The authors have no acknowledgements.

该协议遵循特拉维夫大学赫尔辛基人类研究伦理委员会的指导方针。 1.字选择与搭配 <ol><li>对于每个感兴趣的单词类别创建单词列表。例如，使一般情绪词表（ 例如 ，恨，POX），关注相关的单词（ 比如 ，强奸，受害者），并且最好是正交的邻居的情感/关注相关的话21（中性词例如 ， GATE，BOX）。创建尽可能多的单词可能的列表，因为并非所有的这些话会被使用;的匹配字的较小的子集将在后面被选中。 <ol><li>当认为有必要，通过问卷评级的评级尺度词语验证的话价/情感/觉醒（ 例如 ，从1到7）。尝试选择那些在刻度的最末端话。如果用比较积极的话情绪词，尝试以包括m个字出动的（绝对）情绪和觉醒的分数。 </li></ol></li><li>为了匹配词汇因素单词列表写上列出了每个字，其字符长度，也可以在适当的语言其估计频率（英文单词，使用日志超空间模拟语言（HAL）频率22）。 注:（ 如 ，21，23）这是一个重要的，因为这些变量也可影响颜色命名延迟。可以说，最重要的词汇属性来控制的字频 ， 长度 ，如果可能的话与拼音文字 （这自然长度相交）。 <table border="1" fo:keep-together.within-page="1" fo:keep-with-next.within-page="always"><tbody><tr><td></td><td>情绪化</td><td></td><td></td><td>中性</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>字</td><td>长度</td><td>频率</td><td>字</td><td>长度</td> &lt;TD&gt;频率</td></tr><tr><td>讨厌</td><td> 4 </td><td> 10.7 </td><td>门</td><td> 4 </td><td> 9.7 </td></tr><tr><td>死</td><td> 4 </td><td> 11.2 </td><td>亲</td><td> 4 </td><td> 10.29 </td></tr><tr><td>较差的</td><td> 4 </td><td> 10.9 </td><td>池</td><td> 4 </td><td> 9.7 </td></tr><tr><td>蛇</td><td>五</td><td> 8.6 </td><td>摇</td><td>五</td><td> 8.6 </td></tr><tr><td>愁云</td><td>五</td><td> 8.1 </td><td>盛开</td><td>五</td><td> 8.2 </td></tr><tr><td>炸弹</td><td> 4 </td><td> 9.64 </td><td>梳</td><td> 4 </td><td> 7.39 </td></tr><tr><td>痘</td><td> 3 </td><td> 7.1 </td><td>框</td><td> 3 </td><td> 12.1 </td></tr><tr><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td></tr><tr><td>平均</td><td> 4.1 </tD&gt; <td> 9.4 </td><td>平均</td><td> 4.1 </td><td> 9.4 </td></tr></tbody></table> 表1: 匹配的长度，与拼音文字和平均频率的单词列表的例子。 </li><li>通过添加各匹配长度和频率时间，而对选择的话是彼此（例如替换为其他情绪字字母中的一个来形成中性正字邻居的正投影邻居（ 见表1）。 <ol><li>如果完全匹配是不可能的，通过添加单词对与由以前的单词对形成的间隙的相反方向中的频率小的间隙平衡在随后的对话的频率的偏压。确保匹配的单词的最后名单包含20 -为了有一个最低的20次试验中的块来收集足够的数据，避免单词的重复，因此习惯3每个单词类别50个字。 3东南。 </li></ol></li><li>检查最终列表匹配尽可能在所有词法变量（ 例如 ，字频，字长度）。执行统计验证（学生t检验），以确认最终列表不会显著彼此频率不同。 </li></ol> 2.实验设计的制备<ol><li>选择设计:阻止或混合（刺激在由字定义价试验中单独提出块）（刺激在一个块中，情感和中性词在同一个列表混合提交）。 <ol><li>如果寻求在词类水平测试全球影响选择封锁设计。 注:效果尺寸在阻塞设计比在混合通常较高介绍4，5，因此，阻塞设计往往是演示的优选方法。 </li><li>选择混合设计似乎在寻找在单词级别和"快"和"慢"效应分解ESE，为负的项目不仅会影响自己的命名（在ESE），但也是紧随其后的项目。因此，前者被称为&#39;快效应"，后者"见效慢"24，25。 </li></ol></li><li>在被锁定的实验设计，选择块的固定或平衡/随机的顺序。 <ol><li>对于一个平衡的顺序呈现块参与者的不同群体的两种可能的顺序: A组: 中性块-块情绪 B组: 情绪座-中性座 注:在此平衡的设计，一个ESE预计仅在执行第一阶组中的出现，由于该组中持续执行的效果在T他二阶（ 见图4），3。因此，我们建议使用块的固定的演示。 </li><li>对于当前第一中性块，然后情绪块，并且如果需要的话现在为了流动的情感块额外的新的中性块检查持续影响块的固定顺序: 中性块1 -情感块-中性2座。 注:在此设置中，两种效应可以被观察到。第一是规范的ESE，如在情感块和第一中性块之间性能上的差异来计算。第二个是一个持续的效果，通过从与第一中性块中减去第二中性块的平均潜伏期获得。正差异表明持续效应的存在所带来的情感块。 <ol><li>为了通过培训或疲劳，以排除混杂因素，明智地只用中性物品的几个街区进行辅助实验。 图3）3。如果每个块多于40个字，或更多的实验块，它可能有必要控制用于通过制衡块顺序疲劳的效果（但是检查在统计分析顺序的块效应）。 </li></ol></li></ol></li></ol> 3.实验编程和随机<ol><li>选择一个计算机软件或编程语言以用作车辆呈现刺激，并测量参与者的响应。 <ol><li>任选，可以使用市售DirectRT软件，这是比较容易部署和可靠。见补充代码文件的可执行DirectRT excel文件，作为一个典型的程序性ESE实验的例子。一些附加的软件包SuperLab和E-素，其也可用于治实验合适的替代品。 </li></ol></li&gt; <li>选择响应的方法:手动或口服。这两种类型的响应是适当的。 <ol><li>键盘激活响应，以便使用较长的训练会话的参与者学习键的映射到墨颜色（约20 - 40试验）。 </li><li>对于声乐响应使用（4 - 8项试验）更短的培训。设定的反应时间从刺激到第一音素的一开始就被测量所述。 注:声乐反应在破译响应的阶段造成困难（必须听录音和分类错误）。然而，新的算法，机械分类声乐录音可以渲染真实的人类分类没来由26。口服反应的优点是，所得到的听觉文件可以进一步分析（通过其他专用程序），用于与情感3相关联的声音参数。 </li></ol></li><li>选择油墨的颜色被分配到的话（例如 ，颜色蓝色，绿色，红色，紫色）。使用容易地辨别颜色对井对比的背景（ 例如 ，白色或灰色）。如果使用按键响应，使用不超过4种颜色，从而使颜色的键映射是很容易掌握。 注:如果声用来响应，它有可能使用更多的颜色。召回尽管这与计算机算法来对数据进行分类，语音识别错误为颜色（=反应）的数目增加。 </li><li>使用容易易读的字体和大小的话。 </li><li>由于该优选的方法是使用无话的重复，通过对每一个参与者的计算机程序分配给每个字的单一颜色随机。 </li><li>呈现每个单词单独绕在计算机屏幕的中间。任选地，引入空间不确定性的量小，从而使每个字被以随机不同位置呈现大约50个像素围绕中心（ 例如 ，请参阅增刊emental代码文件）。这是为了阻止参与者着眼于单词（因而绕过读数）的一小部分来完成。 </li><li>准备一个简短的培训块熟悉的任务和刺激的参与者。声乐响应，在每一实验色彩的使用单词"示例"几个试验可能就足够了（带数据的计算机化鉴定，整个会话练好的语音识别算法）;为按键响应，多达20 - 40试验可能是必要掌握颜色的映射。 </li><li>培训之后，目前该实验块（ 例如 ，中性情感和中性词三个区块）。引进试验的连续块之间的短暂休息（中说，每30-60秒）。不要让参与者倾向于通过实验，以便快速完成它赶往下一个块为突破在指定时间之前就开始已过。 </li><li>准备TASK说明。在每个块的开始，提出以下指令"为快速，准确地响应于字的油墨颜色。"避免提词阅读，或者说，这个词应该为这个请求可能会人为地增加阅读的话被忽略（见讽刺过程理论， 例如 ，27）。 </li><li>指定一个刺激的实验性试验和连续刺激之间的审间或刺激间隔（ISI）。通常使用的500毫秒的ISI（受阻演示）。 注:短的ISI可以促进长于ISI短响应和结转效果动情项目已被报道用于ISI高达1,000毫秒24。 </li><li>选择性:在实验结束时或在单独的会话添加焦虑问卷。这为参加者的焦虑的基准测量，如国家特质焦虑量 ​​表（STAI）28。 </li></ol> 4.除硒经文和准备<ol><li>一旦编程完成后，从相同的年龄组和背景优选招募的参与者。参加者可以报名参加课程学分，需要付费，或在自愿基础上。 </li><li>确保参与者在研究中使用的语言为母语，并且没有任何注意力缺陷或色盲。 </li><li>引导与会者到一个安静的房间中的电脑前。解释任务指令，并要求参与者读取写入计算机屏​​幕上的附加说明。 </li></ol> 5.数据和统计分析<ol><li>作为一项规则，执行仅相对于正确反应的反应时间分析。此外，排除极端的反应。 <ol><li>通常情况下，排除反应更快，围绕平均值小于2.5 SD。不过，要小心，不要丢弃数据超过5％。误差率通常较小，但它仍然是可取的它们跨越条件比较和排除速度精度权衡。 </li></ol></li><li>具有固定的显示顺序中，执行预定的比较（或学生的t-检验，如果只有两个块被施用）与指定的统计软件如SPSS或STATISTICA（此处说明给出了STATISTICA）。对于ESE的测试，比较第1中立块情感块。对于持续的影响比较中性的第二块（随后的情感块）与第一中性块。 <ol><li> &gt;刨光谱曲 - 选择-Statistics-&gt;高级线性/非线性模型 - &gt;一般线性模型 - &gt;更多结果执行计划进行比较。 </li></ol></li><li>当块的顺序是横跨参与者平衡，带座价进行方差分析与块的受试者内因素和秩序作为受试者间因素。 <ol><li>通过选择-Statistics-&gt;高级线性/非线性模型 - &gt;一般线性模型进行方差分析。 </li></ol></li>
</ol>

