这项工作是由ERA-NET神经元/ BMBF德国（TYMON）的支持。出版费用由大学医院杜塞尔多夫补助覆盖。这里使用的侧卫任务由C.贝斯特教授和最初版本编程他的研究小组47修改。

星展过程和入侵的录音是由大学医院杜塞尔多夫，德国伦理委员会批准。 1.实验范式设计及病人同意注:设计一个实验范式或者选择现有的实验范式为目标感兴趣的认知/情感方面。 <ol><li>选择该患者将接受DBS治疗。请问如果DBS-病人符合该研究的纳入标准。如果是的话，获得患者和/或伦理委员会（如适用）签署知情同意书，进行相应的认知范式手术后记录和应用。 注意事项:术后记录发生时，第二天最初的DBS手术是DBS植入电极（从头部用特种电缆的方式及其相应的外在在一起）开展后第二次手术前发生řegarding DBS电极和刺激的永久植入。 <ol><li>在侧卫任务（实施例1）中，从与运动障碍的患者得到签署知情同意书（ 例如亨廷顿或帕金森氏病），以进行手术后录音。所述侧卫实验的目的是测试病人的能力适应错误行为，并确定适应如何这样在皮层和皮层下一级是反映在大脑振荡活性。 注:患者的选择是由要解决的认知机制和患者的病症所决定的。在DBS-DOC病案举例（例2），选择谁从头部受伤在遭受了38岁的女性患者DOC。由于患者的条件限定知情同意，DBS治疗和实验的参与受到了当地伦理委员会批准只。在DOC术后记录的主要目的是确定是否相对于认知情绪加工的脑功能仍然在与意识等严重障碍的患者完好无损。 </li></ol></li><li>刺激的类型之间进行选择，以呈现（听觉，视觉）。确定刺激呈现（块或混合设计）的顺序。选择刺激的持续时间，除刺激间隔（ISI）和试验次数。 <ol><li>作为一个实际的例子执行任务侧卫（例1， 图1A），检查响应响应错误的承诺，适应行为的能力。这项任务包括视觉刺激（箭头两侧垂直排列）。 </li><li>侧翼的目标刺激（在中心箭头）由两个相邻的箭头（上方和下方的目标）无论是在相同的（兼容）或相反（不相容）的方向指向，另外考虑停止试验（在中心圆）。 </li><li>目前该目标的左边或右边，并要求参与者按下RES用左手或右手拇指ponse按钮。在停止试验，指导学员不回应。目前侧卫目标之前，200毫秒。显示目标为300毫秒和响应刺激间隔设定为2000毫秒（经过的时间是由一个提示音指示）。目前共的各120刺激四大块完成这项任务。目前兼容（60％），不兼容的（20％）和停止试验（20％）的刺激随机。 注:对刺激间隔值的选择，以避免大量错过了试验电机考虑患者禁用时。侧卫和目标同时被关闭。指导患者尽可能快地作出回应。 注:在DBS-DOC病案举例（例2， 图1B），实验范式包括中性点非寻址和熟悉的寻址讲话块中的设计刺激26。刺激持续时间设置以4秒（与随机4 5秒间刺激间隔）。一个TOT的每种条件80试验人在这种模式（ 图1B）进行了审议。 </li></ol></li><li>设想病人的物理限制和需要在手术后的设置记录。具体地，确定是否患者能够通过考虑过度舞蹈病运动的存在（亨廷顿氏病）或震颤（帕金森氏病），以利用计算机键盘。 <ol><li>确保患者能够看到显示器（如局部麻醉剂或DBS手术期间所施加的立体定向头部框架可能导致在面部和眼睛周围的肿胀）和整个实验的持续时间期间坐在舒适。不要进行实验，如果患者不能满足这些条件。 </li></ol></li></ol> 2.建立了术后皮层下（个LFP）和曲面（EEG）录音<ol><li>成立了EEG设备（参阅材料在补充文件）的房间瓦特这里的实验将进行。录制计算机连接到EEG系统。启动脑电图记录软件（见补充文件"材料"）。 </li><li>点击"文件"，然后"新工作区"通过指定定义脑电图记录软件工作区:5 kHz时，低截止（DC）和高截止频率（1000赫兹），脑电图通道的采样频率根据国际10/20系统（至少:额中央（FZ）在，中央 - 中央（CZ），额极引用（FPZ）和地（乳突），并根据不同的范式此外parieto中部（Pz的） ，枕中央（盎司），颞（T3 / T4），额内侧（F3 / F4），额侧（F7 / F8））（ 图2D）和LFP通道（LFPL 0，LFPL1，LFPL2，LFPL3（左半球， 图2C）; LFPR0，LFPR1，LFPR2和LFPR3（右半球））。单击"监视"，以验证指定的通道现在被设置为录音。 注:PR工作区的eparation预先以尽量减少在实验时间，并监督在记录的配置的意外变化，建议。建议，以确保最高的时间分辨率，正确的过滤器设置，充足的采样率和利息的渠道适当选择。 </li><li>通过并行端口连接到EEG系统中设置的刺激计算机。启动刺激的软件。点击"运行"检查模式的电脑显示器上（视觉刺激）和/或扬声器（听觉刺激，声音提示）功能。从刺激计算机确认标记（触发）的刺激，并通过检查他们的脑电记录软件的外观受到响应的演讲中读入记录系统。 注意:从刺激设备触发器必须至少有200微秒至通过脑电图系统（用5 kHz的采样率）进行检测的持续时间。由于触发器事件RELA标志物发生在某一特定时间段的功能是用于后数据分析是至关重要的泰德事件或诱发相关的活动。在DBS-DOC区分例子（实施例2），实验范例（ 图1B）包括听觉刺激（熟悉陌生的声音），所以触发器分别设置在呈现每个刺激的开始和结束的。在侧卫任务的情况下（ 图1A）的触发器分别设立的瞬间，当1）侧卫和目标刺激出现; 2）患者反应良好，3）提示音听到告知病人的响应时间已经过去了。 </li><li>通过使用皮肤记号笔，并按照一个有经验的神经科医生或脑电图专家的意见，标志着病人的头部鼻根和INION之间的中点的顶点。此外，马克选择使用10-20系统脑电图电极位置。通过首先用一个isoprop清洗每个选定位置附上脑电图表面电极​​到头皮基醇垫和使用研磨膏的后。 注:这种行动是由绷带对DBS病人头部的位置的限制。然而，一个有经验的神经科医生应该能够定义每个电极/通道适当的（大致）位置。为了确保适当的接触举动头发出的方式（如适用）。使用通过外科胶带固定自粘电极可能会被使用，由于放置的容易性。 </li><li>外化DBS电极连接到一个经皮扩展。经皮连接扩展到外部电缆连接器。连接根据脑电图记录的建立由外部电缆连接器提供给EEG控制箱每个电极。首先封堵地面和参考连接头皮脑电图电极脑电控制箱。 </li><li>在指定的肌肉通过首先用异丙醇垫清洁区域附加EMG电极（参考和活性电极）。肌电电极连接到脑电图控制箱。 注:该步骤是可选的，并且当运动任务被认为成范式或当需要监测肌肉的活性的患者的情况下与运动障碍主要进行。 </li><li>单击"监视"可视化的数据。使监视器上显示一定脑电图和肌电图信号是神器，免费通过检测抖动的存在和叠加高频分量。查看与记录脑电图信号类型的工件及其他因素的准则35和/或有经验的神经科或神经科学家要求的技术咨询，直到你熟悉存在于这样的生理录音干扰的类型。 注意:这一步很重要，以确保离线数据分析的高质量信号。 </li></ol> 3.手术后的皮层下（个LFP）的记录和表面（EEG）脑活动<ol><li>提供给患者的说明。确保PAtient舒适并指示他/她在不舒服的时候停止了实验。 </li><li>点击软件刺激"运行"，使病人能在显示器上看到的范式和/或听提示音和声音。直到他/她是舒服的任务执行与病人一堂训练课。开始皮层下（LFP）和皮层（EEG）大脑活动的同步记录，而病人执行实验任务。 注意:在DBS-DOC情况下的例子（实施例2）的范例中的块设计包括听觉刺激的如（ 图1B）中所描述的情况。在侧卫任务（ 图1A）的情况下，对应于三个条件（兼容（60％），不兼容（20％），并停止审（20％）），随机内的每个块（混合设计）呈现的视觉刺激，每个块由120刺激和范例包括总共四个块。之后的任务已经完成，数据被存储在记录计算机的硬盘上购买离线筛选和定量分析。 </li></ol> 4.数据分析注意:使用脑电图分析软件的步骤: <ol><li>打开脑电图分析软件（见补充文件"材料"），然后单击"新建"，通过指定文件夹路径（原始，历史和出口）和数据的名称进行可视化记录的数据。点击"编辑频道"来选择感兴趣的通道。如有必要，重新命名渠道。 </li><li>点击"通道预处理"，然后"新参考"重新参考相邻DBS接触，从而创造了左，右半球的虚拟两极触点。重复此过程以创建脑电图频道的虚拟蒙太奇。 注:以减少体积传导的影响，并提高所记录的信号的空间可靠性的双极再参考蒙太奇是重要的。在DBS-DOC C的情况下，酶的例子（实施例2），下述双极通道分别设置DBS:LFPL01，LFPL12，LFPL23，LFPR01，LFPR12，LFPR23和脑电图:锆石/ Fz的，Pz的/ CZ，盎司/ Pz的，T3 /锆石和T4 /锆石。