Name: electrospinning of photocatalytic electrodes for dye-sensitized solar cells
Uploaded: 2017-06-28T13:00:00.000+00:00
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Description: Watch this Scientific Journal Video about Electrospinning of Photocatalytic Electrodes for Dye-sensitized Solar Cells at JoVE.com

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前体溶液制备注意:使用前请咨询所有相关材料安全数据表（MSDS）。本程序中使用的几种化学物质对人体有害和/或有毒。纳米材料与其对应物质相比可能具有更多的危害。请使用适当的安全措施和个人防护装备。 <ol><li>将5g正丁醇钛（IV），1g聚乙烯吡咯烷酮（PVP），1mL冰醋酸和10mL无水乙醇加入样品瓶中。 </li><li>使用磁力搅拌板将溶液混合直到其变得均匀，并且不能观察到气泡。 </li></ol> 2.纳米纤维的电纺和煅烧<ol><li>准备用于静电纺丝过程的针头，通过切断21 G针的尖端，并使用中等级砂纸将其打磨，直到尖端完全平坦。 </li><li>安装需要在一次性10ml注射器上。 </li><li>将一些前体溶液装入注射器，并将其放在注射器泵上。 </li><li>将集电板包裹在铝箔上，并将其直接放在针尖的前面。 注意:从针到板的距离应为20厘米。 </li><li>将集电板连接到地，将针连接到高压电源。 </li><li>将防护罩放在设备周围。 </li><li>将注射器泵上的流速设置为1 mL / h，开始泵送。 </li><li>一旦解决方案出现在针尖上，请打开高压电源并将其设置为15 kV。 注意:此时，纤维将收集在板上。该设置在需要时长达到所需的纤维垫厚度。 </li><li>旋转完成后，关闭高压源和注射泵。从收集器板上取下铝箔。 </li><li>让纤维静止o然后将其从铝箔上剥下来。 </li><li>将剥离的纤维放在坩埚中并将其放入马弗炉中。 </li><li>通过将温度梯度设置为5°/ min至500℃并保持2小时以除去PVP并生产纯TiO 2纳米纤维来煅烧纤维。 </li><li>一旦煅烧过程完成，将炉关闭直到温度低于80℃，以避免任何热冲击，这可能会损坏纤维。 </li></ol>电极制作<ol><li> 制备浆料 <ol><li>在圆底烧瓶中加入500毫克二氧化钛糊状物至20毫升乙醇。 </li><li>在单独的烧瓶中，将500mg电纺TiO 2 -NF与另外20mL乙醇混合。 </li><li>使用浴液超声波仪将溶液超声处理2 h。 </li><li>一旦获得均匀的混合物，向每个烧瓶中加入2 mL萜品醇，并超声处理其他15分钟</li><li>使用旋转蒸发器从两个烧瓶中蒸发溶剂以获得浆料。 </li></ol></li><li> 刮刀和烧结 <ol><li>使用金刚石玻璃切割机，将FTO导电玻璃切片切成2厘米x2厘米的正方形。 </li><li>将FTO滑块固定在工作区域，将胶带放在玻璃载玻片上，留出中心处的0.4厘米2的面积。为了避免不规则涂层，首先将胶带放在两个平行的边上，然后放在另外两个上。 </li><li>在载玻片的暴露中心沉积几滴TiO 2 -NP浆液。 </li><li>使用剃刀刀片将浆料均匀地铺展在暴露的区域。 </li><li>一旦达到均匀的涂层，请小心地取出胶带。 </li><li>将涂布的载玻片置于炉中，并在500℃下烧结2小时。 </li><li>在相同的FTO载玻片上重复步骤3.2.2-3.2.6，此时使用TiO 2 -NF浆料代替纳米颗粒，以获得光阳极。 </li></ol></li></ol> NF表征<ol><li> SEM表征 <ol><li>通过将一块粘性碳带粘附到显微镜支架上来准备SEM的样品。小心地将少量的纳米纤维放在胶带上。 </li><li>将支架安装到样品架上并将其装入仪器的更换室。 </li><li>设置仪器条件和参数:将加速电压设置为20 kV，工作距离设置为10 mm。 </li><li>收集样品的图像，确保它们显示材料的整体形态。 </li></ol></li><li> XRD表征 <ol><li>将一些纳米纤维轻轻研磨成细粉，并将其均匀分散在XRD舞台上。 </li><li>将样品装入衍射仪。 </li><li>设置采集参数:使用起始角度为10°，端角为80°，ada步长为0.015°。 </li><li>开始收购XRD数据。 </li></ol></li></ol>太阳能电池制造<ol><li>用TiCl 4水溶液在75℃下处理光电阳极45分钟。处理后，用去离子水清洗并干燥。 </li><li>通过将钌染料N719的0.5-mM溶液浸入无水乙醇中24小时，使其在暗光条件下敏化。 </li><li>在感光光电二极管的顶部放置一片密封膜，作为光电阳极和对电极之间的热塑性垫片。 </li><li>将Pt涂层的FTO反电极放在中心的预钻孔中，在密封膜的顶部，使得两侧彼此面对。 </li><li>将组合电池加热至100°C 15分钟以密封垫片。 </li><li>沉积几滴氧化还原介体，由1-丙基-3-甲基咪唑碘化物（0.8M），碘（0.1M），和苯并咪唑（0.3M）在3-甲氧基丙腈中，在对电极的预钻孔的顶部。 </li><li>将电池放在真空干燥器中，使氧化还原介体填充组装电池的内部空间。 </li></ol> 6.曲线曲线<ol><li>使用来自通过AM1.5G过滤器的氙弧源的100 mW / cm 2照度的数字源表获取JV曲线。 </li></ol>

