路易莎·萨尔托里得到了巴多瓦大学、班多·乔瓦尼工作室2011年、L.n.240/2010的资助。

1. 视频刺激的准备
<ol><li>委托模型执行四个动作序列。<ol>
<li>在前两个动作序列中，将模型放在面向相机的桌子旁。将三个杯子放在靠近她的桌子上，第四个杯子放在桌子的另一边。指示模型通过伸手抓住糖勺开始她的动作。</li>
		<li>指示模特开始她的动作，把糖倒进三个杯子里。当她把糖倒进第三个杯子时，指示模特移动手腕，就好像她打算把糖倒进第四个杯子一样。</li>
		<li>指示模特开始她的动作，把糖倒进三个杯子里。当她把糖倒进第三个杯子后，让模特移动她的手腕，让它回到原来的位置。</li>
		<li>在最后两个动作序列中，模型再次坐在面向相机的桌旁。将三个浓缩咖啡杯放在靠近她的桌子上，第四个放在离她更远的桌子上的另一边。指示模型通过伸手和抓住热水瓶开始她的动作。</li>
		<li>指示模特将咖啡倒入三个浓缩咖啡杯中，开始她的动作。当她把咖啡倒进第三杯后，让模特移动手腕，就好像她打算把咖啡倒进第四杯一样。</li>
		<li>指示模特将咖啡倒入三个浓缩咖啡杯中，开始她的动作。当她把咖啡倒进第三杯后，让模特移动手腕，使其恢复原位。</li>
	</ol>
</li>
	<li>指示模型使用精确握把拾取并握住糖勺（PG; 即用食指对抗拇指），用全手抓地力（WHG: 即拇指与其他手指的对立面）。</li>
	<li>在每个视频剪辑的开头，指示模型显示她的手处于放置在桌子上的易感位置。<ol>
<li>安排模型开始一个触手可及的运动约900毫秒后。</li>
		<li>安排模型的手指在大约 450 msec 后与第一个对象进行接触。</li>
		<li>让模型开始移动她的手，以执行第二个动作步骤5，000毫秒后。</li>
	</ol>
</li>
	<li>使用数字化技术对模型的运动后进行动态分析<ol>
<li>通过手动为模型手腕分配标记，逐帧标记每个动作。</li>
		<li>跟踪模型的运动。精确定位轨迹偏差:手轨迹开始多样化用于社会和非社会条件的时刻。锁定最突出的运动事件，用 TMS 刺激时间来描述动作序列。</li>
	</ol>
</li>
</ol>2. 仪器准备
<ol><li>将四个烧结的Ag/AgCl双极和一个单极表面电极（15 kΩ，1.5毫米防触安全插座）与传感器区域（直径9毫米）连接到一个与主EMG放大器相连的孤立便携式ExG输入盒。建议使用双光纤电缆进行信号传输，但不建议强制传输。</li>
	<li>管理个人休息电机阈值 （rMT） 评估的脚本、视频刺激演示和 TMS 刺激的演示，这些脚本通过在具有监视器（分辨率 1，280 x 1，024 像素、刷新频率 75 Hz、背景亮度为 0.5 cd/m2）的 PC 上运行的 PC 上同步进行 EMG 注册。</li>
	<li>通过选择一系列单帧（每个帧 30 msec，30 fps）和第一帧和最后一帧，分别持续 500 和 1，000 msec 来实现动画效果。</li>
</ol>3. 参与者招聘
<ol><li>只招募具有正常或纠正到正常视力的右手参与者。使用标准手感清单问卷31检查手感。</li>
	<li>验证是否有任何候选人有禁忌症TMS32，33。<ol>
<li>排除癫痫发作风险高于正常水平的受试者（基于癫痫、神经外科、脑损伤的个人/家族史）或接受神经活性药物的受试者，因为 TMS 的主要已知健康风险是癫痫诱导。</li>
		<li>排除孕妇，因为TMS对未出生胎儿的风险是未知的。</li>
	</ol>
</li>
	<li>向所有参与者提供有关研究的基本信息，并要求他们签署书面知情同意书。</li>