这是值得强调的是​​，虽然MEG记录的信号是自由参考，脑电图信号需要被引用在一个共同的框架设置真非任意零值信号。现有的EEG参考系统包括:直拉或FPZ参考，在两个耳朵电极之间的平均值，平均参考（考虑所有通道），双或单乳突参考和噪声参考。用于数据分析的目的，不同的再参考的安排可以被利用，例如DBS和EEG信号之间定位时频耦合分析时双极接触是适宜的。 </li><li>点击侧重于电机抖动和设备干扰的生理和设备有关的文物"原始数据检查"屏幕的数据。马克段中的文物都存在。 ñOTE:通过DBS外在动态记录头皮活性和同时皮层下活动时，脑电图出现更健壮到噪声伪影比技术，诸如乙二醇的量的电流正在努力朝向改善信噪比。由于患者有运动障碍的，如舞蹈病不自主运动遭受和震颤抖动运动伪影的出现在记录的信号需要被考虑。其他干扰是由于眨眼和设备有关的文物。着眼于DBS-DOC情况下的例子（实施例2），工件检查通过目视检查进行的和工件手动标记。自动神器检查模式的唯一应用气馁，因为一些文物可能无法按照指定的标准进行识别。 </li><li>通过特定50Hz（可处理电源线工件）和巴特沃斯零相位过滤器:点击"数据过滤"，然后"IIR滤波器"来指定一个陷波滤波器fying低和高截止参数。点击"更改采样率"来记录的信号下采样到指定的频率，还可以指定插值类型。 <ol><li>在DBS-DOC例子;设置低截止:1.0000赫兹，时间常数:0.1592s，坡度​​48分贝/ 10月;高截止:80.0000赫兹，时间常数:0.1592秒和48分贝/月，并通过使用样条插值下采样频率为512赫兹。 注:或者，通过基于著名的开源套件定制脚本的执行过滤:Fieltrip（http://www.fieldtriptoolbox.org/），EEGLab（http://sccn.ucsd.edu/eeglab/）和SPM8（ http://www.fil.ion.ucl.ac.uk/spm/software/spm8/）。在第一的情况下，在（http://www.fieldtriptoolbox.org/tutorial/preprocessing）设置示例脚本。其他套房还提供详细的文件来进行此步骤。 注:向下采样任何一点会限制的频率空间，可用于根据奈奎斯特定理进一步分析。考虑到DBS-DOC情况下，例如，在考虑频带高达80赫兹时512赫兹的选择采样频率是合适的。 注:另外，基于著名的开源套件定制脚本的执行降采样:实地考察（http://www.fieldtripbox.org），EEGLab（http://sccn.ucsd.edu/eeglab）和SPM8（ http://www.fil.ion.ucl.ac.uk/spm/software/spm8/）。在第一的情况下，提供了脚本的例子（http://www.fieldtriptoolbox.org/tutorial/preprocessing）。其他套房还提供文件来进行此步骤。 </li></ol></li><li>通过点击"导出"，然后选择"通用数据"的利益输出双极通道。通过点击"导出"导出数据标记（触发），然后选择"标记"。名要选择一个名为"txt"格式导出的文件。 注:为了使用工具箱实地考察在接下来的步骤中，建议出口通道（.txt）的复用格式，也推荐ED包含一个"vmrk"的文件，其中包括有关出口渠道的信息。它也被建议使用一（.txt）格式为导出标记同时跳过对应于在步骤4中选择不良间隔标记的选项）被提供。 </li></ol>注:通过实地考察步骤: <ol start="6"><li>启动MATLAB，然后单击"设置路径"上增加的情况下，它是不是默认设置的实地考察文件夹的路径。 </li><li>放以前预先处理过的数据和标记为小区阵列结构通过运行与内实地考察的功能兼容（ <a href="https://www-jove-com.remotexs.ntu.edu.sg/files/ftp_upload/53466/Script1.m">脚本1-补充文件</a> ），而不会错过指定:从步骤7包含脑电图和LFP文件的目录，频道名称，采样频率，采样时间，试验。 （可选）执行的"取消注释"所指示的代码神器拒绝。此脚本保存数据到指定的文件，将在NEX使用经T。 </li><li>计算LFP的感兴趣信道频谱功率运行（ <a href="https://www-jove-com.remotexs.ntu.edu.sg/files/ftp_upload/53466/Script2.m">脚本2-补充文件</a> ），而不会错过指定:包含所产生的文件的目录（脚本1），方法（小波或mtmconvol），窗口的宽度，利息（FOI），利息（TOI）的时间的周期和频率基线校正（可选）的频率。定义的统计分析和所需的p值的类型。 注意:在DBS-DOC区分例子（实施例2）中，通过考虑刺激锁定小波时频分析进行功率分析（Morlet小波（宽度= 5））用汉宁锥度，4-80赫兹的频率范围和之间-1至4秒的时间段。由于该小波具有在时间和频率可变分辨率。当选择小波，我们决定时间和光谱分辨率之间的折衷。特别是，的Morlet小波具有正弦形状的重量由高斯核，使在一个时间序列捕获本地振荡部件编使宽度参数越小将增加频率分辨率为代价，反之亦然时间分辨率。在给定的频率F的光谱带宽等于F /宽×2（与F = 40 Hz和宽度= 5的频谱带宽是16赫兹），而在小波持续时间等于宽度/ F / PI（对于F = 40赫兹和宽度= 5小波持续时间是39.8毫秒）。基于随机化方法的一个簇（时间和频率变量）用于条件（.05在双面检验p水平）39之间的统计分析。如通过执行该步骤中获得的输出的一个例子请看图4A和图4D。通过基于开放源码软件实地考察定制脚本（http://www.fieldtriptoolbox.org/）进行时频响应分析。有关如何自定义脚本来完成这一步的具体细节在http://www.fieldtriptoolbox.org/reference/ft_freqanalysis找到。 </li><li>通过运行（计算皮质和皮质信号之间的一致性<a href="https://www-jove-com.remotexs.ntu.edu.sg/files/ftp_upload/53466/Script3.m">脚本三补充文件</a> ）没有忘记指定:段长度，重叠率，感兴趣的频率。作为用于统计分析指定分析的类型和所需的p值。 注意:相干分析措施振幅40的恒定比率两个时间序列之间的线性关系。在DBS-DOC区分例子（实施例2），通过集中于1和25赫兹之间的频率间隔用于相干的计算1秒，用50％的重叠的段。用于相干的受试者内分析（.05在双面检验的P级）41基于群集的（时间和频率变量）随机的方法。此外，相干性的虚数部分进行计算的42。 在巴斯定制ç步骤相干分析的脚本中描述（http://www.fieldtriptoolbox.org/tutorial/coherence）。如通过执行该步骤中获得的输出的一个例子请看图4B。 </li><li>通过运行可作为参考43补充文件的软件实现计算交叉频率相位振幅耦合（PAC）。 注意:在DBS-DOC情况下的例子（实施例2），交频率分析的PAC是通过使用整个自由工件记录双极通道的不同组合计算的。尤其是，归一化的直接的PAC（ndPAC）43被优选的，因为它使显著耦合的测定在不同的统计水平，同时设置向上为零非显著联轴器（p水平:0.1）。其结果是，频率范围为相位和​​幅度的耦合可能的意义的基础上进行选择。里，DBS-DOC情况下例如，相位频率范围考虑わ小号3-22赫兹，而振幅频率范围内成立了以35-80赫兹。选择PAC分析LFP-EEG渠道是LFPR23和EEGFzPz步骤5.5执行的连贯性分析的基础上。如通过执行该步骤中获得的输出的一个例子请看图4C。 </li></ol><img alt="图1" src="/files/ftp_upload/53466/53466fig1.jpg" /> 图1:示例实验范 （A）（实施例1）侧卫任务:目标刺激（箭头在中心）由两个相邻的箭头两侧（上方和下方目标）或者指向在相同的（兼容）或相反（不相容）方向，停止试验（在中心圆）也考虑。当目标指向左边或右边的参与者都有分别按用左手或右手拇指的响应按钮，在停止试验参与者被要求不得做出回应。在FLA这里使用的北部重点经济区任务由教授C.贝斯特和他的团队（请参阅确认）最初设定的版本进行修改。 （B）（例2）在DBS-DOC情况下，例如使用情感认知模式的演讲。 <a href="https://www-jove-com.remotexs.ntu.edu.sg/files/ftp_upload/53466/53466fig1large.jpg" target="_blank">请点击此处查看该图的放大版本。</a>

