该项目是由约翰霍普金斯大学, 教务长办公室通过网关科学倡议部分支持。

注: 基因 DNA 是从土壤 (马里兰州巴尔的摩县) 使用一个商业可用的土壤基因组隔离套件 (见材料表)。使用紫外分光光度计 (参见材料表), 纯化的基因组 DNA 应具有 260/280 (nm) 比值和 #62; 1.8 和260/230 的比率介于 2.0-2.2 之间, 以确保样品不含污染物。NS 范围从 200 ng 到2µg 所需的基因组 DNA 的数量。
1. 快速库编写方法 (短协议)
注意: 这是一个简短的协议。请参阅快速排序工具包的材料表。
<ol>
	<li>在0.2 毫升薄壁管 (见材料表) 添加 200 ng 高分子量 DNA 在最后的7.5 µL 的蒸馏水量。</li>
	<li>从快速库准备工具包中添加2.5 µL 的碎片混合 (FM), 并通过反转轻轻混合。脉冲离心机向下旋转 (1000 x g 为 5 s)。</li>
	<li>将样品放在一个 thermocycler (见材料表) 中, 在30° c 下为1分钟, 其次为75° c 为1分钟. 卸下管和脉冲离心机, 旋转样品。</li>
	<li>添加1µL 的快速适配器和0.2 µL 的钝/TA 连接主混合, 然后存储在冰上的适应和拴库。 注意: 如果使用短协议进行步骤8</li>
</ol>
2. 结扎测序协议 (长协议): 基因 DNA 碎裂
注: 请参阅结扎测序试剂盒的材料表。
<ol>
	<li>在去离子水中稀释1µg 的纯化基因组 DNA, 最终体积为46µL。</li>
	<li>将样品转移到 DNA 碎片管 (见材料表), 在室温下离心1分钟, 使用离心 (参见材料表), 生成 8 kb 的基因组片段。确保所有的液体都通过了收集管。</li>
	<li>倒置破碎管, 返回离心机, 离心1分钟, 收集碎片基因组 DNA 到下腔。</li>
	<li>将分散的基因组 dna 转移到无菌的低 DNA 结合1.5 毫升管, 并分析低百分比琼脂糖凝胶 (0.6%) 中的部分, 以确认碎片和 #62; 30 kb。</li>
</ol>
3. 支离破碎的基因组 DNA 末端制备
<ol>
	<li>使用 800 ng 的片段基因组 DNA 在45µL 的去离子水中, 添加7µL 末端准备反应缓冲器 (见材料表), 3 µL 酶混合 (见材料表), 以及5µL 核酸游离水。</li>
	<li>混合用倒置和脉冲离心机 (1000 x g 为 5 s)。</li>
	<li>将样品转移到0.2 毫升的薄壁管上, 在20° c 下孵育5分钟, 然后在65° c 下孵育5分钟。</li>
	<li>脉冲离心机, 使内容到底部的管。</li>
	<li>转移样品到1.5 毫升低 DNA 结合离心管。</li>
	<li>准备磁珠 (请参阅材料表)。添加60µL 悬浮珠到年底准备反应从步骤3.5 和混合移。</li>
	<li>在 100 rpm 的旋转搅拌机上孵育 (参见材料表), 室温下为5分钟。</li>
	<li>脉冲离心的样品颗粒的珠子, 然后把样品旁边的磁铁。</li>
	<li>一旦珠子粘在磁铁上, 吸管关闭上清和丢弃。</li>
	<li>从磁铁中取出管和洗涤珠与200µL 新鲜准备的70% 乙醇通过轻轻移样品 up-and-down。</li>
	<li>脉冲离心机颗粒的珠子和返回到磁铁。</li>
	<li>除去上清和丢弃。重复洗涤步骤使用200µL 70% 乙醇。</li>
	<li>脉冲离心管, 回到磁铁, 并删除所有的70% 乙醇洗涤。</li>
	<li>离心管盖打开, 允许珠子在室温下风干5分钟。</li>
	<li>从磁铁中取出试管, 在31µL 的无菌、无核酸的水中悬浮颗粒。室温孵育2分钟。</li>
	<li>回到磁铁, 直到所有的珠子有丸和洗是明确的。</li>
	<li>将洗转至1.5 毫升离心管。使用1µL 的样品, 用紫外分光光度计在260纳米 (参见材料表) 对最终准备的 DNA 进行量化。 注: 回收率应为 70% (700 ng), 起始浓度为1µg 的基因组 DNA。</li>
</ol>
4. 在末端准备的基因组 DNA 片段中添加适配器和绳索
<ol>
	<li>混合所有的钝/TA 连接主混管倒置, 然后脉冲离心机, 使内容到底部。</li>
	<li>使用30µL 的最终准备 DNA, 增加20µL 的适配器混合, 和50µL 的钝/TA 结扎主混合。</li>
	<li>用倒置、脉冲离心机混合, 室温下孵育10分钟。</li>
</ol>
5. 磁B预备
<ol>
	<li>漩涡的珠子, 然后转移50µL 的悬浮珠, 以1.5 毫升离心管。</li>
	<li>把管子放在磁铁上, 使珠子颗粒, 直到洗清除。</li>
	<li>除去上清和丢弃。</li>
	<li>添加100µL 的珠装订缓冲器 (参见材料表的珠子包) 到珠, 漩涡重珠子, 颗粒上的磁铁上, 清除上清和丢弃的珠子。用100µL 的装订缓冲器重复洗涤。</li>
	<li>加入100µL 珠结合缓冲器的洗涤珠。漩涡重珠。</li>
</ol>
6. 图书馆净化
<ol>
	<li>使用 P200 微, 添加40µL 的珠子从上一步, 以适应/拴系基因组 DNA。移仔细地混合样品。</li>
	<li>在室温下, 在 100 rpm 的旋转搅拌机上孵育样品5分钟。</li>
	<li>将样品放在磁铁上, 让珠子沉淀。吸管关闭上清和丢弃。</li>
	<li>重在140µL 珠装订缓冲器的移。将样品放在磁铁上, 丢弃上清, 再用另外140µL 的珠装订缓冲器清洗。</li>
	<li>脉冲离心管, 放置在磁铁上的管2分钟. 从颗粒中取出剩余的珠装订缓冲器。</li>
</ol>
7. 磁珠库的洗脱
<ol>
	<li>重的磁珠在15µL 的洗脱缓冲移。在室温下孵育样品10分钟。</li>
	<li>把管子放在磁铁上, 使珠子颗粒。</li></ol>当解决方案清除, 删除15µL 的洗和转移到1.5 毫升离心管, 并将样品放在冰上。
	<li>使用紫外分光光度计对图书馆进行量化。 注: 回收率应为 25% (250 ng), 起始浓度为1µg 的基因组 DNA。</li>