	<li>可能在声音衰减的法拉第房间进行实验:这是推荐的，但不是强制性的。</li>
	<li>让参与者坐在舒适的扶手椅上。</li>
	<li>将右臂置于全臂支撑上。</li>
	<li>将参与者的头部固定在头部休息上。眼睛与屏幕的距离应根据刺激演示的大小确定。</li>
	<li>要求参与者移除所有金属物体（耳环、项链等）和对磁场敏感的物体（手机、信用卡），因为线圈电流的快速变化速度能够诱导磁场的变化。</li>
	<li>指导参与者仔细观察视觉刺激，保持良好的关注水平:解释说，他们将稍后被询问的内容。</li>
</ol>4. TMS 刺激和 MEP 录制
<ol><li>在最大自愿肌肉激活期间，通过心绞痛确定电极应放置在 ADM 和 FDI 肌肉的位置。为所有电极位置（也为地面）清洁皮肤。使用纱布垫将磨料皮肤预制凝胶涂抹到整个部位。轻轻擦入皮肤，用干净的纱布垫去除任何多余的。</li>
	<li>将两个表面电极，每个包含少量水溶性 EEG 导电粘贴，放在每个肌肉上，并使用自粘垫将其连接到皮肤上。<ol>
<li>通过将活性电极放置在右ADM和FDI的肌肉腹部，并在ipsilatere元卡波法兰热关节上放置参考电极，执行腹部肌腱蒙太奇。在参与者的左手腕上附加一个含有导电粘贴的地面电极。</li>
		<li>将电极连接到 ExG 输入框的常见输入，并检查阻塞值。如果它们超过阈值（>5 Ω），则再次准备皮肤。</li>
	</ol></li>
	<li>使用连接到 Magstim 200 刺激器的 70 毫米八卷图，将单脉冲 TMS 传送到头皮上，使左主运动皮层 （M1） 与手部区域相对应。 注意:基本的 TMS 刺激器由电源、储能元件和大功率开关组成，由接受设备操作员控制输入的处理器精确控制。TMS刺激器的基本运行机制是创建一个不断变化的磁场，可以诱导相邻导电材料（如皮质组织）中的电流。组织刺激是由在组织中诱导足够密度的电流引起的，这与磁通量密度34的改变时间率成正比。诱导电场的等位线呈八线圈状，形成椭圆形，其长轴与线圈结35处的电流方向平行。<ol>
<li>将线圈置于 45° 角度，以处理半球间裂变，并垂直于中央硫化物的位置:当大脑中诱导电流与中央硫酸36，37大致垂直时，达到最低电机阈值。</li>
		<li>有手柄指向横向和低音诱导后脑电流通过前中心陀螺38。在低，但超阈值，刺激的强化，TMS诱导电流激发优先轴突的内分，直接或间接投射在皮质脊神经元。抑制和兴奋突触都被激活，但在这种刺激强化下，净效应是皮质脊神经元的刺激性后突触潜力。</li>
		<li>将最佳头皮位置 （OSP） 定位在劣质前陀螺的平价手术上。OSP 上略显超强强度的刺激总是从对立的 ADM 和 FDI 肌肉中产生最高水平的 MEP 活动。</li>
		<li>使用 10-20 国际系统（与 C3 位置相对应的刺激站点）建立 OSP，以在手部肌肉中激发运动激发的电位 （MEP），然后在目标区域周围移动线圈的交叉点约 0.5 厘米的步骤，并以恒定强度提供 TMS 脉冲。</li>
		<li>正确确定目标区域后，使用机械支撑稳定线圈以保持一致的定位。</li>
	</ol></li>
	<li>在整个实验中，使用神经导航系统保持恒定的线圈定位，并防止在数据收集过程中参与者头部小动作导致的任何偏差。<ol>
<li>在线圈和参与者的头上应用被动球形标记。</li>
		<li>使用光学数字化器记录标记位置，以便在计算机屏幕上重现它们。</li>
		<li>检测空间线圈位置和方向的任何差异，并为每个笛卡尔坐标采用 2-3 mm 的公差。</li>
		<li>利用有关初始和实际线圈放置的三维在线信息，以便在需要时在实验过程中实时精确重新定位 TMS 线圈。</li>
	</ol></li>