作者宣称，他们没有竞争的经济利益。

相反，非侵入​​性的脑记录技术，如头皮脑电图和MEG，建议结合侵入性和非侵入性的神经电生理记录框架提供了一个很好的机会，相对于提取皮层和皮层下区域的信息认知情感的任务。这些信息是通过在多个频段和有关不同层次的组织对大脑功能的大脑44振荡的活动反映出来。脑振荡模式，在我们的记录框架相关的包括:皮质下振荡活动（个LFP），改变皮层，皮层下的一致性表明线性相关活动之间的皮质和在特定频段，皮质下相位幅度耦合变化皮质下区域（PAC）和相相位耦合（PPC）。特别是，聚合氯化铝和PPC的相关性被强调作为不同频带的振荡之间的关系和相互作用已被证明是在理解大脑功能是有用的。在PAC的情况下，一个低频振荡的相位是相关的从而导致更快的节奏与慢节奏的相位幅度包络的同步的高频振荡的功率。 PPC表示振幅独立相位高频振荡的n个周期和低频1 45 m的周期之间的锁定。皮层/皮层下的​​着眼于DBS-DOC情况下的例子（实施例2），分析中的θ具有增加丘脑皮层相干记录的数据为熟悉的寻址讲话条件显示在中央丘脑内的测试和θ频带振荡活性的调节一起带。此外，θ相 - γ振幅耦合是局部丘脑内显而易见。这些发现不仅支持在情感和认知处理丘脑的参与，还强调功能THAt为慢性DOC患者完好无损，可以在这样的患者26处于意识状态的评估是有用的。 在方法论上，我们的两个例子作为例证，对于涉及感情的认知加工记录和皮质，皮质下大脑活动的分析最相关的步骤包括: 1）的实验范例的设计，通过考虑患者的需求和限制在手术后的设置，以确保他/她将能够进行该研究中指定的任务而不损害他/她的完整性，同时最大化在实验完成成功的机会。 2）获得来自病人，病人家属或委托道德签署知情同意书，进行手术后的记录。里，DBS-DOC情况下的例子（实施例2）批准是仅由伦理委员会由于病人获得无意识状态（昏迷）。在患有运动障碍的同意的情况下直接从患者获得。 3）适当的实验设置为皮层下的LPF和皮质M（EEG）活动的同时进行记录的定义。在脑电图的情况下，我们强调的是:正确选择和EEG通道蒙太奇和电极放置在患者的头皮设置。特别是，电极放置比较困难，由于对DBS手术后病人的头部绷带的存在，所以建议脑电图专业或神经科医师强烈建议适当安置;建议不要以防止直接送入患者（"标示"使用脑电图放大器）的大脑任何当前进行任何阻抗控制检查。请注意，阻抗检查的许多EEG系统模式利用，通过所有连接的电极传递一个小的电流，从而产生的电压和impedanCES是由欧姆定律估计;适当的记录的采样速率和频带的选择主要是由因素决定，如EEG设备能力，正在研究和Nyquist采样规则所研究的问题，其中指出，所要求的取样率，以消除在带宽受限信号别名频率（在等于一半的奈奎斯特速率的值）是频率存在于该信号的两倍的最高部件。 4）的适当的软件工具的选择:在DBS-DOC数据的定量分析所有的计算（实施例2）通过商业分析软件，开源套件46和自定制脚本（见补充文件）进行。开源软件工具的优点是通过修改，并结合现有的脚本（普通牌照的归属下）来定制自己的分析管道的机会。然而，为了做马，以便更深入的了解信号处理和编程thematical基础是必需的。另外，通过这样的定制管道处理数据需要符合由特定套件所需的格式。在商业软件工具的情况下，数据处理由图形界面，使每一个处理步骤尽可能直观容易，但是用户在他们的能力来修改包括在软件中的算法的限制。作为例证通过本协议的商业和开源软件工具组合已是硕果累累，只要数据可以导出（进口）的兼容的方式从一个系统到另一个。 5）限制和修改:建议微创/无创记录的框架有两种使用和限制提供的录音。作为临床技术，它是仅定向到经受DBS治疗特定医疗状况和脑靶患者，因此被认为对于螺柱脑区Ÿ将手术计划的限制。通过这种技术提供的记录的空间分辨率是在LFP电位的水平，需要在多尺度水平的脑活动的分析从而医疗翻译研究将不得不通过在单细胞水平，涉及记录动物研究进行补充。关于到DBS-DOC区分例子（实施例2），一种限制还涉及所获得的结果的概因为它具有单为例论述。 可能的修改和侧卫任务的故障处理（实施例1）包括肿大有关的患者无法在指定的时间间隔内发生反应的反应刺激间隔（&gt; 2,000毫秒）的。这是在Huntington疾病的患者，谁被生涩不自主运动与认知和情感下降特征一起的情况下是特别重要的。此外，工作（最初由120刺激四大块EACH）可缩短因无法病人继续，因为疲劳的。在这方面，身体状况和年龄将是患者的选择决定因素。 可以得出结论，提出的侵入性/非侵入性脑记录方法不仅代表​​在相对于认知和情感范式的皮质 - 皮质下一级提取脑振荡型态的有力工具，但也强调时间 - 频率 - 相位的重要性分析了在不同的空间分辨率和时间分辨率提取大脑同步模式。这种技术的未来应用包括认知和感觉处理的皮质类皮层神经相关的研究通过靶向不仅从运动障碍的患者，而且精神疾病，如DOC，强迫症，抑郁症和痴呆症。