8. 开始运行/质量控制
<ol>
	<li>从包装中移除流单元, 并将流单元附加到便携的 real-time 排序器 (请参见材料表)。</li>
	<li>通过 USB 电缆将排序器连接到计算机, 然后启动顺序软件 (请参见材料表)。</li>
	<li>单击 "连接" 设备通过测序软件, 选择 "NC_Platform_QC", 然后点击 "开始"。</li>
	<li>质量控制 (QC) 大约需要 6-7 分钟完成;在 QC 读数上寻找一个 "绿色的海洋" (大面积的输出), 以确认有足够的活性孔隙 (和 #62; 800) 用于 DNA 测序。</li>
</ol>
9. 开始测序运行
<ol>
	<li>打开测序程序;将出现一个对话框。在 "示例 ID" 框中, 命名示例。</li>
	<li>单击 "流单元 ID" 框, 然后输入在流单元顶部的标签上找到的代码。</li>
	<li>打开流单元盖, 然后将示例端口盖向右滑动 (顺时针方向), 以使示例端口可见。一旦端口打开, 检查一个小气泡。去掉一些升的缓冲, 包括气泡。</li>
	<li>检查以确保传感器阵列上有缓冲区。通过混合480µL 的运行缓冲器与燃料混合 (RBF-1, 请参阅材料表) (一定要彻底混合第一) 与520µL 核酸无水。</li>
	<li>将启动缓冲器的800µL 添加到启动端口。小心地提起 "SpotOn" 的盖子, 使其便于使用。</li>
	<li>5分钟后, 在启动端口上增加200µL 的启动缓冲器。</li>
</ol>
10. 加载库
<ol>
	<li>在准备图书馆之前在冰上放置以下试剂: RBF-1 (从测序试剂盒), 适应和栓的图书馆和图书馆装货珠子 (法学学士; 从测序试剂盒)。</li>
	<li>对0.2 毫升离心管, 增加25.5 µL 的 RBF 和12µL 的核酸在室温保存的水。</li>
	<li>混合移 up-and-down。增加26.5 µL 的法学学士到0.2 µL 管。用移 up-and-down 混合试剂。 注: 酒法学倾向于解决的混合物。</li>
	<li>添加11µL 的适应和拴库的0.2 µL 管。通过脉冲离心的反演和旋转来混合。</li>
	<li>将步骤9.4 中的75µL 样本添加到 "SpotOn" 端口滴。在添加下一项之前, 请确保每个拖放都流入端口。</li>
	<li>仔细更换样品口盖, 使塞子进入端口, 并更换设备盖。</li>
</ol>
11. 启动测序软件协议脚本
<ol>
	<li>在 "选择程序" 下打开下拉菜单, 然后选择 "48 小时测序"。</li>
	<li>单击 "执行" 按钮以启动脚本。</li>
	<li>检查在通知流中报告的Mux 扫描的结果, 以查找Mux 扫描中的活动孔隙数。 注: 此数字可能与 QC 运行中的孔隙数不同, 而较大的差异可能表明存在问题。<ol>
		<li>如果有显着减少活性毛孔从 QC 运行, 重新启动软件, 如果仍然有明显的差异, 重新启动计算机。</li>
	</ol>
	</li>
	<li>检查散热器的温度是否34° c, 按顺序软件脚本报告。 注意: 如果温度不在34° c, 那么就不会有足够的活性孔隙来运行。</li>
	<li>检查读取长度的直方图, 以确定是否期望序列长度, 并适合于实验设计。</li>
	<li>使用 "关闭 x" 关闭桌面代理通过关闭 web GUI 退出顺序软件。断开设备与计算机的连接。</li>
</ol>
12. 运行分析和结果
注意: 在排序运行期间, 可以使用 "查看报告" 程序使用桌面代理来监视数据。在运行完成期间或之后, 文件以 FAST5 文件格式在数据→读→通行证文件夹 (缺省) 是可利用的。如果此文件夹在排序时处于打开状态, 则计算机可能会冻结。
<ol>
	<li>要查看和操作序列, 请下载 "HDFViewer"。</li>
	<li>查看顺序文件, 直接打开高密度纤维板查看器→打开数据文件夹→选择所有文件类型→选择 C: 驱动器 (默认) →选择数据→选择读取→选择 pass。</li>
	<li>在左下拉菜单中查找并选择 FASTQ 文件;文件将打开, 可以以 FASTQ 格式保存。 注: 为了学生实验的目的, 选择了350核苷酸或更长的序列进行进一步分析。基调用的输出允许用户根据大小对序列读取进行排序。FASTQ 文件可以通过爆炸 (NCBI) 或其他生物信息学程序进行分析。</li>
</ol>

