequent sampling of adequate blood volumes from non-anesthetized mice.&#160;

This study reports blood sampling from tail vein in mice using a vacuum extraction tube system with eyeglass magnifier. Our method is easy to practice and could be used for repeat blood sampling in mice.

真空采血系统和眼镜放大镜从非麻醉小鼠尾静脉中修饰采血

Blood sample collection is the basis of experimental animal research. It is of importance to obtain adequate blood samples for various research purposes. ...

Using Facial Electromyography to Assess Facial Muscle Reactions to Experienced and Observed Affective Touch in Humans

"Affective" touch is believed to be processed in a manner distinct from discriminatory touch and to involve activation of C-tactile (CT) afferent fibers. Touch that optimally activates CT fibers is consistently rated as hedonically pleasant. Patient groups with impaired social-emotional functioning also show disordered affective touch ratings. However, relying on self-reported ratings of touch has many limitations, including recall bias and communication barriers. Here, we describe a methodological approach to study affective responses to touch via facial electromyography (EMG) that circumvents the reliance on self-report ratings. Facial EMG is an objective, quantitative, and non-invasive method to measure facial muscle activity indicative of affective responses. Responses can be assessed across healthy and patient populations without the need for verbal communication. Here, we provide two separate datasets demonstrating that CT-optimal and non-optimal touch elicit distinct facial muscle reactions. Moreover, facial EMG responses are consistent across stimulus modalities, e.g. tactile (experienced touch) and visual (observed touch). Finally, the temporal resolution of facial EMG can detect responses on timescales that supersede that of verbal reporting. Together, our data suggest that facial EMG is a suitable methodology for use in affective tactile research that can be used to supplement, or in some cases, supplant, existing measures.

We describe a protocol to assess facial muscle activity in response to experienced and observed tactile stimulation using facial electromyography.

面部肌电图对人体有经验和观察到的情感触觉的影响评估

"Affective" touch is believed to be processed in a manner distinct from discriminatory touch and to involve activation of C-tactile (CT) afferent fibers. ...