这项研究工作由中国国家重点基础研究项目 (No. 2015CB251303) 和中国国家自然科学基金 (No. 51276005) 主办。

1. 实验设置 注意: 吸附式制冷系统由吸附床、蒸发器、冷凝器、真空泵和太阳能槽收集器 (图 1 )。研制了一种带抛物槽的自动太阳跟踪装置, 并将其应用于系统中, 提高了太阳能集热器的效率。自动太阳跟踪槽由蜗轮传动装置驱动, 如 图 2 所示。该装置由步进电机、蜗杆、齿轮、移动限位块和手动轮组成。蜗轮传动装置的尺寸为 21 x 80 cm 2 。槽收集器将太阳光线集中到吸附床上, 沿着抛物槽的焦点线放置. 
 <img alt="Figure 1" class="xfigimg" src="/files/ftp_upload/55925/55925fig1v2.jpg"/> 图 1: 太阳能实验系统吸附式制冷。系统的 (顶部) 示意图;底部)实验装置的照片。顶部面板介绍了实验系统的组成, 包括蒸发器、冷凝器、真空泵、#160 等; 等 和 #160; 底部面板显示了组装的吸附式制冷系统的照片。在系统中, 蒸发器和冷凝器是翅片管结构的一种紧凑型换热器。吸附床由真空太阳能集热器进行改造, 能有效地捕获太阳能. #160; <a href="//ecsource-jove-com.remotexs.ntu.edu.sg/files/ftp_upload/55925/55925fig1v2large.jpg" target="_blank"> 请单击此处查看更大版本的这个数字. </a> 
 <img alt="Figure 2" class="xfigimg" src="/files/ftp_upload/55925/55925fig2v2.jpg"/> 图 2: 蜗轮齿轮箱的结构. 蜗轮箱是将步进电机的旋转转变为抛物槽的太阳跟踪运动的装置。除步进电机外, 蜗轮蜗杆箱还涉及减速机、手动轮、蜗杆轴、#160; 等 和 #160;P ulling 手动/自动开关手柄向左, 齿轮5a 和5b 脱离。因此, 可以通过旋转手轮手动控制槽。拉动手动/自动开关手柄的权利, 齿轮5a 和5b 是一起从事。因此, 它是由步进电机自动控制的. 
<ol> <li> 通过焊接方法将跟踪太阳能收集器连接到蜗轮轴。通过匹配齿轮和蜗杆, 将步进电机的旋转传给太阳能集热器。将管式吸附床与收集器固定在一起, 用一对管子领. 
	注: 由步进电机驱动, 系统每天从东向西旋转, 自动跟踪太阳运动. </li>
	根据不同季节的太阳高度变化, 将槽的倾斜角调整到地面水平。通过局部纬度和 #934 确定槽的倾斜角度和 #946; 太阳偏角和 #948; 以及公式和 #946; = 和 #934; #160; #948;手动旋转位于角度调整拉杆底部的小轮, 以调节槽的倾斜角度 (No. 13、 图 1 部分). 
	注意: 通过这种方式, 太阳辐射是尽可能正常的槽。实验系统位于北京工业大学校园, 纬度39.89 和 #176; 东经116.38 和 #176; E。吸附床采取圆柱形。它从电子管的真空太阳能接收器 ( 图 3 ) 进行了改造. </li>
</ol> <img alt="Figure 3" class="xfigimg" src="/files/ftp_upload/55925/55925fig3v2.jpg"/> 图 3 : 吸附床的结构和温度的部署探讨.床结构的 (顶部) 示意图;底部)床内温度探头和传质通道。顶部面板显示了床的基本结构。将吸附剂材料放在吸热管与铜冷却通道之间的环形腔内。太阳射线穿透玻璃管, 落在太阳能吸收管的表面上。然后, 通过导热, 将太阳能转移到床内的吸附剂材料。底部面板显示温度探头的位置。这些探头用于监测在吸附/解吸过程中的床层温度变化. #160; <a href="//ecsource-jove-com.remotexs.ntu.edu.sg/files/ftp_upload/55925/55925fig3v2large.jpg" target="_blank"> 请单击此处查看更大版本这个数字. </a> 
<ol start="3"> <li> 为了促进太阳能的捕获, 用真空镀膜法将一层黑色铬镀层覆盖在床的太阳能吸收管上 (用 d = 64.5 毫米的不锈钢制成)。有关此技术的更多信息, 请参阅以前发表的关于选择性涂层的文献 13 。确保镀膜层的太阳吸收率为 0.95, 红外辐射度为 0.15, 涂层厚度为 0.08 mm. 
	注: 该涂层层有助于有效地捕捉太阳辐射, 但其本身的排放非常轻微。因此, 太阳能能很容易地进入吸附床, 并能有效地转化为吸附剂的热焓. </li>
	<li> 沿吸附床的轴线插入一个铜管 (d = 20 mm)。将铜管固定在带法兰的床上 (请参见 图 3 , 顶部面板)。在吸附过程中, 铜管作为床的冷却通道发挥作用. </li>
	<li> 填充床管和铜冷却通道形成的床内的环形腔中的吸附剂材料。用 SAPO-34 沸石作为吸附剂材料, 以水为制冷剂。把3.171 公斤的 SAPO-34 沸石放到床上。颗粒状 SAPO-34 沸石直径为5.7 毫米. </li>
	<li> 在床的三横截面上部署九温度探头, 以便在吸附/解吸过程中监视床的温度变化 ( 图 3 , 底部面板)。固定在铜冷却通道上的每个小型支架上安装探头. </li>
	<li> 将探头1和2放在 a a a 区, 靠近吸附床的入口。将探头8和9靠近床的死角。修复中间 b-b 部分的其他探测器 (请参见 图 3 ). </li>
	<li> 将 d = 10 mm 轴向质量传输通道插入到床上。确保质量通道具有网状管的形式, 并且与吸附床的长度相同 (d 床 = 64.5 mm)。将通道从进口处向下延伸, 使其与吸附剂材料的挤出力处于正确位置。网状管帮助水蒸气迅速进入床的深层区域. </li>
</ol> 2。实验方法 注意: 吸附制冷是基于固体吸附剂材料在低温下吸附制冷剂蒸气的原理, 同时在较高的温度下 desorbs 蒸气。以热为动力, 达到制冷的目的。吸附系统的制冷循环主要涉及四步骤, 即 , 太阳能升温过程中, 脱附过程、床层冷却过程和吸附过程。在吸附过程完成后, 解吸过程再次开始。实验的所有步骤都同样重要, 因为它们相互关联, 相互影响. 
<ol> <li> 通过以下步骤调节实验设置, 以启动太阳的加热和对床的解吸. 
	<ol> <li> 手动翻转抛物槽, 直到它在实验前正向东, 以便在中午时阳光照射抛物槽收集器. </li>
		<li> 关闭所有连接到吸附床的阀门, 并确保床的压力和管道低于 800 Pa. 使其可以进行太阳能加热. </li>
		<li> 当太阳光与地平线平行时, 在系统的控制平台上切换。使槽自动旋转以跟踪太阳运动. </li>
		<li> 允许在封闭条件下通过太阳辐射加热吸附饱和床。因此, 床的温度和床的压力将逐渐增加. </li>
		<li> 用压力表 (数字6在 图 1 ) 监视床压力, 直到它高于与环境的冷凝温度对应的压力值。根据热力学, 水的冷凝压力在30和 #176; C 是 4246 Pa. </li>
	</ol> </li> <li> 启动解吸过程. 
	#8203; 注意: 在解吸过程中, 水蒸气的凝结发生。冷凝温度由当地天气情况决定在测试天。
	<ol> <li> 打开连接床和冷凝器的阀门。让水蒸气通过连接管流入冷凝器。当水蒸气进入冷凝器时, 冷凝器的温度会逐渐上升. </li>
		<li> 同时, 保持太阳对吸附床的加热, 使床压保持在足够高的高度, 使其解吸。不要停止太阳能加热, 直到过程完成. </li>
		当床的压力等于冷凝器的压力时, <li> 结束解吸过程。当解吸过程结束时, 关闭阀门. </li>
	</ol> </li> <li> 在吸附过程前将床冷却下来, 因为床在高温解吸后仍处于高温状态。吸附剂材料只能在低温下吸附. 
	<ol> <li> 启动吸附过程, 用铝箔板屏蔽吸附床, 使床与太阳辐射切断. </li>
		<li> 关闭连接蒸发器和冷凝器的所有阀门. </li>
		<li> 打开床的循环水环, 冷却吸附剂材料。随着水在床上的不断循环, 内部焓被取出, 床层压力相应降低. </li>
		<li> 结束冷却过程时, 床压力下降低于饱和蒸气压在蒸发器和 #39; s 温度. 
		注意: 在床的冷却后, 准备好吸附制冷过程。现在, 床的温度是周围的空气温度, 和床的压力已达到最低水平. </li>
		<li> 在吸附过程中保持循环水环处于工作状态。吸附是一个放热过程, 产生的热量需要尽快排出室外. </li>
		<li> 打开床和蒸发器之间的阀门。让水蒸气从蒸发器冲进床里. 
		注: 蒸发器蒸气的减少使蒸发的水分增加, 导致蒸发器温度的急剧下降。因此, 蒸发器吸收蒸发器所在水箱的热量, 并获得制冷效果. </li>
		<li> 保持吸附过程持续进行, 并记录床温和床压的变化. 
		注: 在吸附过程中, 蒸发器内的蒸气压降低, 但床层温度迅速升高. </li>
		当床压力等于蒸发器压力时, <li> 结束吸附过程。之后, 解吸过程将再次执行. </li>
	</ol> </li> </ol> 3。数据缩减方法 <ol> <li> 根据制冷容量和 heat-to-cold 转换的效率来评估制冷系统的性能. 
	#8203; 注意: 对于当前系统, 制冷量是由蒸发水的质量量和蒸发器本身的温度变化来计算的。
	<ol> <li> 要确定系统的总制冷容量 (Q ref ), 请计算出罐内冷冻水、金属蒸发器的焓减量和在吸附后的蒸发器中的残余水的总和, 如下所示: <img alt="Equation 1" src="/files/ftp_upload/55925/55925eq1.jpg"/> 在 Eq 中的 c p (1) 是恒定压力下的比热, m 表示质量。考虑到水箱与周围环境之间的传热, c 是蒸发器制冷容量的一个修正因子, 根据传热原理假定为 c = 1.15。下标 w 和 e 分别代表水和蒸发器。在等式 m w, tan 和 m w, ev 是水箱中的冷水质量和蒸发器中的剩余水的质量, 对应于温度降和 #916; t w 和 #916; t e, 分别. 
		注: 对床的太阳能输入需要评估 heat-to-cold 转换的效率. </li>
		<li> 确定太阳能输入 Q s as: 
		<img alt="Equation 2" src="/files/ftp_upload/55925/55925eq2.jpg"/> 其中, i s、i (t) 是 actinometer 在解吸过程中记录的瞬态太阳强度。数据获取到 s, i (t) 的时间间隔和 #916 的 t 是十年代。抛物槽的孔径面积为 p , 槽面和 #961 的反射效率; 管玻璃和 #964 的透光率; 以及涂层表面和 #945 的太阳吸收系数; Eq (1) , 都列在 表 1 中。
		<li> 基于 q ref 和 q 在上面获得的 , 确定制冷系统的 COP 为 14 : 
		<img alt="Equation 3" src="/files/ftp_upload/55925/55925eq3.jpg"/> 和 #946; 1 和 #946; 2 是对太阳能输入 Q 的修正因子. 和 #946; 1 是 non-parabolic 程度的修正因子槽, 由于制造工艺的局限性, 考虑了槽体的变形, 并假定和 #946; 1 = 0.85。和 #946; 2 是床的实际获得热量的修正因子。由于金属床管的尺寸比外玻璃管小, 实际得到的热量小于玻璃管上反射的热量。和 #946; 2 是由金属床径的比率 d 2 到玻璃管直径 d 1 决定的。使用 d 1 = 100 mm 和 d 2 = 64.5 mm, 计算该值和 #946; 2 = 0.645. </li>
		<li> 根据实验的参数确定床的特定冷却功率为 14 : g alt = "方程式 4" src = "/文件/ftp_upload/55925/55925eq4. jpg"/>> 其中 m a 是吸附剂材料的质量和 t 广告 是吸附过程的时间长短. </li>
	</ol> </li> </ol> <img alt="Table 1" src="/files/ftp_upload/55925/55925table1v2.jpg"/> 表 1: eq (1) 和 eq (2) 的参数值. 所涉及的和 #160 的参数; eq (1) 和 #160; 和 #160; eq (2) 和 #160; 在此表中列出。参数包括 c p 、 p、#160; 和 #945; 等.

