我们承认从加拿大自然科学和（NSERC，＃436117-2013）工程研究理事会，癌症研究学会（CRS，＃20172），骨髓瘤加拿大和大挑战加拿大的资金支持。

注意，以下所有描述的步骤已被开发，并在非洁净室环境中进行。溶剂粘接的步骤当然可以在洁净室中进行，如果有的话，但是这不是必需的。 1.热塑性微流体器件层的制备<ol><li>设计和选择的热塑性制造微流体装置的层，使用适当的制造方法（ 例如 ，微细铣削15，压花16 - 18，注射成型）。 </li><li>目测设备层，以确保边缘"干净"（ 即 ，无论从制造工艺毛刺或边角料的脊）。为获得最佳效果，检查在光学显微镜下，除了该装置的外边缘都加工微特征的边缘。 </li><li>如果目视检查过程中发现边角料，用刀片或手术刀小心删除任何垫erial防止器件层从平面对躺在彼此，使得这些层的界面进入共形接触。 </li><li>清洁设备与实验室肥皂和水，并用压缩空气干燥的表面。在2-丙醇2分钟淹没器件层并用压缩空气干燥。 </li></ol> 2.溶剂粘接<ol><li> 准备热压机（用于PMMA）或电炉（用于COP）。 <ol><li>对于PMMA（压克力浇铸的〜100-110℃的玻璃化转变温度）18预热按70°C，并允许温度稳定。 </li><li>对于COP（102℃的玻璃化转变温度，从制造商），烤盘预热至25℃，并允许温度稳定。 </li></ol></li><li> 准备粘接工艺溶剂。 <ol><li>对于聚甲基丙烯酸甲酯，测量加入0.5ml每接合面积的平方英寸乙醇。 </li><li>对于COP，准备2-丙醇和环己烷，机智的混合65:35为0.5ml每接合面积的平方英寸的混合物的公顷总体积。 注:对于COP，用玻璃吸管和容器，如环己烷会溶解通用聚丙烯实验器具。执行在通风橱所有混合和键合，如环己烷是有毒的。 </li></ol></li><li> 分配0.1毫升每清洗塑料层之间的粘结面积的平方英寸溶剂，并把这些层一起。目视检查在粘合界面的气泡，这是常见的，并且应该尽可能除去。 注:有利于迅速开展工作，一旦溶剂已被分配，如挥发性溶剂将开始蒸发（因此，溶剂混合物将在成分改变）。 <ol><li>如果存在气泡，滑动沿键合界面的两个塑料层，使它们几乎散开（但保持接触），然后滑动回在一起。 </li></ol></li><li> 对准装置的层用定位销，一个自定义的夹具，或者干脆用手（详情见讨论部分）。 <ol><li>如果使用对准销，对齐的销孔，并插入销插入设备栈。 </li><li>如果使用自定义的夹具，将设备堆栈到工具和设备周围拧紧。 </li><li>如果用手工对准，可使用手指来对齐设备的外边缘。 </li></ol></li><li> 将带有溶剂器件进入预加热机（用于PMMA），或放在预热烤盘（对于COP）。 <ol><li>对于聚甲基丙烯酸甲酯，施加的压力2300千帕为2分钟。 </li><li>对于COP，应用压力为350kPa。增加从25℃至70℃的温度以5℃/分钟的速率。达到70℃（后9分钟），债券另外的15分钟后</li></ol></li><li>使用镊子安全地移除热设备进行检查。结合现已完成。 </li><li> 在设备中删除任何剩余的液体（微通道或其他featurES）。 <ol><li>对于PMMA，请用压缩空气任何剩余的液体。对于COP，放在烤盘，烤绑定的设备在45℃24小时，以消除任何剩余的环己烷。 </li></ol></li></ol>