在人类入侵神经生理学记录可以追溯到开创性研究癫痫手术和肿瘤研究1时从目标皮质区electrocorticographic录音和小脑。一个关键的里程碑，为这样的记录程序的进一步发展，已引进立体定向技术，提供安全，高效的进入人脑2深层结构。除了临床治疗中，在人脑侵入方法提供一个相当独特的机会来研究脑功能相对于由外部刺激，在接受深部脑刺激患者内和手术后侵入录音特别的情况下调制的记录活动模式（DBS ）程序。 DBS的适用性和有用性在各种神经和神经精神性疾病得到解决帕金森氏病（PD）到强迫症（OCD）或类似CHRO条件意识（DOC）的NIC障碍。 特别是，DBS已在帕金森氏病3,4,5，特发性震颤6，初级/广义节段性张力障碍7,8,9，亨廷顿病10,11，难治性抑郁12,13，烟碱的治疗应用和酒精成瘾14，阿尔茨海默氏病15,16，抽动秽语综合征17和意识（DOC）的慢性疾病18,19,20。 在神经精神病的范围，DBS是强迫症（OCD）针对内囊（ALIC）的前肢已批准/ CE标志的处理和正在使用针对腹舱/腹侧纹状体/腹尾（VC / VS），伏隔核（NAC）和丘脑底核（STN）21。关于强迫症22 DBS，最近的研究强调STN的作用下转化成强迫性检查机制通过利用存储为基础的范例23,24,25 ING。 范式认知和情感内涵的影响下，大脑的活动值得注意的是，调制一直强调DOC 26,27,28,29。因此，DBS被突出显示不仅作为潜在治疗慢性DOC，而且作为由记录从中央丘脑区域内和后局部场电位（LFP）打开了研究皮层下活性的调节的可能性临床过程操作性。 在DBS，电极神经外科植入是基于立体定向技术，安全地占脑解剖限制，而病人的刺激是通过手术中的脉冲刺激测试定制。手术后的LFP记录DBS电极的最初植入之后和脉冲发生器的内化之前是可能的。特别是，本协议是centereD于手术后的录音。 在同个LFP组合，皮层大脑活动的同时记录可以例如通过非侵入性的脑电图（EEG）或脑磁图（MEG）30,31来实现的。这两个非侵入性方法，由于其优异的时间分辨率的支持。而MEG比脑电图影响较小由头骨效果32，脑电图，因为它较少受引起金属植入物和头部运动伪影的影响，它可以在患者的床边33被用于显示是有利的。通过响应于施加的情绪-认知范式皮质-皮层下大脑活动（LFP和脑电图/ MEG）的同时进行记录，可以时间-频率耦合的基础上建立脑振荡和行为之间的不同关系的分析34。反过来，这种模式可能会导致患者的个性化认知的潜在生物标志物和情感状态和邻考虑的个性化设置治疗参数ptimization。 下面的协议目标侵入性和非侵入性的神经电生理记录在人类的认知和情感功能的评估，特别是在皮层和皮层下水平（EEG和个LFP）。 首先，在视频，伴随本协议中所示的神经生理记录步骤，对应于记录与执行所谓侧卫任务运动障碍（实施例1）的例子的病人。 第二，在协议中的步骤是通过着眼于从已发布的DBS例如慢性DOC 26采取分析和样品的结果（实施例2）的方法进行讨论。 这两个例子突出了提出的协议，以DBS治疗的患者具有不同的疾病和各种实验范式的适用性。