<ol>
	<li>Hu, P., Yao, J. J., Chen, Z. S. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Analysis+for+composite+zeolite/foam+aluminum-water+mass+recovery+adsorption+refrigeration+system+driven+by+engine+exhaust+heat.">Analysis for composite zeolite/foam aluminum-water mass recovery adsorption refrigeration system driven by engine exhaust heat.</a> Energ Convers Manage. 50, 255-261 (2009).</li><li>Sutuki, M. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Application+of+adsorption+cooling+system+to+automobiles.">Application of adsorption cooling system to automobiles.</a> Heat Recov Syst CHP. 4 (13), 335-340 (1993).</li><li>Li, M., Wang, R. Z., Xu, Y. X., Wu, J. Y., Dieng, A. O. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Experimental+study+on+dynamic+performance+analysis+of+a+flat-plate+solar+solid-adsorption+refrigeration+for+icemaker.">Experimental study on dynamic performance analysis of a flat-plate solar solid-adsorption refrigeration for icemaker.</a> Renew Energy. 27, 211-221 (2002).</li><li>Liu, Y. L., Wang, R. Z., Xia, Z. Z. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Experimental+study+on+a+continuous+adsorption+water+chiller+with+novel+design.">Experimental study on a continuous adsorption water chiller with novel design.</a> Int J Refrig. 28 (2), 218-230 (2005).</li><li>Sumathy, K., Li, Z. F. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Experiments+with+solar-powered+adsorption+ice-maker.">Experiments with solar-powered adsorption ice-maker.</a> Renew Energy. 16, 704-707 (1999).</li><li>Hadj Ammar, M. A., Benhaoua, B., Balghouthi, M. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Simulation+of+tubular+adsorber+for+adsorption+refrigeration+system+powered+by+solar+energy+in+sub-Sahara+region+of+Algeria.">Simulation of tubular adsorber for adsorption refrigeration system powered by solar energy in sub-Sahara region of Algeria.</a> Energ Convers Manage. 106, 31-40 (2015).</li><li>Wang, R. Z., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Experiment+on+a+continuous+heat+regenerative+adsorption+refrigerator+using+spiral+plate+heat+exchanger+as+adsorbers.">Experiment on a continuous heat regenerative adsorption refrigerator using spiral plate heat exchanger as adsorbers.</a> Appl Therm Eng. 18, 14-19 (1998).</li><li>Abu-Hamdeh, N. H., Alnefaie, K. A., Almitani, K. H. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Design+and+performance+characteristics+of+solar+adsorption+refrigeration+system+using+parabolic+trough+collector:+experimental+and+statistical+optimization+technique.">Design and performance characteristics of solar adsorption refrigeration system using parabolic trough collector: experimental and statistical optimization technique.</a> Energ Convers Manage. 74, 162-170 (2013).</li><li>El Fadar, A., Mimet, A., P&#233;rez-Garc&#237;a, M. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Study+of+an+adsorption+refrigeration+system+powered+by+parabolic+trough+collector+and+coupled+with+a+heat+pipe.">Study of an adsorption refrigeration system powered by parabolic trough collector and coupled with a heat pipe.</a> Renew Energy. 34, 2271-2279 (2009).</li><li>Restuccia, G., Freni, A., Russo, F., Vasta, S. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Experimental+investigation+of+a+solid+adsorption+chiller+based+on+a+heat+exchanger+coated+with+hydrophobic+zeolite.">Experimental investigation of a solid adsorption chiller based on a heat exchanger coated with hydrophobic zeolite.</a> Appl Therm Eng. 25, 1419-1428 (2005).</li><li>Al Mers, A., Azzabakh, A., Mimet, A., El Kalkha, H. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Optimal+design+study+of+cylindrical+finned+reactor+for+solar+adsorption+cooling+machine+working+with+activated-ammonia+pair.">Optimal design study of cylindrical finned reactor for solar adsorption cooling machine working with activated-ammonia pair.</a> Appl Therm Eng. 26 (16), 1866-1875 (2006).</li><li>Louajari, M., Mimet, A., Ouammi, A. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Study+of+the+effect+of+finned+tube+adsorber+on+the+performance+of+solar+driven+adsorption+cooling+machine+using+activated+carbon-ammonia+pair.">Study of the effect of finned tube adsorber on the performance of solar driven adsorption cooling machine using activated carbon-ammonia pair.</a> Appl Energ. 88, 690-698 (2011).</li><li>Mattox, D. M., Kominiak, G. J. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Deposition+of+semiconductor+films+with+high+solar+absorptivity.">Deposition of semiconductor films with high solar absorptivity.</a> J Vac Sci Technol. 12, 182-185 (1975).</li><li>Du, S. W., Li, X. H., Yuan, Z. X., Du, C. X., Wang, W. C., Liu, Z. B. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Performance+of+solar+adsorption+refrigeration+in+system+of+SAPO-34+and+ZSM-5+zeolite.">Performance of solar adsorption refrigeration in system of SAPO-34 and ZSM-5 zeolite.</a> Sol Energ. 138, 98-104 (2016).</li><li>Ron, M., Gruen, D., Mendelsohn, M., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Preparation+and+properties+of+porous+metal+hydride+compacts.">Preparation and properties of porous metal hydride compacts.</a> J. Less- Common Metals. 74 (2), 445-448 (1980).</li><li>Liu, Z. Q., Wu, F., Tan, Z. H., Chen, S., Wang, G. Q. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=An+experimental+study+of+thermal+conductivity+enhancement+on+solid+adsorption+refrigeration.">An experimental study of thermal conductivity enhancement on solid adsorption refrigeration.</a> Mater Rev. 15 (12), 61-63 (2001).</li><li>Gordeeva, L. G., Freni, A., Restuccia, G., Aristov, Y. I. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Adsorptive+air+conditioning+systems+driven+by+low+temperature+energy+sources:+choice+of+the+working+pairs.">Adsorptive air conditioning systems driven by low temperature energy sources: choice of the working pairs.</a> J Chem Eng Jpn. 40 (13), 1287-1291 (2007).</li><li>Kakiuchi, H., Shimooka, S., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Water+vapor+adsorbent+FAM-Z02+and+its+applicability+to+adsorption+heat+pump.">Water vapor adsorbent FAM-Z02 and its applicability to adsorption heat pump.</a> Kagaku Kogaku Ronbun, Jpn. 31 (4), 273-277 (2005).</li><li>Li, X. H., Hou, X. H., Zhang, X., Yuan, Z. X. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=A+review+on+development+of+adsorption+cooling-Novel+beds+and+advanced+cycles.">A review on development of adsorption cooling-Novel beds and advanced cycles.</a> Energ Convers Manage. 94, 221-232 (2015).</li></ol>