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作者宣称，他们没有竞争的经济利益。

潜在的结合策略的可行性取决于可用的设备。虽然电磁炉是比较普遍和自由重量可以廉价购买，高压策略，将需要使用热压机的。例如，我们的最佳结合PMMA配方需要高压用乙醇（ 见表1）键，所需要的压力是无法达到使用自由重量典型的设备尺寸。因此，如果只有一个加热板和重量都可用，PMMA可以代替使用不同的溶剂（在水中75％丙酮）接合。另外，使用需要一个通风柜还可能限制可行性，尤其是当需要高的压力，溶剂的这样的策略将需要既利用加热的压机和需要，以适应在通风橱内压。这些因素可以帮助引导溶剂的选择开发新的溶剂型胶系统时，有考虑到更少的有害溶剂和低压偏好S中的仍然提供高品质的结合。 后一溶剂粘合方法已经针对特定塑料优化，有可能与邻近设备的边缘粘合不良覆盖剩下的挑战，由于在接合工艺期间蒸发的影响。正如代表结果部分所提到的，一种策略可以缓解这些问题是增加了溶剂保持槽的该平行于所关注的边缘（ 即 ，该设备的外边缘，并沿着该通常表现出任何通道或端口粘结难度）。此外，两个或更多个通孔的端口可以被添加到每个凹槽（和/或槽可连接），使得溶剂可以直接添加到用移液器凹槽。这有两个潜在的用途:（ⅰ）可被加入到槽代替充斥接合界面，这极大地减少了溶剂，将微通道的壁之间的接触（ 见图5）的溶剂，和（ii）如在接合的初始尝试叶键不良覆盖某些区域，多个溶剂可以局部地用于第二轮接合，这往往密封围绕微特征的任何剩余的关键领域中加入。值得一提的是，槽可以添加到制造时间，并且由于它们占据空间的装置上，可能不适合于某些高密度设计。 与键合策略之一共同挑战是器件层的接合时的对准。若干策略是可能的，这取决于精度要求。如果对准不是关键的（ 即 ，如果所有的微特征是一体的层，其被接合到平坦下层基板层上），然后用手手动对齐就足够了。对于要求更高的对准要求，手对准仍可以是足够的，尽管这一定程度上取决于个体研究者的技能。我们可以经常达到对准精度到100微米范围内，和聪明的决定在设备的设计可以放宽对准精度的要求（ 即 ，通过设计公差到设备的微特征，如果可能的话，使得轻微未对准不影响设备的性能）。一个有用的技术，以帮助用手对准是使用尽可能少的溶剂尽可能以覆盖键合表面。用过量的溶剂，将塑料层的液体的薄层上"浮动"，并且当设备被转移到热板或加热按不保持其对齐。相反，非常薄的溶剂层有助于"粘"的塑料层一起和它们手工调整后保持对齐。 如果需要更精确的对准，可能的策略包括通过器件层去L形角支架固定到器件层保持在一起，对准销，使用在装置的外部胶带固定层的位置，或定制的夹具即可以担任船长他在结合步骤期间的设备。所有这些策略，请注意，校准硬件通常必须比装置，使得压力可以接合时施加到该装置的面的总堆叠高度短。 溶剂粘接的挑战通常不是宽度，但微因为浅微通道可通过过于激进的溶剂或由过高的温度和压力被折叠的深度。对于给定的深度，更宽的信道更容易受到比渠道狭窄崩溃。虽然我们还没有制造宽度小于50微米的通道（由于限制我们可以使用最小直径立铣刀我们的数控铣床的限制），我们经常保税由距离25微米量级离不开渠道。在深度方面，我们还成功地结合很浅的通道（约15微米），使用此方法。 最后，一个比较液相的溶剂粘合到其它接合技术是必要的。其他三种常见的接合技术是气相溶剂粘合，热扩散接合，和等离子体辅助热扩散接合。汽相溶剂粘接股许多的液相溶剂结合的特点，但在我们的经验更难以执行和较少可调的，从而导致更少的一致的结果。在气相施加溶剂要求要么真空室或与设备保持器的蒸汽室，我们发现该过程比使用液体少可控的。此外，气相技术是用于溶剂混合物的使用很少适合，因为几乎所有的混合物都是非共沸，从而将它们的组合物从液体变为气相，这取决于环境压力和温度。 热扩散接合涉及在升高的温度下的玻璃化转变温度附近压制器件层一起塑料的（T 克 ）。高温增加了聚合物链的流动性，从而允许链在整个键合界面互相扩散并形成一个键。 10然而，因为整个装置被加热到相同的温度，链移动性到处增加，微特征变得扭曲和圆形9,10。因此，增加粘结强度（由于较高的接合温度）会在向微特征损坏的直接成本。一个修改到热粘接是利用一个粘接预氧等离子体的表面处理，这降低了聚合物20的地方（表面） 的Tg的。因此，该等离子体辅助热粘合使键合发生在较低温度下，从散装的Tg更远。虽然这确实相比热粘接时减少变形到微特征的量，我们已发现，初始粘结覆盖和强度相比于溶剂粘合仍然低得多，和IMportantly，债券降级在随后小时。 如图6中所示，等离子体辅助热粘合器件表现出超过48小时粘合覆盖显著损失在细胞培养箱，同时溶剂粘合设备显示没有变化。 在这里，我们描述一个简单的，高效的协议，它依赖于基于液体的溶剂粘合，以实现PMMA质量债券和COP微流体装置。我们的研究结果表明，对PMMA和COP结合具体步骤会导致与微特征的变形可以忽略不计，而使用槽和对准硬件的溶剂粘合过程中可以规避常见的实际问题和强劲光学透明的债券。将这一方法引入制造过程中会加速PMMA和基于COP-微流体装置的发展，使研究人员能够更容易地采用热塑性塑料到他们的微流体装置的设计。

微流体已经出现在过去的二十年，以及适合在微尺度1学习化学和物理，以及不断增长的承诺生物学研究2显著贡献技术- 4。大多数微流体装置的历来由聚（二甲基硅氧烷）制成（PDMS），硅氧烷弹性体，很容易使用，价格便宜，并提供了高品质的特性复制5。然而，PDMS已充分证明的缺点，并与大批量制造不相容处理6,7，因此，出现了对制造，因为它们的大规模生产，因此商业化潜力的热塑性材料的微流体装置，不断增长的趋势。 一来更广泛地采用塑料微细加工的主要障碍已经实现塑料器件的方便，高品质的结合。目前的战略运用Ťhermal，粘合剂和溶剂的结合技术，但许多患有显著挑战。热粘接增加自发荧光8和经常变形的微通道的几何形状9 - 11，而粘合剂技术需要模具，仔细对准，并最终离开暴露于微通道10中的粘合剂的厚度。溶剂粘接是有吸引力的，由于它的简单性，可调性，成本低10,12 - 14。尤其是，它的可调性使得优化各种塑料，它可以产生一致的，高质量接合，最大限度地减少微特征14的变形。 期间溶剂粘合，溶剂暴露增加聚合物链的塑料，这使得横跨接合界面链的相互扩散的表面附近的流动性。这使得通过扩散链的机械联锁纠缠，并导致AP物质环境的债券10。热粘接工作在类似的方式，但单独依赖于升高的温度下，以增加链移动性。因此，热的方法需要的温度附近或该聚合物的玻璃化转变温度以上，而使用溶剂可显著减少所需用于粘结的温度，从而降低不必要的变形。 我们提供贴合PMMA和COP设备的特定协议。然而，该协议和方法描述了热塑性微流体装置的溶剂粘合，可以为其它塑料材料，溶剂和可用的设备进行定制的简单，通用的方法。我们描述了评估质量保证金多种方法（ 例如 ，债券保险，粘结强度，粘结耐久性和微特征几何变形），并提供解决这些共同的挑战排除故障的方法。