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作者没有披露。

许多下一代测序方法已经生成, 每种方式都取决于合成的顺序, 但识别核苷酸的检测平台不同。NS 是市场上最近添加的, 它完全使用不同的方法, 不需要测序反应或标记核苷酸。这种方法利用了已合并的核苷酸的电荷微分, 因为它们通过一个带电的孔隙。每个核苷酸的识别发生在通过纳米的不同碱基的电流调制。这个多路复用系统允许用户一次序列许多片断。通过对 DNA 的两股进行测序, 序列的精确度大大提高, 而测序软件可以加载到笔记本电脑上, 处理信号并提供可分析的序列信息。
在序中, 通过合成 (SBS) 方法测序, 检测到模板中的特定碱基取决于荧光测定和化学发光信号的生成8。在离子半导体测序中, 释放的氢离子, 降低 pH 值的离子传感器检测到9。单分子 real-time 测序取决于零模式波导 (ZMW)10, 它照亮了检测一个荧光灯分子标记为合并核苷酸。SBS 使用一种独特的方法来放大目标 DNA, 这样就生成了13的唯一序列的簇。当被标记的核苷酸的荧光记录时, 就能检测到添加的核苷酸。另一方面, NS 在其他方法上具有独特的优势, 因为它需要有限的技术资源, 是便携式的, 产生长的测序读数, 不需要事先的 DNA 放大, 并且可以以降低的成本与其他方法进行操作。我们的学生发现新的, 快速的图书馆准备协议是直截了当的, 并服从于一个三小时的实验室课程。我们遇到的一些问题是流动单元中的气泡难以去除, 它需要大量的计算机电源 (一 tb 的存储), 当前的数据输出在一个 FAST5 的文件中, 而顺序流单元在它之前的货架寿命是有限的。恶化.此外, NS 结扎测序协议 (long 协议) 的其他缺点是, 它需要几个库的准备步骤, 需要分子生物学技术的专业知识, 并产生减少的排序保真度相比排序方法3。然而, 新的快速图书馆准备试剂盒的最新进展只需要10分钟的图书馆准备, 并显示了减少的测序错误率。新的图书馆准备方法非常适合在实验室课堂上使用。
在该协议中有几个关键步骤, 特别是在流电池的 QC。这包括在五天内执行初始 QC 在流动细胞的收据和使用他们在8星期之内。虽然我们使用的流动细胞超过8周, 开放/主动毛孔的数量大大减少。重要的是, 实验计划, 以适应一个时间线, 最大限度地利用流动细胞实现。我们已经使用了清洗协议和重复使用的流动细胞与成功。
对土壤基因的研究是一种未开发的微生物多样性遗传库。例如, 一克土壤估计包含 107 -109原核细胞14。此外, 土壤有机体是新的天然产物、酶和抗生素的主要来源。因此, 土壤基因 DNA 序列分析是一个宝贵的教学工具, 为学生在各级教育。NS 技术的易用性和低成本使该系统成为一种非常有效的教学工具。学生可以序列化环境样本, 并在完成序列使用可用的生物信息学工具来识别和表征微生物和基因序列的测试样本。使用 NS 技术, 学生有真正的亲身体验, 直到现在, 因为在其他测序平台上有先进的技术专长和高试剂、设备和维护成本, 在实验室课程中的使用已经遥不可及。最近, 我们的一个学生 (j. 哈里森, 个人通信) 报告了这项技术在农田土壤环境监测项目中的应用。我们期望这项技术在教育领域将有更多的应用。

本程序的目的是为了说明准备环境 dna 库的步骤, 用于测序、利用纳米流细胞测序装置, 并利用系统软件对生成的 dna 序列进行分析, 并国家生物技术信息中心 (NCBI) 生物信息学工具, 用于识别土壤中的微生物种类。目前, 大多数 DNA 测序平台都需要对技术培训和复杂仪器进行重大投资, 这在资源贫乏的环境或现场应用中是行不通的。纳米测序 (NS) 平台消除了这些问题的成本效益, 简单易用的图书馆准备协议, 和便携设备序列和分析各种不同类型的核酸1,3。我们已将 NS 平台合并为硕士学位学生的几个实验室课程。
生物分子的纳米技术已经在生命科学中得到了广泛的应用, 包括细菌和病毒病原体的鉴定1,2,6, 环境多样性研究, 食品安全监测, 基因组分析3,5, 以及细菌耐药性的鉴定4。NS 是一种快速和准确的序列核酸的方法, 它是基于 "链测序" 原理的, 当单股 DNA 通过纳米插入带电合成聚合物膜。为 NS 制备 dna 所涉及的步骤包括基因组破碎、末端修复和3个基因组片段的 dA 尾矿、适配器和链式退火到 dna、dna 库纯化以及将库加载到纳米流细胞装置中。基因组分裂为〜 8 kb 大小是通过离心 1-2 µg 的基因组 DNA 通过一个 g 管破碎管完成。碎片基因组的结束, 然后修复和跟踪与保利 dA 使用一个商业可用的套件。单绞适配器序列 (与纳米马达蛋白相容) 被添加到 dna 末端, 用于引导 dna 序列通过纳米 (图 1)。在 dna 纯化和将 dna 分子定位到孔隙膜时, 需要系绳序列。发夹是通过结扎发夹适配器到 dA 尾库的一端来生成的。在 dna 末端的发夹结构允许读取的感觉和反义股的 dna 通过纳米 (图 2)。然后, 利用亲和珠在磁场的作用下, 从反应中纯化出准备好的基因组库, 然后将样品装入纳米流细胞进行分析。
测序的 DNA 被评估为质量和测序读数, 可接受的分析, 然后受到一些生物信息学工具, 以确定微生物。序列被 "翻译" 成 FASTQ 从 FAST5 格式。在 FASTQ 格式中, 序列可以用于爆炸分析。