作者没有什么可透露的。

作为一种热力系统, 太阳能吸附式制冷装置的性能取决于系统的优化设计和合理运行。床的热供应和冷却方式都是保证系统工作正常运行的重要因素。水冷是由于水的对流换热强度高, 所以更倾向于空气冷却。吸附剂材料的导电性差通常决定了床的传热速率有限。为了改善床的传热, 许多测量都被认为是内部插入的翅片的增强结构。19硅胶是另一种受欢迎的吸附剂材料。如果在太阳能吸附系统中使用硅胶, 则床的解吸温度必须限制在小于95° c, 这样硅胶就不会脱水并失去活性。
与大多数可再生能源系统一样, 目前的吸附式制冷系统在工程应用方面存在一些不足。值得注意的问题是系统的间歇性工作。随着加热和冷的内在本质, 吸附系统不能连续供应冷功率, 因为一个单一的床使用。为了解决这一问题, 一些研究人员考虑了一种共轭的双床系统, 其中可采用蓄热传质技术。这种系统可能会变得相当复杂, 但性能的改善往往并不令人满意。另一个需要考虑的问题是天气状况的影响。在天气不好的时候, 太阳能系统将无法提供足够的能源。在这种情况下, 一些备用热源需要准备好, 以便系统能够继续工作。
作为一种绿色能源技术, 太阳能吸附制冷系统在过去的十年中备受关注。太阳能的使用避免了化石燃料的消耗, 并有效地减少了空气污染。此外, 这种系统没有旋转组件, 没有噪音, 可以灵活部署。尽管该系统的效率与使用蒸气压缩或氨吸收的传统制冷系统不相媲美, 但太阳能的丰度对未来的亮度具有潜在的意义。对于消耗电力或燃料的系统来说, 由于运营成本, 性能的效率非常重要。相比之下, 太阳能是免费的, 即使 COP 不是很高, 该系统仍然是有益的。
我们不知道太阳能吸附技术能在多大程度上取代传统的制冷系统, 因为这一技术的某些方面需要进一步改进。几年前, 据报道, 日本东京天然气公司提出了一种由工业余热驱动的商用吸附式制冷机。随着全球经济和技术的发展, 太阳能吸附式制冷技术在今年5月1日的大部分时间里在气候炎热的偏远农村地区得到应用。
该系统的操作涉及四关键步骤。根据时间序列, 它们是: 在封闭条件下的床的预热;随着床层温度的升高, 脱附过程进一步增加;通过循环水或气流冷却床;以及产生制冷效果的吸附过程。