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P., Sharma, D. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Reversing+the+emotional+stroop+effect+reveals+that+it+is+not+what+it+seems:+The+role+of+fast+and+slow+components.">Reversing the emotional stroop effect reveals that it is not what it seems: The role of fast and slow components.</a> J.Exp.Psychol.Learn. 30 (2), 382-392 (2004).</li><li>Frings, C., Englert, J., Wentura, D., Bermeitinger, C. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Decomposing+the+emotional+Stroop+effect.">Decomposing the emotional Stroop effect.</a> Q.J.Exp.Psychol. 63 (1), 42-49 (2010).</li><li>Eidels, A., Ryan, K., Williams, P., Algom, D. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Depth+of+Processing+in+the+Stroop+Task+Evidence+From+a+Novel+Forced-Reading+Condition.">Depth of Processing in the Stroop Task Evidence From a Novel Forced-Reading Condition.</a> Exp.Psychol. 61 (5), 385-393 (2014).</li><li>Wegner, D. M. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Ironic+Processes+of+Mental+Control.">Ironic Processes of Mental Control.</a> Psychol.Rev. 101 (1), 34-52 (1994).</li><li>Kendall, P. C., Finch, A. J., Auerbach, S. M., Hooke, J. F., Mikulka, P. J. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=State-Trait+Anxiety+Inventory+-+Systematic+Evaluation.">State-Trait Anxiety Inventory - Systematic Evaluation.</a> J.Consult.Clin.Psychol. 44 (3), 406-412 (1976).</li><li>Dresler, T., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Reliability+of+the+emotional+Stroop+task:+An+investigation+of+patients+with+panic+disorder.">Reliability of the emotional Stroop task: An investigation of patients with panic disorder.</a> J.Psychiatr.Res. 46 (9), 1243-1248 (2012).</li><li>Eide, P., Kemp, A., Silberstein, R. B., Nathan, P. J., Stough, C. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Test-retest+reliability+of+the+emotional+stroop+task:+Examining+the+paradox+of+measurement+change.">Test-retest reliability of the emotional stroop task: Examining the paradox of measurement change.</a> J.Psychol. 136 (5), 514-520 (2002).</li><li>Macleod, C., Mathews, A., Tata, P. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Attentional+Bias+in+Emotional+Disorders.">Attentional Bias in Emotional Disorders.</a> J.Abnorm.Psychol. 95 (1), 15-20 (1986).</li></ol>

