Name: 视频: Video Movement Analysis Using Smartphones ViMAS: A Pilot Study
Uploaded: 2017-03-14T12:30:00.000+00:00
Duration: 7 min 51 s
Description: 16.7K 次观看. Wayne State University. This manuscript describes the method to test the concurrent validity of kinematic measures recorded by the smartphone application in comparison to a 3D motion capture system in the sagittal plane. This protocol will enable clinicians to set up smartphones for video capture of human movement.

The authors wish to thank all the participants who generously gave their time to participate in this study.

该协议是经韦恩州立大学的机构审查委员会。 1.实验准备<ol><li>位置摄像机捕捉整个6米的人行道。总共使用4三维运动的撷摄像头以捕捉行走超过6米的人行道。 <ol><li>放置每个摄像机在4个角的6米走道。定向每个摄像机在人行道的对角线端部彼此面对。 </li></ol></li><li>收集每个参与者的身高，体重和腿的长度的措施。 <ol><li>衡量质量公斤。 </li><li>测量从大转子腿长（米）到内侧踝双腿的用测量带。 </li><li>测量高度（米），由具有参与者站立赤脚旁边连接到墙上的卷尺。上放置参与者的头的顶部上的标尺读取贴在墙壁上的卷尺测量。 </li></ol></li><li&gt;上挂载与智能手机支架夹的三脚架适配器三脚架的智能手机。放置在2米或4-m的三脚架，垂直于人行道的中心。如果执行验证研究随机本次配股的顺序。 </li><li>对双侧髂前上嵴的参与者3智能标记（ASIS），大腿上1/3，小腿及足背的上1/3处集群。放置单个智能标记在左，右后上髂嵴之间中线。 <ol><li>安全与尼龙带/双面胶​​带智能标记。安全大腿和小腿的标记在冠状面。 </li></ol></li><li>地方贴指示在双边内侧和外侧股骨髁，内侧和外侧踝以及第一和第二脚趾之间的网络空间的三维运动捕获系统的校准骨性标志。 注:校准过程是具体到每一个实验室，以及3D动作捕捉设备和软件。 </LI&gt; <li>用于所述校准程序，是指由3D运动捕捉设备和/或软件用于分析数据的制造商提供的指导手册。这里所使用的过程涉及到使用仪器"魔杖"智能标记，注册置于该贴的3D位置。 </li></ol> 2.实验<ol><li>调整智能手机相机镜头的高度捕捉到可以仅参加者的下半身（ASIS为上缘），或全身上下（如肩峰上缘）。测量从地面以米相机镜头的高度。 </li><li>给学员练习的审判。有一个研究者操作智能电话，以及其他操作，控制三维运动捕获系统中的计算机。使用纸编号上注明智能电话录音试用号码。 </li><li>打开智能手机的应用程序。按下红色的"记录"按钮，在底部，在S中心creen，开始记录（在垂直方向时）。 注:如果智能手机已经放置在三角架上，按钮会出现在中间，在手机的右侧，靠近智能手机的home键。 </li><li>在指导他们的正常的步伐走路参与者，集中放置在对面墙上的标志，以协助他们走一条直线。并行智能电话放置在走道捕获参与者的侧轮廓。有参与者越过前两个三维运动捕获放置在两侧的人行道的开头相机，以及朝设置在两侧的人行道的另一端的另一两个3D运动捕获相机行走。 <ol><li>对于每一个试验中，给每个参与者一个倒计时开始（3，2，1，GO），并结束试（3，2，1，STOP）。 </li></ol></li><li>主体完成行走6米的距离后，选择红色的"记录"按钮一次完成录制此行走试验。 </li><li>检查LL标记每次试验后的位置。如果标记的位置就改变了，返回步骤1.6到三维运动捕捉系统重新校准到新的标志物的展示位置。 </li><li>有参加者在步骤2.1在每个摄像机的距离进行3项试验。 </li><li>移动与智能手机的三脚架与第二距离。返回参与者站到走不动路的中点。按照说明在协议步骤2.2 - 2.5。 </li><li>保存和删除智能标记之前验证3D动作捕捉录音和智能手机的录音。 </li></ol> 3.数据分析<ol><li>按照软件/制造商的说明来计算膝盖的角度。手动记录在步态周期的脚跟撞击和脚趾离阶段在屏幕上显示的膝角度。 </li><li>完成智能手机录音脚跟罢工和脚趾的分析了由一组两名调查员，谁必须在脚跟撞击和脚趾的时刻认同捕获的事件˚F事件和角度测量土地的痕迹。使用触控笔的膝盖角度测量标志性建筑的位置提高精度。下面的步骤是由两名调查员共同完成。 </li><li>要查看刚录制的审判，请在屏幕左下角的视频广场（在垂直方向）。 </li><li>使用滚动条在屏幕的底部，选择在其中受试者是最接近脚跟击或脚趾离（取的优选变量）在屏幕的中心框架上。 </li><li>要在角降，点击屏幕右上方的白色，勾画铅笔图标。 </li><li>选择角度选项，在下拉菜单中选择第二个选项。 </li><li>选择一个首选的颜色和角度壶。请注意，只有一个角度可以在同一时间进行测量。在这个协议中测得的角度纯粹由在矢状平面中的膝角度的。 </li><li>滑动或任何挖掘手写笔在屏幕的砸角度。 </li><li>放置在膝关节（外侧髁）角的中心，以沿着向上的股骨和向下向着侧踝到达矢量。 </li><li>如果需要的话，"放大"通过在屏幕的中心两个手指放置并拢慢慢地从彼此分开绘制它们。 注意:一旦满意的角度的位置，该工具自动计算在给定帧中的膝角度。 </li><li>为了确定在脚趾关闭或脚后跟着其他阶段的膝盖夹角，重复步骤3.4 - 3.10。 </li></ol> 4.临床协议<ol><li>测量和标记还是使用卷尺和标记/胶带6米的人行道。 </li><li>放置在一个平行的三脚架智能手机和接近6米的走道的中心。 </li><li>将三脚架从走道的中心有2米处捕捉到下肢，或4米处捕捉到躯干和下肢。所有的摄像机位置允许矢状面运动学LY捕获。 </li><li>计算使用下式地板智能手机相机透镜高度的高度: 附近的摄像头配置（2米）仅用于下肢捕获 相机镜头=身高（米0.87xPatient的参考腿长） - 0.12 远的摄像头配置（4米）为下肢和躯干捕获 相机镜头高度=患者的参考腿米定尺- 0.23 </li><li>重复第2 - 3记录，并使用智能手机应用分析数据。 </li></ol>