<table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" style="width:625px;" width="626">
	<colgroup>
		<col />
		<col />
		<col />
		<col />
	</colgroup>
	<tbody>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:216px;">Thermal Cycler</td>
			<td style="width:124px;">LifeECO</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">BTC42096</td>
			<td style="width:167px;"></td>
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			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:216px;">Covaris g-TUBE</td>
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			<td align="right" style="width:119px;">520079</td>
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		<tr height="45">
			<td height="45" style="height:45px;">NEBNext End Repair Module</td>
			<td style="width:124px;">New England BioLab</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">E7546</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">Eppendorf LoBind Centrifuge Tubes</td>
			<td style="width:124px;">Sigma-Aldrich</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">Z666505</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="42">
			<td height="42" style="height:42px;">NEB Blunt/TA Ligase Master Mix</td>
			<td style="width:124px;">New England BioLab</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">MO367</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">MyOne C1 Strepavidin Beads</td>
			<td style="width:124px;">Thermo Fisher</td>
			<td align="right">65001</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">Eppendorf microcentrifuge</td>
			<td style="width:124px;">Eppendorf</td>
			<td></td>
			<td>Model 5420</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">Nanodrop UV spectrophotometer</td>
			<td style="width:124px;">Thermo Fisher</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">ND-2000</td>
			<td>Model 2000</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:216px;">Belly Dancer Orbital Shaker</td>
			<td style="width:124px;">Sigma-Aldrich</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">Z768499</td>
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		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:216px;">Power Soil DNA Isolation Kit</td>
			<td style="width:124px;">MO BIO</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">12888-50</td>
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			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:216px;">Ligation Sequencing Kit 2D</td>
			<td style="width:124px;">Oxford Nanopore&#160;</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">SQK-LSK208</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="42">
			<td height="42" style="height:42px;width:216px;">Rapid Sequencing Kit for Genomic DNA</td>
			<td style="width:124px;">Oxford Nanopore&#160;</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">SQK-RAD002</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="63">
			<td height="63" style="height:63px;width:216px;">End-Prep Reaction Buffer and enzyme mix (NEB Blunt/TA Ligase Naster Mix)</td>
			<td style="width:124px;">New England BioLab</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">MO367</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:216px;">AmPure XP Magnetic Beads</td>
			<td style="width:124px;">Beckman Coulter</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">A63880</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="63">
			<td height="63" style="height:63px;width:216px;">Basic Starter Pack&#160;</td>
			<td style="width:124px;">Oxford Nanopore&#160;</td>
			<td style="width:119px;"></td>
			<td style="width:167px;">Includes MinION&#160; Sequencing Device and Flow Cell</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:216px;">MinKNOW software</td>
			<td style="width:124px;">Oxford Nanopore&#160;</td>
			<td style="width:119px;"></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="126">
			<td height="126" style="height:126px;width:216px;">Rapid Sequencing Kit for Genomic DNA</td>
			<td style="width:124px;">Oxford Nanopore&#160;</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">SQK-RAD002</td>
			<td style="width:167px;">Includes Running Buffer with Fuel (RBF), Fragmentation Mix (FRM) Rapid Adapter (RAD) Library Lodaing Beads (LLB)</td>
		</tr>
	</tbody>
</table>

nanopore dna sequencing for metagenomic soil analysis

本文介绍了从土壤中构建 dna 库的步骤, 纳米流细胞的制备和使用, 以及使用计算机软件识别的 dna 序列的分析。纳米 DNA 测序是一种灵活的技术, 它允许快速的微生物基因组测序来识别细菌和病毒种类, 鉴定细菌菌株, 并检测出抗抗生素的基因突变。纳米测序 (NS) 对生命科学的好处包括其低复杂性, 降低成本, 和快速 real-time 序列纯化基因组 DNA, PCR 增, cDNA 样本, 或 RNA。NS 是一个 "链测序" 的例子, 它包括通过插入到合成聚合物膜中的纳米引导一个单链 dna 分子来测序 dna。该膜有一个电流应用于它, 因此, 由于个别基地通过纳米的电流被扰乱到不同程度的四核苷酸基地。每个核苷酸的识别是通过检测通过纳米的不同碱基对电流的特性调制来进行的。NS 系统由手持式、USB 驱动的便携设备和包含纳米阵列的一次性流单元组成。便携式设备插入到标准笔记本电脑中, 使用计算机软件读取和记录 DNA 序列。