作者什么都没有透露。

该ESE包括非常简单的任务:参加者的名字单独呈现的话墨水​​颜色。双方务实和理论后果这个简单的任务产生的结果。该ESE记录的事实，人是敏感，情绪价在刺激entailed虽然这种功能完全无关手头的任务。 该ESE已经发展成为一个非常流行的方法，用于探测情绪和焦虑患者和非患者人群1，7 4。它的魅力可以归因于它的潜力作为一个目标（基于计算机）的诊断工具，免费潜在患者-therapist互动偏差。情感词语可以被选择以匹配特定病理或患者的当前关注。此外，该工具不是侵入也不基于自我报告。在ESE的效率，在集团层面已经确立，但还没有在个人层面2证明是必要的，以评估患者个体的ESE和其与焦虑和其他基于计算机的范式其它已知措施关系的可靠性9,30。进一步的研究，如点探针31。此外，尽管ESE的流行，效果确切幅度是没有实际意义，报告的影响大小范围从-1到400毫秒1。这部分是由于使用了不同的设置（ 例如 ，计算机/卡/口）或测试的具体病理组。然而，大量的变异仍处于研究类似的测试设置测试明确定义的人群明显。当前协议的目的之一是介绍去除混淆和不必要的变异性的明确和标准化的程序斜街。这可以通过使用关键步骤，如避免重复字，绕过习惯，并允许适当的词汇控制来实现。遵循这些准则应帮助研究人员收集VA盖子的数据，得出的结论公正，提高可靠性，并在各种情绪Stroop研究比较援助。 授予的关键步骤的重要性，也有变化很多可能性。给定的不同的研究问题的可能性，对于一些和离港从当前协议是可能的当前协议可能不是最佳的。例如，如果一个研究者欲审查声乐情绪干扰的影响，协议的修改可能是必要的研究人员应该决定他们的首选给药方法，以满足他们的实验需要。变化也适用于块和词类个人选字的数目（ 例如 ，在控制了更多的词法变量，如音节数）来确定块内试验（字）的数量，采用混合或堵塞的设计介绍固定/随机/平衡块以选择AVOCAL或按键响应选择颜色或指定审判间和块的时间间隔。的优点和各个这些考虑的缺点在相关协议的步骤处理。大部分可被装配到一个人的需求和个人偏好。