随着传统蒸气压缩制冷技术的日益严重, 取代传统的制冷和绿色科技已成为近年来的热门话题。在这些绿色技术中, 太阳能吸附制冷已经引起了研究者的广泛关注。在低品位热能驱动下, 吸附式制冷系统具有环保、小巧、灵活等优点。这种吸附系统也可以用灯的能量来驱动, 例如由热设备排出的废热或来自车辆的发动机废气, 如胡et al所述。1
在吸附冷却系统中, 吸附床是关键部件。它的工作直接影响整个系统的性能。因此, 吸附床的设计是 Sutuki 所指出的最重要的问题。2 10 年前, 该平床主要用于吸附式冷却系统。3,4,5没有任何聚光装置, 平坦的床层温度通常较低, 因此系统的 COP 不理想。相比之下, 管状吸附床改善了 COP。据报, 该缔约方会议可由阿马尔et al.在撒哈拉以南地区达到0.216此外, 王et al.7开发了一种由连续热再生特性所区别的螺旋板吸附。新型吸附床的设计缩短了系统的循环时间。阿布-Hamdeh et al.8报告了其对带抛物线槽集热器的太阳能吸附式制冷系统的研究。他们的测试结果显示, 该系统的 COP 从0.18 到0.20 不等。El Fadar et al.9研究了一个与热管耦合的吸附式制冷系统, 并利用抛物线槽集热器对其进行了分析, 结果显示了最佳 COP 0.18。
为提高管状床的传热性, 考虑了翅片管吸附, 并对其强化效果进行了研究。Restuccia et al.提出了一种采用壳管式换热器形式的创新型床。10. 内翅片管涂有沸石层, 使金属表面与吸附剂材料之间的热/质量接触传递阻力降低。在15-20 秒的循环时间内, 系统产生了30-60 瓦特/千克的特定冷却功率的输出. et al.11表明, 增强的吸附与5-6 鳍可以显著减少吸附的热损失的气氛, 从而改善 COP 45%。Louajari et al.研究了翅片管吸附对太阳驱动系统性能的影响。12. 以活性炭-氨水为工作副, 证明了翅片吸附的循环传质比无翅片大。
在本研究中, 我们研究了一种改进的太阳能吸附式制冷系统, 采用了太阳能跟踪抛物槽收集器, 并部署了内部冷却隧道。该系统以 SAPO-34/ZSM-5 沸石和水蒸气为工作副, 在热力学和制冷方面表现出了有趣的特点。实验方法以及典型的测试结果将在本报告中介绍和讨论。

<table>
	<tbody>
		<tr>
			<td>evaporator</td>
			<td>home-made</td>
			<td></td>
			<td>finned heat exchange</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>condenser</td>
			<td>home-made</td>
			<td></td>
			<td>finned heat exchange</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>evaporator water tank</td>
			<td>home-made</td>
			<td></td>
			<td>volume:9L</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>condenser water tank</td>
			<td>home-made</td>
			<td></td>
			<td>volume:9L</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>vacuum pump</td>
			<td>Beijing Jing Rui Ze Xiang Instrument Co. Ltd.</td>
			<td></td>
			<td>rotation speed:1400 motor pover:370W</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>condenser pressure sensor</td>
			<td>Beijing Li Nuo Tian Sheng Instrument Co. Ltd.</td>
			<td>16P2623</td>
			<td>maximum:2200Pa</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>bed pressure sensor</td>
			<td>Beijing Li Nuo Tian Sheng Instrument Co. Ltd.</td>
			<td></td>
			<td>maximum:2200Pa</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>adsorption bed</td>
			<td>home-made</td>
			<td></td>
			<td>cylundrical glass tube</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>parabolic trough</td>
			<td>home-made</td>
			<td></td>
			<td>high reflective aluminum sheet</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>water pump</td>
			<td>home-made</td>
			<td></td>
			<td>motor pover:250W, water head:8m</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>water tank</td>
			<td>home-made</td>
			<td></td>
			<td>volume:500L</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>DRT-2-2 direct solar actinometer</td>
			<td>Beijing Tian Yu De Technology Co. Ltd.</td>
			<td>03140132</td>
			<td>sensitivity:13.257&#956;V/W&#8226;m2</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>TBQ-2 solar pyranometer</td>
			<td>Jinzhou Sunshine Technology Development Co., Ltd., China</td>
			<td>209079</td>
			<td>sensitivity:12.733&#956;V/W&#8226;m2</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>SAPO-34 zeolite</td>
			<td>Langfang Peng Cai Co., Ltd., China</td>
			<td></td>
			<td>20mm in length and 2.2mm in diameter</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>ZSM-5 zeolite</td>
			<td>Langfang Peng Cai Co., Ltd., China</td>
			<td></td>
			<td>5.7mm in diameter</td>
		</tr>
	</tbody>
</table>

experimental system of solar adsorption refrigeration with concentrated collector

为提高太阳能吸附式制冷的性能, 建立了太阳能浓缩集热器实验系统, 并进行了研究。系统的主要组成部分是吸附床、冷凝器、蒸发器、冷却子系统和太阳能集热器。在实验的第一步, 在封闭条件下, 太阳辐射加热了蒸汽饱和床, 导致床温升高, 压力增大。当床的压力变得足够高, 床被交换连接到冷凝器, 因此水蒸汽从床持续流动到冷凝器被液化。接下来, 床需要降温后解吸。在太阳保护条件下, 通过铝箔实现了循环水循环。随着床内水的不断循环, 床内的储热被取出, 床层压力相应降低。当床压在蒸发温度下下降到饱和压力下时, 就打开了蒸发器的阀门。大量水蒸气冲进床中, 被沸石物质吸附。随着蒸发器中水的大量汽化, 最终产生了制冷效应。实验结果表明, 无论吸附时间是否长, SAPO-34 沸石的 COP (系统性能系数) 和系统的 SCP (具体冷却功率) 均大于 ZSM-5 沸石;或更短。该系统的 SAPO-34 沸石产生了最大的 COP 0.169。