	<li>要确定 OSP 上每个参与者的"个人休息运动阈值"（rMT），在连续十次试验中的五次中，检测产生可靠 MEP（≥50 μV 峰到峰振幅）所需的最低刺激强度。确定OSP和rMT为更高的阈值肌肉，以避免任何涉及不太兴奋的肌肉的差分调制损失。</li>
	<li>在整个录制过程中，将刺激强度保持在固定值（即rMT 的 110%）。</li>
	<li>使用带传滤镜（20 Hz-1 kHz）记录原始的神秘信号。放大后，将信号数字化（5 kHz 采样率），并存储在计算机中进行离线分析。</li>
	<li>在实验会话开始时，当参与者被动地在计算机屏幕上的黑色背景上观看白色固定十字架时，记录 10 个 MEP。</li>
	<li>在实验会话结束时记录 10 个 MEP。</li>
	<li>在 TMS 脉冲后，在五个可能的时间点之一（图 1）记录来自右 ADM 和 FDI 肌肉的 EMG 数据，即:<ol>
<li>当模型的手首先与糖勺或热水瓶（T1）接触时。</li>
		<li>当模型完成倒糖/咖啡到第三杯/杯（T2）。</li>
		<li>当模特开始把手从第三杯/杯子（T3）上拉开时。</li>
		<li>当模型的手臂开始返回起始位置或开始向第四杯/杯（分别，非社会和社会条件）（T4）移动时。</li>
		<li>当模型的手臂返回到起点或到达第四杯/杯（分别，非社会和社会条件）（T5）。</li>
	</ol></li>
	<li>在视频之间插入 10 秒的休息间隔。在休息间隔的前五秒钟出现一条消息，提醒参与者保持双手安静地休息，完全放松。消息消失后，安排在剩余的五秒钟内出现固定十字架。</li>
</ol>5. 汇报
<ol><li>在会议结束时向与会者提供有关实验设计的详细信息。</li>
</ol>6. 数据分析
<ol><li>执行临时运动后分析。<ol>
<li>设置识别 x 轴和 y 轴为水平和垂直方向的参考框架，并逐帧分析视频样本。</li>
		<li>在相机视场和运动平面中使用已知长度作为参考单元测量。</li>
		<li>在模型的手腕上分配一个标记来测量手臂运动学。</li>
		<li>将起始位置定义为模型的右手在桌子上的易发位置休息的时间。跟踪腕部在空间和时间上的轨迹，提取轨迹路径，并识别模型双步动作的突出运动事件。</li>
	</ol>
</li>
	<li>分析 EMG 数据。<ol>
<li>将每个肌肉的 EMG 跟踪细分为不同长度的段（时代），相对于参考标记 （TMS 刺激）。在 TMS 脉冲交付之前将时间窗口设置为 100 msec，在 TMS 脉冲后设置为 200 msec。这将允许您检查可能的背景活动。</li>
		<li>在 EMG 的每个通道中，选择一个时间框架 的精确范围（例如10-40 msec），以搜索所有细分市场的峰值。</li>
		<li>应用一种算法，该算法考虑每个段内的正峰和负峰，并计算 μV 中从峰值到峰值的 EMG 曲线的最大振幅。</li>
		<li>消除背景 EMG 活性大于 100 μV 的试验，以避免因背景活动而对 MEP 测量进行污染物。</li>
	</ol>
</li>
	<li>计算每个条件（不包括偏离均值（离群值）超过 2 个标准偏差的疾病）与 ADM 和 FDI 肌肉分开的平均峰值到峰值 MEP 振幅。</li>
	<li>比较在实验开始和结束时固定交叉基线试验期间每个参与者的每个肌肉记录的两个系列 MEP 振幅，以检查与 TMS 本身相关的皮质脊基兴奋性变化。两个系列的平均振幅还允许分别为每个肌肉中的数据正常化程序设置单独的基线值39。</li>
	<li>使用参与者的个人基线值（MEP 比率 =获得MEP /MEP基线） 39计算比率值。</li>
</ol>