现代生活充满了情感和压力。谁避免了急诊室或（见证）交通事故？为了在这种紧张的情况下有效地执行，它通过关注相关刺激以保持自己的冷静是非常重要的。然而，研究已经表明，刺激的情绪价可以影响的关注，特别是调制处理的速度。在实验室中，最流行的范例之一，研究负刺激对性能的影响是情感的Stroop任务。典型的发现是，它需要较长的人来命名的情感的话比的中性词墨水颜色，情绪Stroop效应（ESE）。有迹象表明，试图解释所观察到的经济放缓归因关注3有数个账户，冻结2或3的心情，但它仍然是目前争论的问题。 情绪的Stroop T的实验装置问是众所周知的。在颜色词可以单独使用，提出了看法和参与者的任务就是尽可能快速，准确地命名每个单词的墨水颜色。这句话来自于两类不同价的。第一类包括否定词（ 例如 ，死亡）或与特定精神病理学的话（ 例如 ，强迫患者或创伤后应激障碍患者BATTLE芽）。第二类包括中性词（ 例如 ，椅子）。该ESE是情感和中性词之间的颜色命名潜伏期的差异。的刺激可以在与情感和以随机方式或在单词类别定义了两个独立的块混合中性词语单个块被呈现。当东南导出处于阻塞设计4,5，因此，块设计成为首选的ESE的研究方法与情感词语的减速通常更明显，这是方法在该协议适用的（参阅图1为情绪Stroop实验装置的说明）。 <img alt="图1" src="/files/ftp_upload/53720/53720fig1.jpg" /> 图1:在情绪Stroop任务的实验阵列:参与者的任务就是来命名出现的单词的颜色<a href="https://www-jove-com.remotexs.ntu.edu.sg/files/ftp_upload/53720/53720fig1large.jpg" target="_blank">，请单击此处查看该图的放大版本。</a> 它以ESE从旧的同名经典Stroop效应（SE）6区分是很重要的。在经典的Stroop任务， 颜色 词 ，如红色或绿色的各种油墨颜色呈现和参与者的任务就是说出的话的墨水颜色。尽管共同任务 - 识别单词的墨水颜色 - 东南和ESE不同。因为字是颜色的话，在经典的Stroop任务分为全等刺激（字命名的墨水颜色）和不一致（字和颜色冲突）两类。在SE被定义为在一致和不一致刺激之间颜色命名性能上的差异。由于一致性的质量并不在ESE适用于刺激 - 蓝色字癌症既不比棕色字讲座不多也不少一致 - 不会在ESE环境中定义的SE。东南记录对性能的刺激的情绪价的效果。 在ESE，就像SE，产生了大量的研究。事实上，ESE其对手与患者和非患者人群实验研究纯粹的同名输出（综述，见1,7）。该任务已被用来从广泛性焦虑病状的色域（ 例如 ，8，9）特质焦虑（ 例如.G。，10，11），以强迫症（ 例如 ，12，13）到抑郁9,14到社交恐怖症15,16创伤后应激障碍（ 例如 ，17，18）。东南还研究了与未被选中的人群（ 如，2，3，19，20），虽然在希西参与者的效果并不总是观察到，并且通常不太明显。至少，它不是基于自我报告，而不是侵入ESE的普及的一部分是由于它的客观性质。此外，情绪话可以选择挖掘特定病理或患者的当前关注。 下面，我们描绘设计并执行一个情绪Stroop实验所需的步骤。我们在本报告中的目的是详细描述所需要控制一个ESE实验。该设计的最重要的特点是它提供了对到有效性各种威胁的控制。在本设计中处理的主要威胁是习惯的。通过这些程序呈现ESE下的情感评估关注的一个有效和可靠的手段。

<table>
	<tbody>
		<tr>
			<td>DirectRT software</td>
			<td>Empirisoft</td>
			<td>http://www.empirisoft.com/directrt.aspx</td>
			<td>Software allows easy programing of a custom experiment in a spreadsheet application (e.g., Excel)</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Personal computer</td>
			<td>Any</td>
			<td><a href="https://www.office.com/">https://www.office.com/</a></td>
			<td>&#160;At least 256mb of memory, a graphics card with at least 16mb of video memory and a processor speed of at least 500mhz.&#160;</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>A spreadsheet application (e.g., Excel)</td>
			<td>Microsoft</td>
			<td>Any version</td>
			<td>A spreadsheet application capable of editing CSV files</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>SPSS/STATISTICA software</td>
			<td>IBM/Statsoft</td>
			<td>http://www-01.ibm.com/software/analytics/spss/&#160; http://www.statsoft.com/</td>
			<td>Statistical software</td>
		</tr>
	</tbody>
</table>

the emotional stroop task: assessing cognitive performance under exposure to emotional content

情绪Stroop效应（ESE）是更长的命名潜伏期的情感词油墨颜色比的中性词油墨颜色的结果。差表明，人们通过由载体词语传达即使它们是不相关的手头的颜色命名任务情感内容的影响。东南已广泛部署了患者群体，以及与非选择的人群，由于情感词语可以被选择以匹配测试病理。该ESE是一个强大的工具，但它很容易受到它的有效性的各种威胁。这个报告是指混杂潜在来源，并且包括一个模式的实验，提供了控制对他们的装置。到现有的ESE研究的有效性最普遍的威胁是持续的效果和习惯通过重复暴露于情绪刺激造成的。因此，暴露于情感和中性刺激的顺序是非常重要的。我们表明，在备用ARD的设计，只有一个特定的顺序产生ESE。