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			<td >Brain Products GmbH, Gilching Germany</td>
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			<td >These come with the above listed equipment</td>
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			<td >Brain Products GmbH, Gilching Germany</td>
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			<td >Weaver and Co, USA</td>
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			<td >FieldTrip toolbox</td>
			<td>http://www.fieldtriptoolbox.org/</td>
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			<td>Open Source</td>
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			<td >INOMED MER system&#160;</td>
			<td>INOMED Corp., Emmendingen, Germany</td>
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			<td >Macroelectrodes (model 3387 quadripolar DBS lead)</td>
			<td>Medtronic Inc., Minneapolis, MN, USA</td>
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			<td>Quantity: 2</td>
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			<td >Sterile percutaneous extension wires (model 3550-05)&#160;</td>
			<td>Medtronic Inc., Minneapolis, MN, USA</td>
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			<td >Twist lock cable (model 3550-03)&#160;</td>
			<td>Medtronic Inc., Minneapolis, MN, USA</td>
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			<td >custom made connectors to DIN 428092 touch proof connectors</td>
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			<td >Vercise Lead kit DB -2201&#160;</td>
			<td>Boston Scientific</td>
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			<td >Contact extenion kit NM-3138&#160;</td>
			<td>Boston Scientific</td>
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			<td >O.R. cabel &#38; extension SC-4100 A&#160;</td>
			<td>Boston Scientific</td>
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			<td >connector &#160; to touch proof&#160;</td>
			<td>Twente Medical Systems International B.V.</td>
			<td></td>
			<td>Quantity: 2</td>
		</tr>
		<tr >
			<td >CT scanner Modell PQ2000 (Postoperative CT scans)</td>
			<td>Philips Healthcare GmbH Hamburg</td>
			<td></td>
			<td>Quantity: 1</td>
		</tr>
		<tr >
			<td >Presentation Software (Flanker Task)</td>
			<td>Neurobehavioral systems Inc.</td>
			<td></td>
			<td>1 License&#160;</td>
		</tr>
		<tr >
			<td >MEG System</td>
			<td>Elekta Neuromag Inc</td>
			<td></td>
			<td>Alternatively</td>
		</tr>
		<tr >
			<td >High-density EEG sensor net (128 or 256 channels)</td>
			<td>Electrical Geodesics Inc (EGI), USA</td>
			<td></td>
			<td>Alternatively</td>
		</tr>
	</tbody>
</table>

combined invasive subcortical and non-invasive surface neurophysiological recordings for the assessment of cognitive and emotional functions in humans

尽管在用于提取关于人类大脑的机理的关键信息将非侵入性的脑电图（EEG），磁 - 脑照相（MEG）和功能性磁共振成像（fMRI）成功的，这些方法仍不足以提供关于生理信息流程体现在皮层下水平的认知和情感功能。在这方面，在人类现代侵袭性临床方法，如脑深部刺激（DBS），提供了巨大的可能性来记录皮层大脑活动，即局部场电位（个LFP）表示从局部基底节或丘脑区域的神经组件相干活性。尽管事实上在人类侵入方法被医疗指示之后才施加，因而记录的数据对应于改变的脑回路，宝贵的见解可以关于完整的脑功能的关系存在于脑振荡来获得活动和病症的响应于实验认知范式病理生理学。在这个方向上，在患者的帕金森氏病（PD），越来越多的DBS研究的目标不仅运动功能，而且更高级别进程，如情绪，决策，注意力，记忆和感官知觉。最近的临床试验还强调DBS的作用，在神经精神障碍，从强迫症（OCD）意识（DOC）的慢性疾病的替代疗法。因此，我们专注于采用联合微创（LFP）和非侵入性（EEG）人脑的录音在评估认知和情感处理槽实验范式的皮质，皮质下结构的作用（ 如语音刺激与情感内涵或范式认知控制，如侧卫任务），对接受DBS治疗的患者。