没有什么可透露的。

测量动作观察过程中人类CS兴奋性调制的最关键步骤是:1） 设计/拍摄视频剪辑，在预期模拟和补充反应的观察者中诱导动作倾向:2） 确定模型行动各阶段的运动事件，以相应地锁定 TMS 刺激:3） 确定每个手肌的最佳头皮位置，并在整个实验中保持一致的定位:4） 正确记录受刺激肌肉的 EMG 活动。
先前利用TMS/MEP技术的研究表明，动作观察产生的皮质脊气活化并不总是具有模仿性偏差，但根据上下文因素，也可以为辅助动作29，30提供主要运动激活。单脉冲 TMS 研究表明，观察嵌入补充请求的两步动作序列会促使参与者皮质脊部活动从模拟切换到响应。这项研究更进一步，通过显示开关的确切发生时间，并表明人类能够通过观察早熟的运动暗示来预测行动的社会意图，表明需要/请求补充反应。事实上，提前行动信息足以让观察者对它背后的意图作出推论。那么，基础行动观察机制似乎对社会环境中的复杂请求具有可塑性、及时性和敏感性。未来的研究将继续分析处理是串行的还是平行的。采用此处使用的范式（如范式）的神经成像研究将能够进一步澄清这一过程，描绘从模拟向互惠转变的能力背后的皮质网络。
这些结果还将为未来TMS/EMG技术的应用指指路，以研究CS的兴奋性和电机系统的可塑性。许多研究已经表明，TMS测量运动皮层功能是安全的，可靠的，并有可能有用的临床设置40.46。事实上，MEP振幅的纵向比较可以直接评估运动皮质可塑性效果。
最近的研究报告说，行动观察对运动缺陷的中风后康复有积极的影响，并可以有益地用于重新激活需要恢复运动控制47的个人的运动区域。因此，可以制定一种补充行动观察治疗策略，利用对补充手势的观察来重新激活受损的运动技能。如果，似乎运动行为是内部和外部因素的结果，行动观察应包括在训练协议，旨在恢复这种类型的病人。观察日常行动和身体练习可以为更有效的康复战略铺平道路。此外，到目前为止，只有间接措施，如功能或主观尺度，以评估临床改善:在未来的TMS/EMG评估中，可以用来测量这些患者的功能改善。
最后，本研究描述了观察他人的行为如何以及何时在旁观者的相应肌肉中产生运动便利，以及皮质脊柱兴奋性在社会环境中以何种方式调节。它还确认 TMS 激发的电机电机电位是操作观察期间 CS 兴奋性和调制的安全可靠指标。