当块跟随中性情绪中性序列（ 例如，3），34毫秒一大的ESE经由在情感块较慢响应观察（平均791毫秒），比在所述第一中性块（平均757毫秒;见图2）。同组的参与者也相当低迷的名字在第二组（其他）中性词的墨水颜色（平均778毫秒）。在与中性项所述两个块之间的性能21毫秒差记录的暴露于负情绪刺激的持续效应的存在。 <img alt="图2" src="/files/ftp_upload/53720/53720fig2.jpg" /> 图2:平均RT的名称与中性，情绪试验三块单独主办词的墨水颜色，较为中性的项目 。中性项目的块意味着不同的匹​​配的单词。声乐respons在这个实验中使用的ES。误差条描绘围绕均值的一个标准错误。 <a href="https://www-jove-com.remotexs.ntu.edu.sg/files/ftp_upload/53720/53720fig2large.jpg" target="_blank">请点击此处查看该图的放大版本。</a> 为了验证不存在的注意或疲劳检举（尤其是与块的固定次序），可以执行一个辅助实验仅仅将会导致中性项的块。如果在整个试验的连续块性能没有差异，可以假设，这种影响是最小的（ 见图3）。 <img alt="图3" src="/files/ftp_upload/53720/53720fig3.jpg" /> 图3:平均RT的名字三块单独主办词与中性物品试验的墨水颜色每个块蕴涵A组不同的匹配的单词。声乐答复中使用这个实验。误差条描绘围绕均值的一个标准错误。 <a href="https://www-jove-com.remotexs.ntu.edu.sg/files/ftp_upload/53720/53720fig3large.jpg" target="_blank">请点击此处查看该图的放大版本。</a> 在文献中只有两个试验块（情感，中性）典型的ESE研究中，ESE只是预期的组参与者在中立块进行第一次的出现。没有在块的相反顺序的ESE。这将导致区块价和块次序的相关ANOVA的相互作用。当然，这个标准设计不适合测试持续效应或疲劳和习惯。因此，我们建议使用设计，用最少的三个区块，中性情绪中性（ 图4）。 <img alt="图4" src="/files/ftp_upload/53720/53720fig4.jpg" /> 数字4:平均RT的名称情感的墨水颜色和顺序不同块主办中性词语的中性当时的情绪（NE）组的中性词块之前的情感词块。在情感上，然后中性（EN）组，情感词块之前的中性词。声应答在该实验中使用。误差条描绘围绕均值的一个标准错误。这个数字已经从3修改。 <a href="https://www-jove-com.remotexs.ntu.edu.sg/files/ftp_upload/53720/53720fig4large.jpg" target="_blank">请点击此处查看本图的放大版本。</a> 补充代码文件。 <a href="https://www-jove-com.remotexs.ntu.edu.sg/files/ftp_upload/53720/Supplemental_Code_File.xlsx" target="_blank">请点击此处下载此文件。</a>

Watch this Scientific Journal Video about The Emotional Stroop Task: Assessing Cognitive Performance under Exposure to Emotional Content at JoVE.com

The Emotional Stroop Task: Assessing Cognitive Performance under Exposure to Emotional Content

The emotional Stroop effect (ESE) is the result of longer naming latencies to ink colors of emotion words than those of neutral words. This report refers to potential sources of confounding and includes a modal experiment that provides the means to control for them.

情绪Stroop任务:评估下暴露的认知表现的情感内容

The emotional Stroop effect (ESE) is the result of longer naming latencies to ink colors of emotion words than to ink colors of neutral words. The ...

the-emotional-stroop-task-assessing-cognitive-performance-under

Nanyang Technological University

Research

JoVE Journal

Behavior

38.0K 次观看.  Tel-Aviv University. The emotional Stroop effect (ESE) is the result of longer naming latencies to ink colors of emotion words than those of neutral words. This report refers to potential sources of confounding and includes a modal experiment that provides the means to control for them.

视频: The Emotional Stroop Task: Assessing Cognitive Performance under Exposure to Emotional Content

The Crossmodal Congruency Task as a Means to Obtain an Objective Behavioral Measure in the Rubber Hand Illusion Paradigm

The rubber hand illusion (RHI) is a popular experimental paradigm. Participants view touch on an artificial rubber hand while the participants' own hidden hand is touched. If the viewed and felt touches are given at the same time then this is sufficient to induce the compelling experience that the rubber hand is one's own hand. The RHI can be used to investigate exactly how the brain constructs distinct body representations for one's own body. Such representations are crucial for successful interactions with the external world. To obtain a subjective measure of the RHI, researchers typically ask participants to rate statements such as "I felt as if the rubber hand were my hand". Here we demonstrate how the crossmodal congruency task can be used to obtain an objective behavioral measure within this paradigm.
The variant of the crossmodal congruency task we employ involves the presentation of tactile targets and visual distractors. Targets and distractors are spatially congruent (i.e. same finger) on some trials and incongruent (i.e. different finger) on others. The difference in performance between incongruent and congruent trials - the crossmodal congruency effect (CCE) - indexes multisensory interactions. Importantly, the CCE is modulated both by viewing a hand as well as the synchrony of viewed and felt touch which are both crucial factors for the RHI.
The use of the crossmodal congruency task within the RHI paradigm has several advantages. It is a simple behavioral measure which can be repeated many times and which can be obtained during the illusion while participants view the artificial hand. Furthermore, this measure is not susceptible to observer and experimenter biases. The combination of the RHI paradigm with the crossmodal congruency task allows in particular for the investigation of multisensory processes which are critical for modulations of body representations as in the RHI.

We demonstrate how an objective measure can be employed in the widely employed rubber hand illusion paradigm. This measure is obtained by modifying the well-established crossmodal congruency task. This task allows the investigation of multisensory processes which are critical for modulations of body representations as in the rubber hand illusion.

一致性的任务作为一种手段来获取目标行为的措施中的橡胶手错觉范式Crossmodal

The rubber hand illusion (RHI) is a popular experimental paradigm. Participants view touch on an artificial rubber hand while the participants' own hidden ...

