Name: automation of mode locking in a nonlinear polarization rotation fiber laser through output polarization measurements
Uploaded: 2016-02-28T14:00:00.000+00:00
Duration: 14 min 18 s
Description: Watch this Scientific Journal Video about Automation of Mode Locking in a Nonlinear Polarization Rotation Fiber Laser through Output Polarization Measurements at JoVE.com

笔者想感谢基督教Olivier和菲利普·克雷蒂安对有关电子有价值的帮助，埃里克吉拉德在GIGA概念公司与电动偏振控制器的支持，真正的教授为河谷商业旋光仪教授米歇尔Piché的贷款为许多富有成效的讨论。 自然等技术（FRQNT）中，加拿大自然科学和工程研究理事会（NSERC）和加拿大暑期工作 - 这项工作是由全宗德RECHERCHE魁北克的支持。

1.建立一个光纤ML光纤激光器，包括电动PSC <ol><li>收集以下组件:单模掺铒光纤，一个980 / 1,550nm处波分复用器（WDM），一个980 / 1,550nm处的WDM-1,550nm处隔离混合组件，50/50光纤耦合器，一个光纤偏振器，机动化的PSC，二980nm的激光泵浦二极管，一个99/1光纤耦合器和手动联的PSC。 </li><li>切断掺铒光纤和所有其他光纤尾纤组件，以适应与所需腔设计。 注:所提出的自动化方法适用于基于非线性偏振旋转光纤激光器。它应为不同的操作机制工作，如孤子激​​光器，展宽脉冲激光，耗散孤子激光器和similariton激光。后者政权在该实验中使用。 </li><li>要构建激光腔，利用光纤熔接加入腔体组件的图（ 图3显示的顺序&lt;/ STRONG&gt;）。执行每个熔接之前，清洁纤维用异丙醇终止，并用光纤切割刀切割它们。 注意:激光的内部组件，在环形腔，机动PSC顺时针顺序，一个980 / 1,550nm处的WDM中，掺铒光纤，一个980 / 1,550nm处的WDM隔离混合组件，50/50输出耦合器和光纤偏振器。外部元件是一个99/1光纤耦合器和手动联的PSC（如在步骤1.7和1.8中讨论）。 注:的约为30厘米的纤维段必须在机动PSC插入的接头与所述腔体的其他组件执行之前。虽然一个标准单模光纤将工作，建议该段使用聚酰亚胺涂覆的纤维，因为它是由控制器的螺钉所施加的压力更耐并因此将持续较长时间。 </li><li>加入泵浦激光二极管使用熔接机的波分复用器。同样，清洁纤维与异人结束cohol，履行各自熔接前，用光纤切割刀切割它们。 </li><li>激光二极管连接到各自的温度控制器和最新的驱动程序。 </li><li>所述腔内机动瑶型光纤挤压PSC（ 图4）连接到它的驱动模块，然后将驱动模块连接到计算机的USB端口。 注意:此端口由数字"COM4"确定为显示在计算机的"设备管理器"。 </li><li>在激光的输出， 即在50/50耦合器的端口尚未剪接，剪接一个99/1耦合器。 注:99％的端口是可用输出。的1％端口用于监视自动化过程中的偏光状态。 </li><li>插入沿1％端口的纤维手动PSC。要做到这一点，拧开螺丝，打开PSC。将光纤在适当的插槽，然后把螺丝放回孔，拧他们进来。 </li><li>拼接角打磨纤维有限公司nnector（APC）在1％端口光纤（手动PSC之后）的末尾。在进行熔接前，清洁和切割光纤结束。 </li><li> 99％的输出连接到使用裸光纤适配器光谱分析仪（OSA）。 注:如稍后所讨论的，看到的在OSA光谱将为检查如果激光是ML的替代方式。 </li><li>用聚酰亚胺膜带保护所有的纤维和成分在空腔正常。 注:纤维和部件必须从在任何条件下移动地防止如当表振动或风扇吹空气。的聚酰亚胺薄膜带是为了避免损坏纤维使用。 </li><li>拧紧腔内PSC的压力螺丝，直到纤维开始略有挤压。 </li><li>打开泵激光器二极管和由激光二极管制造商指定调整其电流为它们的最大值。 </li><li>启动仪器通讯接口。在"每ipherals和接口"在左边栏中，选择"COM4"，点击"打开VISA测试面板"，点击"输入/输出"，然后在"选择或输入命令"式的"SM，500,3000 n"然后点击"查询"按钮，这个命令PSC 3000人步骤顺时针方向0.1125°旋转。尽管这样，PSC到达机械停止。 </li><li>在"COM4"测试面板中，键入"SM，500，-10 N"的"选择或输入命令"，然后点击"查询"按钮。力晶然后旋转约100°逆时针。检查是否通过观察在OSA的光谱达到ML。当全宽光谱的半值是几十纳米的（ 图5）的顺序到达的ML。如果达到ML，保持双折射和固定角度和转到步骤1.18。 </li><li>如果未达到ML，重复1.15直到ML或最大角度attai达到nable与PSC。 </li><li>如果达到所述PSC的最大角度的ML发生之前，通过稍微拧紧压力螺丝增加PSC的双折射，并根据需要对得到的ML重复步骤1.14，1.15和1.16多次。 </li><li>一旦达到ML，降低泵的权力，他们的最小值，允许ML到自启动。这样做，减小泵功率，直到ML会丢失。然后，把他们带回慢慢的走向，这将使ML重新出现的最小值。关闭水泵关闭并重新上本身如果激光模式锁定检查。增加泵浦功率略微更加确保对ML是稳定的，并会每个激光被接通时的自启动。 </li></ol> 2.分析输出信号的偏振<ol><li> 1％的抽头链接到一个商业旋光仪。 </li><li>旋光仪连接使用USB端口的计算机。 </li><li>在"选择或输入命令"中的"COM4"测试面板，TYPE"SM，500,3000 n"，然后点击"查询"按钮。 </li><li>运行商用偏振控制软件，并通过点击"Start"按钮开始极化测量。 </li><li>在"COM4"测试面板中，键入"SM，500，-10 N"的"选择或输入命令"，然后点击"查询"按钮。观察对偏振极化状态。 </li><li>重复步骤2.5根据需要覆盖由腔内PSC允许角度的整个范围多次。观察该偏振状态，除了在哪里ML达到如通过同时观看在OSA的光谱的宽度可以看出，特定的角度的角度变化非常顺利。 </li><li>重复步骤2.3至2.6，但这个时候，而不是仅仅看偏振态，记录斯托克斯参数值S 1，S 2和S 3的功能所述PSC的角度秒（ 图6）。要清楚地看到这些值，选择"测量- →示波器"，在软件的菜单，查找S 1，S 2和S 3的平均值。同时观看光谱并记录其中激光是ML的角度。 </li></ol> 3.建立一个反馈回路实现自动化PSC的对齐使用商业测量光仪<ol><li>关闭计算机。 </li><li>商业旋光仪的串行端口连接到计算机的串行端口"COM1"。重新启动计算机，旋光仪。 </li><li>启动图形化编程语言界面（GPLI），将允许通过"COM1"，并通过"COM4"电动PSC的控制旋光仪的读数。 </li><li>在GPLI，点击"空白VI"。然后，选择"窗口→瓦左右。" 注:屏幕然后将两部分进行分割。框图被显示在右边。它被用来创建使用具有不同的图标相关联的不同功能的脚本。前面板显示在左侧。它被用于显示命令和当脚本运行测量。 </li><li>在GPLI的程序框图窗口，发展ML自动化脚本与商业旋光仪使用（ 见图7）。 注:此脚本从偏振读取S1和使用它的值来提供反馈，并达到PSC角度导致ML的正确对齐。 ML的检测是通过作为角度是变化的搜索S中1的变形例的不连续性来实现。 注意:用于通过"COM4"来控制所述PSC的命令中的相同的步骤2.3和2.5给出的那些。该命令阅读S 1 </在通过"COM1"商业偏光子&gt;为"* SOP吗？ n"。 </li><li>点击"文件→保存"保存脚本，然后通过点击"→"键运行它。所述PSC被带回到其机械停止，然后将其旋转以约1°至ML步骤达到，表示S1的，因为它的发展的值。 </li></ol> 4.建立一个简陋的自制偏振分析器<ol><li>连接示波器使用GPIB接口的电脑。 </li><li>把偏振分光器立方体（PBS）的光学台上。 </li><li>设置了三个FC / APC光纤端口准直器与PBS（ 图8）。 注意:其中一个端口为输入。另外两个是用于信号的x和y偏振分量的输出。 </li><li>纤维尾纤的InGaAs PIN光电二极管连接到第一输出。 </li><li>光电二极管连接到反式impedaNCE电路（ 图9）。 </li><li>连接电路的电输出到示波器的通道1。 </li><li>转跨阻抗电路上。 </li><li>在GPLI，通过使用命令GPIB接口读取示波器的通道1的电压的平均值":IMM:MEASU SOU CH1;"选择示波器的通道1，"MEASU:IMM:TYPE均值;"以定义测量是一个平均电压，"MEASU:IMM:VAL"来获取值，最后"MEASU:IMM:UNI？"获得的测量单位。点击"文件→保存"保存脚本，然后通过点击"→"键运行它。 </li><li>激光器的输出的1％连接在PBS中的输入端口，并打开激光器上以任意的泵浦功率。此发送一个1550nm波长的光信号到输入。 </li><li>测量在第一输出上的平均电压。然后，断开光纤尾纤光电二极管和替换它由商业电表。测量在此输出的光功率。 </li><li>重复步骤4.10，同时改变所述输入光信号的功率。电压应与光功率线性变化。发现此线性关系的系数。 注:这种关系将在步骤4.20被用于从测得的电压获取P X [。 </li><li>第二光纤尾纤的InGaAs PIN光电二极管连接到PBS中的第二输出。 </li><li>光电二极管连接到一第二跨阻抗电路。 </li><li>连接电路的电输出到示波器的通道2。 </li><li>转跨阻抗电路上。 </li><li>在GPLI，通过使用命令GPIB接口读取示波器通道2的电压的平均值":IMM:MEASU SOU CH2;"选择示波器的通道2，"MEASU:IMM:TYPE均值;"以定义测量是一个平均电压，"MEASU:IMM:VAL？4;来获取值，最后"MEASU:IMM:UNI？"获得的测量单位。点击"文件→保存"保存脚本，然后通过点击"→"键运行它。 </li><li>打开激光上任意泵浦功率。 </li><li>测量在第二输出上的平均电压。然后，断开光纤尾纤光电二极管和商用电表更换。测量在此输出的光功率。 </li><li>重复步骤4.18，同时改变所述输入光信号的功率。确保电压与光功率线性变化。 注:找到该线性关系的系数。这种关系将在步骤4.20被用于从测得的电压获取P Y [。 </li><li>设立第二个探测器测量P Y [之后，使用GPLI计算定义为S = 1的第一个斯托克斯参数S 1（ <eM&gt; P X [ - P Y）/（P X + P Y [）。自制的简陋偏器现在可以使用了。 </li></ol> 5.国产偏振仪自动化过程中更换商业旋光仪<ol><li>连接激光自制检偏器的输入输出的1％（如在步骤4.9完成）。 </li><li>通过使用自制的偏振分析仪（而不是商业旋光）重复步骤2.7测量第一斯托克斯参数S 1作为对PSC（ 图10）的角度的函数。观察第 1条曲线在每一步自动更新。观察在S1的值的不连续跳跃时的ML发生时（这是在使用商用光仪的情况下）。 注:使用GPLI脚本来执行此任务自动售货机ically。该脚本是基于一个循环，通过1°步骤改变所述PSC的角（使用命令"SM，500，-10 N"发送到"COM4"），并从自制读出S1的值偏振分析器在每一个步骤。 </li><li>修改在3.5，使开发的，而不是使用由商业偏振给定的值时，脚本，它得到从自制偏振分析器P X [和P y，然后计算的 1 =（P X [-P Y）/（P X + P Y [）。 </li><li>使用基于自制偏振分析器新脚本，以类似于步骤3.6的方式自动毫升激光器。 </li></ol>