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作者没有什么可以披露的。

本文中介绍的方法描述了用于诸如DSSC的光催化装置的有效的纳米纤维光电偶的制造。静电纺丝是用于制造纳米纤维的非常通用的技术，但是需要一定水平的技能和知识来获得具有最佳形态的材料。获得良好纳米纤维最关键的方面之一是制备前体溶液:有一些关键因素，如载体聚合物的浓度和钛前体的选择，可能对最终结构产生关键影响材料。低浓度的载体聚合物将导致珠的形成或完全不存在纳米纤维结构。另一方面，过高的浓度会过度增加溶液的粘度，导致纳米纤维直径的增加，导致表面积和电荷迁移率的损失。无机前光标需要高度可溶，并且在溶液的其它组分存在下不应反应或分解。它也应该容易地煅烧成最终的材料，而不会留下任何不需要的副产品。 仪器参数（ 即电压，尖端到收集器距离和针头直径）也对纳米纤维形态有重要影响。尽管在使用特定的前体溶液改变这些条件时可以观察到总体趋势，但这并不一定适用于其他解决方案，因为它们可能会因电场和其他工具条件的修改而不同地受到影响。 由于该技术的多功能性，可以在几种不同的应用中制造和使用各种纳米材料，例如能量转换和储存，催化，过滤，复合材料和超疏水表面。 Furthermore，这种方法显示出显着的升级潜力，这是其在商业应用中的关键因素。 煅烧过程需要在足够高的温度下进行，以完全除去载体聚合物并促进TiO 2的结晶，但不会破坏材料的纳米结构。煅烧温度还需要以相对较慢的加热速率达到，以避免任何热冲击，这可能会损坏纤维。这也适用于冷却过程:热处理完成后，炉子必须保持关闭，直至温度达到安全温度（&lt;80°C）。 刮刀刮刀是一种简单快速的方法，可以在平坦的表面上轻松获得薄膜基材。获得平滑且均匀涂覆的表面的关键因素是浆料粘度:如果向混合物中加入太多的分散剂，则涂层会出现毛孔，厚度不均匀;如果加入太少的分散剂，则所得薄膜在其表面上可能具有裂纹。 一旦被掌握，该技术可以容易地用于需要用于器件制造的薄膜沉积的任何应用。

染料敏化太阳能电池（DSSC）是硅基太阳能电池1的有趣替代品，由于其低成本，相对简单的制造工艺和易于大规模生产。另一个好处是它们可能被并入到柔性基板中，与硅基太阳能电池相比具有明显的优势2 。典型的DSSC使用:（1）用染料敏化的纳米颗粒TiO 2光电阳极作为光收集层; （2）用作反电极的Pt涂覆的FTO;和（3）放置在两个电极之间的含有氧化还原对（如I - / I 3 - ）的电解质，用作"导电介质"。 虽然DSSC已经超过15％的效率3 ，但纳米颗粒型光电放电的性能仍然受到一些限制，包括慢电子迁移y 4 ，低能光子吸收不良5 ，电荷复合6 。电子收集效率强烈地取决于通过TiO 2纳米颗粒层的电子传输速率。如果电荷扩散缓慢，电解质溶液中与I 3 -重新组合的概率增加，导致效率损失。 已经表明，用一维（1D）TiO 2纳米结构代替纳米颗粒TiO 2可以通过减少自由电子从互连的TiO 2纳米颗粒7的晶界的散射来改善电荷传输。由于1D纳米结构为电荷收集提供了更直接的途径，我们可以预期纳米纤维（NF）中的电子传输将明显快于纳米颗粒8 ， </sup&gt; 9 。 静电纺丝是用于制造亚微米直径10的纤维材料的最常用的方法之一。该技术涉及使用高电压来引发聚合物溶液喷射通过喷丝头的喷射。由于弯曲不稳定性，该射流随后被拉伸许多次以形成连续的纳米纤维。近年来，该技术广泛用于制造聚合物和无机材料，其已经用于众多和多种应用，例如组织工程11 ，催化12 ，以及用作锂离子电池13和超级电容器14的电极材料。 在光电阳极中使用电纺TiO 2 -NFs作为散射层可以增加DSSC的性能。然而，具有纳米纤维的光电偶由于表面积的限制，我们的结构倾向于具有差的染料吸收。克服此问题的一个可能的解决方案是混合NF和纳米颗粒。这已经显示产生额外的散射层，改善光吸收和整体效率15 。 该视频中提出的方案提供了一种通过静电纺丝和溶胶 - 凝胶技术的组合合成超长TiO 2纳米纤维的便捷方法，随后进行煅烧过程。该方案然后说明了使用TiO 2 -NF与纳米颗粒TiO 2的组合来制造具有增强的光散射能力的双层光电阳极，并使用刮刀技术进行组装，光阳极。