科研

行为学

Assessing Functional Performance in the Mdx Mouse Model

Duchenne muscular dystrophy (DMD) is a severe and progressive muscle wasting disorder for which no cure is available. Nevertheless, several potential pharmaceutical compounds and gene therapy approaches have progressed into clinical trials. With improvement in muscle function being the most important end point in these trials, a lot of emphasis has been placed on setting up reliable, reproducible, and easy to perform functional tests to pre clinically assess muscle function, strength, condition, and coordination in the mdx mouse model for DMD. Both invasive and noninvasive tests are available. Tests that do not exacerbate the disease can be used to determine the natural history of the disease and the effects of therapeutic interventions (e.g. forelimb grip strength test, two different hanging tests using either a wire or a grid and rotarod running). Alternatively, forced treadmill running can be used to enhance disease progression and/or assess protective effects of therapeutic interventions on disease pathology. We here describe how to perform these most commonly used functional tests in a reliable and reproducible manner. Using these protocols based on standard operating procedures enables comparison of data between different laboratories.

Assessing Functional Performance in the Mdx Mouse Model

The primary outcome measure in clinical trials for neuromuscular disorders is generally improved muscle function. Therefore, assessing the effect of potential therapeutic compounds on muscle performance pre clinically in mouse models is of great importance. We here describe several functional tests to address this.

评估在功能性能<em&gt; MDX</em&gt;小鼠模型

Duchenne muscular dystrophy (DMD) is a severe and progressive muscle wasting disorder for which no cure is available. Nevertheless, several potential ...

Measurement of Fronto-limbic Activity Using an Emotional Oddball Task in Children with Familial High Risk for Schizophrenia

Adolescence is a critical developmental period where the early symptoms of schizophrenia frequently emerge. First-degree relatives of people with schizophrenia who are at familial high risk (FHR) may show similar cognitive and emotional changes. However, the neurological changes underlying the emergence of these symptoms remain unclear. This study sought to identify differences in frontal, striatal, and limbic regions in children and adolescents with FHR using functional magnetic resonance imaging. Groups of 21 children and adolescents at FHR and 21 healthy controls completed an emotional oddball task that relied on selective attention and the suppression of task-irrelevant emotional information. The standard oddball task was modified to include aversive and neutral distractors in order to examine potential group differences in both emotional and executive processing. This task was designed specifically to allow for children and adolescents to complete by keeping the difficulty and emotional image content age-appropriate. Furthermore, we demonstrate a technique for suitable fMRI registration for children and adolescent participants. This paradigm may also be applied in future studies to measure changes in neural activity in other populations with hypothesized developmental changes in executive and emotional processing.

This paper describes how to use the emotional oddball task and fMRI to measure brain activation in children and adolescents at familial high risk for schizophrenia (FHR).&#160;FMRI was used to measure differences in fronto-striato-limbic regions during an emotional oddball task. Children with FHR exhibited abnormal functional activation during adolescence.

的额边缘活度测量在儿童使用情绪穿着或行为古怪的任务与家族性高风险的精神分裂症

Adolescence is a critical developmental period where the early symptoms of schizophrenia frequently emerge. First-degree relatives of people with ...

The Attentional Set Shifting Task: A Measure of Cognitive Flexibility in Mice

Cognitive impairment, particularly involving dysfunction of circuitry within the prefrontal cortex (PFC), represents a core feature of many neuropsychiatric and neurodevelopmental disorders, including depression, post-traumatic stress disorder, schizophrenia and autism spectrum disorder. Deficits in cognitive function also represent the most difficult symptom domain&#160;to successfully treat, as serotonin reuptake inhibitors and tricyclic antidepressants have only modest effects. Functional neuroimaging studies and postmortem analysis of human brain tissue implicate the PFC as being a primary region of dysregulation in patients with these disorders. However, preclinical behavioral assays used to assess these deficits in mouse models which can be readily manipulated genetically and could provide the basis for studies of new treatment avenues have been underutilized. Here we describe the adaptation of a behavioral assay, the attentional set shifting task (AST), to be performed in mice to assess prefrontal cortex mediated cognitive deficits. The neural circuits underlying behavior during the AST are highly conserved across humans, nonhuman primates and rodents, providing excellent face, construct and predictive validity.

The goal of this protocol is to perform a behavioral assay such as the attentional set shifting task (AST) to assess prefrontal cortex-mediated cognitive flexibility in mice.

在注意定势转移任务:测量小鼠认知的灵活性

Cognitive impairment, particularly involving dysfunction of circuitry within the prefrontal cortex (PFC), represents a core feature of many ...

Combined Invasive Subcortical and Non-invasive Surface Neurophysiological Recordings for the Assessment of Cognitive and Emotional Functions in Humans

In spite of the success in applying non-invasive electroencephalography (EEG), magneto-encephalography (MEG) and functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) for extracting crucial information about the mechanism of the human brain, such methods remain insufficient to provide information about physiological processes reflecting cognitive and emotional functions at the subcortical level. In this respect, modern invasive clinical approaches in humans, such as deep brain stimulation (DBS), offer a tremendous possibility to record subcortical brain activity, namely local field potentials (LFPs) representing coherent activity of neural assemblies from localized basal ganglia or thalamic regions. Notwithstanding the fact that invasive approaches in humans are applied only after medical indication and thus recorded data correspond to altered brain circuits, valuable insight can be gained regarding the presence of intact brain functions in relation to brain oscillatory activity and the pathophysiology of disorders in response to experimental cognitive paradigms. In this direction, a growing number of DBS studies in patients with Parkinson&#39;s disease (PD) target not only motor functions but also higher level processes such as emotions, decision-making, attention, memory and sensory perception. Recent clinical trials also emphasize the role of DBS as an alternative treatment in neuropsychiatric disorders ranging from obsessive compulsive disorder (OCD) to chronic disorders of consciousness (DOC). Consequently, we focus on the use of combined invasive (LFP) and non-invasive (EEG) human brain recordings in assessing the role of cortical-subcortical structures in cognitive and emotional processing trough experimental paradigms (e.g. speech stimuli with emotional connotation or paradigms of cognitive control such as the Flanker task), for patients undergoing DBS treatment.