<ol>
	<li>Hofer, M., Fermann, M. E., Haberl, F., Ober, M. H., Schmidt, A. J. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Mode+locking+with+cross-phase+and+selfphase+modulation.">Mode locking with cross-phase and selfphase modulation.</a> Opt. Lett. 16 (7), 502-504 (1991).</li><li>Haus, H. A., Ippen, E. P., Tamura, K. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Additive-pulse+modelocking+in+fiber+lasers.">Additive-pulse modelocking in fiber lasers.</a> IEEE J. Quantum Electron. 30 (1), 200-208 (1994).</li><li>Hellwig, T., Walbaum, T., Gro&#223;, P., Fallnich, C. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Automated+characterization+and+alignment+of+passively+mode-locked+fiber+lasers+based+on+nonlinear+polarization+rotation.">Automated characterization and alignment of passively mode-locked fiber lasers based on nonlinear polarization rotation.</a> Appl. Phys. B. 101 (3), 565-570 (2010).</li><li>Radnatarov, D., Khripunov, S., Kobtsev, S., Ivanenko, A., Kukarin, S. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Automatic+electronic-controlled+mode+locking+self-start+in+fibre+lasers+with+non-linear+polarization+evolution.">Automatic electronic-controlled mode locking self-start in fibre lasers with non-linear polarization evolution.</a> Opt. Express. 21 (18), 20626-20631 (2013).</li><li>Shen, X., Li, W., Yan, M., Zeng, H. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Electronic+control+of+nonlinear-polarization-rotation+mode+locking+in+Yb-doped+fiber+lasers.">Electronic control of nonlinear-polarization-rotation mode locking in Yb-doped fiber lasers.</a> Opt. Lett. 37 (16), 3426-3428 (2012).</li><li>Andral, U., Si Fodil, R., Amrani, F., Billard, F., Hertz, E., Grelu, P. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Fiber+laser+mode+locked+through+an+evolutionary+algorithm.">Fiber laser mode locked through an evolutionary algorithm.</a> Optica. 2 (4), 275-278 (2015).</li><li>Olivier, M., Gagnon, M. D., Pich&#233;, M. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Automated+mode+locking+in+nonlinear+polarization+rotation+fiber+lasers+by+detection+of+a+discontinuous+jump+in+the+polarization+state.">Automated mode locking in nonlinear polarization rotation fiber lasers by detection of a discontinuous jump in the polarization state.</a> Opt. Express. 23 (5), 6738-6746 (2015).</li><li>Ulrich, R., Simon, A. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Polarization+optics+of+twisted+single-mode+fibers.">Polarization optics of twisted single-mode fibers.</a> Appl. Opt. 18 (13), 2241-2251 (1979).</li><li>Chong, A., Logan, L. R., Wise, F. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Ultrafast+fiber+lasers+based+on+self-similar+pulse+evolution:+a+review+of+current+progress.">Ultrafast fiber lasers based on self-similar pulse evolution: a review of current progress.</a> Rep. Prog. Phys. 78 (11), 113901 (2015).</li><li>Komarov, A., Leblond, H., Sanchez, F. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Theoretical+analysis+of+the+operating+regime+of+a+passively-mode-locked+fiber+laser+through+nonlinear+polarization+rotation.">Theoretical analysis of the operating regime of a passively-mode-locked fiber laser through nonlinear polarization rotation.</a> Phys. Rev. A. 72, 063811 (2005).</li><li>Kobtsev, S., Smirnov, S., Kukarin, S., Turitsyn, S. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Mode-locked+fiber+lasers+with+significant+variability+of+generation+regimes.">Mode-locked fiber lasers with significant variability of generation regimes.</a> Optical Fiber Technology. 20 (6), 615-620 (2014).</li><li>Kobtsev, S., Kukarin, S., Smirnov, S., Turitsyn, S., Latkin, A. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Generation+of+double-scale+femto/pico-second+optical+lumps+in+mode-locked+fiber+lasers.">Generation of double-scale femto/pico-second optical lumps in mode-locked fiber lasers.</a> Opt. Express. 17 (23), 20707-20713 (2009).</li><li>Churkin, D. V., Sugavanam, S., Tarasov, N., Khorev, S., Smirnov, S. V., Kobtsev, S. M., Turitsyn, S. K. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Stochasticity+periodicity+and+localized+light+structures+in+partially+mode-locked+fibre+lasers.">Stochasticity periodicity and localized light structures in partially mode-locked fibre lasers.</a> Nat. Commun. 6, 7004 (2015).</li><li>Duling, I. N., Chen, C. J., Wai, P. K. A., Menyuk, C. R. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Operation+of+a+nonlinear+loop+mirror+in+a+laser+cavity.">Operation of a nonlinear loop mirror in a laser cavity.</a> IEEE J. Quantum Electron. 30 (1), 194-199 (1994).</li><li>Krempzek, K., Grzegorz, S., Kaczmarek, P., Abramski, K. M. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=A+sub-100+fs+stretched-pulse+205+MHz+repetition+rate+passively+mode-locked+Er+doped+all-fiber+laser.">A sub-100 fs stretched-pulse 205 MHz repetition rate passively mode-locked Er doped all-fiber laser.</a> Laser Phys. Lett. 10, 105103 (2013).</li><li>Shtyrina, O., Fedoruk, M., Turitsyn, S., Herda, R., Okhotnikov, O. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Evolution+and+stability+of+pulse+regimes+in+SESAM-mode-locked+femtosecond+fiber+lasers.">Evolution and stability of pulse regimes in SESAM-mode-locked femtosecond fiber lasers.</a> J. Opt. Soc. Am. B. 26 (2), 346-352 (2009).</li></ol>