<table border="1" fo:keep-together.within-page="1" fo:keep-with-next.within-page="always">
	<tbody>
		<tr>
			<td>COP</td>
			<td>Zeonor</td>
			<td>604Z1020R080</td>
			<td>20 kg COP Pellets - 1020R. Multiple suppliers can be used, but may affect bonding characteristics.</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>PMMA</td>
			<td>McMaster Carr</td>
			<td>8560K173</td>
			<td>1.5 mm sheet thickness for our typical applications. Multiple suppliers can be used, but may affect bonding characteristics.</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Cyclohexane</td>
			<td>Sigma-Aldrich</td>
			<td>227048</td>
			<td>Cyclohexane, anhydrous, 99.5%. Multiple suppliers can be used. Toxic, requires fumehood.</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Ethanol</td>
			<td>Sigma-Aldrich</td>
			<td>24102</td>
			<td>Ethanol, absolute, &#8805;99.8% (GC). Multiple suppliers can be used.</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Acetone</td>
			<td>Sigma-Aldrich</td>
			<td>179124</td>
			<td>Acetone, ACS reagent, &#8805;99.5%. Multiple suppliers can be used.</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>2-Propanol</td>
			<td>Sigma-Aldrich</td>
			<td>278475</td>
			<td>2-Propanol, anhydrous, 99.5%. Multiple suppliers can be used.</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Hot plate(s)</td>
			<td>Torrey Pines Scientific</td>
			<td>HP60</td>
			<td>Fully programmable digital hotplate. Multiple suppliers can be used.</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Free weights</td>
			<td>Cap Barbell</td>
			<td>RPG#2</td>
			<td>Standard cast iron plate. Multiple suppliers and different weights can be used.</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Heated press</td>
			<td>Carver</td>
			<td>Auto CH</td>
			<td>Auto series heated hydraulic press. Multiple suppliers can be used. A press that fits in a fumehood would allow the most flexibility (this model does not).</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>CNC Milling Machine</td>
			<td>Tormach</td>
			<td>PCNC 770</td>
			<td>3 Axis CNC mill. Multiple suppliers can be used.</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Endmills</td>
			<td>Various</td>
			<td>Various</td>
			<td>Required sizes depend on designs. Multiple suppliers can be used.</td>
		</tr>
	</tbody>
</table>

solvent bonding for fabrication of pmma and cop microfluidic devices

热塑性微流体装置提供优于那些从硅氧烷弹性体作出了许多优点，但粘结程序必须为每个感兴趣的热塑性被开发。溶剂粘合是可用于从各种塑料制造设备的简单和通用的方法。在两个器件层之间添加适当的溶剂中结合，并且热和压力被施加到该装置，以促进粘合。通过使用溶剂，塑料，热和压力的适当组合，该设备可以具有高质量键被密封，其特征为具有高的粘结范围，粘合强度，光学透明度，随着时间的推移的耐用性，以及低变形或损坏微特征几何。我们描述了从两个流行的热塑性塑料，聚（甲基丙烯酸甲酯）（PMMA），以及环烯烃聚合物（COP），以及各种各样的方法制备来表征所得键的质量接合装置，和策略的程序到特鲁bleshoot低质量债券。这些方法可用于开发其他塑料溶剂体系新溶剂粘合协议。