The present protocol aims at assessing cognitive-emotional functions in the basal ganglia by simultaneous neurophysiological recording of local field potentials and non-invasive brain cortical activity (EEG). The procedure is exemplified by the use of paradigms involving speech stimuli with emotional connotation or the Flanker task involving cognitive control.

在人类联合微创皮层下和非侵入性的表面神经生理学录音认知的评估和情感作用

In spite of the success in applying non-invasive electroencephalography (EEG), magneto-encephalography (MEG) and functional magnetic resonance imaging ...

Conscious and Non-conscious Representations of Emotional Faces in Asperger's Syndrome

Several neuroimaging studies have suggested that the low spatial frequency content in an emotional face mainly activates the amygdala, pulvinar, and superior colliculus especially with fearful faces1-3. These regions constitute the limbic structure in non-conscious perception of emotions and modulate cortical activity either directly or indirectly2. In contrast, the conscious representation of emotions is more pronounced in the anterior cingulate, prefrontal cortex, and somatosensory cortex for directing voluntary attention to details in faces3,4. Asperger&#39;s syndrome (AS)5,6 represents an atypical mental disturbance that affects sensory, affective and communicative abilities, without interfering with normal linguistic skills and intellectual ability. Several studies have found that functional deficits in the neural circuitry important for facial emotion recognition can partly explain social communication failure in patients with AS7-9. In order to clarify the interplay between conscious and non-conscious representations of emotional faces in AS, an EEG experimental protocol is designed with two tasks involving emotionality evaluation of either photograph or line-drawing faces. A pilot study is introduced for selecting face stimuli that minimize the differences in reaction times and scores assigned to facial emotions between the pretested patients with AS and IQ/gender-matched healthy controls. Information from the pretested patients was used to develop the scoring system used for the emotionality evaluation. Research into facial emotions and visual stimuli with different spatial frequency contents has reached discrepant findings depending on the demographic characteristics of participants and task demands2. The experimental protocol is intended to clarify deficits in patients with AS in processing emotional faces when compared with healthy controls by controlling for factors unrelated to recognition of facial emotions, such as task difficulty, IQ and gender.

An EEG experimental protocol is designed to clarify the interplay between conscious and non-conscious representations of emotional faces in patients with Asperger&#39;s syndrome. The technique suggests that patients with Asperger&#39;s syndrome have deficits in non-conscious representation of emotional faces, but have comparable performance in conscious representation with healthy controls.

在阿斯伯格综合症情绪面孔的自觉和不自觉的交涉

Several neuroimaging studies have suggested that the low spatial frequency content in an emotional face mainly activates the amygdala, pulvinar, and ...

The Deese-Roediger-McDermott (DRM) Task: A Simple Cognitive Paradigm to Investigate False Memories in the Laboratory

The Deese,&#160;Roediger and McDermott&#160;(DRM) task is a false memory paradigm in which subjects are presented with lists of semantically related words (e.g., nurse, hospital, etc.) at encoding. After a delay, subjects are asked to recall or recognize these words. In the recognition memory version of the task, subjects are asked whether they remember previously presented words, as well as related (but never presented) critical lure words (&#39;doctor&#39;). Typically, the critical word is recognized with high probability and confidence. This false memory effect has been robustly demonstrated across short (e.g., immediate, 20 min) and long (e.g., 1, 7, 60 d) delays between encoding and memory testing. A strength of using this task to study false memory is its simplicity and short duration. If encoding and retrieval components of the task occur in the same session, the entire task can take as little as 2 - 30 min. However, although the DRM task is widely considered a &#39;false memory&#39; paradigm, some researchers consider DRM illusions to be based on the activation of semantic memory networks in the brain, and argue that such semantic gist-based false memory errors may actually be useful in some scenarios (e.g., remembering the forest for the trees; remembering that a word list was about &#34;doctors&#34;, even though the actual word &#34;doctor&#34; was never presented for study). Remembering the gist of experience (instead of or along with individual details) is arguably an adaptive process and this task has provided a great deal of knowledge about the constructive, adaptive nature of memory. Therefore, researchers should use caution when discussing the overall reach and implications of their experiments when using this task to study &#39;false memory&#39;, as DRM memory errors may not adequately reflect false memories in the real world, such as false memory in eyewitness testimony, or false memories of sexual abuse.

The Deese-Roediger-McDermott DRM Task: A Simple Cognitive Paradigm to Investigate False Memories in the Laboratory

Here we present the Deese,&#160;Roediger and McDermott&#160;(DRM) task, a tool to study false memories in the laboratory. Subjects study lists of semantically related words (e.g.,&#160;nurse, sick, etc.), and later falsely remember an unstudied word (doctor) that represents the gist, or theme, of the word list.