<table><tbody><tr><td>titanium(IV) n-butoxide</td><td>Sigma-Aldrich</td><td>244112</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Polyvinylpyrrolidone</td><td>Sigma-Aldrich</td><td>437190</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>glacial acetic acid</td><td>Sigma-Aldrich</td><td>A6283</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Ethanol, absolute</td><td>Fisher Scientific</td><td>E/0650DF/17</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>20 mL Sample vials</td><td>(any)</td><td></td><td>(or larger volume)</td></tr><tr><td>disposable 21G needle</td><td>(any)</td><td></td><td></td></tr><tr><td>P150 grit sandpaper</td><td>(any)</td><td></td><td></td></tr><tr><td>disposable 10mL syringe</td><td>(any)</td><td></td><td>(or larger volume)</td></tr><tr><td>magnetic stirrer + stirring bar</td><td>(any)</td><td></td><td></td></tr><tr><td>PHD 2000 syringe pump</td><td>Harvard Apparatus</td><td>71-2002</td><td>(or any other syringe pump capable of outputting a 1mL/hr flow</td></tr><tr><td>Aluminium foil</td><td>(any)</td><td></td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Stainless steel collector plate</td><td>(custom built)</td><td></td><td></td></tr><tr><td>High Voltage Power Source</td><td>Gamma High Voltage Research, Inc</td><td>ES30P-10W</td><td>(or any other power supply capable of outputting +15 kV</td></tr><tr><td>Polycarbonate protective shield</td><td>(custom built)</td><td></td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Ceramic crucible</td><td>(any)</td><td></td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Muffle furnace</td><td>(any)</td><td></td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Titanium dioxide, nanopowder</td><td>Sigma-Aldrich</td><td>718467</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>50 mL 1-neck round bottom flasks</td><td>(any)</td><td></td><td></td></tr><tr><td>bath sonicator</td><td>(any)</td><td></td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Terpineol</td><td>Sigma-Aldrich</td><td></td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Rotary evaporator</td><td>(any)</td><td></td><td></td></tr><tr><td>FTO glass</td><td>Solaronix</td><td>TCO30-10/LI</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Adhesive tape</td><td>(any)</td><td></td><td></td></tr><tr><td>razor blade</td><td>(any)</td><td></td><td></td></tr><tr><td>SEM</td><td>JEOL</td><td>6500F</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>XRD</td><td>PANalytical&amp;nbsp;</td><td>X&#039;pert Pro</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Titanium Tetrachloride</td><td>Sigma-Aldrich</td><td>89545</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Ruthenizer&amp;nbsp; 535-bisTBA</td><td>Solaronix</td><td>N719</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>sealing film</td><td>Dyesol</td><td>Meltonix 1170-25</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Pt-coated FTO</td><td>Solaronix</td><td>TCO30-10/LI</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>1-propyl-3-methylimidazolium iodide</td><td>Sigma-Aldrich</td><td>49637</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Iodine</td><td>Sigma-Aldrich</td><td>207772</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>benzimidazole</td><td>Sigma-Aldrich</td><td>194123</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>3-Methoxypropionitrile</td><td>Sigma-Aldrich</td><td>65290</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Digital source meter</td><td>Keithley</td><td>2400</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Solar Simulator</td><td>Abet technologies</td><td>10500</td><td></td></tr></tbody></table>

electrospinning of photocatalytic electrodes for dye-sensitized solar cells

这项工作展示了制造用于染料敏化太阳能电池的基于光纤的光电阳极的方案，其由在电子纺丝二氧化钛纳米纤维（TiO 2 -NF）制成的光散射层上形成，其由可商购的二氧化钛制成的阻挡层纳米粒子（TiO 2 -NPs）。这是通过首先将丁醇钛（IV），聚乙烯吡咯烷酮（PVP）和冰醋酸在乙醇中静电纺丝获得复合PVP / TiO 2纳米纤维来实现的。然后将它们在500℃下煅烧以除去PVP并获得纯锐钛矿相二氧化钛纳米纤维。该材料的特征在于使用扫描电子显微镜（SEM）和粉末X射线衍射（XRD）。通过首先通过使用刮刀技术在掺氟氧化锡（FTO）载玻片上沉积TiO 2 -NPs /萜品醇浆料来形成阻挡层来制备光电阳极。随后的热处理在500℃下进行。然后，通过使用相同的技术在同一载玻片上沉积TiO 2 -NF /萜品醇浆料并在500℃下再次煅烧来形成光散射层。通过制造染料敏化太阳能电池并通过在0.25-1 Sun的入射光密度范围内的JV曲线测量其效率来测试光电阳极的性能。