实验设计和纳米技术为学生序列土壤 DNA 提供了一种快速、廉价的方法。该代表运行的质量控制参数超过800孔可供测序。奔跑导致超过12.5万读可利用为研究以中间序列长度 5.38 kb。序列得到一个质量分数, 只有那些序列与可接受的分数然后分析。由于测序反应的输出是 FAST5 格式, 这是不接受的程序, 如爆炸 (NCBI), 序列被视为在高密度纤维板查看器, 将序列转换为 FASTQ 格式, 这是兼容的爆炸分析。在软件的未来迭代中, 数据将作为 FASTQ 格式提供, 从而消除了对高密度纤维板查看器的需求。请参见补充图1、2和 3.
五十个长度超过350核苷酸的序列受 BLASTN (核苷酸对核苷酸数据库) 或 BLASTX (核苷酸翻译成氨基酸序列) (NCBI) 的分析, 以确定土壤样本中的有机体。考虑到班级的时间限制, 课程的重点是实验室方法, 而不是生物信息学, 我们让学生在这些参数中分析序列。我们的生物信息学类可以使用数据来开发管线分析工具。这一层次的生物信息学分析不包括在实验室的类。表 1是以小于 4 e-04 的 e 值标识的有机体的列表。通常, e-values 小于 4 e-04 表示输入序列 (查询) 和匹配序列之间有很强的相似性。由 BLASTN (针对非冗余 (nr) 数据库) 识别的生物体来自种类繁多, 可用于进一步的基因组和蛋白质分析。这个来自巴尔的摩郡一个花园的土壤样本从未经过测试, 因此没有以前的数据来确定土壤中的生物是什么。BLASTN 分析 (对 nr 数据库) 的分析还表明, 在 nr 数据库中没有相似的序列。为了确定这些是否是真正新颖的序列, 需要进一步研究。BLASTX 分析了几个序列, 揭示了 BLASTN 分析中不代表的生物体中的几种蛋白质。表 2列出了几种可能的蛋白质, 包括肽和 atp 样蛋白。使用这个序列库, 学生有机会使用更复杂的生物信息学工具来进行进一步的分析, 如果由导师指导。
<img alt="Figure 1" class="xfigimg" src="/files/ftp_upload/55979/55979fig1.jpg"> 
图 1: 基因组库准备.利用纳米技术制备基因组 DNA 库的步骤。此图已通过必要的权限进行了修改。<a href="//ecsource-jove-com.remotexs.ntu.edu.sg/files/ftp_upload/55979/55979fig1large.jpg" target="_blank">请单击此处查看此图的较大版本.</a>
<img alt="Figure 2" class="xfigimg" src="/files/ftp_upload/55979/55979fig2.jpg"> 
图 2.使用纳米的 DNA 测序示意图.通过纳米膜的 DNA 通过电信号产生和基本识别。此图已通过必要的权限进行了修改。<a href="//ecsource-jove-com.remotexs.ntu.edu.sg/files/ftp_upload/55979/55979fig2large.jpg" target="_blank">请单击此处查看此图的较大版本.</a>
<table fo:keep-together.within-page="1">
	<tbody>
		<tr>
			<td>有机体</td>
			<td>e 值</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>链霉菌 sp。</td>
			<td>3.00E-06</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Nocardoides sp。</td>
			<td>5.00E-04</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>大头 sp。</td>
			<td>5.00E-04</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Hyphomicrobium nitrativorens</td>
			<td>1.00E-139</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Starkeya 中篇小说</td>
			<td>1.00E-31</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Hyphomicrobium 杆菌</td>
			<td>1.00E-30</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Fibomicrobium sp。</td>
			<td>5.00E-17</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>假单胞菌。</td>
			<td>2.00E-15</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Rhodothemus marinus</td>
			<td>1.00E-17</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Turneiella 草</td>
			<td>2.00E-24</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>大肠杆菌</td>
			<td>0.00E+00</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>根瘤菌 sp。</td>
			<td>3.00E-30</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Gemmatirosa kalamazoonesis</td>
			<td>1.00E-20</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>霍尔德 sp。</td>
			<td>8.00E-10</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Sphingomonas sp。</td>
			<td>8.00E-10</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Cellumonas sp</td>
			<td>6.00E-11</td>
		</tr>
	</tbody>
</table>
表 1: BLASTN 分析的选定结果.土壤基因 DNA 序列受 BLASTN 相似性搜索对 NCBI 非冗余核苷酸数据库。报告的数据有 e-values 4 x e-4 或更少。
<table fo:keep-together.within-page="1">
	<tbody>
		<tr>
			<td>蛋白</td>
			<td>有机体</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>假想蛋白质</td>
			<td>Acidobacter 菌</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>SAM 依赖甲基</td>
			<td>杆菌</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>酶</td>
			<td>Jannaschia sp</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>肽</td>
			<td>志贺宋内</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>裂解蛋白</td>
			<td>大肠杆菌</td>
		</tr>
	</tbody>
</table>
表 2: BLASTX 分析的选定结果.对 NCBI 非冗余蛋白质数据库进行 BLASTX 相似性搜索的土壤基因 DNA 序列。
<img alt="Supplemental Figure 1" src="/files/ftp_upload/55979/55979supfig1.jpg"> 
补充图 1: 平台 QC 结果.给出了平台 QC 的结果。右上角是主动毛孔的 QC 结果。对流动细胞的每个象限进行活性孔隙测试。主页面是动态的, 并随着每个象限的测试而变化。在此运行中, 检测到1414单孔。<a href="//ecsource-jove-com.remotexs.ntu.edu.sg/files/ftp_upload/55979/55979supfig1large.jpg" target="_blank">请点击这里查看更大版本的这个数字。</a>
<img alt="Supplemental Figure 2" src="/files/ftp_upload/55979/55979supfig2.jpg"> 
补充图 2: 将 FAST5 文件转换为 FASTQ 文件.在右侧, 是序列化运行中数据的输出。每行代表一个单独的序列。图的左侧显示了右侧的突出显示序列, 在高密度纤维板查看器中, 将序列转换为可用于进一步分析的 FASTQ 文件。<a href="//ecsource-jove-com.remotexs.ntu.edu.sg/files/ftp_upload/55979/55979supfig2large.jpg" target="_blank">请单击此处查看此图的较大版本.</a>
<img alt="Supplemental Figure 3" src="/files/ftp_upload/55979/55979supfig3.jpg"> 
补充图 3: 高密度纤维板查看器中 FASTQ 序列的示例.此序列 (read 803) 位于 FASTQ 文件中, 它将 FAST5 数据转换为核苷酸。<a href="//ecsource-jove-com.remotexs.ntu.edu.sg/files/ftp_upload/55979/55979supfig3large.jpg" target="_blank">请单击此处查看此图的较大版本.</a>

Watch this Scientific Journal Video about Nanopore DNA Sequencing for Metagenomic Soil Analysis at JoVE.com

Nanopore DNA Sequencing for Metagenomic Soil Analysis

生物分子序纳米技术在生命科学中有着广泛的应用, 包括病原体的鉴定、食品安全监测、基因组分析、基因环境监测和细菌的鉴定耐药性。本文应用纳米测序技术对基因土壤 DNA 测序进行了验证。

基因土壤分析的纳米 DNA 测序

This article describes the steps for construction of a DNA library from soil, preparation and use of the nanopore flow cell, and analysis of the DNA ...

nanopore-dna-sequencing-for-metagenomic-soil-analysis

Nanyang Technological University

Research

JoVE Journal

Environment

30.1K 次观看.  Johns Hopkins University. 生物分子序纳米技术在生命科学中有着广泛的应用, 包括病原体的鉴定、食品安全监测、基因组分析、基因环境监测和细菌的鉴定耐药性。本文应用纳米测序技术对基因土壤 DNA 测序进行了验证。

视频: Nanopore DNA Sequencing for Metagenomic Soil Analysis

Design and Operation of a Continuous 13C and 15N Labeling Chamber for Uniform or Differential, Metabolic and Structural, Plant Isotope Labeling