吸附过程中床层传质特性的研究 吸附床在吸附制冷系统中始终是最重要的组成部分, 其传热传质特性是影响整个系统性能的主要因素。通过分析图 3(底部面板) 中所示剖面的记录温度变化, 可以了解床的传热和传质特性。图 4显示了吸附过程中床层温度的动态变化。该图表明, SAPO-34 沸石的传质性能良好, 对不同截面点的吸附几乎同时开始。如果床的传质阻力很小, 床在短时间内就能达到吸附平衡, 床上的吸附剂材料将被充分使用。随着循环水对流的强烈冷却作用, 除时点9外, 在吸附的大约400-600 秒后, 温度 shooting-up 得到了有效的抑制。相比之下, 对于一种自然的空气冷却方法, 床的温度会相对缓慢地降低。在 Du et al.中对相关实验结果进行了深入的讨论。14空气流动的微弱冷却效应使床的热放电受阻, 进而影响吸附式制冷系统的循环性能。相比之下, 水冷却系统要好得多。
<img alt="Figure 4" class="xfigimg" src="/files/ftp_upload/55925/55925fig4v2.jpg"> 
图 4:SAPO-34 沸石吸附过程中床层的温度变化.该图给出了吸附过程中床层的温度变化。通过温度的变化, 可以分析床体传质的特点。温度的响应速率反映了材料在床层中的吸附速率。
床的传热特性通过解吸过程 吸附过程是一种耦合的热质传递现象。吸附剂的解吸/吸附与床层的温度变化密切相关。然而, 床的传热特性不仅取决于吸附剂本身的热性能, 而且还由床层结构决定。我们倾向于选择一种具有很强的吸附能力和高导电性的材料。但不幸的是, 这些特质往往是冲突的。具有良好吸附性能的多孔材料通常表现出较差的导电性。许多因素 (例如、分子结构、处理方法、粒子大小、等) 都可能影响吸附剂的热性能1516。图 5显示了 SAPO-34 和 ZSM-5 沸石的解吸过程中床的平均温度变化。为了便于比较, 还提出了在试验运动中记录的太阳强度。虽然两种沸石的太阳强度几乎相同, 但温度的升高却有很大的不同。对于 ZSM-5 沸石, 温度上升超过32° c, 而对于 SAPO-34, 它只是17° c。结果表明, ZSM-5 沸石的传热性能优于 SAPO-34 沸石。吸附剂与蒸汽之间的传质是最重要的过程, 但只有在传热的支持下, 才能实现良好的传质传递。
<img alt="Figure 5" class="xfigimg" src="/files/ftp_upload/55925/55925fig5v2.jpg"> 
图 5: 在解吸过程中, 床的平均温度的变化.该图显示了 SAPO-34 沸石与 ZSM-5 沸石之间的传热差异。在600s 解吸时间内, ZSM-5 沸石和 SAPO-34 沸石的温度增量差异较大。对于 ZSM-5 沸石, 温度升高为32.52 ° c, 而对 SAPO-34 沸石的增加仅为17.02 ° c。在相同的太阳加热条件下, ZSM-5 沸石的较大温度增量表明其相对于 SAPO-34 沸石的传热优越性。
床的解吸特性 在一般情况下, 吸附系统的制冷功率输出由床的吸附特性和传热速率决定。通常, 解吸过程的时间比吸附过程的时间长。在脱附过程中, 必须了解床内传热的特点。在这里, 解吸度 E (t) 的指数用于评估床解吸的完整性。E (t) 定义为解量的制冷剂蒸气, 从开始到时间 t, 和总量的蒸气吸收在吸附过程中。
通过实验数据, 可以得到不同解吸时间的床的 E (t)。首先, 结果表明, 随着床层温度的升高, 脱附程度得到了一定程度的改善。对于 SAPO-34 沸石系统, E (t) 从54.9% 增加到 t = 1 h 到69.3% 在 t = 2 h。另一方面, 在相同的解吸时间, ZSM-5 系统表现出比 SAPO-34 系统更严重的解吸作用。14虽然 SAPO-34 的床温相对较低, 但如前所述, 对于图 5, 其解吸程度较好。这就告诉我们, SAPO-34 沸石更适合用作吸附剂材料。Gordeeva et al.也强调了 SAPO-34 zeoilite 的这一特性17
系统的制冷能力 吸附系统的制冷容量基本反映在水箱的温度降低上。容器温度的测试结果在图 6中提供。储罐温度随时间的变化以非线性的方式改变。在吸附时间的第一600s 内, 温度下降很快, 降温速度减慢。与 SAPO-34 和 ZSM-5 沸石的两种温度剖面相比, 这两种沸石的制冷能力是相当不同的。水箱的温度衰减直接反映了系统的制冷能力。显然, SAPO-34 系统的温度下降比 ZSM-5 系统的降温要大得多。SAPO-34 沸石具有较好的脱附特性, 比 ZSM-5 沸石具有更高的制冷能力。此标识与 Gordeeva et al.的结论一致16和 Kakiuchi et al.18
-在一起. 在页内 = "1" ><img alt="Figure 6" class="xfigimg" src="/files/ftp_upload/55925/55925fig6v2.jpg"> 
图 6:冷冻水箱的温度变化.一般而言, 蒸发器内冷冻水的温度变化不是线性的。对于 SAPO-34 沸石, 它在第一600s 内迅速下降, 然后下降速度减慢。相比之下, ZSM-5 沸石的温度变化比较平滑。这反映了制冷功率输出随时间下降的特点。两条曲线还揭示了 SAPO-34 和 ZSM-5 沸石的性能差异。
由eq (3)和eq (4)分别确定的 COP 和 SCP 的索引来评估系统的性能, 并将结果显示在表 2中。根据图 6中温度的非线性变化, 给出了两组数据的吸附时间 tads = 600s 和 tads = 1800 秒。对于表中的任何一种情况, 第一个600s 中的 Qref占 1800 s 吸附时间的总制冷容量的三分之二以上。显然, tads = 600s 的 SCP 比 tads = 1800 s 高得多, 但是 COP 结果与这些结果背道而驰。表 2中的最佳 COP 已达到0.169。进行了误差分析, 揭示了6.2–9.4% 与不同的试验活动相对应的 COP 的不确定性。需要提到的是, 这里的最大 COP 是由 Abu-Hamdeh et al.的结果的比较范围8抛物槽收集器的系统生成了 0.18-0. 20 的 COP。SCP 指数反映了床的制冷能力的特定功率输出。较高的 SCP 意味着一个更高的制冷力是由一个吸附剂质量单位产生的。分析结果表明, 无论吸附时间较长或较短, SAPO-34 的 COP 和 SCP 均优于 ZSM-5。
<img alt="Table 2" src="/files/ftp_upload/55925/55925table2v2.jpg"> 
表 2: 比较了 ZSM-5 和 SAPO-34 沸石的制冷能力.为了比较, 本文介绍了 SAPO-34 和 ZSM-5 沸石吸附制冷的综合性能。无论是 SCP 指数还是 COP 指数, SAPO-34 系统都显示出其对 ZSM-5 系统的优越性。