使用SEM，X射线光电子能谱（XPS）和XRD表征TiO 2纳米纤维。使用SEM表征光电阳极的纳米结构。使用太阳能模拟器和源测量单元测试组装的DSSC的性能。 图1A中的SEM图像显示使用该方案合成的纳米纤维具有多孔结构和高纵横比。它们长达几微米，直径只有几百纳米。 图1B中的横截面示出了三层:顶层是TiO 2 -NF的纤维散射层，第二层是TiO 2 -NP糊的阻挡层，底层是FTO底物。两层均为约7μm，总膜厚约为最近14微米。 图2中的衍射图显示了与二氧化钛的锐钛矿相对应的一系列峰。光谱中的尖峰表明纳米纤维是高度结晶的，这对于这种类型的应用是有利的特征。 图3显示了TiO 2 NF和NP光电极的Ti 2p XPS光谱。 TiO 2通过在465eV（Ti2p（1/2））和459eV（Ti2p（3/2））的结合能存在的Ti 2p峰证实。 图4中的JV曲线显示，在1-Sun照明（实线）下，TiO 2 -NF DSSC实现8.30mA / cm 2的短路电流密度（J SC ），开路电压（V OC ）为0.63V，填充因子（FF）为56％，功率转换效率（PCE）为2.90％。为了进一步调查，测量了电池性能对照明强度（0.25-1 Sun）的依赖性。特征值如图5所示 。 J SC线性上升至0.75Sy（ 图5A ）;然后，斜率在0.75和1之间显着上升。 V OC在测量范围内呈线性增加（ 图5B ）。在图5C中 ，FF在0.25和0.75之间是稳定的，但是它迅速降低到1个太阳;这可能是由于电荷复合的增加。 图5D示出，在入射光强度为25mW / cm 2的情况下 ，DSSC实现了3.8％的PCE，表现出较低的照明强度下的较高性能。作为比较， 图6显示TiO 2 NP DSSC，其获得6的J SC0.5mA / cm 2 ， VOC为0.63V，FF为57％，PCE为2.35％。 <img alt="图1" class="xfigimg" src="/files/ftp_upload/55309/55309fig1.jpg" /> 图1 :电 纺 TiO 2 -NF的图像。 （ A ）电纺TiO 2 -NF的高分辨率图像。 （ B ）截面SEM;顶层是光散射纳米纤维层，底层是阻挡TiO 2 -NP层。经Macdonald 等人许可修改和转载的数字16 。 <a href="https://ecsource-jove-com.remotexs.ntu.edu.sg/files/ftp_upload/55309/55309fig1large.jpg" target="_blank">请点击此处查看此图的较大版本。</a> <img alt="图2" class="xfigimg" src="/files/ftp_upload/55309/55309fig2.jpg" /> 图2 :电 纺 TiO 2 -NF的 XRD光谱 。插图显示了在锐钛矿相中指示TiO 2的选择性区域电子衍射（SAED）图案;转载自Macdonald 等人的许可。 16 。 <a href="https://ecsource-jove-com.remotexs.ntu.edu.sg/files/ftp_upload/55309/55309fig2large.jpg" target="_blank">请点击此处查看此图的较大版本。</a> <img alt="图3" class="xfigimg" src="/files/ftp_upload/55309/55309fig3.jpg" /> 图3 :TiO 2 NF和NP光电极的 Ti 2p XPS光谱 。固体红色曲线显示了纳米纤维的光谱，而固体黑色曲线显示了纳米粒子的光谱。 <a href="https://ecsource-jove-com.remotexs.ntu.edu.sg/files/ftp_upload/55309/55309fig3large.jpg" target="_blank">P</a>租赁点击此处查看此图的较大版本。 <img alt="图4" class="xfigimg" src="/files/ftp_upload/55309/55309fig4.jpg" /> 图4 :用TiO 2 NF 制成的DSSC的1-Sun照射下的JV曲线 。 （ A ）暗电流由虚线表示。转载自Macdonald 等人的许可16 。 <a href="https://ecsource-jove-com.remotexs.ntu.edu.sg/files/ftp_upload/55309/55309fig4large.jpg" target="_blank">请点击此处查看此图的较大版本。</a> <img alt="图5" class="xfigimg" src="/files/ftp_upload/55309/55309fig5.jpg" /> 图5 :器件表征参数。 （ A ）J SC ，（ B ）V OC ，（ 2 （0.25Ny）至（100mW / cm 2 ）的光强度的函数（ D ）PCE。转载自Macdonald 等人的许可16 。 <a href="https://ecsource-jove-com.remotexs.ntu.edu.sg/files/ftp_upload/55309/55309fig5large.jpg" target="_blank">请点击此处查看此图的较大版本。</a> <img alt="图6" class="xfigimg" src="/files/ftp_upload/55309/55309fig6.jpg" /> 图6 :用TiO 2 -NP 制成的DSSC的1-Sun照射下的JV曲线 。曲线显示TiO 2 NP DSSC，其达到6.53mA / cm 2的J SC ，0.63V的V OC ，57％的FF和2.35％的PCE。 <a href="https://ecsource-jove-com.remotexs.ntu.edu.sg/files/ftp_upload/55309/55309fig6large.jpg" target="_blank">请点击这里查看更大的版本</a>的数字。