<ol>
	<li>Brunnekreef, J. J., van Uden, C. J., van Moorsel, S., Kooloos, J. G. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Reliability+of+videotaped+observational+gait+analysis+in+patients+with+orthopedic+impairments.">Reliability of videotaped observational gait analysis in patients with orthopedic impairments.</a> BMC Musculoskelet Disord. 6 (17), (2005).</li><li>Jette, D. U., Halbert, J., Iverson, C., Miceli, E., Shah, P. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Use+of+standardized+outcome+measures+in+physical+therapist+practice:+perceptions+and+applications.">Use of standardized outcome measures in physical therapist practice: perceptions and applications.</a> Phys Ther. 89 (2), 125-135 (2009).</li><li>Jette, D. U., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Evidence-based+practice:+beliefs,+attitudes,+knowledge,+and+behaviors+of+physical+therapists.">Evidence-based practice: beliefs, attitudes, knowledge, and behaviors of physical therapists.</a> Phys Ther. 83 (9), 786-805 (2003).</li><li>Stuberg, W. A., Colerick, V. L., Blanke, D. J., Bruce, W. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Comparison+of+a+Clinical+Gait+Analysis+Method+Using+Videography+and+Temporal-Distance+Measures+with+16-Mm+Cinematography.">Comparison of a Clinical Gait Analysis Method Using Videography and Temporal-Distance Measures with 16-Mm Cinematography.</a> Phys Ther. 68 (8), 1221-1225 (1988).</li><li>Norris, B. S., Olson, S. L. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Concurrent+validity+and+reliability+of+two-dimensional+video+analysis+of+hip+and+knee+joint+motion+during+mechanical+lifting.">Concurrent validity and reliability of two-dimensional video analysis of hip and knee joint motion during mechanical lifting.</a> Physiother Theory Pract. 27 (7), 521-530 (2011).</li><li>Robinson, J. L., Smidt, G. L. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Quantitative+gait+evaluation+in+the+clinic.">Quantitative gait evaluation in the clinic.</a> Phys Ther. 61 (3), 351-353 (1981).</li><li>Krystkowiak, P., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Gait+abnormalities+induced+by+acquired+bilateral+pallidal+lesions:+a+motion+analysis+study.">Gait abnormalities induced by acquired bilateral pallidal lesions: a motion analysis study.</a> J Neurol. 253 (5), 594-600 (2006).</li><li>Grunt, S., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Reproducibility+and+validity+of+video+screen+measurements+of+gait+in+children+with+spastic+cerebral+palsy.">Reproducibility and validity of video screen measurements of gait in children with spastic cerebral palsy.</a> Gait Posture. 31 (4), 489-494 (2010).</li><li>Womersley, L., May, S. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Sitting+posture+of+subjects+with+postural+backache.">Sitting posture of subjects with postural backache.</a> J Manipulative Physiol Ther. 29 (3), 213-218 (2006).</li><li>DeForge, D., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Effect+of+4-aminopyridine+on+gait+in+ambulatory+spinal+cord+injuries:+a+double-blind,+placebo-controlled,+crossover+trial.">Effect of 4-aminopyridine on gait in ambulatory spinal cord injuries: a double-blind, placebo-controlled, crossover trial.</a> Spinal Cord. 42 (12), 674-685 (2004).</li><li>Lucareli, P. R., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Gait+analysis+following+treadmill+training+with+body+weight+support+versus+conventional+physical+therapy:+a+prospective+randomized+controlled+single+blind+study.">Gait analysis following treadmill training with body weight support versus conventional physical therapy: a prospective randomized controlled single blind study.</a> Spinal Cord. 49 (9), 1001-1007 (2011).</li><li>Lucareli, P. R., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=[Gait+analysis+and+quality+of+life+evaluation+after+gait+training+in+patients+with+spinal+cord+injury].">[Gait analysis and quality of life evaluation after gait training in patients with spinal cord injury].</a> Rev Neurol. 46 (7), 406-410 (2008).</li><li>McFadyen, B. J., Swaine, B., Dumas, D., Durand, A. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Residual+effects+of+a+traumatic+brain+injury+on+locomotor+capacity:+a+first+study+of+spatiotemporal+patterns+during+unobstructed+and+obstructed+walking.">Residual effects of a traumatic brain injury on locomotor capacity: a first study of spatiotemporal patterns during unobstructed and obstructed walking.</a> J Head Trauma Rehabil. 18 (6), 512-525 (2003).</li><li>Shin, J. C., Yoo, J. H., Jung, T. H., Goo, H. R. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Comparison+of+lower+extremity+motor+score+parameters+for+patients+with+motor+incomplete+spinal+cord+injury+using+gait+parameters.">Comparison of lower extremity motor score parameters for patients with motor incomplete spinal cord injury using gait parameters.</a> Spinal Cord. 49 (4), 529-533 (2011).</li><li>Reid, S., Held, J. M., Lawrence, S. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Reliability+and+Validity+of+the+Shaw+Gait+Assessment+Tool+for+Temporospatial+Gait+Assessment+in+People+With+Hemiparesis.">Reliability and Validity of the Shaw Gait Assessment Tool for Temporospatial Gait Assessment in People With Hemiparesis.</a> Arch Phys Med Rehabil. 92 (7), 1060-1065 (2011).</li><li>Stokic, D. S., Horn, T. S., Ramshur, J. M., Chow, J. W. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Agreement+Between+Temporospatial+Gait+Parameters+of+an+Electronic+Walkway+and+a+Motion+Capture+System+in+Healthy+and+Chronic+Stroke+Populations.">Agreement Between Temporospatial Gait Parameters of an Electronic Walkway and a Motion Capture System in Healthy and Chronic Stroke Populations.</a> Am J Phys Med Rehabil. 88 (6), 437-444 (2009).</li><li>Arazpour, M., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Evaluation+of+a+novel+powered+hip+orthosis+for+walking+by+a+spinal+cord+injury+patient:+a+single+case+study.">Evaluation of a novel powered hip orthosis for walking by a spinal cord injury patient: a single case study.</a> J. Prosthet. Orthot. Int. 36 (1), 105-112 (2012).</li><li>Prado-Medeiros, C. L., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Effects+of+the+addition+of+functional+electrical+stimulation+to+ground+level+gait+training+with+body+weight+support+after+chronic+stroke.">Effects of the addition of functional electrical stimulation to ground level gait training with body weight support after chronic stroke.</a> Revista Brasileira De Fisioterapia. 15 (6), 436-444 (2011).</li><li>Sousa, C. O., Barela, J. A., Prado-Medeiros, C. L., Salvini, T. F., Barela, A. M. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Gait+training+with+partial+body+weight+support+during+overground+walking+for+individuals+with+chronic+stroke:+a+pilot+study.">Gait training with partial body weight support during overground walking for individuals with chronic stroke: a pilot study.</a> J Neuroeng Rehabil. 8 (48), (2011).</li><li>Krebs, D. E., Edelstein, J. E., Fishman, S. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Reliability+of+observational+kinamatic+gait+analysis.">Reliability of observational kinamatic gait analysis.</a> J Am Phys Ther Assoc. 65, 1027-1033 (1995).</li><li>Martin, S. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=More+than+half+of+MDs+under+age+35+now+using+PDAs.">More than half of MDs under age 35 now using PDAs.</a> Can. Med. Assoc. J. 169 (9), 952 (2003).</li><li>Mosa, A. M., Yoo, I., Sheets, L. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=A+Systematic+Review+of+Healthcare+Applications+for+Smartphones.">A Systematic Review of Healthcare Applications for Smartphones.</a> BMC Med Inform Decis Mak. 12, (2012).</li><li>Ferriero, G., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Reliability+of+a+smartphone-based+goniometer+for+knee+joint+goniometry.">Reliability of a smartphone-based goniometer for knee joint goniometry.</a> Int J Rehabil Res. 36 (2), 146-151 (2013).</li><li>Vohralik, S. L., Bowen, A. R., Burns, J., Hiller, C. E., Nightingale, E. J. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Reliability+and+validity+of+a+smartphone+app+to+measure+joint+range.">Reliability and validity of a smartphone app to measure joint range.</a> Am J Phys Med Rehabil. 94 (4), 325-330 (2015).</li><li>Scholtes, S. S., Gretchen, <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Ability+to+detect+change+in+single+leg+squat+movement+patterns+following+instruction+in+females+with+patellofemoral+pain+using+2D+motion+analysis+methods.">Ability to detect change in single leg squat movement patterns following instruction in females with patellofemoral pain using 2D motion analysis methods.</a> Combined Sections Meeting. , (2014).</li><li>Eltoukhy, M. A., Asfour, S., Thompson, C., Latta, L. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Evaluation+of+the+performance+of+digital+video+analysis+of+human+motion:+dartfish+tracking+system.">Evaluation of the performance of digital video analysis of human motion: dartfish tracking system.</a> IJSER. 3 (3), 1-6 (2012).</li><li>Boone, D. C., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Reliability+of+goniometric+measurements.">Reliability of goniometric measurements.</a> Phys Ther. 58 (11), 1355-1360 (1978).</li><li>Bovens, A. M., van Baak, M. A., Vrencken, J. G., Wijnen, J. A., Verstappen, F. T. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Variability+and+reliability+of+joint+measurements.">Variability and reliability of joint measurements.</a> Am J Sports Med. 18 (1), 58-63 (1990).</li></ol>