一般溶剂粘合过程的示意图示于图1。评估债券质量最简单方法是目视检查覆盖债券，因为债券覆盖较差是无粘结胶区域很容易看到，并且表示弱粘接。这样的区域典型地是邻近自由边缘（ 例如 ，外围设备的，或者接近打开的端口或微通道），并且还可以经常出现周围的污物或灰尘的任何颗粒在粘合界面。由于弱粘结较差粘合覆盖在协议的开发阶段，通常看到的那样，已发现的最佳溶剂组合物和粘合条件之前，和实施例是在图2A所示。通常情况下，弱粘结表明需要一个或多个:（ⅰ）一个更积极的溶剂（ 即 ，较高浓度的溶液，或不同的溶剂），（ii）较高粘合温度，和（iii）一个更高的接合公关essure。 相反地，过于激进的粘合条件可以导致具有高的粘结强度优异的粘结范围，而且还破坏或密封微特征， 如图2B所示 。这是最常见的是由于溶剂过于激进，虽然高温（接近塑料的玻璃化转变温度）也可引起显著变形。 高品质，良好的粘结器件具有两个良好的粘结覆盖面和微特征的变形极小， 如图2C。根据溶剂和所选择的温度，则可能难以实现接近该装置的自由边良好的粘结覆盖如果溶剂是非常不稳定，从而快速蒸发。在这些情况下，加入少量微槽到设备的设计，沿着所关注的边缘，可以帮助减轻溶剂蒸发，从而提高键覆盖， 如图2D。我们通常使用的槽为500×500微米的横截面尺寸，置于300微米从边缘。 14 除了债券覆盖率一般目视检查，破坏性和非破坏性试验应该用来进一步研究债券的质量和微特征的损害。两个破坏性试验，在该协议开发阶段是有用的是（i）交叉切片及（ii）相距楔入绑定设备，以评估微特征几何形状和粘结强度，分别为。我们喜欢用微细铣削节我们的设备，因为我们发现这提供了方便，准确，相对清洁的表面很好地结合起来。在没有铣床的其它方法都可以使用，尽管它们将呈现不同的挑战。例子包括用金刚石锯或带锯（叶粗糙的表面）切割，仔细抢购沿着刻划线的装置（可以是困难的，由于厚度和剪切应力可能导致设备脱层），或简单地打磨掉装置（费时）的一部分。从切削粗糙表面可以用砂纸打磨平滑。 无论所使用的方法，装置应垂直于所关注微特征被剖开，并且可以使用光学显微镜进行目视检查。微特征截面的尺寸和形状将表明由于接合多少变形已经发生。少腐蚀性的溶剂，以及较低的温度和压力下，将能更好地保持尖锐的角落和直壁，而更积极的情况会引起角部和壁的舍入，以及在横截面面积由于聚合物肿胀的减小。的典型结果图像示于图3。 粘结强度可通过部分被测量LY楔入相距粘合层用的垫片和测量到的脱层区域的边缘从垫片的边缘的距离。的粘结强度可以从这个距离，层和垫片的厚度，和塑料的弹性模量来计算。 14,19如果比粘结强度值并不重要，楔入层分开提供定性方法来评估键是否是用于典型的力和处理设备将在实验过程中遇到够强。 无损测试是用于验证设备的质量，同时留下它可用于其预期目的有用的。一个简单而有用的方法是通过显微镜来检查，主要侧重于债券覆盖率接近微特征边缘，或小键区。非粘结区域由于塑料层之间的薄的空气隙似乎比接合区稍深，并且如图4 &lt;/ STRONG&gt;，应该是用显微镜仔细检查明显。寻找无粘结胶区域可以帮助指导本地化结合的第二次迭代使用前密封装置的关键部分。 为实现强债了一个雄心勃勃的溶剂一个有用的技术，但同时最大限度地降低微损伤，是增加凹槽与接入端口的设备设计，并且只添加溶剂槽（而不是用溶剂充斥焊接表面）。这极大地降低了微通道和液体溶剂（蒸气仍然进入微通道）之间的接触，并因此减少了， 如图5的变形。 根据预期设备应用程序中，可能需要长期耐久性试验。例如，我们的许多设备被用于生物学实验，并且可以驻留在细胞培养箱ENVI境（37℃，100％湿度）达到几周。耐久性可以通过将测试装置在为所需的持续时间所需要的条件进行评估，以及用于在键覆盖一个视觉减少（设备的脱层）后检查，或减弱粘结强度，其允许装置可以很容易地楔入分开。实例示于图6中 ，并指示需要修改的粘接过程来实现更高的粘合强度。 <img alt="图1" src="/files/ftp_upload/55175/55175fig1.jpg" /> 图1:粘合工艺示意图。一般溶剂粘结过程被示出。在两种热塑性器件层要接合之间加入液体溶剂。各层汇集和气泡从在粘合界面的液体除去。压力和热量被施加到装置所需的持续时间，以及所述接合装置完成。任何重新剩余的液体可以从打开的端口被删除。 <a href="https://ecsource-jove-com.remotexs.ntu.edu.sg/files/ftp_upload/55175/55175fig1large.jpg" target="_blank">请点击此处查看该图的放大版本。</a> <img alt="图2" src="/files/ftp_upload/55175/55175fig2.jpg" /> 图2:变邦德品质视觉例子。 （A）中与许多液体溶剂粘合方法的一个常见的挑战是，快速蒸发期间由于溶剂挥发的加热接合工序接近的设备的自由边缘发生。这往往导致这些边缘附近未粘合材料的区域，从而导致粘结不良覆盖，漏微流体的特性，并且低的总体粘结强度。这些地区是与彩色干涉条纹（黄色箭头）打火机补丁可见。 （B）相反，过于激进的溶剂粘合收益率优异的粘结覆盖，也可引起显著鹿GE到微特征，从而变形或封闭设备通道（黄色箭头）。 （ 三 ）优化的溶剂型胶系统达到良好的粘结覆盖和强度，并最大限度地减少损害微特征，同时还适当密封它们。 （D）在某些情况下，加入溶剂保持槽平行于设备的边缘（黄色箭头），可以帮助提高债券的覆盖面和正确密封微特征。如果需要更好的粘合覆盖可能需要的槽，但它是不希望的，以增加溶剂的强度（由于对微特征所得增加的损害）。比例尺= 1毫米。 <a href="https://ecsource-jove-com.remotexs.ntu.edu.sg/files/ftp_upload/55175/55175fig2large.jpg" target="_blank">请点击此处查看该图的放大版本。</a> <img alt="图3" src="/files/ftp_upload/55175/55175fig3.jpg" /> 图3:粘结设备的横截面。溶剂粘接工艺CAÑ变形微特征，如果该溶剂是过于激进，或者如果粘合温度或压力太高。检查粘结装置的横截面将揭示微特征的变形事故。进行这样的检查每个特定塑料溶剂系统可以帮助建立的最优参数用于实现期望的微质量。代表性的图像示于适当的（左）键合的500平方微米的PMMA通道的横截面和过于激进（右）溶剂混合物。溶剂引起的变形的程度的两个指标是弯道和直壁的舍入，和一个塑料富含溶剂的层在该均与溶剂（黄色箭头）的接触面的厚度。比例尺= 200微米。 <a href="https://ecsource-jove-com.remotexs.ntu.edu.sg/files/ftp_upload/55175/55175fig3large.jpg" target="_blank">请点击此处查看该图的放大版本。</a> 图4:通过显微镜无损检测。用光学显微镜仔细检查可识别的未粘合塑料区域，特别是靠近微特征的边缘，或在小粘合区域。未粘合区域（红色箭头）由于塑料层之间的薄的空气隙似乎比接合区稍深，并且着色干涉条纹有时也在这些区域中可见。识别不良结合的区域可以指示结合的第二次迭代的需求，用溶剂本地添加到故障点。比例尺= 1毫米。 <img alt="图5" src="/files/ftp_upload/55175/55175fig5.jpg" /> 图5:通过添加溶剂只是为了尽量减少槽损坏通道。该显微镜图像示出了通过两个槽包围的PMMA通道的横截面。溶剂可以加入到groovES而两个器件层被压到一起，而不是充斥溶剂键合界面。这极大地减少了与所述微通道的内部溶剂接触，从而最大限度地减少溶剂而引起的变形。当需要一个积极的溶剂，以确保高的粘结强度和覆盖范围，但需要被最小化的溶剂和微通道之间的接触这种方法是有用的。 <a href="https://ecsource-jove-com.remotexs.ntu.edu.sg/files/ftp_upload/55175/55175fig5large.jpg" target="_blank">请点击此处查看该图的放大版本。</a> <img alt="图6" src="/files/ftp_upload/55175/55175fig6.jpg" /> 图6:耐久性和比较（等离子辅助）热粘接。溶剂粘合（A）中产生更好的粘合质量比等离子体辅助热粘接（B）或热粘接（C）的技术，并且还更好的耐用性在细胞培养箱条件（37℃，100％湿度）。这两种热技术经常离开无粘结塑胶周边微特征的显著"晕"，用等离子辅助热粘合比普通热粘合更好。这些债券也随着时间的推移，随着无粘结地区规模越来越大。而该溶剂粘接COP装置在培养箱（A）中，剥离完全（B）的等离子体热粘合设备显示出超过48小时接合没有变化。常规热粘合设备开始在环境条件（℃）在10分钟内分层，并且还在孵化完全剥离。比例尺= 5毫米。 <a href="https://ecsource-jove-com.remotexs.ntu.edu.sg/files/ftp_upload/55175/55175fig6large.jpg" target="_blank">请点击此处查看该图的放大版本。</a> <table border="1" fo:keep-together.within-page="1" fo:keep-with-next.within-page="always"><tbody><tr><td> 塑料 </td><td> 溶剂 </td><td><st荣&gt;温度（℃） </td><td> 压力（千帕） </td><td> 持续时间（分钟） </td><td colspan="3"> 笔记 </td></tr><tr><td> PMMA </td><td> 100％乙醇</td><td> 70 </td><td> 2300 </td><td> 2 </td><td colspan="3">如果热压机可用的最佳选择（高压需要）。一贯得到优异的粘接覆盖（不使用溶剂保持槽的），具有微特征的低变形。需要很少的溶剂，是气泡和灰尘/污垢在粘合界面非常不敏感，由于高的压力。 </td></tr><tr><td> PMMA </td><td> 75％丙酮/ 25％水</td><td> 40 </td><td>三十</td><td> 20 </td><td colspan="3">上述方法低劣的一致性和需要较长的时间，但不要求加热的压机（可以用电磁炉和自由权重来完成）。债券保险是利用溶剂保持槽的极大帮助。 </td></tr><tr><td>警察</td&gt; <td> 35％的环己烷/ 65％2-丙醇</td><td> 25 - &gt; 70 * </td><td> 350 </td><td> 15 * </td><td colspan="3">我们已经发现，预加热该加热板引起过大的初始蒸发，并也导致了塑料的白化。相反，我们放置在室温下加热板的设备，然后提高温度到70℃（5℃/分钟升温速率）。后的温度稳定在70℃（在9分钟），我们键在该温度下进行15分钟。 </td></tr></tbody></table> 表1:溶剂粘合参数。塑料，溶剂，温度，和对于聚甲基丙烯酸甲酯和COP溶剂粘结协议的压力的组合的总结。