Watch this Scientific Journal Video about Electrospinning of Photocatalytic Electrodes for Dye-sensitized Solar Cells at JoVE.com

Electrospinning of Photocatalytic Electrodes for Dye-sensitized Solar Cells

该项目的总体目标是使用静电纺丝来制造具有改进的染料敏化太阳能电池性能的光电阳极。

染料敏化太阳能电池的光催化电极的电纺丝

This work demonstrates a protocol to fabricate a fiber-based photoanode for dye-sensitized solar cells, consisting of a light-scattering layer made of ...

electrospinning-photocatalytic-electrodes-for-dye-sensitized-solar

Nanyang Technological University

Research

JoVE Journal

Engineering

9.6K 次观看.  Victoria University of Wellington. 该项目的总体目标是使用静电纺丝来制造具有改进的染料敏化太阳能电池性能的光电阳极。 

视频: Electrospinning of Photocatalytic Electrodes for Dye-sensitized Solar Cells

Electrospinning Fundamentals: Optimizing Solution and Apparatus Parameters

Electrospun nanofiber scaffolds have been shown to accelerate the maturation, improve the growth, and direct the migration of cells in vitro. Electrospinning is a process in which a charged polymer jet is collected on a grounded collector; a rapidly rotating collector results in aligned nanofibers while stationary collectors result in randomly oriented fiber mats. The polymer jet is formed when an applied electrostatic charge overcomes the surface tension of the solution. There is a minimum concentration for a given polymer, termed the critical entanglement concentration, below which a stable jet cannot be achieved and no nanofibers will form - although nanoparticles may be achieved (electrospray). A stable jet has two domains, a streaming segment and a whipping segment. While the whipping jet is usually invisible to the naked eye, the streaming segment is often visible under appropriate lighting conditions. Observing the length, thickness, consistency and movement of the stream is useful to predict the alignment and morphology of the nanofibers being formed. A short, non-uniform, inconsistent, and/or oscillating stream is indicative of a variety of problems, including poor fiber alignment, beading, splattering, and curlicue or wavy patterns. The stream can be optimized by adjusting the composition of the solution and the configuration of the electrospinning apparatus, thus optimizing the alignment and morphology of the fibers being produced. In this protocol, we present a procedure for setting up a basic electrospinning apparatus, empirically approximating the critical entanglement concentration of a polymer solution and optimizing the electrospinning process. In addition, we discuss some common problems and troubleshooting techniques.

Electrospinning techniques can create a variety of nanofibrous scaffolds for tissue engineering or other applications. We describe here a procedure to optimize the parameters of the electrospinning solution and apparatus to obtain fibers with the desired morphology and alignment. Common problems and troubleshooting techniques are also presented.

静电基础：优化解决方案和设备参数

Electrospun nanofiber scaffolds have been shown to accelerate the maturation, improve the growth, and direct the migration of cells in vitro. ...

科研

生物工程

Integrating a Triplet-triplet Annihilation Up-conversion System to Enhance Dye-sensitized Solar Cell Response to Sub-bandgap Light

The poor response of dye-sensitized solar cells (DSCs) to red and infrared light is a significant impediment to the realization of higher photocurrents and hence higher efficiencies. Photon up-conversion by way of triplet-triplet annihilation (TTA-UC) is an attractive technique for using these otherwise wasted low energy photons to produce photocurrent, while not interfering with the photoanodic performance in a deleterious manner. Further to this, TTA-UC has a number of features, distinct from other reported photon up-conversion technologies, which renders it particularly suitable for coupling with DSC technology. In this work, a proven high performance TTA-UC system, comprising a palladium porphyrin sensitizer and rubrene emitter, is combined with a high performance DSC (utilizing the organic dye D149) in an integrated device. The device shows an enhanced response to sub-bandgap light over the absorption range of the TTA-UC sub-unit resulting in the highest figure of merit for up-conversion assisted DSC performance to date.

An integrated device, incorporating a dye-sensitized solar cell and triplet-triplet annihilation up-conversion unit was produced, affording enhanced light harvesting, from a wider section of the solar spectrum. Under modest irradiation levels a significantly enhanced response to low energy photons was demonstrated, yielding a record figure of merit for dye-sensitized solar cells.

集成的三重态 - 三重态湮灭上转换系统，提高染料敏化太阳能电池的响应子带隙光

The poor response of dye-sensitized solar cells (DSCs) to red and infrared light is a significant impediment to the realization of higher photocurrents ...