作者什么都没有透露。

已经表明，有可能通过使用基于输出偏振测量的反馈回路来自动NPR光纤环形激光器的ML。为了实现这一任务，关键的是要插入在空腔的可调节的P​​SC。腔的输出耦合器必须只偏振片之前位于以看到一个CW信号的极化状态与一个脉冲信号（ 图2）之间的差。所述PSC的双折射必须预先调整，使ML可以发现和泵功率必须为了得到在空腔的单脉冲，并尽量减少可能发生的竞争机制的数目被设置邻近单脉冲ML的阈值。这解释了为什么对ML制度通过在实验期间在某个方向扫角总是相同的自动找到。在输出端测得的检测ML的参数是S 1。此参数连续地改变作为腔内PSC的角度为swEPT。唯一的例外是达到ML时，S 1的值，则经历了一个不连续性。使小角度增量的可能性是重要的在这里。如果使用大量的增量可能难以一下子跳和一个"正常"的变化区分。角度导致ML的小范围内也可能没有注意到它跨过。小增量也确保了ML状态始终是相同的，因为该系统不会在ML范围内的任何下降，但总是检测到这个区域，其中的脉冲具有始终相同的光学频谱的边缘。这是确保过程的重复性和产生的脉冲参数的唯一明显的方式。 假定上述临界点已经考虑，有可能建立一个自制的偏振分析仪，能S1的一个值和允许的检测和自动化ML。这里所提出的设置是由自由空间偏振分束器立方体结合两个光电二极管。另一种方法是使用基于光纤的偏振分束器。没有对准将被要求，这将是一个全光纤的设置。还注意到，一个示波器用于获得光电二极管的电压，以便与它容易经由GPIB端口通信。使用一个USB电压表或一个自制的电子电路的可能降低设备的成本。 这里提出的技术的目的是为NPR纤维锁模激光器工作。应用它，需要有一个比较稳定的腔体设计被预先调整，以便能够获得的ML工作。只有一个参数是变化来搜索ML的事实限制了该技术的通用性。如果该空腔由，扰动例如，导入在纤维中的双折射，该系统将能够补偿和找到的ML时扰动很小。 HH但是，所述PSC将不能弥补的大变形腔的双折射的，因为它的双折射是固定的7。在这个意义上说，这种技术不能被认为是一般在海尔威格等人提出的之一。3。也S 1在这里使用结合有独特PSC角的控制的输出的简单描述不允许激光的发射的所有可能的制度的探索通过Andral 等 6为实例进行讨论。此外，ML检测技术这里介绍的类似噪声的脉冲11，ML连贯脉冲和多脉冲制度之间不能区分。空腔纤维的预调整，泵浦功率和所述PSC双折射因此必须小心进行，以保证单一相干ML脉冲将形成的，而不是类噪声脉冲或多个脉冲的制度。 如所提到的介绍，其他ML机制存在，他们中的一些不需要对齐。它们都具有一定的优点和缺点。基于非线性环路ML镜14需要腔内光纤的额外长度，并且可能不适合于高重复率激光15。基于饱和吸收ML反射镜16需要自定义的设计反映适合于功率和所考虑的激光的光谱特性。所述NPR ML机制仍然是最广泛使用，因为它的简单性，其有效性和低成本实现。 其对准的自动化使得NPR一个更有趣的选择，因为它现在可以在商用系统中使用，而不需要用户的干预，以确保ML发生。自动化其对准的技术中提出了在这里是足以在正常条件下，以得到ML和易于实现。它需要一些低成本的组件，没有昂贵的INSTRuments诸如光学频谱分析仪或RF频谱分析仪。腔设计没有因为它依赖于输出偏振测量进行修改。事实上，只有输出的一小部分被窃听用于监测和剩余部分可以用于正在进行的应用程序。 换句话说，激光不需要断开与对准过程继续进行。其次，所需平均功率是如此之小，1％的监测抽头就足够了。这是为了与诸如第二-harmonic代或双光子吸收基于非线性过程ML检测技术，将要求用于监测一个显著较大部分是有效的进行对比。最后，由于这种技术仅需要在第一斯托克斯参数S 1进行测量时，就没有必要为偏振状态的一完整的特征，这使该系统更简单，更便宜的设计和建造。 这种技术非常适用于商业的光纤激光器，并在考虑该目标，可以进一步发展，以提高其性能。这将是有趣也以不同的波长将其应用到光纤激光器。这里它是在一个掺铒光纤激光器中使用，但它很容易转移到掺镱光纤激光器，因为所有需要的设备是现成的。它可能变得更具挑战性在非传统的波长操作激光器，但它当然是可行的。更多的测试需要证实其适用于不同的分散机制，如孤子激​​光器，展宽脉冲激光器，激光similariton和耗散孤子激光器。