No relevant financial relationship exists with Hudl Technique (Ubersense). Adams Physical Therapy Clinic, Novi, MI were our clinical collaborators on this study.

此验证研究的目的是要确定，以便可以自由使用智能电话应用的有效性被临床上用作使用智能技术在临床上运动的步态分析的目的和成本有效的手段。该研究了与智能电话应用运动学措施现有验证研究是有限的，并没有评估在矢状平面步态期间记录的动态运动的措施。该验证研究是第一次在矢状面上有研究运动膝盖措施智能手机。此外，此验证研究是第一个已知的开发利用在临床设置复制的智能手机应用在矢状平面运动学步态分析的协议。 根据结果​​，有由3D运动捕捉系统和智能电话应用，这是成为EXP膝角度测量之间的显著差异ected。有一种相比于三维运动捕获系统的容量由智能电话获得的测量精度的限制。智能手机的精度限制是基于进行研究时所提供的特定设备的工艺参数。随着技术的不断进步，智能手机平台，可出现改善的捕获速率。以移动范围内缓慢进行分析和捕捉静止图像视频的能力也可以提高运动的分析上提供智能手机平台的精度。的功能，如高清视频录制，慢动作拍摄，变焦和对焦能力素质结合可以大大提高下肢的分析，而不期望的步态时刻的失真。即使测量精度的影响得到的膝的措施，被两个相机距离之间检测到测量误差没有显著差异。有适度协议脚趾断相，说明膝关节屈曲措施相比脚跟罢工期间，该协议提高到膝关节伸直或过伸测量的协议中膝角度测量。 平均来说，一个2 - 被检测的测量误差的6度的范围内。在这项研究中获得的误差范围内，出现错误的一个既定的，临床上可接受的范围对应良好。例如，由单个审查员截取的末端的多个测角措施有一系列的4到5度。 27，28而且，由多个审查员采取末端测角措施的平均值±标准偏差为5至6度。时相比，研究，调查在矢状平面机械起重捕捉，测量误差也反射前面提到的临床上可接受的度量。在诺里斯等人进行的一项研究。 5，标准误差意思是起重机械在臀部，膝盖和脚踝的测定进行了分析。有膝关节测量6.1度的误差。然而，诺里斯获得的措施利用摄像机与智能手机兼容的应用程序记录计算机与分析的措施。的测量误差不能直接相比，在这项研究中获得的措施，因为所有的措施都捕获和在智能手机上进行分析。为了复制本手稿中的结果，如所描述的协议的所有步骤必须遵守。特别是第2节是执行此验证技术，并获得使用智能手机应用程序的有效运动测度的关键。这些步骤概括了智能手机的摄像头放置方法和执行运动的措施。 除了智能手机使用了动态联测的验证，本研究试图简化和标准化使用智能手机技术为在诊所矢状面的步态分析。研究人员开发了这项研究的现实再现协议的临床空间内，使用最少的和随时可用的设备。该协议包括了所需的空间，需要的设备，并在必要的公式来计算病人的具体设置所需的下肢部分的适当拍摄参数。通过下面列出的设置中，研究者都比较相信医生将获得有效的运动措施，±5度的误差。