Tracing rare stable isotopes from plant material through the ecosystem provides the most sensitive information about ecosystem processes; from CO2 fluxes and soil organic matter formation to small-scale stable-isotope biomarker probing. Coupling multiple stable isotopes such as 13C with 15N, 18O or&#160;2H has the potential to reveal even more information about complex stoichiometric relationships during biogeochemical transformations. Isotope labeled plant material has been used in various studies of litter decomposition and soil organic matter formation1-4. From these and other studies, however, it has become apparent that structural components of plant material behave differently than metabolic components (i.e. leachable low molecular weight compounds) in terms of microbial utilization and long-term carbon storage5-7. The ability to study structural and metabolic components separately provides a powerful new tool for advancing the forefront of ecosystem biogeochemical studies. Here we describe a method for producing 13C and 15N labeled plant material that is either uniformly labeled throughout the plant or differentially labeled in structural and metabolic plant components.
Here, we present the construction and operation of a continuous 13C and 15N labeling chamber that can be modified to meet various research needs. Uniformly labeled plant material is produced by continuous labeling from seedling to harvest, while differential labeling is achieved by removing the growing plants from the chamber weeks prior to harvest. Representative results from growing Andropogon gerardii Kaw demonstrate the system&#39;s ability to efficiently label plant material at the targeted levels. Through this method we have produced plant material with a 4.4 atom%13C and 6.7 atom%15N uniform plant label, or material that is differentially labeled by up to 1.29 atom%13C and 0.56 atom%15N in its metabolic and structural components (hot water extractable and hot water residual components, respectively). Challenges lie in maintaining proper temperature, humidity, CO2 concentration,&#160;and light levels in an airtight 13C-CO2 atmosphere for successful plant production. This chamber description represents a useful research tool to effectively produce uniformly or differentially multi-isotope labeled plant material for use in experiments on ecosystem biogeochemical cycling.

Design and Operation of a Continuous 13C and 15N Labeling Chamber for Uniform or Differential, Metabolic and Structural, Plant Isotope Labeling

This method explains how to build and operate a continuous 13C and 15N isotope labeling chamber for uniform or differential plant tissue labeling. Representative results from metabolic and structural labeling of Andropogon gerardii are discussed.

设计一个连续和操作<sup&gt; 13</sup&gt; C和<sup&gt; 15</sup&gt;Ñ贴标商会统一或差分，代谢和结构，植物同位素标记

Tracing rare stable isotopes from plant material through the ecosystem provides the most sensitive information about ecosystem processes; from CO2 fluxes ...

科研

环境科学

Experimental Protocol for Manipulating Plant-induced Soil Heterogeneity

Coexistence theory has often treated environmental heterogeneity as being independent of the community composition; however biotic feedbacks such as plant-soil feedbacks (PSF) have large effects on plant performance, and create environmental heterogeneity that depends on the community composition. Understanding the importance of PSF for plant community assembly necessitates understanding of the role of heterogeneity in PSF, in addition to mean PSF effects. Here, we describe a protocol for manipulating plant-induced soil heterogeneity. Two example experiments are presented: (1) a field experiment with a 6-patch grid of soils to measure plant population responses and (2) a greenhouse experiment with 2-patch soils to measure individual plant responses. Soils can be collected from the zone of root influence (soils from the rhizosphere and directly adjacent to the rhizosphere) of plants in the field from conspecific and heterospecific plant species. Replicate collections are used to avoid pseudoreplicating soil samples. These soils are then placed into separate patches for heterogeneous treatments or mixed for a homogenized treatment. Care should be taken to ensure that heterogeneous and homogenized treatments experience the same degree of soil disturbance. Plants can then be placed in these soil treatments to determine the effect of plant-induced soil heterogeneity on plant performance. We demonstrate that plant-induced heterogeneity results in different outcomes than predicted by traditional coexistence models, perhaps because of the dynamic nature of these feedbacks. Theory that incorporates environmental heterogeneity influenced by the assembling community and additional empirical work is needed to determine when heterogeneity intrinsic to the assembling community will result in different assembly outcomes compared with heterogeneity extrinsic to the community composition.

Understanding the role of environmental heterogeneity in species coexistence has typically focused on types of heterogeneity that are extrinsic to the community&#8217;s species composition. We provide novel detailed methods for creating soil heterogeneity treatments using soils subject to plant-soil feedback conditioning, or heterogeneity intrinsic to the community composition.

用于操纵植物诱导土壤异质性的实验协议

Coexistence theory has often treated environmental heterogeneity as being independent of the community composition; however biotic feedbacks such as ...

Air-sampled Filter Analysis for Endotoxins and DNA Content

Outdoor aerosol research commonly uses particulate matter sampled on filters. This procedure enables various characterizations of the collected particles to be performed in parallel. The purpose of the method presented here is to obtain a highly accurate and reliable analysis of the endotoxin and DNA content of bio-aerosols extracted from filters. The extraction of high molecular weight organic molecules, such as lipopolysaccharides, from sampled filters involves shaking the sample in a pyrogen-free water-based medium. The subsequent analysis is based on an enzymatic reaction that can be detected using a turbidimetric measurement. As a result of the high organic content on the sampled filters, the extraction of DNA from the samples is performed using a commercial DNA extraction kit that was originally designed for soils and modified to improve the DNA yield. The detection and quantification of specific microbial species using quantitative polymerase chain reaction (q-PCR) analysis are described and compared with other available methods.

Two complementary analyses of atmospheric biological particles from air sampled filters are described herein: the extraction and detection of endotoxin, and of DNA.

内毒素和DNA含量的空气采样滤波器分析

Outdoor aerosol research commonly uses particulate matter sampled on filters. This procedure enables various characterizations of the collected particles ...