本文的目的是提出一种自动化校准过程来获得非线性偏振旋转光纤激光器模式锁定（ML）。这个过程是基于两个基本步骤:通过测量激光器的输出信号的偏振，然后设置向上的自启动控制系统，以获得到ML检测ML制度。 光纤激光器已经成为时下光学的重要工具。它们是相干的近红外光的有效源和它们现在延伸到所述电磁光谱的中红外部分。其成本低，易于使用都使得他们有吸引力的替代相干光的其它来源，例如固态激光器。光纤激光器也能提供超短脉冲（100 FSEC或更小）时，ML机构被插在纤维空腔中。有许多方法来设计这种ML机制如非线性循环反射镜和可饱和吸收器。其中之一，广泛使用˚F或它的简单性，基于所述信号1,2的非线性偏振旋转（NPR）。它使用的信号的极化椭圆经历旋转正比于它的强度，因为它在激光腔中的纤维中传播的事实。通过在空腔中插入一个偏振器，本NPR的信号的往返过程中导致依赖于强度的损失。 激光然后可以通过控制偏振状态被强制ML。有效地，信号的高功率部分将经受降低损失（ 图1），这最终将导致光的超短脉冲的形成时的激光被接通和从低功率噪声信号开始。然而，这种方法的缺点是，偏振状态控制器（PSC）必须正确对齐获得的ML。通常，操作者通过用快纵改变PSC的位置和分析激光的输出信号手动发现对MLhotodiode，光频谱分析仪或一非线性光学自相关器。一旦被检测到的脉冲的发射时，操作者停止改变所述PSC的位置，因为激光是ML。显然，获得激光自启动自动导致效率的重要收获。这是特别真实当激光受扰动改变取向或空腔配置，因为操作者必须一次次经过对齐过程。在过去十年中，不同的方法已经被提出来实现这种自动化。海尔威格等 3中使用压电榨汁控制在组合偏振与信号的极化状态的具有分裂振幅的-全光纤光仪检测ML全面分析。 Radnarotov 等 4中使用的液晶板的PSCs基于所述RF频谱检测ML的分析。 Shen等人 5中使用压电榨汁控制偏振和光电二极管/高速计数器系统来检测的ML。最近，提出根据一种进化算法的策略，其中所述检测是通过一个高带宽的光电二极管与一个intensimetric二阶自相关器和一个光学频谱分析仪提供组合。控制然后与空腔6内的两个电子驱动的PSCs进行。 本文介绍的检测ML并将其应用到自动化技术迫使光纤激光器ML的创新方式。激光的ML的检测是通过分析作为所述PSC的角度被扫过的信号的输出偏振状态如何变化来实现的。如将要示出，到ML的过渡与在偏振态通过测量输出信号的斯托克斯参数的一个可检测一个突然的变化相关联。一个事实，即脉冲比CW信号越强，将进行更重要的NPR EXPlains这种变化。由于激光的输出立即位于空腔中的偏振器之前，在该位置的脉冲的偏振状态是由一个CW信号的偏振状态（ 图2）不同，将用于鉴别对ML状态。这个过程，它的第一个实验实现的理论方面奥利弗等人作了介绍。7。在这篇文章中，重点将放在程序，它的局限和自身优势的技术方面。 这种技术是实现相对简单，并且不需要复杂的测量仪器来检测ML状态并自动激光的对准来获得的ML。通过可编程接口可调外使用PSC是必需的。不同的PSCs可以在原则上可以使用:压电榨汁，液晶，由电动机，磁光晶体或机动的全光纤PSC基于ö旋转波片ñ挤压和扭曲纤维8。在这篇文章中，后者被使用，全光纤机动姚明型PSC。以检测的偏振状态的昂贵的商业偏振都可以使用。然而，由于只需要第一斯托克斯参数的值，在组合偏振分束器与两个光电二极管将足以所示在这篇文章。 所有这些组件是廉价的广泛使用的掺铒光纤激光器。基于此过程的反馈回路可以在几分钟内找到的ML。这个反应时间是合适的光纤激光器的大多数应用是相媲美的其它现有技术。实际上，响应时间是由用于分析的信号的极化电子的限制。最后，虽然该过程这里施加到similariton 9掺铒光纤激光器，它可以立即用于任何基于NPR的光纤激光器作为上述设备或其equivalen吨在感兴趣的波长变得可用。

<table><tbody><tr><td>Bare-Fiber adaptor</td><td>Bullet</td><td>NGB-14</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Drop-in polarization controller</td><td>General Photonics Corp.</td><td>Polarite PLC-006</td><td>Manual polarization controller.</td></tr><tr><td>DSP In-line polarimeter</td><td>General Photonics Corp.</td><td>POD-101D PolaDetect</td><td>Polarimeter with USB/serial computer connectivity.</td></tr><tr><td>Fiber Cleaver</td><td>Fitel</td><td>S323</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>FiberPort</td><td>Thorlabs Inc.</td><td>PAF-X-2-C</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Fixed Fiber-to-Fiber Coupler Bench</td><td>Thorlabs Inc.</td><td>FBC-1550-APC</td><td>Any optical bench could be used. A 3-way bench would even be better.</td></tr><tr><td>Fusion Splicer</td><td>Fujikura</td><td>FSM-40PM</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>High resolution all fiber polarization controller</td><td>Giga Concept Inc.</td><td>GIG-2201-1300</td><td>All-fiber motorized polarization controller with USB computer connectivity.</td></tr><tr><td>InGaAs PIN PD module</td><td>Optoway</td><td>PD-1310</td><td>Pigtailed photodiode.</td></tr><tr><td>Instrument communication interface</td><td>National Instruments</td><td>NI MAX</td><td>It comes packaged with National Instruments drivers (NI-VISA, NI-DAQmx, &lt;em&gt;etc.&lt;/em&gt;)</td></tr><tr><td>Operational amplifier</td><td>Texas Instruments</td><td>TLO81ACP</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Optical Powermeter</td><td>Newport</td><td>818-IS-1 with 1835-C</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Optical spectrum analyzer</td><td>Anritsu</td><td>MS9710C</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Oscilloscope</td><td>Tektronix</td><td>TDS2022</td><td>Oscilloscope with GPIB computer connectivity.</td></tr><tr><td>Polarizing beamsplitter module</td><td>Thorlabs Inc.</td><td>PSCLB-VL-1550</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Polyimide Film Tape</td><td>3M</td><td>5413</td><td>Tape to fix the components on the table without damaging the fibers.</td></tr><tr><td>Graphical programming language interface (GPLI)</td><td>National Instruments</td><td>LabVIEW</td><td>Interface to program in G Programming Language and communicate with laboratory instruments.</td></tr><tr><td>Polarimeter controlling software</td><td>General Photonics Corp.</td><td>PolaView</td><td>Comes with the polarimeter General Photonics POD-101D.</td></tr></tbody></table>

automation of mode locking in a nonlinear polarization rotation fiber laser through output polarization measurements