Watch this Scientific Journal Video about Experimental System of Solar Adsorption Refrigeration with Concentrated Collector at JoVE.com

Experimental System of Solar Adsorption Refrigeration with Concentrated Collector

以太阳能为动力, 研制了一种新型的吸附式制冷系统, 并进行了实验研究。水蒸气和沸石组成了吸附系统的工作副。本论文介绍了实验台的设置、操作程序和重要结果。

聚光集热器太阳能吸附制冷实验系统

To improve the performance of solar adsorption refrigeration, an experimental system with a solar concentration collector was set up and investigated. The ...

experimental-system-solar-adsorption-refrigeration-with-concentrated

Nanyang Technological University

Research

Education

JoVE Core

JoVE Journal

Physics

Environment

Unit 1

The Second Law of Thermodynamics

SCIENTISTS IN ACTION

14.4K 次观看.  Beijing University of Technology. 以太阳能为动力, 研制了一种新型的吸附式制冷系统, 并进行了实验研究。水蒸气和沸石组成了吸附系统的工作副。本论文介绍了实验台的设置、操作程序和重要结果。

视频: Experimental System of Solar Adsorption Refrigeration with Concentrated Collector

Experimental Protocol for Manipulating Plant-induced Soil Heterogeneity

Coexistence theory has often treated environmental heterogeneity as being independent of the community composition; however biotic feedbacks such as plant-soil feedbacks (PSF) have large effects on plant performance, and create environmental heterogeneity that depends on the community composition. Understanding the importance of PSF for plant community assembly necessitates understanding of the role of heterogeneity in PSF, in addition to mean PSF effects. Here, we describe a protocol for manipulating plant-induced soil heterogeneity. Two example experiments are presented: (1) a field experiment with a 6-patch grid of soils to measure plant population responses and (2) a greenhouse experiment with 2-patch soils to measure individual plant responses. Soils can be collected from the zone of root influence (soils from the rhizosphere and directly adjacent to the rhizosphere) of plants in the field from conspecific and heterospecific plant species. Replicate collections are used to avoid pseudoreplicating soil samples. These soils are then placed into separate patches for heterogeneous treatments or mixed for a homogenized treatment. Care should be taken to ensure that heterogeneous and homogenized treatments experience the same degree of soil disturbance. Plants can then be placed in these soil treatments to determine the effect of plant-induced soil heterogeneity on plant performance. We demonstrate that plant-induced heterogeneity results in different outcomes than predicted by traditional coexistence models, perhaps because of the dynamic nature of these feedbacks. Theory that incorporates environmental heterogeneity influenced by the assembling community and additional empirical work is needed to determine when heterogeneity intrinsic to the assembling community will result in different assembly outcomes compared with heterogeneity extrinsic to the community composition.

Understanding the role of environmental heterogeneity in species coexistence has typically focused on types of heterogeneity that are extrinsic to the community&#8217;s species composition. We provide novel detailed methods for creating soil heterogeneity treatments using soils subject to plant-soil feedback conditioning, or heterogeneity intrinsic to the community composition.

用于操纵植物诱导土壤异质性的实验协议

Coexistence theory has often treated environmental heterogeneity as being independent of the community composition; however biotic feedbacks such as ...

科研

环境科学

Experimental Protocol for Biodiesel Production with Isolation of Alkenones as Coproducts from Commercial Isochrysis Algal Biomass

The need to replace petroleum fuels with alternatives from renewable and more environmentally sustainable sources is of growing importance. Biomass-derived biofuels have gained considerable attention in this regard, however first generation biofuels from edible crops like corn ethanol or soybean biodiesel have generally fallen out of favor. There is thus great interest in the development of methods for the production of liquid fuels from domestic and superior non-edible sources. Here we describe a detailed procedure for the production of a purified biodiesel from the marine microalgae Isochrysis. Additionally, a unique suite of lipids known as polyunsaturated long-chain alkenones are isolated in parallel as potentially valuable coproducts to offset the cost of biodiesel production. Multi-kilogram quantities of Isochrysis are purchased from two commercial sources, one as a wet paste (80% water) that is first dried prior to processing, and the other a dry milled powder (95% dry). Lipids are extracted with hexanes in a Soxhlet apparatus to produce an algal oil (&#34;hexane algal oil&#34;) containing both traditional fats (i.e., triglycerides, 46-60% w/w) and alkenones (16-25% w/w). Saponification of the triglycerides in the algal oil allows for separation of the resulting free fatty acids (FFAs) from alkenone-containing neutral lipids. FFAs are then converted to biodiesel (i.e., fatty acid methyl esters, FAMEs) by acid-catalyzed esterification while alkenones are isolated and purified from the neutral lipids by crystallization. We demonstrate that biodiesel from both commercial Isochrysis biomasses have similar but not identical FAME profiles, characterized by elevated polyunsaturated fatty acid contents (approximately 40% w/w). Yields of biodiesel were consistently higher when starting from the Isochrysis wet paste (12% w/w vs. 7% w/w), which can be traced to lower amounts of hexane algal oil obtained from the powdered Isochrysis product.

Experimental Protocol for Biodiesel Production with Isolation of Alkenones as Coproducts from Commercial Isochrysis Algal Biomass

Detailed methods are presented for the production of biodiesel along with the co-isolation of alkenones as valuable coproducts from commercial Isochrysis microalgae.

实验协议生产生物柴油与饱和酮的分离从商业余积<em&gt;等鞭金藻</em&gt;藻类生物量

The need to replace petroleum fuels with alternatives from renewable and more environmentally sustainable sources is of growing importance. ...

Experimental Protocol for Detecting Cyanobacteria in Liquid and Solid Samples with an Antibody Microarray Chip

Global warming and eutrophication make some aquatic ecosystems behave as true bioreactors that trigger rapid and massive cyanobacterial growth; this has relevant health and economic consequences. Many cyanobacterial strains are toxin producers, and only a few cells are necessary to induce irreparable damage to the environment. Therefore, water-body authorities and administrations require rapid and efficient early-warning systems providing reliable data to support their preventive or curative decisions. This manuscript reports an experimental protocol for the in-field detection of toxin-producing cyanobacterial strains by using an antibody microarray chip with 17 antibodies (Abs) with taxonomic resolution (CYANOCHIP). Here, a multiplex fluorescent sandwich microarray immunoassay (FSMI) for the simultaneous monitoring of 17 cyanobacterial strains frequently found blooming in freshwater ecosystems, some of them toxin producers, is described. A microarray with multiple identical replicates (up to 24) of the CYANOCHIP was printed onto a single microscope slide to simultaneously test a similar number of samples. Liquid samples can be tested either by direct incubation with the antibodies (Abs) or after cell concentration by filtration through a 1- to 3-&#956;m filter. Solid samples, such as sediments and ground rocks, are first homogenized and dispersed by a hand-held ultrasonicator in an incubation buffer. They are then filtered (5 - 20 &#956;m) to remove the coarse material, and the filtrate is incubated with Abs. Immunoreactions are revealed by a final incubation with a mixture of the 17 fluorescence-labeled Abs and are read by a portable fluorescence detector. The whole process takes around 3 h, most of it corresponding to two 1-h periods of incubation. The output is an image, where bright spots correspond to the positive detection of cyanobacterial markers.