A Protocol for Collecting and Constructing Soil Core Lysimeters

Leaching of nutrients from land applied fertilizers and manure used in agriculture can lead to accelerated eutrophication of surface water. Because the landscape has complex and varied soil morphology, an accompanying disparity in flow paths for leachate through the soil macropore and matrix structure is present. The rate of flow through these paths is further affected by antecedent soil moisture. Lysimeters are used to quantify flow rate, volume of water and concentration of nutrients leaching downward through soils. While many lysimeter designs exist, accurately determining the volume of water and mass balance of nutrients is best accomplished with bounded lysimeters that leave the natural soil structure intact. 
Here we present a detailed method for the extraction and construction of soil core lysimeters equipped with soil moisture sensors at 5 cm and 25 cm depths. Lysimeters from four different Coastal Plain soils (Bojac, Evesboro, Quindocqua and Sassafras) were collected on the Delmarva Peninsula and moved to an indoor climate controlled facility. Soils were irrigated once weekly with the equivalent of 2 cm of rainfall to draw down soil nitrate-N concentrations. At the end of the draw down period, poultry litter was applied (162 kg TN ha-1) and leaching was resumed for an additional five weeks. Total recovery of applied irrigation water varied from 71% to 85%. Nitrate-N concentration varied over the course of the study from an average of 27.1 mg L-1 before litter application to 40.3 mg L-1 following litter application. While greatest flux of nutrients was measured in soils dominated by coarse sand (Sassafras) the greatest immediate flux occurred from the finest textured soil with pronounced macropore development (Quindocqua).

A detailed method for extraction and assembly of intact soil core lysimeters and their use for study of leachate and associated loss of nutrients from surface applied poultry litter is demonstrated.

一种用于收集和构建土芯协议测渗计

Leaching of nutrients from land applied fertilizers and manure used in agriculture can lead to accelerated eutrophication of surface water. Because the ...

A Gusseted Thermogradient Table to Control Soil Temperatures for Evaluating Plant Growth and Monitoring Soil Processes

Thermogradient tables were first developed in the 1950s primarily to test seed germination over a range of temperatures simultaneously without using a series of incubators. A temperature gradient is passively established across the surface of the table between the heated and cooled ends and is lost quickly at distances above the surface. Since temperature is only controlled on the table surface, experiments are restricted to shallow containers, such as Petri dishes, placed on the table. Welding continuous aluminum vertical strips or gussets perpendicular to the surface of a table enables temperature control in depth via convective heat flow. Soil in the channels between gussets was maintained across a gradient of temperatures allowing a greater diversity of experimentation. The gusseted design was evaluated by germinating oat, lettuce, tomato, and melon seeds. Soil temperatures were monitored using individual, battery-powered dataloggers positioned across the table. LED lights installed in the lids or along the sides of the gradient table create a controlled temperature chamber where seedlings can be grown over a range of temperatures. The gusseted design enabled accurate determination of optimum temperatures for fastest germination rate and the highest percentage germination for each species. Germination information from gradient table experiments can help predict seed germination and seedling growth under the adverse soil conditions often encountered during field crop production. Temperature effects on seed germination, seedling growth, and soil ecology can be tested under controlled conditions in a laboratory using a gusseted thermogradient table.

Traditional thermogradient tables create a range of temperatures across the surface. Welding gussets perpendicular to the surface of a thermogradient table will control temperature in depth increasing possible research applications.

一个插角Thermogradient表来控制土壤温度为评估植物生长和监测土壤过程

Thermogradient tables were first developed in the 1950s primarily to test seed germination over a range of temperatures simultaneously without using a ...

Protocols for Quantifying Transferable Pesticide Residues in Turfgrass Systems

Plant canopies in established turfgrass systems can intercept an appreciable amount of sprayed pesticides, which can be transferred through various routes onto humans. For this reason, transferable pesticide residue experiments are required for registration and re-registration by the United States Environmental Protection Agency (USEPA). Although such experiments are required, limited specificity is required pertaining to experimental approach. Experimental approaches used to assess pesticide transfer to humans including hand wiping with cotton gloves, modified California roller (moving a roller of known mass over cotton cloth) and soccer ball roll (ball wrapped with sorbent strip) over three treated turfgrass species (creeping bentgrass, hybrid bermudagrass and tall fescue maintained at 0.4, 5 and 9 cm, respectively) are presented. The modified California roller is the most extensively utilized approach to date, and is best suited for use at low mowing heights due to its reproducibility and large sampling area. The soccer ball roll is a less aggressive transfer approach; however, it mimics a very common occurrence in the most popular international sport, and has many implications for nondietary pesticide exposure from hand-to-mouth contact. Additionally, this approach may be adjusted for other athletic activities with limited modification. Hand wiping is the best approach to transfer pesticides at higher mowing heights, as roller-based approaches can lay blades over; however, it is more subjective due to more variable sampling pressure. Utility of these methods across turfgrass species is presented, and additional considerations to conduct transferable pesticide residue research in turfgrass systems are discussed.

Transferable pesticide residue experiments in turfgrass systems are integral components of human risk exposure assessments. Experimental approaches to measure transferable residues should be adjusted to the human interaction of interest and turfgrass system dynamics. Three transferable pesticide residue protocols are presented and the suitability across three turfgrass systems is discussed.

协议在草坪系统量化转换农药残留

Plant canopies in established turfgrass systems can intercept an appreciable amount of sprayed pesticides, which can be transferred through various routes ...

A Lipid Extraction and Analysis Method for Characterizing Soil Microbes in Experiments with Many Samples

Microbial communities are important drivers and regulators of ecosystem processes. To understand how management of ecosystems may affect microbial communities, a relatively precise but effort-intensive technique to assay microbial community composition is phospholipid fatty acid (PLFA) analysis. PLFA was developed to analyze phospholipid biomarkers, which can be used as indicators of microbial biomass and the composition of broad functional groups of fungi and bacteria. It has commonly been used to compare soils under alternative plant communities, ecology, and management regimes. The PLFA method has been shown to be sensitive to detecting shifts in microbial community composition.
An alternative method, fatty acid methyl ester extraction and analysis (MIDI-FA) was developed for rapid extraction of total lipids, without separation of the phospholipid fraction, from pure cultures as a microbial identification technique. This method is rapid but is less suited for soil samples because it lacks an initial step separating soil particles and begins instead with a saponification reaction that likely produces artifacts from the background organic matter in the soil. 
This article describes a method that increases throughput while balancing effort and accuracy for extraction of lipids from the cell membranes of microorganisms for use in characterizing both total lipids and the relative abundance of indicator lipids to determine soil microbial community structure in studies with many samples. The method combines the accuracy achieved through PLFA profiling by extracting and concentrating soil lipids as a first step, and a reduction in effort by saponifying the organic material extracted and processing with the MIDI-FA method as a second step.