工程学

Postproduction Processing of Electrospun Fibres for Tissue Engineering

Electrospinning is a commonly used and versatile method to produce scaffolds (often biodegradable) for 3D tissue engineering.1, 2, 3 Many tissues in vivo undergo biaxial distension to varying extents such as skin, bladder, pelvic floor and even the hard palate as children grow. In producing scaffolds for these purposes there is a need to develop scaffolds of appropriate biomechanical properties (whether achieved without or with cells) and which are sterile for clinical use. The focus of this paper is not how to establish basic electrospinning parameters (as there is extensive literature on electrospinning) but on how to modify spun scaffolds post production to make them fit for tissue engineering purposes - here thickness, mechanical properties and sterilisation (required for clinical use) are considered and we also describe how cells can be cultured on scaffolds and subjected to biaxial strain to condition them for specific applications.
Electrospinning tends to produce thin sheets; as the electrospinning collector becomes coated with insulating fibres it becomes a poor conductor such that fibres no longer deposit on it. Hence we describe approaches to produce thicker structures by heat or vapour annealing increasing the strength of scaffolds but not necessarily the elasticity. Sequential spinning of scaffolds of different polymers to achieve complex scaffolds is also described. Sterilisation methodologies can adversely affect strength and elasticity of scaffolds. We compare three methods for their effects on the biomechanical properties on electrospun scaffolds of poly lactic-co-glycolic acid (PLGA).
Imaging of cells on scaffolds and assessment of production of extracellular matrix (ECM) proteins by cells on scaffolds is described. Culturing cells on scaffolds in vitro can improve scaffold strength and elasticity but the tissue engineering literature shows that cells often fail to produce appropriate ECM when cultured under static conditions. There are few commercial systems available that allow one to culture cells on scaffolds under dynamic conditioning regimes - one example is the Bose Electroforce 3100 which can be used to exert a conditioning programme on cells in scaffolds held using mechanical grips within a media filled chamber.4 An approach to a budget cell culture bioreactor for controlled distortion in 2 dimensions is described. We show that cells can be induced to produce elastin under these conditions. Finally assessment of the biomechanical properties of processed scaffolds cultured with or without cells is described.

Electrospun scaffolds can be processed post production for tissue engineering applications. Here we describe methods for spinning complex scaffolds (by consecutive spinning), for making thicker scaffolds (by multi-layering using heat or vapour annealing), for achieving sterility (aseptic production or sterilisation post production) and for achieving appropriate biomechanical properties.

静电纤维组织工程的后期处理

Electrospinning is a commonly used and versatile method to produce  scaffolds (often biodegradable) for 3D tissue engineering.1, 2, 3 Many tissues in vivo ...

Printing Fabrication of Bulk Heterojunction Solar Cells and In Situ Morphology Characterization

Polymer-based materials hold promise as low-cost, flexible efficient photovoltaic devices. Most laboratory efforts to achieve high performance devices have used devices prepared by spin coating, a process that is not amenable to large-scale fabrication. This mismatch in device fabrication makes it difficult to translate quantitative results obtained in the laboratory to the commercial level, making optimization difficult. Using a mini-slot die coater, this mismatch can be resolved by translating the commercial process to the laboratory and characterizing the structure formation in the active layer of the device in real time and in situ as films are coated onto a substrate. The evolution of the morphology was characterized under different conditions, allowing us to propose a mechanism by which the structures form and grow. This mini-slot die coater offers a simple, convenient, material efficient route by which the morphology in the active layer can be optimized under industrially relevant conditions. The goal of this protocol is to show experimental details of how a solar cell device is fabricated using a mini-slot die coater and technical details of running in situ structure characterization using the mini-slot die coater.

Printing Fabrication of Bulk Heterojunction Solar Cells and In Situ Morphology Characterization

Here, we present a protocol to fabricate organic thin film solar cells using a mini-slot die coater and related in-line structure characterizations using synchrotron scattering techniques.

散装异质结太阳能电池的印刷和制作<em&gt;原位</em&gt;形态特征

Polymer-based materials hold promise as low-cost, flexible efficient photovoltaic devices. Most laboratory efforts to achieve high performance devices ...

Digital Printing of Titanium Dioxide for Dye Sensitized Solar Cells

Silicon solar cell manufacturing is an expensive and high energy consuming process. In contrast, dye sensitized solar cell production is less environmentally damaging with lower processing temperatures presenting a viable and low cost alternative to conventional production. This paper further enhances these environmental credentials by evaluating the digital printing and therefore additive production route for these cells. This is achieved here by investigating the formation and performance of a metal oxide photoelectrode using nanoparticle sized titanium dioxide. An ink-jettable material was formulated, characterized and printed with a piezoelectric inkjet head to produce a 2.6 &#181;m thick layer. The resultant printed layer was fabricated into a functioning cell with an active area of 0.25 cm2 and a power conversion efficiency of 3.5%. The binder-free formulation resulted in a reduced processing temperature of 250 &#176;C, compatible with flexible polyamide substrates which are stable up to temperatures of 350 &#730;C. The authors are continuing to develop this process route by investigating inkjet printing of other layers within dye sensitized solar cells.