对于DBS-DOC情况下（例2），我们现在提供目标定位为DBS植入数据，LFP电极和脑电图的示意图设立，脑电图和LFP活动（原始数据）和有代表性的分析结果的示范录音: 图2A示出了投射在解剖图谱36计划轨迹（黑线），第30，冠状动脉，前连合（AC）（红线:AC-PC平面）后面10.7毫米。红色圆圈大关针对性的最低15毫米领域:与IML =内部髓质层丘脑和Rt =丘脑网状核（阿特拉斯格大小为10毫米）。 VA = ventroanterior丘脑核，AV =腹侧丘脑核，AM =丘脑前内侧核，发= fasciculosus核，IthA = interthalamic附着力。 图2B示出的最终埃尔ectrode上可见三维中央丘脑寰37。由寰38的装置沿与CT扫描的三维图谱的登记后右半球电极的轴部的两个正交平面。电极（蓝圈）的四个接触者位于右侧丘脑（R-塔尔）。内侧部=内部苍白球，STN =丘脑底核，ZI =未定带，RPT =网状perithalamic核，RN =红核。 图2C示出了DBS电极的示意图。电极触点进行离线再引用，导致3双极LFP通道每个半球（LFPL01，LFPL12，LFPL23，LFPR01，LFPR12和LFPR23）。脑电图电极蒙太奇（10-20系统）与在DOC区分例如录音（Fz的，CZ，Pz的，盎司，T4，T3和FPZ）期间所使用的电极（ 图2D） <imgALT ="图2"SRC ="/文件/ ftp_upload / 53466 / 53466fig2.jpg"/&gt; 图2:目标定位，LFP电极和脑电图建立（来自例2）（A）投影到解剖图谱计划36轨迹（黑线），第30条，冠心病，落后AC10.7毫米（红线:AC- PC平面）。红色圆圈大关针对性的最低15毫米领域:与IML =内部髓质层丘脑和Rt =丘脑网状核（阿特拉斯格大小为10毫米）。 VA = ventroanterior丘脑核，AV =腹侧丘脑核，AM =丘脑前内侧核，发= fasciculosus核，IthA = interthalamic附着力。 （B）在可视化上的三维图谱37中央丘脑最终电极。通过地图册38的装置沿与CT扫描的三维图谱的登记后右半球电极的轴部的两个正交平面。电极的四个触点（蓝色圆圈）分别LOCATED在右侧丘脑（R-塔尔）。内侧部=内部苍白球，STN =丘脑底核，ZI =未定带，RPT =网状perithalamic核，RN =红核。 （ 三 ）示意图的DBS电极的图。电极触点进行离线再引用，导致3双极LFP通道每个半球。 （D）脑电图电极蒙太奇（10 - 20系统）与在DOC的情况下，例如使用电极灰色高亮显示。 （图A和B经许可修改为从26，图C与美敦力权限修改）。 <a href="https://www-jove-com.remotexs.ntu.edu.sg/files/ftp_upload/53466/53466fig2large.jpg" target="_blank">请点击此处查看该图的放大版本。</a> 图3A示出了对应于双极频道示例性脑电图记录:T4Cz，T3Cz，PzCz，OzPz和FzPz在中性非寻址状态（左）和熟悉的寻址conditi的情况下在右边）。 图3B显示对应于双极频道示例性LFP录音:LFPL23和LFPR23在非寻址状态（左）和熟悉的寻址状态（右）的情况下。 <img alt="图3" src="/files/ftp_upload/53466/53466fig3.jpg" /> 图3:示例性的录音（来自实施例2）（A）中图示出脑电图recordings.The图说明脑电图迹线对应于双极通道（见4.2有关信道重新参考详情）。 （B）图显示LFP recordings.The图说明LFP痕迹对应于左，右半球（见4.2关于通道重新引用的细节）的情况下，双极性通道。 <a href="https://www-jove-com.remotexs.ntu.edu.sg/files/ftp_upload/53466/53466fig3large.jpg" target="_blank">请点击此处查看大图</a>这个数字。 对比中性解决与熟悉，当中央丘脑内振荡活动的刺激锁定调制的分析显示测试功率（12-25赫兹）的第一秒（0.45-0.55秒）内右路显著（P = 0.044）增加-addressing条件（ 图4A）。 渠道PzCz（EEG）和LFPR23（右半球）之间的连贯性分析显示，在θ波带条件之间有显著差异。此外，相干性的虚数部分显示偏离零指示LFP和脑电图（ 图4B）之间的相位延迟。当地分析显示显著（P = 0.01）THETA-γPAC（最大。在5到75赫兹），在熟悉的寻址条件（ 图4C）合适的当地LFP通道（LFPR23-LFPR23）。 图4D，顶部）。这也是明显的，大约40赫兹伽玛（绿色圆圈/椭圆）之后是一个更广泛的和更高的伽马高达80赫兹（ 图4D，顶部）。在熟悉寻址条件在4-6.5赫兹和时期2.6-2.8秒（红圈），上LFPL23（p值= 0.048），以及对LFPR23增加的走向的显著THETA增加，揭示（ 图4D，底部） 。 <img alt="图4 A和B" src="/files/ftp_upload/53466/53466fig4AB.jpg" /> 图4:时频功率分析和脑电图LFP连贯（来自实施例2）（A）的本地振荡功率对比中性与用于第一第二熟悉寻址状态 ;颜色代码表示t值。顶部:L<html> EFT通道LFPL23;下图:右声道LFPR23。显著测试增加（p = 0.044）在12-25赫兹，0.45-0.55秒（红圈）。 （改性许可26）。 （ 二 ）熟悉寻址状态（红色线）和中性点非寻址状态（蓝线）。相干，计算从持续时间为0-4秒时代独立1秒段和所有部门的平均。前（左）:一致性与渠道LFPL23左半球，顶部（右）:用连贯性通道LFPR23右半球。条件之间（P = 0.044）显著差由红圈/明星与通道PzCz，5-6赫兹的一致性表示。下图:LFPR23右半球和渠道锆石（绿圈）之间的一致性的虚部表示从零意味着LFP和脑电图之间的相位延迟偏差（因此影响不是由于体积传导）。 （改性许可26）"_blank"&gt;请点击此处查看该图的放大版本。 <img alt="图4C" src="/files/ftp_upload/53466/53466fig4C.jpg" /> 图4C: 相耦合幅度（PAC）（来自例2）PAC相位频率3-22赫兹和幅度频率35-80赫兹。颜色编码标准化的直接相位幅度交叉频耦合（ndPAC）。寄生耦合被设置为0（p值= 0.01）。条件:左:中性，右:熟悉寻址。上图:PAC合适的当地LFP通道LFPR23-LFPR23的显示，最大熟悉的解决条件PAC。在5-75赫兹（红圈）。下图:与LFPR23-EEGPzCz右LFP-EEG结合PAC。 （改性许可26） <a href="https://www-jove-com.remotexs.ntu.edu.sg/files/ftp_upload/53466/53466fig4Clarge.jpg" target="_blank">点击此处查看该图的放大版本。</a> </一&gt; <img alt="图4D" src="/files/ftp_upload/53466/53466fig4D.jpg" /> 图4D:LFP 时频分析（例2）时间在LFP23局部功率变化频率曲线。 TOP:从基线过审（0-4秒）​​的时间熟悉寻址条件功率差。左:宽频带5-80赫兹，右:伽玛带;顶行:左半球（LFPL23），下排:右半球（LFPR23）。 BOTTOM:说明在4-6.5 Hz和时间段2.6-2.8秒（红圈），P = 0.048上LFPR23 LFPL23和增加（趋势），在熟悉的寻址条件显著上升THETA条件之间的统计对比。彩色编码图t值;顶部:左半球（LFPL23），底部:右半球（LFPR23）。 （修改与26的许可）， <a href="https://www-jove-com.remotexs.ntu.edu.sg/files/ftp_upload/53466/53466fig4Dlarge.jpg" target="_blank">请按^ h</a>ERE查看此图的放大版本。

Watch this Scientific Journal Video about Combined Invasive Subcortical and Non-invasive Surface Neurophysiological Recordings for the Assessment of Cognitive and Emotional Functions in Humans at JoVE

Combined Invasive Subcortical and Non-invasive Surface Neurophysiological Recordings for the Assessment of Cognitive and Emotional Functions in Humans

The present protocol aims at assessing cognitive-emotional functions in the basal ganglia by simultaneous neurophysiological recording of local field potentials and non-invasive brain cortical activity (EEG). The procedure is exemplified by the use of paradigms involving speech stimuli with emotional connotation or the Flanker task involving cognitive control.

在人类联合微创皮层下和非侵入性的表面神经生理学录音认知的评估和情感作用

In spite of the success in applying non-invasive electroencephalography (EEG), magneto-encephalography (MEG) and functional magnetic resonance imaging ...

combined-invasive-subcortical-non-invasive-surface-neurophysiological

Nanyang Technological University

Research

JoVE Journal

Behavior

10.6K 次观看.  Medical Faculty, Heinrich-Heine-University. The present protocol aims at assessing cognitive-emotional functions in the basal ganglia by simultaneous neurophysiological recording of local field potentials and non-invasive brain cortical activity (EEG). The procedure is exemplified by the use of paradigms involving speech stimuli with emotional connotation or the Flanker task involving cognitive control. 

视频: Combined Invasive Subcortical and Non-invasive Surface Neurophysiological Recordings for the Assessment of Cognitive and Emotional Functions in Humans

Simultaneous Scalp Electroencephalography (EEG), Electromyography (EMG), and Whole-body Segmental Inertial Recording for Multi-modal Neural Decoding

Recent studies support the involvement of supraspinal networks in control of bipedal human walking. Part of this evidence encompasses studies, including our previous work, demonstrating that gait kinematics and limb coordination during treadmill walking can be inferred from the scalp electroencephalogram (EEG) with reasonably high decoding accuracies. These results provide impetus for development of non-invasive brain-machine-interface (BMI) systems for use in restoration and/or augmentation of gait- a primary goal of rehabilitation research. To date, studies examining EEG decoding of activity during gait have been limited to treadmill walking in a controlled environment. However, to be practically viable a BMI system must be applicable for use in everyday locomotor tasks such as over ground walking and turning. Here, we present a novel protocol for non-invasive collection of brain activity (EEG), muscle activity (electromyography (EMG)), and whole-body kinematic data (head, torso, and limb trajectories) during both treadmill and over ground walking tasks. By collecting these data in the uncontrolled environment insight can be gained regarding the feasibility of decoding unconstrained gait and surface EMG from scalp EEG.

Simultaneous Scalp Electroencephalography EEG, Electromyography EMG, and Whole-body Segmental Inertial Recording for Multi-modal Neural Decoding

Development of an effective brain-machine-interface (BMI) system for restoration and rehabilitation of bipedal locomotion requires accurate decoding of user's intent. Here we present a novel experimental protocol and data collection technique for simultaneous non-invasive acquisition of neural activity, muscle activity, and whole-body kinematics during various locomotion tasks and conditions.