The article describes a method that increases throughput while balancing effort and accuracy for extraction of lipids from the cell membranes of microorganisms for use in characterizing both total lipids and the relative abundance of indicator lipids to determine soil microbial community structure in studies with many samples.

用于表征土壤微生物的脂质提取和分析方法在许多样品的实验中

Microbial communities are important drivers and regulators of ecosystem processes. To understand how management of ecosystems may affect microbial ...

Measuring and Mapping Patterns of Soil Erosion and Deposition Related to Soil Carbonate Concentrations Under Agricultural Management

Spatial patterns of soil erosion and deposition can be inferred from differences in ground elevation mapped at appropriate time increments. Such changes in elevation are related to changes in near-surface soil carbonate (CaCO3) profiles. The objective is to describe a simple conceptual model and detailed protocol for repeatable field and laboratory measurements of these quantities. Here, accurate elevation is measured using a ground-based differential global positioning system (GPS); other data acquisition methods could be applied to the same basic method. Soil samples are collected from prescribed depth intervals and analyzed in the lab using an efficient and precise modified pressure-calcimeter method for quantitative analysis of inorganic carbon concentration. Standard statistical methods are applied to point data, and representative results show significant correlations between changes in soil surface layer CaCO3 and changes in elevation consistent with the conceptual model; CaCO3 generally decreased in depositional areas and increased in erosional areas. Maps are derived from point measurements of elevation and soil CaCO3 to aid analyses. A map of erosional and depositional patterns at the study site, a rain-fed winter wheat field cropped in alternating wheat-fallow strips, shows the interacting effects of water and wind erosion affected by management and topography. Alternative sampling methods and depth intervals are discussed and recommended for future work relating soil erosion and deposition to soil CaCO3.

Spatial patterns of soil erosion and deposition can be inferred from differences in ground elevation mapped at appropriate time increments. Such changes in elevation are related to changes in near-surface soil carbonates. Repeatable methods for field and laboratory measurements of these quantities and data analysis methods are described here.

农业经营条件下土壤侵蚀和沉积与土壤碳酸盐浓度关系的测量与制图

Spatial patterns of soil erosion and deposition can be inferred from differences in ground elevation mapped at appropriate time increments. Such changes ...

Collection and Extraction of Occupational Air Samples for Analysis of Fungal DNA

Traditional methods of identifying fungal exposures in occupational environments, such as culture and microscopy-based approaches, have several limitations that have resulted in the exclusion of many species. Advances in the field over the last two decades have led occupational health researchers to turn to molecular-based approaches for identifying fungal hazards. These methods have resulted in the detection of many species within indoor and occupational environments that have not been detected using traditional methods. This protocol details an approach for determining fungal diversity within air samples through genomic DNA extraction, amplification, sequencing, and taxonomic identification of fungal internal transcribed spacer (ITS) regions. ITS sequencing results in the detection of many fungal species that are either not detected or difficult to identify to species level using culture or microscopy. While these methods do not provide quantitative measures of fungal burden, they offer a new approach to hazard identification and can be used to determine overall species richness and diversity within an occupational environment.

Determining the fungal diversity within an environment is a method utilized in occupational health studies to identify health hazards. This protocol describes DNA extraction from occupational air samples for amplification and sequencing of fungal ITS regions. This approach detects many fungal species that can be overlooked by traditional assessment methods.

真菌 DNA 分析用职业空气标本的收集与提取

Traditional methods of identifying fungal exposures in occupational environments, such as culture and microscopy-based approaches, have several ...

Isolation and Analysis of Microbial Communities in Soil, Rhizosphere, and Roots in Perennial Grass Experiments

Plant and soil microbiome studies are becoming increasingly important for understanding the roles microorganisms play in agricultural productivity. The purpose of this manuscript is to provide detail on how to rapidly sample soil, rhizosphere, and endosphere of replicated field trials and analyze changes that may occur in the microbial communities due to sample type, treatment, and plant genotype. The experiment used to demonstrate these methods consists of replicated field plots containing two, pure, warm-season grasses (Panicum virgatum and Andropogon gerardii) and a low-diversity grass mixture (A. gerardii, Sorghastrum nutans, and Bouteloua curtipendula). Briefly, plants are excavated, a variety of roots are cut and placed in phosphate buffer, and then shaken to collect the rhizosphere. Roots are brought to the laboratory on ice and surface sterilized with bleach and ethanol (EtOH). The rhizosphere is filtered and concentrated by centrifugation. Excavated soil from around the root ball is placed into plastic bags and brought to the lab where a small amount of soil is taken for DNA extractions. DNA is extracted from roots, soil, and rhizosphere and then amplified with primers for the V4 region of the 16S rRNA gene. Amplicons are sequenced, then analyzed with open access bioinformatics tools. These methods allow researchers to test how the microbial community diversity and composition varies due to sample type, treatment, and plant genotype. Using these methods along with statistical models, the representative results demonstrate there are significant differences in microbial communities of roots, rhizosphere, and soil. Methods presented here provide a complete set of steps for how to collect field samples, isolate, extract, quantify, amplify, and sequence DNA, and analyze microbial community diversity and composition in replicated field trials.

Excavation of plant roots from the field as well as processing of samples into endosphere, rhizosphere, and soil are described in detail, including DNA extraction and data analysis methods. This paper is designed to enable other laboratories to use these techniques for the study of soil, endosphere, and rhizosphere microbiomes.

多年生草试验中土壤、根际和根系微生物群落的分离与分析

Plant and soil microbiome studies are becoming increasingly important for understanding the roles microorganisms play in agricultural productivity. The ...