人体步态评估是物理疗法的评价和临床决策过程的关键组成部分。 1步态评估是一个经常使用的临床工具，以评估患者的神经系统和肌肉骨骼缺陷步态障碍。然后步态重新评估可以提供有关干预的实现，他们在他们最初的评估确定的目标药效信息临床医生。有一个在美国国家认可的需要物理治疗师评估病人时，利用标准化的结果的测量。 2这就需要从保险报销政策的迅速变化的风景，以及一个强调移的物理治疗师更多地依赖基于证据的做法造成的。 3有许多成果的措施，以评估步态的不同方面，可以在许多方面，包括可观察:相UAL观察由临床医师，功能评估，视频记录的措施，电子人行道，三维运动分析软件等 。在临床环境中，经常执行观察（视觉）步态分析，因为它需要最少的设备和时间。 而观测步态分析在诊所内常用，它仍然是一种主观的评估。 4因此，因素，如治疗师的经验，视力，距离从受试者（摄像机的距离），测量工具，以及任何其他此类因素可以在评估引入变异性和误差。这种变异的可能性给出了测量的更可靠的方法，其可最终通过使用有效的仪器来克服的关键需求。 五 公司自成立以来，录像及相关技术已被用于检查各种功能限制资源从受损运动能力以及视觉反馈形式ulting。这是真正的剧烈的问候步态评估。 Stuberg 等。发现"录像设备处于临床常用的...并提供步态周期过程中的姿势和关节位置更多客观信息的医生。" 4随着技术的不断提高，因此具有视频分析的能力。这些功能提供物理治疗师一起评估临床步态的各种参数更大的能力。 即物理治疗师专注于两个关键参数包括运动学和时空参数。顾名思义，时空措施涉及的距离和时间的元素。具体到一个步态周期，时空措施将包括，但不限于，步幅长度，步长，节奏和速度。 6邻运动措施疗法手焦点在每个步态周期期间观察到的下肢的关节运动/旋转。 许多同行评议的文章已经发表引用该利用视频运动分析作为衡量的结果，特别是2D摄像系统，以评估运动，时空，或这两种类型的参数的组合。这些文章已评估各种临床人群包括具有中风（CVA）的历史的个人，创伤性脑损伤（TBI），脊髓损伤（SCI），帕金森氏病（PD），脑瘫（CP），和健康个体。下面介绍的原理图（ 图1）条规定获得通过，以确定已发布关于这一主题相关的同行评审文献的框架。 <img alt="图1" src="/files/ftp_upload/54659/54659fig1.jpg" /> 图1。 原理图文章的选择标准。钍Ë原理概述在选择同行评议的文章，以确定被报道步态分析的变量类型使用的步骤。 <a href="https://ecsource-jove-com.remotexs.ntu.edu.sg/files/ftp_upload/54659/54659fig1large.jpg" target="_blank">请点击此处查看该图的放大版本。</a> 大多数已经使用视频运动分析记录步态参数研究研究是验证研究。运动学验证研究可以进一步细分为三类:评估从特定的诊断/病理学所得，7检查在特定官能运动关节角度，8，9，并通过预干预动作的比较评估治疗的有效性异常运动和干预后的议案。 10，11同样，调查研究评估时空段米也可以细分为三类:从特定的病理学，12，13产生的异常运动的评定中，特定的功能活动期间的一个平台14检查，15，16和特定干预的效果确定。 17研究研究，评估既运动学和时空参数主要目的是确定如矫形器具体的治疗干预措施的有效性 17或体重/部分体重支持跑步机训练。 18，19这些文章的初步描述性分析确定研究的52.1％（仅那些在运动（30.4％看）和那些检查的参数的组合（21.7％）的总和）Researched运动学参数与2D摄像系统。这是相比于物品的69.5％（总和的文章，研究了时空参数（47.8％）和参数的组合（21.7％）），该评估时空参数。 在记录和评估运动学和时空步态参数的方法上的差异也被视为在临床实践中使用的观测步态分析的类型方面。时空参数与更大的频率评估的研究所示。有三种一般在原因的趋势一致:成本低，易于使用，并且一个标准协议的存在来测量这些参数。观测运动学测量已经显示出具有非常低的帧内评价者（60％）和评定者间可靠性 - 在临床环境（40％94％）。 4此广泛了解，在标记的位置是由于变化的骨性标志，并用来评估关节角度的特定工具。在标记的位置放置的微小差异可以显著改变产生的角度。时空测量有更高的可靠性（范围69％ - 97％），使用特别是当纸，铅笔和停止时钟的方法来评估步态。 20 在过去几十年的技术进步已经显著改变医疗被实践的方式。随着近年来智能手机的出现，接入互联网，在线调研文章和其他电子资源现在更容易获得医生在任何时间。 Martin 等人。报道称，"一般智能手机的使用在临床实践中，医学教育和研究正在增加。" 21在这项研究中，35岁以下的医生超过50％的受访者认为他们已经使用在临床实践中智能手机来实现。这种趋势增量缓解了2009年的时候在美国的医生有64％被发现使用智能手机在他们的临床实践。曼哈顿回顾研究进一步预测，这种增长将持续到2012年22爬升到医生和保健医生落实在临床实践中使用的智能手机的81％，而进一步的研究还没有进行，以确定是否该上升趋势确实继续攀升，这是合理的假设，在医疗保健的已知实现技术的，即在临床实践中使用的智能手机平台将变得更加普遍。 目前使用的在物理治疗实践智能手机应用尚未建立。目前还没有研究评估由物理治疗师迄今使用的智能视频分析应用。然而，各种智能手机应用程序已被用于单个物理治疗师在邻突破口辅助工具在这两个恢复使用和各学科训练的运动员utpatient整形设置。智能手机应用还提供可以测量的关节角度，其中一些已被证实。 23,24个别治疗师在智能手机上为病人的视觉反馈和可能缺乏的患者的步态循环的各种部件的容易击穿使用各种分析应用开始，基于轶事证据。但是，这些措施的有效性仍然不明。这并就这些智能视频分析应用中存在有限的研究主要集中在运动学步态参数验证，特别是踝关节，膝关节和髋关节的角度，在冠状面，25和设备的评定者间的可靠性。 26有迄今没有研究已经验证了使用智能手机的视频分析应用记录kinem在矢状面，这是在临床步态分析最常执行步态欧蒂龙。 本研究的目的是测试由智能手机应用记录运动学措施的同时效度并比较它们由3D运动捕捉系统在矢状面中记录的措施。我们预测，比起由3D运动捕捉系统记录的措施时，会出现由智能手机应用记录在测量之间没有显著差异。次要目的是从受试者（接近2米距离测试，如果两个不同的智能手机相机的刊登位置;在智能手机相机的两个不同的广告刊登位置之间措施远距离4 -nt差的研究的最终目的。是起草使用智能手机应用临床视频步态分析的协议。