Experimental Protocol for Detecting Cyanobacteria in Liquid and Solid Samples with an Antibody Microarray Chip

The presence of cyanobacterial toxins in fresh water reservoirs for human consumption is a major concern for water management authorities. To evaluate the risk of water contamination, this article describes an protocol for the in-field detection of cyanobacterial strains in liquid and solid samples by using an antibody microarray chip.

用于检测实验方案<em&gt;蓝藻</em&gt;与抗体基因芯片液体和固体样品

Global warming and eutrophication make some aquatic ecosystems behave as true bioreactors that trigger rapid and massive cyanobacterial growth; this has ...

Measuring and Mapping Patterns of Soil Erosion and Deposition Related to Soil Carbonate Concentrations Under Agricultural Management

Spatial patterns of soil erosion and deposition can be inferred from differences in ground elevation mapped at appropriate time increments. Such changes in elevation are related to changes in near-surface soil carbonate (CaCO3) profiles. The objective is to describe a simple conceptual model and detailed protocol for repeatable field and laboratory measurements of these quantities. Here, accurate elevation is measured using a ground-based differential global positioning system (GPS); other data acquisition methods could be applied to the same basic method. Soil samples are collected from prescribed depth intervals and analyzed in the lab using an efficient and precise modified pressure-calcimeter method for quantitative analysis of inorganic carbon concentration. Standard statistical methods are applied to point data, and representative results show significant correlations between changes in soil surface layer CaCO3 and changes in elevation consistent with the conceptual model; CaCO3 generally decreased in depositional areas and increased in erosional areas. Maps are derived from point measurements of elevation and soil CaCO3 to aid analyses. A map of erosional and depositional patterns at the study site, a rain-fed winter wheat field cropped in alternating wheat-fallow strips, shows the interacting effects of water and wind erosion affected by management and topography. Alternative sampling methods and depth intervals are discussed and recommended for future work relating soil erosion and deposition to soil CaCO3.

Spatial patterns of soil erosion and deposition can be inferred from differences in ground elevation mapped at appropriate time increments. Such changes in elevation are related to changes in near-surface soil carbonates. Repeatable methods for field and laboratory measurements of these quantities and data analysis methods are described here.

农业经营条件下土壤侵蚀和沉积与土壤碳酸盐浓度关系的测量与制图

Spatial patterns of soil erosion and deposition can be inferred from differences in ground elevation mapped at appropriate time increments. Such changes ...

Experimental Protocol for Detecting Mitochondrial Function in Hepatocytes Exposed to Organochlorine Pesticides

This paper presents detailed methods on detecting hepatic mitochondrial function for a better understanding the cause of metabolic disorders caused by environmental organochlorine pesticides (OCPs) in hepatocytes. HepG2 cells were exposed to &#946;-hexachlorocyclohexane (&#946;-HCH) for 24 h at an equivalent dose of internal exposure in general population. Ultrastructure in hepatocytes was examined by transmission electron microscopy (TEM) to show the damage of mitochondria. Mitochondrial function was further evaluated by mitochondrial fluorescence intensity, adenosine 5'-triphosphate (ATP) levels, oxygen consumption rate (OCR) and mitochondrial membrane potential (MMP) in HepG2 cells incubated with &#946;-HCH. The mitochondria fluorescence intensity after stained by mitochondrial green fluorescent probe was observed with a fluorescence microscopy. The luciferin-luciferase reaction was used to determine ATP levels. The MMP was detected by the cationic dye JC-1 and analyzed under flow cytometry. OCR was measured with an extracellular flux analyzer. In summary, these protocols were used in detecting mitochondrial function in hepatocytes with to investigate mitochondria damages.

Understanding the influence of environmental organochlorine pesticides (OCPs) on mitochondrial function in hepatocytes is important in exploring the mechanism of OCPs causing metabolic disorders. This paper presents detailed methods on detecting hepatic mitochondrial function.

检测暴露于有机氯农药的肝细胞线粒体功能的实验方案

This paper presents detailed methods on detecting hepatic mitochondrial function for a better understanding the cause of metabolic disorders caused by ...

Experimental Methods of Dust Charging and Mobilization on Surfaces with Exposure to Ultraviolet Radiation or Plasmas

Electrostatic dust transport has been hypothesized to explain a number of observations of unusual planetary phenomena. Here, it is demonstrated using three recently developed experiments in which dust particles are exposed to thermal plasma with beam electrons, beam electrons only, or ultraviolet (UV) radiation only. The UV light source has a narrow bandwidth in wavelength centered at 172 nm. The beam electrons with the energy of 120 eV are created with a negatively biased hot filament. When the vacuum chamber is filled with the argon gas, a thermal plasma is created in addition to the electron beam. Insulating dust particles of a few tens of microns in diameter are used in the experiments. Dust particles are recorded to be lofted to a height up to a few centimeters with a launch speed up to 1 m/s. These experiments demonstrate that photo and/or secondary electron emission from a dusty surface changes the charging mechanism of dust particles. According to the recently developed &#34;patched charge model&#34;, the emitted electrons can be re-absorbed inside microcavities between neighboring dust particles below the surface, causing the accumulation of enhanced negative charges on the surrounding dust particles. The repulsive forces between these negatively charged particles may be large enough to mobilize and lift them off the surface. These experiments present the advanced understanding of dust charging and transport on dusty surfaces, and laid a foundation for future investigations of its role in the surface evolution of airless planetary bodies.

Dust charging and mobilization is demonstrated in three experiments with exposure to thermal plasma with beam electrons, beam electrons only, or ultraviolet (UV) radiation only. These experiments present the advanced understanding of electrostatic dust transport and its role in shaping the surfaces of airless planetary bodies.

紫外辐射或等离子体照射表面的粉尘充电和动员实验方法

Electrostatic dust transport has been hypothesized to explain a number of observations of unusual planetary phenomena. Here, it is demonstrated using ...

Optimized Procedure for Determining the Adsorption of Phosphonates onto Granular Ferric Hydroxide using a Miniaturized Phosphorus Determination Method

This paper introduces a procedure to investigate the adsorption of phosphonates onto iron-containing filter materials, particularly granular ferric hydroxide (GFH), with little effort and high reliability. The phosphonate, e.g., nitrilotrimethylphosphonic acid (NTMP), is brought into contact with the GFH in a rotator in a solution buffered by an organic acid (e.g., acetic acid) or Good buffer (e.g., 2-(N-morpholino)ethanesulfonic acid) [MES] and N-cyclohexyl-2-hydroxyl-3-aminopropanesulfonic acid [CAPSO]) in a concentration of 10 mM for a specific time in 50 mL centrifuge tubes. Subsequently, after membrane filtration (0.45 &#181;m pore size), the total phosphorus (total P) concentration is measured using a specifically developed determination method (ISOmini). This method is a modification and simplification of the ISO 6878 method: a 4 mL sample is mixed with H2SO4 and K2S2O8 in a screw cap vial, heated to 148-150 &#176;C for 1 h and then mixed with NaOH, ascorbic acid and acidified molybdate with antimony(III) (final volume of 10 mL) to produce a blue complex. The color intensity, which is linearly proportional to the phosphorus concentration, is measured spectrophotometrically (880 nm). It is demonstrated that the buffer concentration used has no significant effect on the adsorption of phosphonate between pH 4 and 12. The buffers, therefore, do not compete with the phosphonate for adsorption sites. Furthermore, the relatively high concentration of the buffer requires a higher dosage concentration of oxidizing agent (K2S2O8) for digestion than that specified in ISO 6878, which, together with the NaOH dosage, is matched to each buffer. Despite the simplification, the ISOmini method does not lose any of its accuracy compared to the standardized method.