在过去的十年里，神经科学研究在很大程度上改变了传统的运动系统观。大量的数据表明，观察别人的身体运动会激活旁观者大脑中的运动表现（例如1-3）。这些研究表明，观察者的运动皮层动态地复制观察到的动作，就好像这些动作是由旁观者自己执行的一样。颅内磁刺激 （TMS） 有助于以相对较高的时间分辨率评估皮质脊椎 （CS） 兴奋性，以便在观察其他人执行动作时跟踪兴奋性变化。
TMS功能的基本原理是，刺激线圈中不断变化的原电流产生不断变化的磁场，进而诱导附近导体的电流的次要流动，在这种情况下，皮质组织，法拉第定律4规定。大脑是一个同质导体，由白质、灰质和脑脊髓液组成，电导电分别为0.48、0.7和1.79 S/m，5。分析表明，为了磁刺激的目的，大脑可以被当作同质导体5。神经元的去极化是由诱导电流产生的。这个过程的核心是电荷在神经膜上的转移，以提高其细胞内约30-40mV的潜力。当正离子被驱动到神经细胞中时，其细胞内潜力将上升，如果上升足够，则行动的潜在结果5。Priori及其同事6 首先表明，弱电流可以调节人类运动皮层的兴奋性，这是通过TMS电机激发的电位（MEP）的振幅来衡量的。许多涉及人体运动皮层磁刺激的工作，事实上，都集中在内在手部肌肉中的EMG反应上。2004年，Uozomi和他的同事8 发现，44区上空的spTMS很容易中断目标导向的手部运动，并产生运动从手部肌肉唤起的潜力。人类区域44对补品和相位手指运动9-10都有促进和抑制作用，并具有直接的快速导皮质脊柱投影。
法迪加及其同事于一九九五年三月首次提出CS兴奋性在自愿运动中及在行动观察期间调节的证据。TMS 应用于主要运动皮质 （M1） 的手部区域，MEP 从反向手部肌肉记录下来，而志愿者则被指示观看过渡性和不妥协的运动（前者是目标导向，后者不是）。发现从对口授粉 （OP） 和 FDI 肌肉记录的 MEP 的振幅在观察在控制条件下登记的抓握动作时增加。因此产生了一个问题:在动作观察期间促进的肌肉是否与在动作执行期间使用的肌肉相同？在抓住物体时记录的手部肌肉的 EMG 响应，在手臂提升运动中，都发现EMG完全复制了 TMS 在动作观察期间所诱发的 MEP 模式。一些研究小组已经能够重复这些相同的实验，并设计了其他11-16。
在行动观察过程中，观察者的电机系统在实践中与观察到的运动产生"共鸣"，并在阈值下以严格一致的方式模拟这些动作。由于观察者所涉及的肌肉与执行动作的人使用的肌肉相同，因此它们与观察到的动作的动态暂时耦合。2001年，Gangitano及其同事证明，执行观察匹配系统与观察行动有关，即使就其时间编码17而言也是如此。MEP 振幅随着手指光圈的增加而变大，在闭合阶段变小。克拉克 等人18 开始评估皮质脊柱 （CS） 促进的特异性，而参与者观看，被要求想象，或观察行动，他们被告知，他们以后将不得不执行。这些调查人员报告说，这三种情况似乎没有任何统计学上的显著差异。
至少有两个假设解释了由行动观察引起的MEP促进。根据第一个，M1兴奋性的增强是通过兴奋皮质皮质连接产生的。根据第二种情况，TMS揭示了，通过CS下降排球，促进莫托努龙（MNs）。无法区分 M1 或 MN 兴奋性变化导致的 MEP 振幅的调制。作为巴尔迪塞拉 等人。19 想研究脊髓兴奋性与MEP促进有关，他们决定测量霍夫曼反射的振幅（通过刺激周围神经的通风纤维）在手指屈肌前臂肌肉，而志愿者观察目标导向的手部动作。他们报告说，虽然皮质兴奋的调制密切模仿观察到的运动，仿佛这些运动是由观察者自己执行的，脊髓兴奋性似乎是相互调节的。这些调查人员认为，这种效果是阻碍公开执行观察行动的机制的表达。TMS在动作观察3，20，21 时激发的运动电位的调节似乎是具体的，然后，对于执行动作3 的肌肉，并遵循，在预期的方式22，相同的时间激活模式17，23。沿着这些思路，Urgesi和他的同事最近 发现，对抓握动作的开始和中间阶段的观察比观察它们的最终姿势产生更高的运动便利性。电机便利化对于唤起正在进行的但不完整的操作的快照来说是最大的。研究结果提供了令人信服的证据，证明观察-执行匹配系统的正面部分在预测他人运动行为方面起着重要作用。
然而，不可否认的是，现实世界中成功的互动往往需要补充而不是仿效行动， 模仿并不总是对行动观察的有效或适当的反应。例如，在那些情况下，有人递给别人一个杯子，由它的手柄拿着，我们都知道，接收器会，不假思索，抓住杯子与整个手势（唯一一个在这种情况下是适当的）。对于如何将观察到的行动与我们的电机系统上的观察行动相匹配的不灵活倾向与准备非同化响应的要求相协调，人们知之甚少。在这方面，一些研究人员表明，镜像的自动效果可以废除后，不兼容的培训:镜子和反镜的反应似乎遵循同一时间过程27，28。有趣的是，与以前的研究相比，由spTMS诱导的MEP最近被用来评估自发皮质脊杆活化，而唤起仿真或非识别互补手势的视频剪辑则被简单地观察到29，30。结果显示，皮质脊液活动从仿真剂自然切换到与上下文相关的操作。如果相互行动请求变得明显，则行动序列开头的匹配机制将转变为补充机制。
利用这些结果，本研究旨在利用TMS/MEP组合技术，具体确定当行动观察引起互补反应时，从模拟到互惠的自发转变发生在什么阶段。然后，从外国直接投资和ADM手部肌肉记录在序列的五个不同时刻。我们假设，在观察者最初认为全手抓握时记录的MEP可能会引起ADM和FDI肌肉的便利化，因为这种肌肉通常是为这种抓地力而招募的。相反，当观察到的手势在观察者中引起非同身份的互补手势（即PG）时，只有从 FDI 肌肉中记录的 MEP 应显示激活的显著增加。这是因为 PG 并不意味着招募 ADM 肌肉。我们还预测，当观察到的行动不传达任何社会意义时，所有动作序列中应出现简单的对称促进效果。