Watch this Scientific Journal Video about Solvent Bonding for Fabrication of PMMA and COP Microfluidic Devices at JoVE.com

Solvent Bonding for Fabrication of PMMA and COP Microfluidic Devices

溶剂粘接是制造高品质债券热塑性微流体装置的简单和通用的方法。我们描述了一种协议来实现在PMMA中强，光学透明的键和COP的微流体装置能够保护微特征的详细信息，通过压力，温度，适当的溶剂中，和装置的几何形状的恰当组合。

溶剂粘接的PMMA的制备和COP微流体装置

Thermoplastic microfluidic devices offer many advantages over those made from silicone elastomers, but bonding procedures must be developed for each ...

solvent-bonding-for-fabrication-of-pmma-and-cop-microfluidic-devices

Nanyang Technological University

Research

JoVE Journal

Engineering

16.1K 次观看.  University of Toronto. 溶剂粘接是制造高品质债券热塑性微流体装置的简单和通用的方法。我们描述了一种协议来实现在PMMA中强，光学透明的键和COP的微流体装置能够保护微特征的详细信息，通过压力，温度，适当的溶剂中，和装置的几何形状的恰当组合。 

视频: Solvent Bonding for Fabrication of PMMA and COP Microfluidic Devices

Fabrication of Uniform Nanoscale Cavities via Silicon Direct Wafer Bonding

Measurements of the heat capacity and superfluid fraction of confined 4He have been performed near the lambda transition using lithographically patterned and bonded silicon wafers. Unlike confinements in porous materials often used for these types of experiments3, bonded wafers provide predesigned uniform spaces for confinement. The geometry of each cell is well known, which removes a large source of ambiguity in the interpretation of data.
Exceptionally flat, 5 cm diameter, 375 &#181;m thick Si wafers with about 1 &#181;m variation over the entire wafer can be obtained commercially (from Semiconductor Processing Company, for example). Thermal oxide is grown on the wafers to define the confinement dimension in the z-direction. A pattern is then etched in the oxide using lithographic techniques so as to create a desired enclosure upon bonding. A hole is drilled in one of the wafers (the top) to allow for the introduction of the liquid to be measured. The wafers are cleaned2 in RCA solutions and then put in a microclean chamber where they are rinsed with deionized water4. The wafers are bonded at RT and then annealed at ~1,100 &#176;C. This forms a strong and permanent bond. This process can be used to make uniform enclosures for measuring thermal and hydrodynamic properties of confined liquids from the nanometer to the micrometer scale.

A method for permanently bonding two silicon wafers so as to realize a uniform enclosure is described. This includes wafer preparation, cleaning, RT bonding, and annealing processes. The resulting bonded wafers (cells) have uniformity of enclosure ~1%1,2. The resulting geometry allows for measurements of confined liquids and gasses.

通过硅直接晶圆粘接制造均匀纳米级腔

Measurements of the heat capacity and superfluid fraction of confined 4He have been performed near the lambda transition using lithographically patterned ...

科研

工程学

Fabrication and Testing of Microfluidic Optomechanical Oscillators

Cavity optomechanics experiments that parametrically couple the phonon modes and photon modes have been investigated in various optical systems including microresonators. However, because of the increased acoustic radiative losses during direct liquid immersion of optomechanical devices, almost all published optomechanical experiments have been performed in solid phase. This paper discusses a recently introduced hollow microfluidic optomechanical resonator. Detailed methodology is provided to fabricate these ultra-high-Q microfluidic resonators, perform optomechanical testing, and measure radiation pressure-driven breathing mode and SBS-driven whispering gallery mode parametric vibrations. By confining liquids inside the capillary resonator, high mechanical- and optical- quality factors are simultaneously maintained.

Parametric optomechanical excitations have recently been experimentally demonstrated in microfluidic optomechanical resonators by means of optical radiation pressure and stimulated Brillouin scattering. This paper describes the fabrication of these microfluidic resonators along with methodologies for generating and verifying optomechanical oscillations.

制造和微流控光机振荡器测试

Cavity optomechanics experiments that parametrically couple the phonon modes and photon modes have been investigated in various optical systems including ...

Fabrication of Gate-tunable Graphene Devices for Scanning Tunneling Microscopy Studies with Coulomb Impurities

Owing to its relativistic low-energy charge carriers, the interaction between graphene and various impurities leads to a wealth of new physics and degrees of freedom to control electronic devices. In particular, the behavior of graphene&#8217;s charge carriers in response to potentials from charged Coulomb impurities is predicted to differ significantly from that of most materials. Scanning tunneling microscopy (STM) and scanning tunneling spectroscopy (STS) can provide detailed information on both the spatial and energy dependence of graphene&#39;s electronic structure in the presence of a charged impurity.&#160;The design of a hybrid impurity-graphene device, fabricated using controlled deposition of impurities onto a back-gated graphene surface, has enabled several novel methods for controllably tuning graphene&#8217;s electronic properties.1-8 Electrostatic gating enables control of the charge carrier density in graphene and the ability to reversibly tune the charge2 and/or molecular5 states of an impurity. This paper outlines the process of fabricating a gate-tunable graphene device decorated with individual Coulomb impurities for combined STM/STS studies.2-5 These studies provide valuable insights into the underlying physics, as well as signposts for designing hybrid graphene devices.

This paper details the fabrication process of a gate-tunable graphene device, decorated with Coulomb impurities for scanning tunneling microscopy studies. Mapping the spatially dependent electronic structure of graphene in the presence of charged impurities unveils the unique behavior of its relativistic charge carriers in response to a local Coulomb potential.

对于扫描隧道显微学与库仑杂质制造门可调谐石墨烯器件

Owing to its relativistic low-energy charge carriers, the interaction between graphene and various impurities leads to a wealth of new physics and degrees ...

Thermal Measurement Techniques in Analytical Microfluidic Devices

Thermal measurement techniques have been used for many applications such as thermal characterization of materials and chemical reaction detection. Micromachining techniques allow reduction of the thermal mass of fabricated structures and introduce the possibility to perform high sensitivity thermal measurements in the micro-scale and nano-scale devices. Combining thermal measurement techniques with microfluidic devices allows performing different analytical measurements with low sample consumption and reduced measurement time by integrating the miniaturized system on a single chip. The procedures of thermal measurement techniques for particle detection, material characterization, and chemical detection are introduced in this paper.