该德泽 - 洛蒂格 - 麦克德莫特（DRM）任务:一个简单的认知范式来研究实验室错误记忆

The Deese,&#160;Roediger and McDermott&#160;(DRM) task is a false memory paradigm in which subjects are presented with lists of semantically related words ...

Central and Divided Visual Field Presentation of Emotional Images to Measure Hemispheric Differences in Motivated Attention

Two dominant theories on lateralized processing of emotional information exist in the literature. One theory posits that unpleasant emotions are processed by right frontal regions, while pleasant emotions are processed by left frontal regions. The other theory posits that the right hemisphere is more specialized for the processing of emotional information overall, particularly in posterior regions.
Assessing the different roles of the cerebral hemispheres in processing emotional information can be difficult without the use of neuroimaging methodologies, which are not accessible or affordable to all scientists. Divided visual field presentation of stimuli can allow for the investigation of lateralized processing of information without the use of neuroimaging technology. 
This study compared central versus divided visual field presentations of emotional images to assess differences in motivated attention between the two hemispheres. The late positive potential (LPP) was recorded using electroencephalography (EEG) and event-related potentials (ERPs) methodologies to assess motivated attention. Future work will pair this paradigm with a more active behavioral task to explore the behavioral impacts on the attentional differences found.

This study compared central versus divided visual field presentations of emotional images to assess differences in motivated attention between the two hemispheres. The late positive potential (LPP) was recorded using electroencephalography (EEG) and event-related potentials (ERPs) methodologies to assess motivated attention.

中央和分割的视觉场表现的情绪图像, 以测量半球的差异, 激发注意

Two dominant theories on lateralized processing of emotional information exist in the literature. One theory posits that unpleasant emotions are processed ...

The Knob Supination Task: A Semi-automated Method for Assessing Forelimb Function in Rats

Tasks that accurately measure dexterity in animal models are critical to understand hand function. Current rat behavioral tasks that measure dexterity largely use video analysis of reaching or food manipulation. While these tasks are easy to implement and are robust across disease models, they are subjective and laborious for the experimenter. Automating traditional tasks or creating new automated tasks can make the tasks more efficient, objective, and quantitative. Since rats are less dexterous than primates, central nervous system (CNS) injury produces more subtle deficits in dexterity, however, supination is highly affected in rodents and crucial to hand function in primates. Therefore, we designed a semi-automated task that measures forelimb supination in rats. Rats are trained to reach and grasp a knob-shaped manipulandum and turn the manipulandum in supination to receive a reward. Rats can acquire the skill within 20 &plusmn; 5 days. While the early part of training is highly supervised, much of the training is done without direct supervision. The task reliably and reproducibly captures subtle deficits after injury and shows functional recovery that accurately reflects clinical recovery curves. Analysis of data is performed by specialized software through a graphical user interface that is designed to be intuitive. We also give solutions to common problems encountered during training, and show that minor corrections to behavior early in training produce reliable acquisition of supination. Thus, the knob supination task provides efficient and quantitative evaluation of a critical movement for dexterity in rats.

This manuscript describes a semi-automated task that quantifies supination in rats. Rats reach, grasp, and supinate a spherical manipulandum. The rat is rewarded with a pellet if the turn angle exceeds a criterion set by the user. This task increases throughput, sensitivity to injury, and objectivity compared to traditional tasks.

旋钮旋任务: 一种半自动评估大鼠前肢功能的方法

Tasks that accurately measure dexterity in animal models are critical to understand hand function. Current rat behavioral tasks that measure dexterity ...

The "Motor" in Implicit Motor Sequence Learning: A Foot-stepping Serial Reaction Time Task

This protocol describes a modified serial reaction time (SRT) task used to study implicit motor sequence learning. Unlike the classic SRT task that involves finger-pressing movements while sitting, the modified SRT task requires participants to step with both feet while maintaining a standing posture. This stepping task necessitates whole body actions that impose postural challenges. The foot-stepping task complements the classic SRT task in several ways. The foot-stepping SRT task is a better proxy for the daily activities that require ongoing postural control, and thus may help us better understand sequence learning in real-life situations. In addition, response time serves as an indicator of sequence learning in the classic SRT task, but it is unclear whether response time, reaction time (RT) representing mental process, or movement time (MT) reflecting the movement itself, is a key player in motor sequence learning. The foot-stepping SRT task allows researchers to disentangle response time into RT and MT, which may clarify how motor planning and movement execution are involved in sequence learning. Lastly, postural control and cognition are interactively related, but little is known about how postural control interacts with learning motor sequences. With a motion capture system, the movement of the whole body (e.g., the center of mass (COM)) can be recorded. Such measures allow us to reveal the dynamic processes underlying discrete responses measured by RT and MT, and may aid in elucidating the relationship between postural control and the explicit and implicit processes involved in sequence learning. Details of the experimental set-up, procedure, and data processing are described. The representative data are adopted from one of our previous studies. Results are related to response time, RT, and MT, as well as the relationship between the anticipatory postural response and the explicit processes involved in implicit motor sequence learning.

We introduce the foot-stepping serial reaction time (SRT) task. This modified SRT task, complementing the classic SRT task that involves only finger-pressing movement, better approximates daily sequenced activities and allows researchers to study the dynamic processes underlying discrete response measures and disentangle the explicit process operating in implicit sequence learning.

隐式电机序列学习中的 "马达": 步进串行反应时间任务

This protocol describes a modified serial reaction time (SRT) task used to study implicit motor sequence learning. Unlike the classic SRT task that ...