<table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" width="456">
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			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:343px;">Transcranial Magnetic Stimulator</td>
			<td style="width:115px;">Magstim</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">BrainAmp MR system for EMG acquisition</td>
			<td style="width:115px;">Brain Products</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">Softaxic Optic system for stereotaxic neuronavigation</td>
			<td style="width:115px;">E.M.S.</td>
		</tr>
	</tbody>
</table>

corticospinal excitability modulation during action observation

本研究使用颅内磁刺激/电机唤起电位 （TMS/MEP） 技术来精确定位何时自动反映他人行为的倾向成为互补行为的预期模拟。 TMS 被交付到左主运动皮层对应于手，以诱导从绑架者 Digiti 最小 （ADM; 提供小手指诱拐的肌肉） 以及第一个后部间歇 （FDI; 肌肉服务食指弯曲 /延长） 肌肉的 MEP 活动最高水平。使用神经导航系统来维持 TMS 线圈的位置，从正确的 ADM 和 FDI 肌肉记录电密图 （EMG） 活动。结合TMS/MEP技术，在产生电机共振方面的原始数据，使感知-动作耦合机制的研究又向前迈进了一步。具体来说，它回答了观察他人行为如何以及何时在旁观者相应的肌肉中产生运动便利性以及皮质脊柱兴奋性在社会环境中以何种方式调节的问题。