This paper introduces a procedure to investigate the adsorption of phosphonates onto iron-containing filter materials, particularly granular ferric hydroxide, with little effort and high reliability. In a buffered solution, the phosphonate is brought into contact with the adsorbent using a rotator and then analyzed via a miniaturized phosphorus determination method.

用小型化磷测定法测定膦酸在粒状氢氧化铁上吸附的优化方法

This paper introduces a procedure to investigate the adsorption of phosphonates onto iron-containing filter materials, particularly granular ferric ...

The Plant Infection Test: Spray and Wound-Mediated Inoculation with the Plant Pathogen Magnaporthe Grisea

Plants possess a powerful system to defend themselves against potential threats by pathogenic fungi. For agriculturally important plants, however, current measures to combat such pathogens have proved too conservative and, thus, not sufficiently effective, and they can potentially pose environmental risks. Therefore, it is extremely necessary to identify host-resistance factors to assist in controlling plant diseases naturally through the identification of resistant germplasm, the isolation and characterization of resistance genes, and the molecular breeding of resistant cultivars. In this regard, there is need to establish an accurate, rapid, and large-scale inoculation method to breed and develop plant resistance genes. The rice blast fungal pathogen Magnaporthe grisea causes severe disease symptoms and yield losses. Recently, M. grisea has emerged as a model organism for studying the mechanisms of plant-fungal pathogen interactions. Hence, we report the development of a plant virulence test method that is specific for M. grisea. This method provides for both spray inoculation with a conidial suspension and wounding inoculation with mycelium cubes or droplets of conidial suspension. The key step of the wounding inoculation method for detached rice leaves is to make wounds on plant leaves, which avoids any interference caused by host penetration resistance. This spray/wounding protocol contributes to the rapid, accurate, and large-scale screening of the pathotypes of M. grisea isolates. This integrated and systematic plant infection method will serve as an excellent starting point for gaining a broad perspective of issues in plant pathology.

The Plant Infection Test: Spray and Wound-Mediated Inoculation with the Plant Pathogen Magnaporthe Grisea

Here, we present a protocol to test plant virulence with the plant pathogen Magnaporthe grisea. This report will contribute to the large-scale screening of the pathotypes of fungi isolates and serve as an excellent starting point for understanding the resistant mechanisms of plants during molecular breeding.

植物感染试验: 以植物病原菌为载体的喷雾和伤口介导接种

Plants possess a powerful system to defend themselves against potential threats by pathogenic fungi. For agriculturally important plants, however, current ...

Experimental Study of the Relationship Between Particle Size and Methane Sorption Capacity in Shale

The amount of adsorbed shale gas is a key parameter used in shale gas resource evaluation and target area selection, and it is also an important standard for evaluating the mining value of shale gas. Currently, studies on the correlation between particle size and methane adsorption are controversial. In this study, an isothermal adsorption apparatus, the gravimetric sorption analyzer, is used to test the adsorption capacity of different particle sizes in shale to determine the relationship between the particle size and the adsorption capacity of shale. Thegravimetric method requires fewer parameters and produces better results in terms of accuracy and consistency than methods like the volumetric method. Gravimetric measurements are performed in four steps: a blank measurement, preprocessing, a buoyancy measurement, and adsorption and desorption measurements. Gravimetric measurement is presently considered to be a more scientific and accurate method of measuring the amount of adsorption; however, it is time-consuming and requires a strict measuring technique. A Magnetic Suspension Balance (MSB) is the key to verify the accuracy and consistency of this method. Our results show that adsorption capacity and particle size are correlated, but not a linear correlation, and the adsorptions in particles sieved into 40 - 60 and 60 - 80 meshes tend to be larger. We propose that the maximum adsorption corresponding to the particle size is approximately 250 &#181;m (60 mesh) in the shale gas fracturing.

We use an isothermal adsorption apparatus, the gravimetric sorption analyzer, to test the adsorption capacity of different particle sizes of shale, in order to find out the relationship between particle size and the adsorption capacity of shale.

页岩中粒径与甲烷吸附能力关系的实验研究

The amount of adsorbed shale gas is a key parameter used in shale gas resource evaluation and target area selection, and it is also an important standard ...

Preparation of Biomass-based Mesoporous Carbon with Higher Nitrogen-/Oxygen-chelating Adsorption for Cu(II) Through Microwave Pre-Pyrolysis

An environment-friendly technique for synthesizing biomass-based mesoporous activated carbon with high nitrogen-/oxygen-chelating adsorption for Cu(II) is proposed. Bagasse impregnated with phosphoric acid is utilized as the precursor. To pyrolyze the precursor, two separate heating modes are used: microwave pyrolysis and conventional electric-heating pyrolysis. The resulting bagasse-derived carbon samples are modified with nitrification and reduction modification. Nitrogen (N)/oxygen (O) functional groups are simultaneously introduced to the surface of activated carbon, enhancing its adsorption of Cu(II) by complexing and ion-exchange. Characterization and copper adsorption experiments are performed to investigate the physicochemical properties of four prepared carbon samples and determine which heating method favors the subsequent modification for doping of N/O functional groups. In this technique, based on analyzing data of nitrogen adsorption, Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy, and batch adsorption experiments, it is proven that microwave-pyrolyzed carbon has more defect sites and, therefore, time-saving effective microwave pyrolysis contributes more N/O species to the carbon, although it leads to a lower specific surface area. This technique offers a promising route to synthesis adsorbents with higher nitrogen and oxygen content and a higher adsorption capacity of heavy-metal ions in wastewater remediation applications.

Preparation of Biomass-based Mesoporous Carbon with Higher Nitrogen-/Oxygen-chelating Adsorption for CuII Through Microwave Pre-Pyrolysis

Here, we present a protocol to synthesize nitrogen/oxygen dual-doped mesoporous carbon from biomass by chemical activation in different pyrolysis modes followed by modification. We demonstrate that the microwave pyrolysis benefits the subsequent modification process to simultaneously introduce more nitrogen and oxygen functional groups on the carbon.

微波热解法制备了更高氮素/氧螯合吸附的生物物质基介孔碳对 cu (ii) 的研究

An environment-friendly technique for synthesizing biomass-based mesoporous activated carbon with high nitrogen-/oxygen-chelating adsorption for Cu(II) is ...