同时头皮脑电图（EEG），肌电图（EMG）和全身分部惯性录制多模态神经解码

Recent  studies support the involvement of supraspinal networks in control of bipedal  human walking. Part of this evidence  encompasses studies, ...

科研

行为学

Assessment of Age-related Changes in Cognitive Functions Using EmoCogMeter, a Novel Tablet-computer Based Approach

The main goal of this study was to assess the usability of a tablet-computer-based application (EmoCogMeter) in investigating the effects of age on cognitive functions across the lifespan in a sample of 378 healthy subjects (age range 18-89 years). Consistent with previous findings we found an age-related cognitive decline across a wide range of neuropsychological domains (memory, attention, executive functions), thereby proving the usability of our tablet-based application. Regardless of prior computer experience, subjects of all age groups were able to perform the tasks without instruction or feedback from an experimenter. Increased motivation and compliance proved to be beneficial for task performance, thereby potentially increasing the validity of the results. Our promising findings underline the great clinical and practical potential of a tablet-based application for detection and monitoring of cognitive dysfunction.

We tested the usability of a tablet-computer-based application (EmoCogMeter) in investigating the effects of age on cognition. Results show an age-related cognitive decline, thereby proving the usability of our application. Findings underline the great clinical and practical potential of a tablet-based application for detection and monitoring of cognitive dysfunction.

与年龄相关的变化认知功能使用EmoCogMeter，新型平板计算机基础法评估

The main goal of this study was to assess the usability of a tablet-computer-based application (EmoCogMeter) in investigating the effects of age on ...

Studying Food Reward and Motivation in Humans

A key challenge in studying reward processing in humans is to go beyond subjective self-report measures and quantify different aspects of reward such as hedonics, motivation, and goal value in more objective ways. This is particularly relevant for the understanding of overeating and obesity as well as their potential treatments. In this paper are described a set of measures of food-related motivation using handgrip force as a motivational measure. These methods can be used to examine changes in food related motivation with metabolic (satiety) and pharmacological manipulations and can be used to evaluate interventions targeted at overeating and obesity. However to understand food-related decision making in the complex food environment it is essential to be able to ascertain the reward goal values that guide the decisions and behavioral choices that people make. These values are hidden but it is possible to ascertain them more objectively using metrics such as the willingness to pay and a method for this is described. Both these sets of methods provide quantitative measures of motivation and goal value that can be compared within and between individuals.

This article describes a set of methods for the measurement of food related motivation and food related goal values in humans.

研究食品奖赏和动机在人类

A key challenge in studying reward processing in humans is to go beyond subjective self-report measures and quantify different aspects of reward such as ...

Cortical Source Analysis of High-Density EEG Recordings in Children

EEG is traditionally described as a neuroimaging technique with high temporal and low spatial resolution. Recent advances in biophysical modelling and signal processing make it possible to exploit information from other imaging modalities like structural MRI that provide high spatial resolution to overcome this constraint1. This is especially useful for investigations that require high resolution in the temporal as well as spatial domain. In addition, due to the easy application and low cost of EEG recordings, EEG is often the method of choice when working with populations, such as young children, that do not tolerate functional MRI scans well. However, in order to investigate which neural substrates are involved, anatomical information from structural MRI is still needed. Most EEG analysis packages work with standard head models that are based on adult anatomy. The accuracy of these models when used for children is limited2, because the composition and spatial configuration of head tissues changes dramatically over development3.&#160;
In the present paper, we provide an overview of our recent work in utilizing head models based on individual structural MRI scans or age specific head models to reconstruct the cortical generators of high density EEG. This article describes how&#160;EEG recordings are acquired, processed, and analyzed with pediatric populations at the London Baby Lab, including laboratory setup, task design, EEG preprocessing, MRI processing, and EEG channel level and source analysis.&#160;

In recent years, there has been increasing interest in estimating the cortical sources of scalp measured electrical activity for cognitive neuroscience experiments. This article describes how high density EEG is acquired and how recordings are processed for cortical source estimation in children from the age of 2 years at the London Baby Lab.

高密度的脑电图记录在儿童的皮质来源分析

EEG is traditionally described as a neuroimaging technique with high temporal and low spatial resolution. Recent advances in biophysical modelling and ...

Force and Position Control in Humans - The Role of Augmented Feedback

During motor behaviour, humans interact with the environment by for example manipulating objects and this is only possible because sensory feedback is constantly integrated into the central nervous system and these sensory inputs need to be weighted in order meet the task specific goals. Additional feedback presented as augmented feedback was shown to have an impact on motor control and motor learning. A number of studies investigated whether force or position feedback has an influence on motor control and neural activation. However, as in the previous studies the presentation of the force and position feedback was always identical, a recent study assessed whether not only the content but also the interpretation of the feedback has an influence on the time to fatigue of a sustained submaximal contraction and the (inhibitory) activity of the primary motor cortex using subthreshold transcranial magnetic stimulation. This paper describes one possible way to investigate the influence of the interpretation of feedback on motor behaviour by investigating the time to fatigue of submaximal sustained contractions together with the neuromuscular adaptations that can be investigated using surface EMG. Furthermore, the current protocol also describes how motor cortical (inhibitory) activity can be investigated using subthreshold TMS, a method known to act solely on the cortical level. The results show that when participants interpret the feedback as position feedback, they display a significantly shorter time to fatigue of a submaximal sustained contraction. Furthermore, subjects also displayed an increased inhibitory activity of the primary cortex when they believed to receive position feedback compared when they believed to receive force feedback. Accordingly, the results show that interpretation of feedback results in differences on a behavioural level (time to fatigue) that is also reflected in interpretation-specific differences in the amount of inhibitory M1 activity.

Controlling an identical movement with position or force feedback results in different neural activation and motor behavior. This protocol describes how to investigate behavioral changes by looking at neuromuscular fatigue and how to evaluate motor cortical (inhibitory) activity using subthreshold TMS with respect to the interpretation of augmented feedback.

力和位置控制人类 - 增强反馈的作用

During motor behaviour, humans interact with the environment by for example manipulating objects and this is only possible because sensory feedback is ...

Non-Invasive Electrical Brain Stimulation Montages for Modulation of Human Motor Function

Non-invasive electrical brain stimulation (NEBS) is used to modulate brain function and behavior, both for research and clinical purposes. In particular, NEBS can be applied transcranially either as direct current stimulation (tDCS) or alternating current stimulation (tACS). These stimulation types exert time-, dose- and in the case of tDCS polarity-specific effects on motor function and skill learning in healthy subjects. Lately, tDCS has been used to augment the therapy of motor disabilities in patients with stroke or movement disorders. This article provides a step-by-step protocol for targeting the primary motor cortex with tDCS and transcranial random noise stimulation (tRNS), a specific form of tACS using an electrical current applied randomly within a pre-defined frequency range. The setup of two different stimulation montages is explained. In both montages the emitting electrode (the anode for tDCS) is placed on the primary motor cortex of interest. For unilateral motor cortex stimulation the receiving electrode is placed on the contralateral forehead while for bilateral motor cortex stimulation the receiving electrode is placed on the opposite primary motor cortex. The advantages and disadvantages of each montage for the modulation of cortical excitability and motor function including learning are discussed, as well as safety, tolerability and blinding aspects.