TMS/MEP 技术在动作观察期间评估 CS 兴奋性的功效取决于为 ADM 和 FDI 肌肉找到最佳的头皮位置。腹部-肌腱蒙太奇的表面电极应应用，并且必须符合常规的单脉冲刺激模式。
在这项研究中，对30名参与者（22名女性和8名男性:年龄=21±5岁）进行了抽样调查，根据标准手感清单31， 所有右手都正常或矫正为正常视力。在实验中，没有人对TMS32，33 有任何禁忌症，也没有感到不适。根据1964年《赫尔辛基宣言》的原则，这里概述的实验程序获得了道德批准（帕多瓦大学伦理委员会），所有与会者都给予了书面知情同意。
根据我们的假设，当需要采取补充行动变得明显时，记录的MEP应根据放在前景中的物体进行调节。当第 4 杯 咖啡杯唤起执行 PG 的倾向时，应激活只有 FDI 肌肉。但是，当模型对第4 杯的动作唤起WHG时，ADM和FDI肌肉都应该被激活。由于为PG和WHG招募了外国直接投资，因此，在观察到的掌握类型方面，预计不会进行MEP调整。在模型最初掌握热水瓶时从观察者手中记录的 MEP 不仅应显示 ADM 和 FDI 肌肉中的运动便利性，即传统参与 WHG 的肌肉。相反，观察模型，因为她的手走向第四个咖啡杯应该只产生FDI肌肉便利化，因为只有肌肉（而不是ADM）参与PG。
观察一个含蓄包含补充运动请求的两步动作序列，导致旁观者皮质脊椎活动从模拟转向响应，并在进行的试验中指出，转换发生的确切时间（图2）。
当模型的手腕开始向第四个杯子（社会状况）移动时，观察者ADM MEP中发生了预示相互作用的变化。相反，当模型的手腕开始恢复到原来的位置时，观察者MEP中发生了预示仿真作用的变化（非社会状况，见 图3）。不出所料，外国直接投资积极参与所有观察到的运动和模拟行动（见 图4 和 5）。因此，从这些结果看来，人类甚至在行动变得明确之前，就可以将其编码为社会或非社会行为。可以得出结论，观察者能够适应通过微妙的运动线索提供的行动信息，并能够利用这些信息预测未来的行动方针。在此处描述的实验过程中，参与者表明，他们能够仅仅通过观察几乎难以察觉的运动线索来区分由社会或非社会条件引起的行动。在实验期间，皮质脊基兴奋性调制是可靠、间接地衡量在交互式环境中激活适当运动程序的能力的一种可靠、间接的衡量标准。
<img alt="Figure 1" fo:content-width="5in" fo:src="/files/ftp_upload/51001/51001fig1highres.jpg" src="/files/ftp_upload/51001/51001fig1.jpg"> 图1。在这里，每个审判期间发生的事件序列被计划化。连续斜线表示整个视频剪辑演示。水平线表示单个 TMS 脉冲交付的时间点:在 T1（当模型的手与杯子/杯接触时）、T2（当模型完成倒糖/咖啡时）、T3（当模型开始将手从第三杯/杯移开时）、T 4（当模型开始将手从第三杯/杯中移开时）、T4（当 模型的手开始回到原来的位置或走向第四杯/杯 - 被认为是一个补充手势的提示的开始），和T5（当模型的手臂明显返回到原来的位置或走向第四杯/杯 - 考虑了一个补充手势的提示的结束）。图中未显示的帧（模型与糖勺/热水瓶接触的动作与浇糖/咖啡的操作之间的时间已完成）由双斜条表示。
<img alt="Figure 2" fo:content-width="5in" fo:src="/files/ftp_upload/51001/51001fig2highres.jpg" src="/files/ftp_upload/51001/51001fig2.jpg"> 图2。从为本研究拍摄的视频剪辑中提取的帧与图形的行相伴，该线表示 ADM 规范化 MEP 振幅的手段。需要 PG 的社会全手抓地运动和需要 WHG 的社会精确抓地力运动（分别为黑白）。条表示手段的标准错误。
<img alt="Figure 3" fo:content-width="5in" fo:src="/files/ftp_upload/51001/51001fig3highres.jpg" src="/files/ftp_upload/51001/51001fig3.jpg"> 图3。从为本研究拍摄的视频剪辑中提取的帧与图形的线条相伴，该线表示ADM规范化MEP振幅的手段。需要 PG 的非社会全手抓地力运动和需要 WHG 的非社会精确抓地力运动图示（分别为黑色和白色）。条表示手段的标准错误。
<img alt="Figure 4" fo:content-width="5in" fo:src="/files/ftp_upload/51001/51001fig4highres.jpg" src="/files/ftp_upload/51001/51001fig4.jpg"> 图4。从为本研究拍摄的视频剪辑中提取的帧与图形的线条相伴，该线表示 FDI 规范化 MEP 振幅的手段。需要 PG 的社会全手抓地运动和需要 WHG 的社会精确抓地力运动（分别为黑白）。条表示手段的标准错误。
<img alt="Figure 5" fo:content-width="5in" fo:src="/files/ftp_upload/51001/51001fig5highres.jpg" src="/files/ftp_upload/51001/51001fig5.jpg"> 图5。从为本研究拍摄的视频剪辑中提取的帧与图形的线条相伴，该线表示 FDI 规范化 MEP 振幅的手段。需要 PG 的非社会全手抓地力运动和需要 WHG 的非社会精确抓地力运动图示（分别为黑色和白色）。条表示手段的标准错误。