Here, we present three protocols for thermal measurements in microfluidic devices.

在分析微流体装置的热测量技术

Thermal measurement techniques have been used for many applications such as thermal characterization of materials and chemical reaction detection. ...

Fabrication and Operation of Acoustofluidic Devices Supporting Bulk Acoustic Standing Waves for Sheathless Focusing of Particles

Acoustophoresis refers to the displacement of suspended objects in response to directional forces from sound energy. Given that the suspended objects must be smaller than the incident wavelength of sound and the width of the fluidic channels are typically tens to hundreds of micrometers across, acoustofluidic devices typically use ultrasonic waves generated from a piezoelectric transducer pulsating at high frequencies (in the megahertz range). At characteristic frequencies that depend on the geometry of the device, it is possible to induce the formation of standing waves that can focus particles along desired fluidic streamlines within a bulk flow. Here, we describe a method for the fabrication of acoustophoretic devices from common materials and clean room equipment. We show representative results for the focusing of particles with positive or negative acoustic contrast factors, which move towards the pressure nodes or antinodes of the standing waves, respectively. These devices offer enormous practical utility for precisely positioning large numbers of microscopic entities (e.g., cells) in stationary or flowing fluids for applications ranging from cytometry to assembly.

Acoustofluidic devices use ultrasonic waves within microfluidic channels to manipulate, concentrate and isolate suspended micro and nanoscopic entities. This protocol describes the fabrication and operation of such a device supporting bulk acoustic standing waves to focus particles in a central streamline without the aid of sheath fluids.

制造和Acoustofluidic设备的运营支撑体声波驻波的聚焦鞘颗粒

Acoustophoresis refers to the displacement of suspended objects in response to directional forces from sound energy. Given that the suspended objects must ...

Fabrication of Fully Solution Processed Inorganic Nanocrystal Photovoltaic Devices

We demonstrate a method for the preparation of fully solution processed inorganic solar cells from a spin and spray coating deposition of nanocrystal inks. For the photoactive absorber layer, colloidal CdTe and CdSe nanocrystals (3-5 nm) are synthesized using an inert hot injection technique and cleaned with precipitations to remove excess starting reagents. Similarly, gold nanocrystals (3-5 nm) are synthesized under ambient conditions and dissolved in organic solvents. In addition, precursor solutions for transparent conductive indium tin oxide (ITO) films are prepared from solutions of indium and tin salts paired with a reactive oxidizer. Layer-by-layer, these solutions are deposited onto a glass substrate following annealing (200-400 &#176;C) to build the nanocrystal solar cell (glass/ITO/CdSe/CdTe/Au). Pre-annealing ligand exchange is required for CdSe and CdTe nanocrystals where films are dipped in NH4Cl:methanol to replace long-chain native ligands with small inorganic Cl- anions. NH4Cl(s) was found to act as a catalyst for the sintering reaction (as a non-toxic alternative to the conventional CdCl2(s) treatment) leading to grain growth (136&#177;39 nm) during heating. The thickness and roughness of the prepared films are characterized with SEM and optical profilometry. FTIR is used to determine the degree of ligand exchange prior to sintering, and XRD is used to verify the crystallinity and phase of each material. UV/Vis spectra show high visible light transmission through the ITO layer and a red shift in the absorbance of the cadmium chalcogenide nanocrystals after thermal annealing. Current-voltage curves of completed devices are measured under simulated one sun illumination. Small differences in deposition techniques and reagents employed during ligand exchange have been shown to have a profound influence on the device properties. Here, we examine the effects of chemical (sintering and ligand exchange agents) and physical treatments (solution concentration, spray-pressure, annealing time and annealing temperature) on photovoltaic device performance.

This protocol describes the synthesis and solution deposition of inorganic nanocrystals layer by layer to produce thin film electronics on non-conductive surfaces. Solvent-stabilized inks can produce complete photovoltaic devices on glass substrates via spin and spray coating following post-deposition ligand exchange and sintering.

全面解决方案处理的无机纳米晶体光伏器件的制造

We demonstrate a method for the preparation of fully solution processed inorganic solar cells from a spin and spray coating deposition of nanocrystal ...

Scanning Light Scattering Profiler (SLPS) Based Methodology to Quantitatively Evaluate Forward and Backward Light Scattering from Intraocular Lenses

The scanning light scattering profiler (SLSP) methodology has been developed for the full-angle quantitative evaluation of forward and backward light scattering from intraocular lenses (IOLs) using goniophotometer principles. This protocol describes the SLSP platform and how it employs a 360&#176; rotational photodetector sensor that is scanned around an IOL sample while recording the intensity and location of scattered light as it passes through the IOL medium. The SLSP platform can be used to predict, non-clinically, the propensity for current and novel IOL designs and materials to induce light scatter. Non-clinical evaluation of light scattering properties of IOLs can significantly reduce the number of patient complaints related to unwanted glare, glistening, optical defects, poor image quality, and other phenomena associated with the unintended light scattering. Future studies should be conducted to correlate SLSP data with clinical results to help identify which measured light scatter is most problematic for patients that have undergone cataract surgery subsequent to IOL implantation.

Scanning Light Scattering Profiler SLPS Based Methodology to Quantitatively Evaluate Forward and Backward Light Scattering from Intraocular Lenses

This protocol describes the scanning light scattering profiler (SLSP) that enables the full-angle quantitative evaluation of forward and backward scattering of light from intraocular lenses (IOLs) using goniophotometer principles.