当激光是锁模，它发射由激光腔长度来确定的重复率超短脉冲序列。本文概述了新的和廉价的步骤来强制模式锁定在预调节非线性偏振旋转光纤激光器。当锁模发生此程序是基于该检测输出偏振状态的突然变化的。这种变化被用来命令腔内偏振控制器的取向，以便找到锁模条件。更具体地，当偏振控制器的角度被横扫第一斯托克斯参数的值而变化，而且，当激光进入锁模状态它经历了一个突然变化。监控这个突然变化提供了可以用来命令偏振控制器的取向和驱动朝模式锁定激光器的实用易于检测信号。这种监测是通过将一小部分来实现该信号的偏振分析仪测量第一斯托克斯参数。当激光进入锁模状态将发生在读出此参数的来自分析器的突然改变。在这一刻，该偏振控制器的所需角度保持固定。对准完成。此过程提供了一个替代的方式来使用的设备，如一个光学频谱分析仪，一个RF频谱分析仪，连接到电子脉冲计数器或基于双光子吸收或产生二次谐波的非线性检测方案的光电二极管的现有自动化程序。它适用于由非线性偏振旋转锁定激光器模式。这是比较容易实现，它需要廉价的方法，尤其是在1550nm的波长，它降低相比于上述技术产生的生产和运行成本。

NPR锁模光纤激光器是已知的，以提供大量的各种脉冲制度如Q-开关脉冲10，相干ML脉冲，类噪声脉冲，ML脉冲束缚态，谐波ML和相互作用ML脉冲11的复杂的结构。在这里所描述的激光，所述PSC的双折射后固定为能够得到ML，泵浦功率调整为相对接近单脉冲ML的阈值。在这样做时，竞争制度的数量减少到最低限度。在这个泵功率并根据PSC的角度，提出了激光不同制度（ 图5），但没有多脉冲制度。类噪声脉冲12,13避免了由于该被保持固定一次标准的单ML脉冲发现空腔纤维的预调整。事实上，腔的设计是在这方面也可能是重要的，但是这方面并没有彻底调查ħERE。因此，剩下的唯一制度是连续波发射（CW），Q开关发射和具有单相干脉冲稳定ML。在连续波（CW）和Q开关机制，窄线（1毫微米左右，有时由光谱分析仪分辨率的限制）被看到。这些光谱是用全宽对ML制度在30纳米或甚至更多的顺序的半高宽谱进行比较。在快速光电二极管，CW表示几乎没有变化，Q开关示出了具有几微秒的量级的重复率的脉冲串（这里3.5微秒）和ML显示为具有几的重复率快得多脉冲串数十纳秒（此处12.2纳秒）对应于激光腔的往返时间。当使用自相关迹，只对ML政权显示脉冲的存在，因为Q开关机制产生具有长得多的持续时间和低得多的峰值功率的脉冲。自相关痕迹在ML政权示出了具有156 FSEC的宽度，从中我们推断，只有一个单一的连贯的ML脉冲存在与FWHM持续时间接近100 FSEC单峰（110 FSEC假设高斯脉冲形状和101 FSEC假设双曲正割平方脉冲形状）。 斯托克斯的测量参数作为腔内的PSC（ 图6）的角度的函数，得到的典型结果如预期在理论上7。注意，在达到ML当每个斯托克斯参数突然改变。因此，仅其中之一的测量值，说S1 中 ，需要检测的ML。需要注意的是在一个给定的参数的值的不连续性不与稳定ML一致时有时可观察到。事实上，激光可以有时达到它转移真的很快之间处于一种混乱的方式CW，Q开关和ML政权不稳定的政权。在这些情况下，该值斯托克斯参数S可能会发生在时间上变化很大。这些变化的形式出现在图表误差线。由此可以看出，该变化是在某些区域比其它更重要。然而，在稳定ML制度的变化是非常小的。这表明，斯托克斯参数的时间变化可以用作互补准则以验证是否ML真的达到或不连续的跳跃已经检测之后。 前面的分析导致了激光的自动化可以基于搜索用于给定斯托克斯参数的一个不连续的结论:S 1在这里选择。被定义为"不连续的"S 1的变化是先验任意的。基于该测量结果（ 图6），它被发现的 1通常由步骤大于0.1为更小的变化角度由1°变化。当达到ML它由0.6变化的唯一的例外是。因此决定以不连续的门槛定为0.3。这里提出的自动化过程（ 图7）是基于这一条件。激光不能在一个ML条件时常规开始否则，当从ML导致CW的不连续性，会发现日常将停止，激光最终会发光CW。这个约束是不存在问题，因为相比于全范围的PSC的角度赋予ML的范围是小的。它是如此容易，当常规接合所述PSC以一角度确实远离ML定位。这里，所述PSC被带到其中机械停止阻止它进一步移动它的最小角度。在这个位置上，激光不ML。在这些条件下，常规的作品真的很好。发现在几分钟内ML。在这种情况下，速度主要是由商业P所需要的通信时间的限制olarimeter和计算机为角度掠。 当与自制偏振分析仪（ 图10）测得，S 1为PSC的角度的函数的曲线是从与商业光仪（ 图6）测量的曲线不同。这是由于这样的事实，即两个仪器的x-和y-轴不一定一致。然而，当达到ML S中1的突然过渡是清楚地看到在这两种情况下。事实上，S 1的行为，S 2和S 3与商业光仪测量表明，该三个参数没有经历相同的不连续的ML达到时。它表明，只是polarizat之前的偏振光束分离器，或等价地，一手动PSC的插入的方向的变化离子分析仪可以帮助在使过渡更突然，更容易被发现。事实上，这正是这里发生了什么，到ML过渡更容易与自制的偏振分析仪来观察，因为手动PSC调整，使过渡显得更加清晰。自动化过程然后很容易实现。 用自制的偏振分析仪自动化的作品真的很好。 ML是在几分钟之内找到。事实上，由于在光电二极管的电压的读数比商用光仪的读数快，自制的偏振分析器执行得更好。 <img alt="图1" src="/files/ftp_upload/53679/53679fig1.jpg" /> 图1:基于非线性偏振旋转ML的信号被第一直线通过偏振器偏振并然后转化成椭圆偏振状态由第ËPSC。由于在激光腔中的光纤的克尔非线性，极化椭圆经历其正比于信号的功率主轴线的旋转。由于在最后的偏振片只传输极化的垂直分量，变速器将取决于信号的功率，并可能有利于从噪声脉冲的形成，如果PSC角度调整正确。 <a href="https://www-jove-com.remotexs.ntu.edu.sg/files/ftp_upload/53679/53679fig1large.jpg" target="_blank">请点击此处查看大图版本这个数字。</a> <img alt="图2" src="/files/ftp_upload/53679/53679fig2.jpg" /> 图2:偏振分析器的位置对于给定的平均功率，脉冲将具有峰值功率比的连续波（CW）信号放大，并将经过放大的非线性偏振旋转。仅由偏振片之间，歧视分析器前定位<html>偏振状态将允许腔脉冲存在的检测。 <a href="https://www-jove-com.remotexs.ntu.edu.sg/files/ftp_upload/53679/53679fig2large.jpg" target="_blank">请点击此处查看该图的放大版本。</a> <img alt="图3" src="/files/ftp_upload/53679/53679fig3.jpg" /> 图3:光纤激光器环形腔的激光必须是一个环形腔，包括单模光纤（蓝），一增益光纤（绿色），一个隔离器，一个偏振器，一个PSC可调通过计算机接口。输出耦合器必须就在偏光片之前被找到。最后，输出信号的1％，以监测该信号的偏振和输出信号的99％的状态被窃听仍然可用。偏振分析仪提供反馈以在经由电缆（黑色）调整机动PSC（淡红色）的角度的计算机编程的控制回路。PS://www-jove-com.remotexs.ntu.edu.sg/files/ftp_upload/53679/53679fig3large.jpg"目标="_空白"&gt;点击此处查看该图的放大版本。 <img alt="图4" src="/files/ftp_upload/53679/53679fig4.jpg" /> 图4:A机动光纤挤压PSC所述PSC的双折射是由左侧的螺钉的压力固定的。所述PSC的角度是与电子控制的马达，它是在右调节。该电缆系统连接到计算机的接口。 <a href="https://www-jove-com.remotexs.ntu.edu.sg/files/ftp_upload/53679/53679fig4large.jpg" target="_blank">请点击此处查看该图的放大版本。</a> <img alt="图5" src="/files/ftp_upload/53679/53679fig5.jpg" /> 图5:检测ML用光学频谱分析仪上的光光谱中观察到的激光的不同机制。分析仪的左边，在中间快速光电二极管和在右侧的自相关（如果适用）:准连续多波长（蓝色），Q开关CW（绿色）和ML（红色）。在ML政权的频谱是比别人更广泛和dechirped自相关曲线显示了156 FSEC和相对狭窄的底座FWHM单峰。 <a href="https://www-jove-com.remotexs.ntu.edu.sg/files/ftp_upload/53679/53679fig5large.jpg" target="_blank">请点击此处查看该图的放大版本。</a> <img alt="图6" src="/files/ftp_upload/53679/53679fig6.jpg" /> 图6:斯托克斯参数作为对PSC角和ML区域的功能的值的蓝色曲线各自斯托克斯参数超过在0.2秒的时间间隔为一个典型的情况采取5次测量的平均值。误差棒代表测量值的标准偏差和演示的稳定性<html>激光对于一个给定的PSC角度。作为PSC的角度是变化的，斯​​托克斯参数的值以连续方式改变当达到（在该图中的红色区域）ML除外。在这种情况下，他们的价值观发生，可以用来检测ML的突然变化。 <a href="https://www-jove-com.remotexs.ntu.edu.sg/files/ftp_upload/53679/53679fig6large.jpg" target="_blank">请点击此处查看该图的放大版本。</a> <img alt="图7" src="/files/ftp_upload/53679/53679fig7.jpg" /> 图7:A程序来自动对齐PSC得到ML该流程图显示了用于自动偏振态控制器（PSC），以获得ML的对齐方式简单的常规<a href="https://www-jove-com.remotexs.ntu.edu.sg/files/ftp_upload/53679/53679fig7large.jpg" target="_blank">请点击此处查看该图的放大版本。</a> 8"SRC ="/文件/ ftp_upload / 53679 / 53679fig8.jpg"/&gt; 图8:自制偏振分析器测量 S 1的自由空间偏振分束器分割的信号的x和y偏振分量。这些组分分别送到两个光电二极管从而测量在每个极化的功率P X和P Y，允许计算第一斯托克斯参数S 1 =（P X [ - P Y）/（P X [+ P y）的 <a href="https://www-jove-com.remotexs.ntu.edu.sg/files/ftp_upload/53679/53679fig8large.jpg" target="_blank">请按此查看该图的放大版本。</a> <img alt="图9" src="/files/ftp_upload/53679/53679fig9.jpg" /> 图9:跨对于每个光电二极管-impedance放大器电路，该铟镓砷光电二极管检测到1,550nm处的信号。它被连接到一个运算放大器，电阻和电容器。电容器的作用是减少从而减少来自电路本身得到的电振荡的风险的电路的带宽。该电压值由示波器进行平均的平均值将从它通过校准与商业光纤电表读取并转化为平均光功率。 <a href="https://www-jove-com.remotexs.ntu.edu.sg/files/ftp_upload/53679/53679fig9large.jpg" target="_blank">请点击此处查看该图的放大版本。</a> <img alt="图10" src="/files/ftp_upload/53679/53679fig10.jpg" /> 图10:第一斯托克斯参数作为使用自制的偏振分析器的所述PSC角的函数的值 S的行为。图1示出在激光到达ML为一典型的情况下，角典型突变。这也被视为与商业旋光仪。 <a href="https://www-jove-com.remotexs.ntu.edu.sg/files/ftp_upload/53679/53679fig10large.jpg" target="_blank">请点击此处查看该图的放大版本。</a>