<table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" width="655">
	<tbody>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:247px;">Hudl Technique App</td>
			<td style="width:81px;">Hudl&#160;</td>
			<td style="width:136px;">Online app</td>
			<td style="width:191px;">Freely downladable app from adroid /apple store</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="63">
			<td height="63" style="height:63px;width:247px;">Optotrak Certus 3D motion capture system</td>
			<td style="width:81px;">Northern Digital inc</td>
			<td style="width:136px;">Optotrak certus System</td>
			<td>http://www.ndigital.com/msci/products/optotrak-certus/</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:247px;">Smartphone</td>
			<td style="width:81px;">Apple</td>
			<td style="width:136px;">Iphone 5</td>
			<td>www.apple.com</td>
		</tr>
	</tbody>
</table>

video movement analysis using smartphones (vimas): a pilot study

利用在临床实践中的智能手机正在稳步与可用于评估人的步态低成本/免费提供的"应用"的可用性日益增加。这个手稿的主要目的是测试在矢状面相比，由智能手机应用记录的三维运动捕捉系统运动学措施的同时效度。次要目标是开发用于智能手机上的摄像头的设置了视频移动分析医生的协议。 矢状面膝关节角罢工脚跟和脚趾的时候使用智能手机应用程序，并在32名健康受试者三维动作捕捉系统事件期间测量。三个试验在接近（2-m）的和远（4--m）的智能手机相机的距离进行。的距离的顺序是随机的。进行回归分析来估计根据任一主体的高度或腿长摄像机的高度。 绝对完美TE测量误差相比，脚跟击（5.81±5.26度）脚趾离（3.12±5.44度）期间最少。有显著（P &lt;0.05），但膝关节角度的应用和3D动作捕捉措施的适度协议。也有不显著（P&gt; 0.05）在两个照相机位置之间的绝对测量误差之间的差异。在步态周期的脚趾离和脚跟罢工事件5度 - 3之间平均的测量误差。 使用智能手机应用程序都可以在门诊执行步态或人体运动分析的有效工具。还需要进一步研究，以确定在测量上肢和躯干的运动精度。

所有32例完成6步行试验;然而，从与会者的6个数据并没有包括在数据分析中，由于产生的标记的可见性差的技术问题。膝关节角度的绝对测量误差时相比足跟撞击（5.81±5.26度）（ 表1b）脚趾离事件（3.12±5.44度）为最少。有智能手机应用和膝关节角度的三维运动捕捉措施间差异无统计学显著协议（P&gt; 0.05）。此外，还有两个摄像机位置（2.0M和4.0米）之间的绝对测量误差之间没有显著差异（P&gt; 0.05）。参加者的腿的长度占身高的40.4％的变异在其智能手机的摄像头被放置在较远的距离（4.0 M，P &lt;0.0001）和50％的变异在近距离（2.0 M，P &lt;0.0001）。 表1A）。在活动脚趾离1，脚跟触1和脚趾离2，为近及远的距离，智能手机应用表现出中等协议。在脚趾离2，观察改进协议，双方在近及远的距离，以提高观测值ICC（趾关近2 = ICC 0.447，P &lt;0.05;脚趾离2远东ICC = 0.454，​​P &lt;0.05）。 <table border="1" fo:keep-together.within-page="1" fo:keep-with-next.within-page="always"><tbody><tr><td>相机位置</td><td>步态阶段</td><td>平均误差</td><td>标准。偏差</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="4">近</td><td>足跟触1 </td><td> 5.74 </td><td> 8.49 </td></tr><tr><td>脚后跟冲击2 </td><td> 6.36 </td><td> 4.14 </td></tr> &lt;TR&gt; <td>脚趾离1 </td><td> 3.93 </td><td>五</td></tr><tr><td>脚趾离2 </td><td> 2.49 * </td><td> 4.99 </td></tr><tr><td rowspan="4">远</td><td>足跟触1 </td><td> 4.97 </td><td> 5.58 </td></tr><tr><td>脚后跟冲击2 </td><td> 5.47 </td><td> 3.6 </td></tr><tr><td>脚趾离1 </td><td> 2.71 </td><td> 5.64 </td></tr><tr><td>脚趾离2 </td><td> 2.54 * </td><td> 4.69 </td></tr></tbody></table> 表1:显着性值（P值）内相关分析。 *表示P &lt;0.05。 <table border="1" fo:keep-together.within-page="1" fo:keep-with-next.within-page="always"><tbody><tr><td>相机位置</td><td>步态阶段</td><td>内相关</td><td>意义</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="4">近</td><td>足跟触1 </td><td> 0.168 </td><td> 0.368 </td></tr><tr> &lt;TD&gt;脚趾离1 </td><td> 0.324 </td><td> 0.126 </td></tr><tr><td>脚后跟冲击2 </td><td> 0.335 </td><td> 0.07 </td></tr><tr><td>脚趾离2 </td><td> 0.447 </td><td> 0.018 * </td></tr><tr><td rowspan="4">远</td><td>足跟触1 </td><td> 0.157 </td><td> 0.327 </td></tr><tr><td>脚趾离1 </td><td> 0.284 </td><td> 0.084 </td></tr><tr><td>脚后跟冲击2 </td><td> 0.248 </td><td> 0.119 </td></tr><tr><td>脚趾离2 </td><td> 0.454 </td><td> .046 * </td></tr></tbody></table> 表2: 膝角度测量误差。从应用程序和动作捕捉系统之间措施的差异而产生奥特曼地块提供视觉证据表明，差异具有随机性，不让人看到任何错误成正比（ 图2A和2B）。该地块FOř2.0米和4.0 m以内的距离显示更散落在中心平均差线数据。这表明，摄像机的位置没有贡献在测量误差。 <img alt="图2" src="/files/ftp_upload/54659/54659fig2.jpg" /> 图2. 布兰德和奥特曼地块显示的应用程序和3D运动记录的数据之间的差异捕捉系统在脚趾离在远端和近端摄像机位置。一）关闭摄像机位置远脚趾2. 二）摄像头位置附近脚趾离2。