基于扫描光散射分析器（SLPS）的方法来量化评估来自眼内镜的前向和后向光散射

The scanning light scattering profiler (SLSP) methodology has been developed for the full-angle quantitative evaluation of forward and backward light ...

Flow-assisted Dielectrophoresis: A Low Cost Method for the Fabrication of High Performance Solution-processable Nanowire Devices

Flow-assisted dielectrophoresis (DEP) is an efficient self-assembly method for the controllable and reproducible positioning, alignment, and selection of nanowires. DEP is used for nanowire analysis, characterization, and for solution-based fabrication of semiconducting devices. The method works by applying an alternating electric field between metallic electrodes. The nanowire formulation is then dropped onto the electrodes which are on an inclined surface to create a flow of the formulation using gravity. The nanowires then align along the gradient of the electric field and in the direction of the liquid flow. The frequency of the field can be adjusted to select nanowires with superior conductivity and lower trap density. 
In this work, flow-assisted DEP is used to create nanowire field effect transistors. Flow-assisted DEP has several advantages: it allows selection of nanowire electrical properties; control of nanowire length; placement of nanowires in specific areas; control of orientation of nanowires; and control of nanowire density in the device. 
The technique can be expanded to many other applications such as gas sensors and microwave switches. The technique is efficient, quick, reproducible, and it uses a minimal amount of dilute solution making it ideal for the testing of novel nanomaterials. Wafer scale assembly of nanowire devices can also be achieved using this technique, allowing large numbers of samples for testing and large-area electronic applications.

In this paper, flow assisted dielectrophoresis is demonstrated for the self-assembly of nanowire devices. The fabrication of a silicon nanowire field effect transistor is shown as an example.

流动辅助介: 一种低成本的制备高性能溶液可纳米线器件的方法

Flow-assisted dielectrophoresis (DEP) is an efficient self-assembly method for the controllable and reproducible positioning, alignment, and selection of ...

Atmospheric Pressure Fabrication of Large-Sized Single-Layer Rectangular SnSe Flakes

Tin selenide (SnSe) belongs to the family of layered metal chalcogenide materials with a buckled structure like phosphorene, and has shown potential for applications in two-dimensional nanoelectronics devices. Although many methods to synthesize SnSe nanocrystals have been developed, a simple way to fabricate large-sized single-layer SnSe flakes remains a great challenge. Herein, we show the experimental method to directly grow large-sized single-layer rectangular SnSe flakes on commonly used SiO2/Si insulating substrates using a straightforward two-step fabrication method in an atmospheric pressure quartz tube furnace system. The single-layer rectangular SnSe flakes with an average thickness of ~6.8 &#197; and lateral dimensions of about 30 &#181;m &#215; 50 &#181;m were fabricated by a combination of vapor transport deposition technique and nitrogen etching route. We characterized the morphology, microstructure, and electrical properties of the rectangular SnSe flakes and obtained excellent crystallinity and good electronic properties. This article about the two-step fabrication method can help researchers grow other similar two-dimensional, large-sized, single-layer materials using an atmospheric pressure system.

A protocol is presented demonstrating a two-step fabrication technique to grow large-sized single-layer rectangular shaped SnSe flakes on low-cost SiO2/Si dielectrics wafers in an atmospheric pressure quartz tube furnace system.

大型单层矩形 SnSe 片的常压制备

Tin selenide (SnSe) belongs to the family of layered metal chalcogenide materials with a buckled structure like phosphorene, and has shown potential for ...

Fabrication of Refractive-index-matched Devices for Biomedical Microfluidics

The use of microfluidic devices has emerged as a defining tool for biomedical applications. When combined with modern microscopy techniques, these devices can be implemented as part of a robust platform capable of making simultaneous complementary measurements. The primary challenge created by the combination of these two techniques is the mismatch in refractive index between the materials traditionally used to make microfluidic devices and the aqueous solutions typically used in biomedicine. This mismatch can create optical artifacts near the channel or device edges. One solution is to reduce the refractive index of the material used to fabricate the device by using a fluorinated polymer such as MY133-V2000 whose refractive index is similar to that of water (n = 1.33). Here, the construction of a microfluidic device made out of MY133-V2000 using soft lithography techniques is demonstrated, using O2 plasma in conjunction with an acrylic holder to increase the adhesion between the MY133-V2000 fabricated device and the polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS) substrate. The device is then tested by incubating it filled with cell culture media for 24 h to demonstrate the ability of the device to maintain cell culture conditions during the course of a typical imaging experiment. Finally, quantitative phase microscopy (QPM) is used to measure the distribution of mass within the live adherent cells in the microchannel. This way, the increased precision, enabled by fabricating the device from a low index of refraction polymer such as MY133-V2000 in lieu of traditional soft lithography materials such as PDMS, is demonstrated. Overall, this approach for fabricating microfluidic devices can be readily integrated into existing soft lithography workflows in order to reduce optical artifacts and increase measurement precision.

This protocol describes the fabrication of microfluidic devices from MY133-V2000 to eliminate artifacts that often arise in microchannels due to the mismatching refractive indices between microchannel structures and an aqueous solution. This protocol uses an acrylic holder to compress the encapsulated device, improving adhesion both chemically and mechanically.

生物医学微流体折射率匹配器件的研制

The use of microfluidic devices has emerged as a defining tool for biomedical applications. When combined with modern microscopy techniques, these devices ...