This paper investigates the suitability of inkjet printing for the manufacturing of dye-sensitized solar cells. A binder-free TiO2 nanoparticle ink was formulated and printed onto a FTO glass substrate. The printed layer was fabricated into a cell with an active area of 0.25 cm2 and an efficiency of 3.5%.

钛白粉用于染料敏化太阳能电池的数码印刷

Silicon solar cell manufacturing is an expensive and high energy consuming process. In contrast, dye sensitized solar cell production is less ...

Electrospinning Fibrous Polymer Scaffolds for Tissue Engineering and Cell Culture

As the field of tissue engineering evolves, there is a tremendous demand to produce more suitable materials and processing techniques in order to address the requirements (e.g., mechanics and vascularity) of more intricate organs and tissues. Electrospinning is a popular technique to create fibrous scaffolds that mimic the architecture and size scale of the native extracellular matrix. These fibrous scaffolds are also useful as cell culture substrates since the fibers can be used to direct cellular behavior, including stem cell differentiation (see extensive reviews by Mauck et al. and Sill et al. for more information). In this article, we describe the general process of electrospinning polymers and as an example, electrospin a reactive hyaluronic acid capable of crosslinking with light exposure (see Ifkovits et al. for a review on photocrosslinkable materials). We also introduce further processing capabilities such as photopatterning and multi-polymer scaffold formation. Photopatterning can be used to create scaffolds with channels and multi-scale porosity to increase cellular infiltration and tissue distribution. Multi-polymer scaffolds are useful to better tune the properties (mechanics and degradation) of a scaffold, including tailored porosity for cellular infiltration. Furthermore, these techniques can be extended to include a wide array of polymers and reactive macromers to create complex scaffolds that provide the cues necessary for the development of successful tissue engineered constructs.

The process of electrospinning polymers for tissue engineering and cell culture is addressed in this article. Specifically, the electrospinning of photoreactive macromers with additional processing capabilities of photopatterning and multi-polymer electrospinning is described.

静电纤维聚合物支架用于组织工程和细胞培养

As the field of tissue engineering evolves, there is a tremendous demand to produce more suitable materials and processing techniques in order to address ...

生物学

Developing Photosensitizer-Cobaloxime Hybrids for Solar-Driven H2 Production in Aqueous Aerobic Conditions

Developing photocatalytic H2 production devices is the one of the key steps for constructing a global H2-based renewable energy infrastructure. A number of photoactive assemblies have emerged where a photosensitizer and cobaloxime-based H2 production catalysts work in tandem to convert light energy into the H-H chemical bonds. However, the long-term instability of these assemblies and the need for hazardous proton sources have limited their usage. Here, in this work, we have integrated a stilbene-based organic dye into the periphery of a cobaloxime core via a distinct axial pyridine linkage. This strategy allowed us to develop a photosensitizer-catalyst hybrid structure with the same molecular framework. In this article, we have explained the detailed procedure of the synthesis of this hybrid molecule in addition to its comprehensive chemical characterization. The structural and optical studies have exhibited an intense electronic interaction between the cobaloxime core and the organic photosensitizer. The cobaloxime was active for H2 production even in the presence of water as the proton source. Here, we have developed a simple airtight system connected with an online H2 detector for the investigation of the photocatalytic activity by this hybrid complex. This photosensitizer-catalyst dyad present in the experimental setup continuously produced H2 once it was exposed in the natural sunlight. This photocatalytic H2 production by the hybrid complex was observed in aqueous/organic mixture media in the presence of a sacrificial electron donor under complete aerobic conditions. Thus, this photocatalysis measurement system along with the photosensitizer-catalyst dyad provide valuable insight for the development of next generation photocatalytic H2 production devices.

Developing Photosensitizer-Cobaloxime Hybrids for Solar-Driven H2 Production in Aqueous Aerobic Conditions

We have directly incorporated a stilbene-based organic dye into a cobaloxime core to generate a photosensitizer-catalyst dyad for photocatalytic H2 production. We have also developed a simple experimental setup for evaluating the light-driven H2 production by photocatalytic assemblies.

开发用于在水有条件条件下进行太阳能驱动 H2生产的光敏剂-钴氧混合剂

Developing photocatalytic H2 production devices is the one of the key steps for constructing a global H2-based renewable energy infrastructure. A number ...

化学

Fully Automated Centrifugal Microfluidic Device for Ultrasensitive Protein Detection from Whole Blood

Enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) is a promising method to detect small amount of proteins in biological samples. The devices providing a platform for reduced sample volume and assay time as well as full automation are required for potential use in point-of-care-diagnostics. Recently, we have demonstrated ultrasensitive detection of serum proteins, C-reactive protein (CRP) and cardiac troponin I (cTnI), utilizing a lab-on-a-disc composed of TiO2 nanofibrous (NF) mats. It showed a large dynamic range with femto molar (fM) detection sensitivity, from a small volume of whole blood in 30 min. The device consists of several components for blood separation, metering, mixing, and washing that are automated for improved sensitivity from low sample volumes. Here, in the video demonstration, we show the experimental protocols and know-how for the fabrication of NFs as well as the disc, their integration and the operation in the following order: processes for preparing TiO2 NF mat; transfer-printing of TiO2 NF mat onto the disc; surface modification for immune-reactions, disc assembly and operation; on-disc detection and representative results for immunoassay. Use of this device enables multiplexed analysis with minimal consumption of samples and reagents. Given the advantages, the device should find use in a wide variety of applications, and prove beneficial in facilitating the analysis of low abundant proteins.