Watch this Scientific Journal Video about Video Movement Analysis Using Smartphones ViMAS: A Pilot Study at JoVE.com

Video Movement Analysis Using Smartphones ViMAS: A Pilot Study

This manuscript describes the method to test the concurrent validity of kinematic measures recorded by the smartphone application in comparison to a 3D motion capture system in the sagittal plane. This protocol will enable clinicians to set up smartphones for video capture of human movement.

视频运动分析使用智能手机（ViMAS）的初步研究

The use of smartphones in clinical practice is steadily increasing with the availability of low cost/freely available &#34;apps&#34; that could be used to ...

video-movement-analysis-using-smartphones-vimas-a-pilot-study

Nanyang Technological University

Research

JoVE Journal

Medicine

Video Movement Analysis Using Smartphones (ViMAS): A Pilot Study

16.7K 次观看.  Wayne State University. This manuscript describes the method to test the concurrent validity of kinematic measures recorded by the smartphone application in comparison to a 3D motion capture system in the sagittal plane. This protocol will enable clinicians to set up smartphones for video capture of human movement.

视频: Video Movement Analysis Using Smartphones ViMAS: A Pilot Study

Movement Retraining using Real-time Feedback of Performance

Any modification of movement - especially movement patterns that have been honed over a number of years - requires re-organization of the neuromuscular patterns responsible for governing the movement performance. This motor learning can be enhanced through a number of methods that are utilized in research and clinical settings alike. In general, verbal feedback of performance in real-time or knowledge of results following movement is commonly used clinically as a preliminary means of instilling motor learning. Depending on patient preference and learning style, visual feedback (e.g. through use of a mirror or different types of video) or proprioceptive guidance utilizing therapist touch, are used to supplement verbal instructions from the therapist. Indeed, a combination of these forms of feedback is commonplace in the clinical setting to facilitate motor learning and optimize outcomes.
Laboratory-based, quantitative motion analysis has been a mainstay in research settings to provide accurate and objective analysis of a variety of movements in healthy and injured populations. While the actual mechanisms of capturing the movements may differ, all current motion analysis systems rely on the ability to track the movement of body segments and joints and to use established equations of motion to quantify key movement patterns. Due to limitations in acquisition and processing speed, analysis and description of the movements has traditionally occurred offline after completion of a given testing session.
This paper will highlight a new supplement to standard motion analysis techniques that relies on the near instantaneous assessment and quantification of movement patterns and the display of specific movement characteristics to the patient during a movement analysis session. As a result, this novel technique can provide a new method of feedback delivery that has advantages over currently used feedback methods.

Retraining abnormal movement patterns following injury or disease is a key component of physical rehabilitation. Recent advances in technology have permitted accurate assessment of movement during a variety of tasks, with near instantaneous quantification of results. This provides new opportunities for modification of faulty movement patterns in real time.

的运动再培训采用实时反馈的性能

Any modification of movement - especially movement patterns that have been honed over a number of years - requires re-organization of the neuromuscular ...

科研

医学

Measurement of Dynamic Scapular Kinematics Using an Acromion Marker Cluster to Minimize Skin Movement Artifact

The measurement of dynamic scapular kinematics is complex due to the sliding nature of the scapula beneath the skin surface. The aim of the study was to clearly describe the acromion marker cluster (AMC) method of determining scapular kinematics when using a passive marker motion capture system, with consideration for the sources of error which could affect the validity and reliability of measurements. The AMC method involves placing a cluster of markers over the posterior acromion, and through calibration of anatomical landmarks with respect to the marker cluster it is possible to obtain valid measurements of scapular kinematics. The reliability of the method was examined between two days in a group of 15 healthy individuals (aged 19-38 years, eight males) as they performed arm elevation, to 120&#176;, and lowering in the frontal, scapular and sagittal planes. Results showed that between-day reliability was good for upward scapular rotation (Coefficient of Multiple Correlation; CMC = 0.92) and posterior tilt (CMC = 0.70) but fair for internal rotation (CMC = 0.53) during the arm elevation phase. The waveform error was lower for upward rotation (2.7&#176; to 4.4&#176;) and posterior tilt (1.3&#176; to 2.8&#176;), compared to internal rotation (5.4&#176; to 7.3&#176;). The reliability during the lowering phase was comparable to results observed during the elevation phase. If the protocol outlined in this study is adhered to, the AMC provides a reliable measurement of upward rotation and posterior tilt during the elevation and lowering phases of arm movement.

This report presents details of how to adopt the acromion marker cluster method of obtaining scapular kinematics when using a passive marker motion capture device. As has been described in the literature, this method provides a robust, non-invasive, three-dimensional, dynamic and valid measurement of scapular kinematics, minimizing skin movement artifact.

动态肩胛运动学使用的肩峰标记集群尽量减少与皮肤运动伪影测量

The measurement of dynamic scapular kinematics is complex due to the sliding nature of the scapula beneath the skin surface. The aim of the study was to ...