Watch this Scientific Journal Video about Automation of Mode Locking in a Nonlinear Polarization Rotation Fiber Laser through Output Polarization Measurements at JoVE.com

Automation of Mode Locking in a Nonlinear Polarization Rotation Fiber Laser through Output Polarization Measurements

A protocol to detect and automate mode locking in a pre-adjusted nonlinear polarization rotation fiber laser is presented. The detection of a sudden change in the output polarization state when mode locking occurs is used to command the alignment of an intra-cavity polarization controller in order to find mode-locking conditions.

锁模自动化的非线性偏振旋转光纤激光器通过输出偏振测量

When a laser is mode-locked, it emits a train of ultra-short pulses at a repetition rate determined by the laser cavity length. This article outlines a ...

automation-mode-locking-nonlinear-polarization-rotation-fiber-laser

Nanyang Technological University

Research

Education

JoVE Core

JoVE Journal

Electrical Engineering

Engineering

Unit 1

Diagrams and Signal Flow Graphs

SCIENTISTS IN ACTION

11.3K 次观看.  Université Laval. A protocol to detect and automate mode locking in a pre-adjusted nonlinear polarization rotation fiber laser is presented. The detection of a sudden change in the output polarization state when mode locking occurs is used to command the alignment of an intra-cavity polarization controller in order to find mode-locking conditions.

视频: Automation of Mode Locking in a Nonlinear Polarization Rotation Fiber Laser through Output Polarization Measurements

Fabrication and Characterization of Disordered Polymer Optical Fibers for Transverse Anderson Localization of Light

We develop and characterize a disordered polymer optical fiber that uses transverse Anderson localization as a novel waveguiding mechanism. The developed polymer optical fiber is composed of 80,000 strands of poly (methyl methacrylate) (PMMA) and polystyrene (PS) that are randomly mixed and drawn into a square cross section optical fiber with a side width of 250 &mu;m. Initially, each strand is 200 &mu;m in diameter and 8-inches long. During the mixing process of the original fiber strands, the fibers cross over each other; however, a large draw ratio guarantees that the refractive index profile is invariant along the length of the fiber for several tens of centimeters. The large refractive index difference of 0.1 between the disordered sites results in a small localized beam radius that is comparable to the beam radius of conventional optical fibers. The input light is launched from a standard single mode optical fiber using the butt-coupling method and the near-field output beam from the disordered fiber is imaged using a 40X objective and a CCD camera. The output beam diameter agrees well with the expected results from the numerical simulations. The disordered optical fiber presented in this work is the first device-level implementation of 2D Anderson localization, and can potentially be used for image transport and short-haul optical communication systems.