This protocol demonstrates how to achieve femto molar detection sensitivity of proteins in 10 &#181;L of whole blood within 30 min. This can be achieved by using electrospun nanofibrous mats integrated in a lab-on-a-disc, which offers high surface area as well as effective mixing and washing for enhanced signal-to-noise ratio.

全自动离心微流体装置从全血超灵敏蛋白检测

Enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) is a promising method to detect small amount of proteins in biological samples. The devices providing a platform ...

High-resolution Patterning Using Two Modes of Electrohydrodynamic Jet: Drop on Demand and Near-field Electrospinning

Electrohydrodynamic (EHD) jet printing has drawn attention in various fields because it can be used as a high-resolution and low-cost direct patterning tool. EHD printing uses a fluidic supplier to maintain the extruded meniscus by pushing the ink out of the nozzle tip. The electric field is then used to pull the meniscus down to the substrate to produce high-resolution patterns. Two modes of EHD printing have been used for fine patterning: continuous near-field electrospinning (NFES) and dot-based drop-on-demand (DOD) EHD printing. According to the printing modes, the requirements for the printing equipment and ink viscosity will differ. Even though two different modes can be implemented with a single EHD printer, the realization methods significantly differ in terms of ink, fluidic system, and driving voltage. Consequently, without a proper understanding of the jetting requirements and limitations, it is difficult to obtain the desired results. The purpose of this paper is to present a guideline so that inexperienced researchers can reduce the trial and error efforts to use the EHD jet for their specific research and development purposes. To demonstrate the fine-patterning implementation, we use Ag nanoparticle ink for the conductive patterning in the protocol. In addition, we also present the generalized printing guidelines that can be used for other types of ink for various fine-patterning applications.

Here, we present a protocol to produce high-resolution conductive patterns using electrohydrodynamic (EHD) jet printing. The protocol includes two modes of EHD jet printing: the continuous near-field electrospinning (NFES) and the dot-based drop-on-demand (DOD) EHD printing.

采用两种 Electrohydrodynamic 射流的高分辨率模式: 需求下降和近场静电纺丝

Electrohydrodynamic (EHD) jet printing has drawn attention in various fields because it can be used as a high-resolution and low-cost direct patterning ...

Vapor Phase Deposition of Electroactive Poly(3,4-ethylenedioxythiophene) onto Electrospun Commodity Polymer Nanofibers

This study investigates the preparation of polyacrylonitrile (PAN) nanofibers through electrospinning to create highly porous and strong materials for applications in water purification, electrocatalysis, and biomedicine. The uniformly white PAN nanofiber mats were cut into 2 cm x 2 cm coupons to ensure consistency. After electrospinning, these nanofibers were coated with an electroactive polymer (EAP) using chemical vapor deposition, with iron (III) chloride (FeCl3) serving as an oxidant for polymerizing 3,4-ethylenedioxythiophene (EDOT) into poly(3,4-ethylenedioxythiophene) (PEDOT). The study examined the impact of different FeCl3 concentrations on PEDOT deposition on the PAN coupons. PEDOT deposition led to an increase in coupon weight. Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) revealed increases in the diameter of the nanofibers treated with increasing FeCl3 oxidant concentration, although higher FeCl3&#160;concentrations caused inter-fiber bridging, implying a concomitant decrease in inter-fiber spacing. Energy dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDS) was used to confirm the presence of Fe, Cl, and S in the nanofibers, with sulfur content rising with FeCl3&#160;concentration used, suggesting increased PEDOT deposition efficiency with increasing oxidant concentration. Mechanical testing showed that PEDOT-coated PAN fibers had improved tensile strength and toughness in the hydrated state compared to pure PAN nanofibers. These results highlight the crucial role of FeCl3&#160;concentration in influencing the morphology and properties of PAN-PEDOT composites, enhancing their suitability for applications such as water purification, tissue engineering, biosensing, catalysis, and energy storage.

This paper describes a simple technique for coating electrospun PAN nanofibers with electroactive polymers using vapor deposition. The effects of the oxidant FeCl&#8323; on the deposition of poly(3,4-ethylenedioxythiophene) coatings on PAN were investigated to understand and optimize polymer growth, fiber diameter, and overall mechanical strength of the nanofiber mats.

电活性聚（3,4-乙烯二氧噻吩）在电纺商品聚合物纳米纤维上的气相沉积

This study investigates the preparation of polyacrylonitrile (PAN) nanofibers through electrospinning to create highly porous and strong materials for ...

染料敏化太阳能电池的光催化电极的电纺丝

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