Using Saccadometry with Deep Brain Stimulation to Study Normal and Pathological Brain Function

The oculomotor system involves a large number of brain areas including parts of the basal ganglia, and various neurodegenerative diseases including Parkinson's and Huntington's can disrupt it. People with Parkinson's disease, for example, tend to have increased saccadic latencies. Consequently, the quantitative measurement of saccadic eye movements has received considerable attention as a potential biomarker for neurodegenerative conditions. A lot more can be learned about the brain in both health and disease by observing what happens to eye movements when the function of specific brain areas is perturbed. Deep brain stimulation is a surgical intervention used for the management of a range of neurological conditions including Parkinson's disease, in which stimulating electrodes are placed in specific brain areas including several sites in the basal ganglia. Eye movement measurements can then be made with the stimulator systems both off and on and the results compared. With suitable experimental design, this approach can be used to study the pathophysiology of the disease being treated, the mechanism by which DBS exerts it beneficial effects, and even aspects of normal neurophysiology.

This paper describes the use of quantitative measurement of eye movements in conjunction with stimulation of focal areas of the deep brain in order to study physiology, pathophysiology, and the mechanisms of deep brain stimulation.

使用Saccadometry与深部脑刺激来研究正常和病理脑功能

The oculomotor system involves a large number of brain areas including parts of the basal ganglia, and various neurodegenerative diseases including ...

Using the Sleeve Technique in a Mouse Model of Aortic Transplantation - An Instructional Video

Orthotopic aortic transplantation using the sleeve technique reduces injury to the aorta with failure rate of only 10-20%. The time to anastomose the aorta in mice using the sleeve method was short and easy averaging 20 min, permitting studies of iso/allo grafts. The following article describes the aortic transplantation procedure used in our laboratory. The mice were anesthetized with a mixture of 1.5% volume isoflurane and 100% oxygen through a face mask. At this point, the segment of the aorta between the renal arteries and its bifurcation was separated from the vena cava, freely prepared and clampedat the proximal and distal segments with a single silk suture. Prior to the removal of the aorta, a saline solution containing heparin was injected into the inferior vena cava. Then the aorta was cut between the clamps and a saline heparin solution was used to flush the lumen. The sleeve technique with monofilament sutures was used in order to transplant the abdominal aorta in the orthotopic position.

We present an orthotopic aortic transplantation model using the sleeve technique in mice. It is a very rapid anastomosis method, which can be employed in studies of vascular disease.

套筒技术在主动脉移植小鼠模型中的应用-教学视频

Orthotopic aortic transplantation using the sleeve technique reduces injury to the aorta with failure rate of only 10-20%. The time to anastomose the ...

3D Ultrasound Imaging: Fast and Cost-effective Morphometry of Musculoskeletal Tissue

The developmental goal of 3D ultrasound imaging (3DUS) is to engineer a modality to perform 3D morphological ultrasound analysis of human muscles. 3DUS images are constructed from calibrated freehand 2D B-mode ultrasound images, which are positioned into a voxel array. Ultrasound (US) imaging allows quantification of muscle size, fascicle length, and angle of pennation. These morphological variables are important determinants of muscle force and length range of force exertion. The presented protocol describes an approach to determine volume and fascicle length of m.&#160;vastus lateralis and m.&#160;gastrocnemius medialis. 3DUS facilitates standardization using 3D anatomical references. This approach provides a fast and cost-effective approach for quantifying 3D morphology in skeletal muscles. In healthcare and sports, information on the morphometry of muscles is very valuable in diagnostics and/or follow-up evaluations after treatment or training.

3D ultrasound imaging (3DUS) allows fast and cost-effective morphometry of musculoskeletal tissues. We present a protocol to measure muscle volume and fascicle length using 3DUS.

3D 超声成像: 快速、经济高效的肌骨骼组织形态分析

The developmental goal of 3D ultrasound imaging (3DUS) is to engineer a modality to perform 3D morphological ultrasound analysis of human muscles. 3DUS ...

Using Retinal Imaging to Study Dementia

The retina offers a unique &#8220;window&#8221; to study pathophysiological processes of dementia in the brain, as it is an extension of the central nervous system (CNS) and shares prominent similarities with the brain in terms of embryological origin, anatomical features and physiological properties.&#160; The vascular and neuronal structure in the retina can now be visualized easily and non-invasively using retinal imaging techniques, including fundus photography and optical coherence tomography (OCT), and quantified semi-automatically using computer-assisted analysis programs. Studying the associations between vascular and neuronal changes in the retina and dementia could improve our understanding of dementia and, potentially, aid in diagnosis and risk assessment.&#160; This protocol aims to describe a method of quantifying and analyzing retinal vasculature and neuronal structure, which are potentially associated with dementia. This protocol also provides examples of retinal changes in subjects with dementia, and discusses technical issues and current limitations of retinal imaging.

The retina shares prominent similarities with the brain and thus represents a unique window to study vasculature and neuronal structure in the brain non-invasively. This protocol describes a method to study dementia using retinal imaging techniques. This method can potentially aid in diagnosis and risk assessment of dementia.

利用视网膜成像研究痴呆

The retina offers a unique &#8220;window&#8221; to study pathophysiological processes of dementia in the brain, as it is an extension of the central ...

A Novel Approach to Overcome Movement Artifact When Using a Laser Speckle Contrast Imaging System for Alternating Speeds of Blood Microcirculation

The laser speckle contrast imager (LSCI) provides a powerful yet simple technique for measuring microcirculatory blood flow. Ideal for blood dynamic responses, the LSCI is used in the same way as a conventional Laser Doppler Imager (LDI). However, with a maximum skin depth of approximately 1 mm, the LSCI is designed to focus on mainly superficial blood flow. It is used to measure skin surface areas of up to 15 cm x 20 cm. The new technique introduced in this paper accounts for alternating speeds of microcirculations; i.e. both slow and fast flow flux measurement using the LSCI. The novel technique also overcomes LSCI&#39;s biggest shortcoming, which is high sensitivity to artifact movement. An adhesive opaque patch (AOP) is introduced for satisfactory recording of microcirculatory blood flow, by subtracting the LSCI signal from the AOP from the laser speckle skin signal. The optimal setting is also defined because the LSCI is most powerful when flux changes are measured relative to a reference baseline, with blood microcirculatory flux expressed as a percentage change from the baseline. These changes may be used for analyzing the status of the blood flow system.