We develop and characterize a disordered polymer optical fiber that uses transverse Anderson localization as a novel waveguiding mechanism. This microstructured fiber can transport a small localized beam with a radius that is comparable to the beam radius of conventional optical fibers.

无序横向安德森本地化光聚合物光纤的制备和表征

We develop and characterize a disordered polymer optical fiber that uses transverse Anderson localization as a novel waveguiding mechanism. The developed ...

科研

工程学

Characterization of Anisotropic Leaky Mode Modulators for Holovideo

Holovideo displays are based on light-bending spatial light modulators. One such spatial light modulator is the anisotropic leaky mode modulator. This modulator is particularly well suited for holographic video experimentation as it is relatively simple and inexpensive to fabricate1-3. Some additional advantages of leaky mode devices include: large aggregate bandwidth, polarization separation of signal light from noise, large angular deflection and frequency control of color1. In order to realize these advantages, it is necessary to be able to adequately characterize these devices as their operation is strongly dependent on waveguide and transducer parameters4. To characterize the modulators, the authors use a commercial prism coupler as well as a custom characterization apparatus to identify guided modes, calculate waveguide thickness and finally to map the device's frequency input and angular output of leaky mode modulators. This work gives a detailed description of the measurement and characterization of leaky mode modulators suitable for full-color holographic video.

This work describes fabrication and characterization of anisotropic leaky mode modulators for holographic video.

各向异性泄漏模式调制器用于Holovideo的表征

Holovideo displays are based on light-bending spatial light modulators.  One such spatial light modulator is the anisotropic leaky mode modulator.  This ...

Direct Imaging of Laser-driven Ultrafast Molecular Rotation

We present a method for visualizing laser-induced, ultrafast molecular rotational wave packet dynamics. We have developed a new 2-dimensional Coulomb explosion imaging setup in which a hitherto-impractical camera angle is realized. In our imaging technique, diatomic molecules are irradiated with a circularly polarized strong laser pulse. The ejected atomic ions are accelerated perpendicularly to the laser propagation. The ions lying in the laser polarization plane are selected through the use of a mechanical slit and imaged with a high-throughput, 2-dimensional detector installed parallel to the polarization plane. Because a circularly polarized (isotropic) Coulomb exploding pulse is used, the observed angular distribution of the ejected ions directly corresponds to the squared rotational wave function at the time of the pulse irradiation. To create a real-time movie of molecular rotation, the present imaging technique is combined with a femtosecond pump-probe optical setup in which the pump pulses create unidirectionally rotating molecular ensembles. Due to the high image throughput of our detection system, the pump-probe experimental condition can be easily optimized by monitoring a real-time snapshot. As a result, the quality of the observed movie is sufficiently high for visualizing the detailed wave nature of motion. We also note that the present technique can be implemented in existing standard ion imaging setups, offering a new camera angle or viewpoint for the molecular systems without the need for extensive modification.

We present a protocol for creating a real-time movie of a molecular rotational wave packet using a high-resolution Coulomb explosion imaging setup.

激光驱动的超快分子旋转直接成像

We present a method for visualizing laser-induced, ultrafast molecular rotational wave packet dynamics. We have developed a new 2-dimensional Coulomb ...

化学

Measurement of Quantum Interference in a Silicon Ring Resonator Photon Source

Silicon photonic chips have the potential to realize complex integrated quantum information processing circuits, including photon sources, qubit manipulation, and integrated single-photon detectors. Here, we present the key aspects of preparing and testing a silicon photonic quantum chip with an integrated photon source and two-photon interferometer. The most important aspect of an integrated quantum circuit is minimizing loss so that all of the generated photons are detected with the highest possible fidelity. Here, we describe how to perform low-loss edge coupling by using an ultra-high numerical aperture fiber to closely match the mode of the silicon waveguides. By using an optimized fusion splicing recipe, the UHNA fiber is seamlessly interfaced with a standard single-mode fiber. This low-loss coupling allows the measurement of high-fidelity photon production in an integrated silicon ring resonator and the subsequent two-photon interference of the produced photons in a closely integrated Mach-Zehnder interferometer. This paper describes the essential procedures for the preparation and characterization of high-performance and scalable silicon quantum photonic circuits.

Silicon photonic chips have the potential to realize complex integrated quantum systems. Presented here is a method for preparing and testing a silicon photonic chip for quantum measurements.

量子干涉效应在硅谐振环光子源测量

Silicon photonic chips have the potential to realize complex integrated quantum information processing circuits, including photon sources, qubit ...

Cooling an Optically Trapped Ultracold Fermi Gas by Periodical Driving

We present a cooling method for a cold Fermi gas by parametrically driving atomic motions in a crossed-beam optical dipole trap (ODT). Our method employs the anharmonicity of the ODT, in which the hotter atoms at the edge of the trap feel the anharmonic components of the trapping potential, while the colder atoms in the center of the trap feel the harmonic one. By modulating the trap depth with frequencies that are resonant with the anharmonic components, we selectively excite the hotter atoms out of the trap while keeping the colder atoms in the trap, generating parametric cooling. This experimental protocol starts with a magneto-optical trap (MOT) that is loaded by a Zeeman slower. The precooled atoms in the MOT are then transferred to an ODT, and a bias magnetic field is applied to create an interacting Fermi gas. We then lower the trapping potential to prepare a cold Fermi gas near the degenerate temperature. After that, we sweep the magnetic field to the noninteracting regime of the Fermi gas, in which the parametric cooling can be manifested by modulating the intensity of the optical trapping beams. We find that the parametric cooling effect strongly depends on the modulation frequencies and amplitudes. With the optimized frequency and amplitude, we measure the dependence of the cloud energy on the modulation time. We observe that the cloud energy is changed in an anisotropic way, where the energy of the axial direction is significantly reduced by parametric driving. The cooling effect is limited to the axial direction because the dominant anharmonicity of the crossed-beam ODT is along the axial direction. Finally, we propose to extend this protocol for the trapping potentials of large anharmonicity in all directions, which provides a promising scheme for cooling quantum gases using external driving.

We present a parametric driving method to cool an ultracold Fermi gas in a crossed-beam optical dipole trap. This method selectively removes high-energy atoms from the trap by periodically modulating the trap depth with frequencies that are resonant with the anharmonic components of the trapping potential.

通过定期行驶冷却光学被困超冷费米气体

We present a cooling method for a cold Fermi gas by parametrically driving atomic motions in a crossed-beam optical dipole trap (ODT). Our method employs ...