Non-invasive electrical brain stimulation can modulate cortical function and behavior, both for research and clinical purposes. This protocol describes different brain stimulation approaches for modulation of the human motor system.

非侵入电脑刺激蒙太奇的人体运动功能的调节

Non-invasive electrical brain stimulation (NEBS) is used to modulate brain function and behavior, both for research and clinical purposes. In particular, ...

The Emotional Stroop Task: Assessing Cognitive Performance under Exposure to Emotional Content

The emotional Stroop effect (ESE) is the result of longer naming latencies to ink colors of emotion words than to ink colors of neutral words. The difference shows that people are affected by the emotional content conveyed by the carrier words even though they are irrelevant to the color-naming task at hand. The ESE has been widely deployed with patient populations, as well as with non-selected populations, because the emotion words can be selected to match the tested pathology. The ESE is a powerful tool, yet it is vulnerable to various threats to its validity. This report refers to potential sources of confounding and includes a modal experiment that provides the means to control for them. The most prevalent threat to the validity of existing ESE studies is sustained effects and habituation wrought about by repeated exposure to emotion stimuli. Consequently, the order of exposure to emotion and neutral stimuli is of utmost importance. We show that in the standard design, only one specific order produces the ESE.

The emotional Stroop effect (ESE) is the result of longer naming latencies to ink colors of emotion words than those of neutral words. This report refers to potential sources of confounding and includes a modal experiment that provides the means to control for them.

情绪Stroop任务:评估下暴露的认知表现的情感内容

The emotional Stroop effect (ESE) is the result of longer naming latencies to ink colors of emotion words than to ink colors of neutral words. The ...

Conscious and Non-conscious Representations of Emotional Faces in Asperger's Syndrome

Several neuroimaging studies have suggested that the low spatial frequency content in an emotional face mainly activates the amygdala, pulvinar, and superior colliculus especially with fearful faces1-3. These regions constitute the limbic structure in non-conscious perception of emotions and modulate cortical activity either directly or indirectly2. In contrast, the conscious representation of emotions is more pronounced in the anterior cingulate, prefrontal cortex, and somatosensory cortex for directing voluntary attention to details in faces3,4. Asperger&#39;s syndrome (AS)5,6 represents an atypical mental disturbance that affects sensory, affective and communicative abilities, without interfering with normal linguistic skills and intellectual ability. Several studies have found that functional deficits in the neural circuitry important for facial emotion recognition can partly explain social communication failure in patients with AS7-9. In order to clarify the interplay between conscious and non-conscious representations of emotional faces in AS, an EEG experimental protocol is designed with two tasks involving emotionality evaluation of either photograph or line-drawing faces. A pilot study is introduced for selecting face stimuli that minimize the differences in reaction times and scores assigned to facial emotions between the pretested patients with AS and IQ/gender-matched healthy controls. Information from the pretested patients was used to develop the scoring system used for the emotionality evaluation. Research into facial emotions and visual stimuli with different spatial frequency contents has reached discrepant findings depending on the demographic characteristics of participants and task demands2. The experimental protocol is intended to clarify deficits in patients with AS in processing emotional faces when compared with healthy controls by controlling for factors unrelated to recognition of facial emotions, such as task difficulty, IQ and gender.

An EEG experimental protocol is designed to clarify the interplay between conscious and non-conscious representations of emotional faces in patients with Asperger&#39;s syndrome. The technique suggests that patients with Asperger&#39;s syndrome have deficits in non-conscious representation of emotional faces, but have comparable performance in conscious representation with healthy controls.

在阿斯伯格综合症情绪面孔的自觉和不自觉的交涉

Several neuroimaging studies have suggested that the low spatial frequency content in an emotional face mainly activates the amygdala, pulvinar, and ...

A Simple Non-invasive Method for Temporary Knockdown of Upper Limb Proprioception

Proprioception may be the least well measured of all contributors to the neural control of movement. New precise, reliable measures of proprioception are needed for clinical diagnosis of impairment, and to measure outcomes of proprioceptive training. The purpose of this simple, non-invasive method is to temporarily knockdown upper limb proprioception in healthy adults, to an extent that would be useful in the development and testing of upper limb proprioception measures. Knockdown models have two main advantages over studying humans with impaired proprioception: participant availability and the ability to control the extent of impairment across participants. Current published methods of temporary proprioception knockdown of the upper limb, such as ischemic nerve blocks and cryotherapy, are invasive, impractical, or uncomfortable for the participant. Here, vibration over the ulnar groove was used to reduce upper limb proprioception. High frequency vibration may reduce proprioceptive acuity by inhibiting pacinian corpuscle-induced input. The effect of vibration used in this protocol was confirmed using two quantitative measures. This method was simple to administer, comfortable for participants, and practical.

The goal of this protocol is to demonstrate a practical method to temporarily interfere with proprioception in the upper limb of healthy humans.

一种简单无创的上肢本体临时击倒方法

Proprioception may be the least well measured of all contributors to the neural control of movement. New precise, reliable measures of proprioception are ...

Automated, Long-term Behavioral Assay for Cognitive Functions in Multiple Genetic Models of Alzheimer's Disease, Using IntelliCage

Multiple factors&#8212;such as aging and genes&#8212;are frequently associated with cognitive decline. Genetically modified mouse models of cognitive decline, such as Alzheimer&#39;s disease (AD), have become a promising tool to elucidate the underlying mechanisms and promote the therapeutic advances. An important step is the validation and characterization of expected behavioral abnormality in the models, in the case of AD, cognitive decline. The long-term behavioral investigations of laboratory animals to study the effect of aging demand substantial efforts from researchers. The IntelliCage system is a high-throughput and cost-effective test battery for mice that eliminates the need for daily human handling. Here, we describe how the system is utilized in the long-term phenotyping of a genetic Alzheimer&#39;s disease model, specifically focusing on the cognitive functions. The experiment employs repeated battery of tests that assess spatial learning and executive functions. This cost-effective age-dependent phenotyping allows us to identify the transient and/or permanent effects of genes on various cognitive aspects.

This paper describes a protocol for cognitive assessments for genetic models of the Alzheimer&#39;s disease using the IntelliCage system, which is a high throughput automated behavioral monitoring system with operant conditioning.

基于 IntelliCage 的阿尔茨海默病多基因模型认知功能的自动、长期行为检测

Multiple factors&#8212;such as aging and genes&#8212;are frequently associated with cognitive decline. Genetically modified mouse models of cognitive ...