This study introduces a novel technique for the measurement and analysis of alternating speeds of blood microcirculation in a single experiment using a laser speckle contrast imager.

用激光散斑对比成像系统克服运动伪影的新方法血液微循环的交替速度

The laser speckle contrast imager (LSCI) provides a powerful yet simple technique for measuring microcirculatory blood flow. Ideal for blood dynamic ...

Isometric Contractility Measurement of the Mouse Mesenteric Artery Using Wire Myography

The wire myograph technique is used to assess the contractility of vascular smooth muscles in response to depolarization, GPCR agonists/inhibitors and drugs. It is widely used in many studies on the physiological functions of vascular smooth muscle, the pathogenesis of vascular diseases such as hypertension, and the development of smooth muscle relaxant drugs. The mouse is a widely used model animal with a large pool of disease models and genetically modified strains. We introduced this method to measure the isometric contraction of mouse mesenteric artery in detail. A 1.4-mm segment of mouse mesenteric resistance artery was isolated and mounted on a myograph chamber by passing two steel wires through its lumen. After equilibration and normalization steps, the vessel segment was potentiated by a high-K+ solution twice prior to the contraction assay. As an example of the application of this method in drug development, we measured the relaxant effect of a novel natural substance, neoliensinine, isolated from a Chinese herb, embryos of the lotus seed (Nelumbo nucifera Gaertn.) on mouse mesenteric arteries. The vessel segments mounted on the myograph chamber were stimulated with a high-K+ solution. When the force tension reached a stable sustained phase, cumulative doses of neoliensinine were added to the chamber. We found that neoliensinine had a dose-dependent relaxant effect on smooth muscle contraction, thus suggesting that it bears potential activity against hypertension. In addition, as the vessel segment can survive at least 4 hours after mounting and maintain contractility induced by the high-K+ solution for many times, we suggest that the wire myograph system may be used for the time-consuming process of drug screening.

The wire myograph technique is used to investigate vascular smooth muscle functions and screen new drugs. We report a detailed protocol for measuring the isometric contractility of the mouse mesenteric artery and for screening new relaxants of vascular smooth muscle.

用线 Myography 测定小鼠肠系膜动脉的等轴收缩力

The wire myograph technique is used to assess the contractility of vascular smooth muscles in response to depolarization, GPCR agonists/inhibitors and ...

Comparing Bibliometric Analysis Using PubMed, Scopus, and Web of Science Databases

Literature databases (i.e., PubMed, Scopus, and Web of Science) differ in terms of their coverage, focus, and the tool they provide. PubMed focuses mainly on life sciences and biomedical disciplines, whereas Scopus and Web of Science are multidisciplinary. The protocol described in the current study was used to search for publications from Jordanian authors in the years 2013-2017. In this protocol, how to use each database to conduct this type of search is explained in detail. A Scopus search resulted in the highest number of documents (11,444 documents), followed by a Web of Science search (10,943 documents). PubMed resulted in a smaller number of documents due to its narrower scope and coverage (4,363 documents). The results also show a yearly trend in: (1) the number of publications, (2) the disciplines that have the most publications, (3) the countries of collaboration, and (4) the number of open access publications. In contrast, PubMed has a sophisticated keyword optimization service (i.e., Medical Subject Heading, or MeSH), while both Scopus and Web of Science provide search analysis tools that can produce representative figures. Finally, the features of each database are explained in detail and several indices that can be extracted using the search results are provided. This study provides a base for using literature databases for bibliometric analysis.

Literature databases are commonly used to assess publications in a certain subject, discipline, country, or region of the world, a practice known as bibliometric analysis. The current protocol details how to use PubMed, Scopus, and Web of Science databases to do bibliometric analysis.

使用 PubMed、Scopus 和科学数据库网络比较书目分析

Literature databases (i.e., PubMed, Scopus, and Web of Science) differ in terms of their coverage, focus, and the tool they provide. PubMed focuses mainly ...

Evaluation of Patients' Posture and Gait Profile After Lumbar Fusion Surgery by Video Rasterstereography and Treadmill Gait Analysis

This protocol provides guidance on how to perform high resolution video rasterstereography and treadmill gait analysis on patients after lumbar fusion surgery to obtain results about altered variables of gait and posture. These observed changes can then be correlated with the patient-reported outcome measure of pain relief. The rasterstereographic device projects lines of parallel light onto the surface of the tested subject&#39;s back. The deformation of these lines is recognized by the device. From these data, a special software then generates a 3-D profile based on the principle of triangulation. With an inaccuracy of only 0.2 mm it can measure changes in posture at very high precision. Gait and stance parameters are recorded using a treadmill equipped with an electric sensor mat that contains 10,200 miniature force sensors in the registering zone under the belt. Initial walking speed on the treadmill is 0.5 km/h. Speed is then gradually increased by increments of 0.1 km/h until each subject reaches his or her individual maximum well tolerable walking speed. At this speed, parameters are recorded during a 20 s measurement interval. Subjects are tested barefoot and without holding a handrail. Among various other parameters, stride width, step length, stance phase and foot rotation are measured. Both methods used reportedly have a high intra- and inter-observer reliability. The advantage of these highly accurate techniques is that they offer an objective and very detailed perspective on changes in the patient&#39;s posture and gait. Due to the amount of data generated, these techniques are, however, not so much suitable for everyday routine use, but rather interesting to scientifically evaluate long term alterations in posture and gait in patients like for example after lumbar fusion surgery.

Here, we present a protocol to analyze the posture and the gait of patients after lumbar fusion surgery by means of high-resolution video rasterstereography and a treadmill equipped with an integrated sensor mat. Allowing critical functional postoperative evaluation on a less subjective level may enhance accuracy and reliability of indication for surgery.

视频栅格立体成像和跑步机步态分析对腰椎融合手术后患者体型和步态剖面的评价

This protocol provides guidance on how to perform high resolution video rasterstereography and treadmill gait analysis on patients after lumbar fusion ...