Fabrication Procedures and Birefringence Measurements for Designing Magnetically Responsive Lanthanide Ion Chelating Phospholipid Assemblies

Bicelles are tunable disk-like polymolecular assemblies formed from a large variety of lipid mixtures. Applications range from membrane protein structural studies by nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) to nanotechnological developments including the formation of optically active and magnetically switchable gels. Such technologies require high control of the assembly size, magnetic response and thermal resistance. Mixtures of 1,2-dimyristoyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphocholine (DMPC) and its lanthanide ion (Ln3+) chelating phospholipid conjugate, 1,2-dimyristoyl-sn-glycero-3-phospho-ethanolamine-diethylene triaminepentaacetate (DMPE-DTPA), assemble into highly magnetically responsive assemblies such as DMPC/DMPE-DTPA/Ln3+ (molar ratio 4:1:1) bicelles. Introduction of cholesterol (Chol-OH) and steroid derivatives in the bilayer results in another set of assemblies offering unique physico-chemical properties. For a given lipid composition, the magnetic alignability is proportional to the bicelle size. The complexation of Ln3+ results in unprecedented magnetic responses in terms of both magnitude and alignment direction. The thermo-reversible collapse of the disk-like structures into vesicles upon heating allows tailoring of the assemblies&#39; dimensions by extrusion through membrane filters with defined pore sizes. The magnetically alignable bicelles are regenerated by cooling to 5 &#176;C, resulting in assembly dimensions defined by the vesicle precursors. Herein, this fabrication procedure is explained and the magnetic alignability of the assemblies is quantified by birefringence measurements under a 5.5 T magnetic field. The birefringence signal, originating from the phospholipid bilayer, further enables monitoring of polymolecular changes occurring in the bilayer. This simple technique is complementary to NMR experiments that are commonly employed to characterize bicelles.

Fabrication procedures for highly magnetically responsive lanthanide ion chelating polymolecular assemblies are presented. The magnetic response is dictated by the assembly size, which is tailored by extrusion through nanopore membranes. The assemblies&#39; magnetic alignability and temperature-induced structural changes are monitored by birefringence measurements, a complimentary technique to nuclear magnetic resonance and small angle neutron scattering.

设计磁响应稀土离子螯合磷脂组件的制备方法及双折射测量

Bicelles are tunable disk-like polymolecular assemblies formed from a large variety of lipid mixtures. Applications range from membrane protein structural ...

Label-free Single Molecule Detection Using Microtoroid Optical Resonators

Detecting small concentrations of molecules down to the single molecule limit has impact on areas such as early detection of disease, and fundamental studies on the behavior of molecules. Single molecule detection techniques commonly utilize labels such as fluorescent tags or quantum dots, however, labels are not always available, increase cost and complexity, and can perturb the events being studied. Optical resonators have emerged as a promising means to detect single molecules without the use of labels. Currently the smallest particle detected by a non-plasmonically-enhanced bare optical resonator system in solution is a 25 nm polystyrene sphere1. We have developed a technique known as Frequency Locking Optical Whispering Evanescent Resonator (FLOWER) that can surpass this limit and achieve label-free single molecule detection in aqueous solution2. As signal strength scales with particle volume, our work represents a &#62; 100x improvement in the signal to noise ratio (SNR) over the current state of the art. Here the procedures behind FLOWER are presented in an effort to increase its usage in the field.

We have developed a label-free biosensing system based on optical resonator technology known as Frequency Locking Optical Whispering Evanescent Resonator (FLOWER) that is capable of detecting single molecules in solution. Here the procedures behind this work are described and presented.

无标记单分子检测使用微型环光学谐振器

Detecting small concentrations of molecules down to the single molecule limit has impact on areas such as early detection of disease, and fundamental ...

生物工程

Shaping the Amplitude and Phase of Laser Beams by Using a Phase-only Spatial Light Modulator

The aim of this article is to visually demonstrate the utilization of an interferometric method for encoding complex fields associated with coherent laser radiation. The method is based on the coherent sum of two uniform waves, previously encoded into a phase-only spatial light modulator (SLM) by spatial multiplexing of their phases. Here, the interference process is carried out by spatial filtering of light frequencies at the Fourier plane of certain imaging system. The correct implementation of this method allows arbitrary phase and amplitude information to be retrieved at the output of the optical system.
It is an on-axis, rather than off-axis encoding technique, with a direct processing algorithm (not an iterative loop), and free from coherent noise (speckle). The complex field can be exactly retrieved at the output of the optical system, except for some loss of resolution due to the frequency filtering process. The main limitation of the method might come from the inability to operate at frequency rates higher than the refresh rate of the SLM. Applications include, but are not limited to, linear and non-linear microscopy, beam shaping, or laser micro-processing of material surfaces.

We show how to encode the complex field of laser beams by using a single phase element. A common-path interferometer is employed to mix the phase information displayed into a phase-only spatial light modulator to finally retrieve the desired complex field pattern at the output of an optical imaging system.

利用相位空间光调制器建立激光光束的振幅和相位

The aim of this article is to visually demonstrate the utilization of an interferometric method for encoding complex fields associated with coherent laser ...

A Photonic System for Generating Unconditional Polarization-Entangled Photons Based on Multiple Quantum Interference

We present a high-performance source of unconditional polarization-entangled photons that have a high-emission rate, a broadband distribution, are degenerated and postselection free. The property of the source is based on the multiple quantum interference effect with a round-trip configuration of a Sagnac interferometer. The quantum interference effects make it possible to use the high generation efficiency of the polarization-entangled photons to process parametric down-conversion, and separate degenerated photon pairs into different optical modes without a postselection requirement. The principle of the optical system was described and experimentally used to measure the fidelity and Bell parameters, and also to characterize the generated polarization-entangled photons from a minimum of six combinations of polarization correlated data. The experimentally obtained fidelity and Bell parameters exceeded the classical local correlation limit and are clear evidence of the generation of unconditional polarization-entangled photons.

We describe an optical system for the generation of unconditional polarization-entangled photons based on multiple quantum interference effects with a detection scheme to estimate the experimental fidelity of generated entangled photons.

基于多重量子干扰生成无条件极化纠缠光子的光子系统

We present a high-performance source of unconditional polarization-entangled photons that have a high-emission rate, a broadband distribution, are ...

Low-cost Custom Fabrication and Mode-locked Operation of an All-normal-dispersion Femtosecond Fiber Laser for Multiphoton Microscopy

A protocol is presented to build a custom low-cost yet high-performance femtosecond (fs) fiber laser. This all-normal-dispersion (ANDi) ytterbium-doped fiber laser is built completely using commercially available parts, including $8,000 in fiber optic and pump laser components, plus $4,800 in standard optical components and extra-cavity accessories. Researchers new to fiber optic device fabrication may also consider investing in basic fiber splicing and laser pulse characterization equipment (~$63,000). Important for optimal laser operation, methods to verify true versus apparent (partial or noise-like) mode-locked performance are presented. This system achieves 70 fs pulse duration with a center wavelength of approximately 1,070 nm and a pulse repetition rate of 31 MHz. This fiber laser exhibits the peak performance that may be obtained for an easily assembled fiber laser system, which makes this design ideal for research laboratories aiming to develop compact and portable fs laser technologies that enable new implementations of clinical multiphoton microscopy and fs surgery.

A method is presented to build a custom low-cost, mode-locked femtosecond fiber laser for potential applications in multiphoton microscopy, endoscopy, and photomedicine. This laser is built using commercially available parts and basic splicing techniques.

用于多光子显微镜的全正常分散飞秒光纤激光器的低成本定制制造和模式锁定操作

A protocol is presented to build a custom low-cost yet high-performance femtosecond (fs) fiber laser. This all-normal-dispersion (ANDi) ytterbium-doped ...