Watch this Scientific Journal Video about Corticospinal Excitability Modulation During Action Observation at JoVE.com

Corticospinal Excitability Modulation During Action Observation

本研究利用单脉冲颅磁刺激对主要运动皮层、神经导航和手部肌肉电图活动登记，在参与者观察动作序列时探索皮质脊髓兴奋性。

行动观察期间皮质脊体兴奋调节

This study used the transcranial magnetic stimulation/motor evoked potential (TMS/MEP) technique to pinpoint when the automatic tendency to mirror someone ...

corticospinal-excitability-modulation-during-action-observation

Nanyang Technological University

Research

JoVE Journal

Behavior

8.8K 次观看.  Universita degli Studi di Padova. 本研究利用单脉冲颅磁刺激对主要运动皮层、神经导航和手部肌肉电图活动登记，在参与者观察动作序列时探索皮质脊髓兴奋性。

视频: Corticospinal Excitability Modulation During Action Observation

Best Current Practice for Obtaining High Quality EEG Data During Simultaneous fMRI

Simultaneous EEG-fMRI allows the excellent temporal resolution of EEG to be combined with the high spatial accuracy of fMRI. The data from these two modalities can be combined in a number of ways, but all rely on the acquisition of high quality EEG and fMRI data. EEG data acquired during simultaneous fMRI are affected by several artifacts, including the gradient artefact (due to the changing magnetic field gradients required for fMRI), the pulse artefact (linked to the cardiac cycle) and movement artifacts (resulting from movements in the strong magnetic field of the scanner, and muscle activity). Post-processing methods for successfully correcting the gradient and pulse artifacts require a number of criteria to be satisfied during data acquisition. Minimizing head motion during EEG-fMRI is also imperative for limiting the generation of artifacts.
Interactions between the radio frequency (RF) pulses required for MRI and the EEG hardware may occur and can cause heating. This is only a significant risk if safety guidelines are not satisfied. Hardware design and set-up, as well as careful selection of which MR sequences are run with the EEG hardware present must therefore be considered.
The above issues highlight the importance of the choice of the experimental protocol employed when performing a simultaneous EEG-fMRI experiment. Based on previous research we describe an optimal experimental set-up. This provides high quality EEG data during simultaneous fMRI when using commercial EEG and fMRI systems, with safety risks to the subject minimized. We demonstrate this set-up in an EEG-fMRI experiment using a simple visual stimulus. However, much more complex stimuli can be used. Here we show the EEG-fMRI set-up using a Brain Products GmbH (Gilching, Germany) MRplus, 32 channel EEG system in conjunction with a Philips Achieva (Best, Netherlands) 3T MR scanner, although many of the techniques are transferable to other systems.

Simultaneous electroencephalography (EEG) and functional Magnetic Resonance imaging (fMRI) is a powerful neuroimaging tool. However, the inside of an MRI scanner forms a difficult environment for EEG data recording and safety must be considered whenever operating EEG equipment inside a scanner. Here, we present an optimised EEG-fMRI data acquisition protocol.

获得高质量的脑电数据在同步功能磁共振成像的当前最佳实践

Simultaneous  EEG-fMRI allows the excellent temporal resolution of EEG to be combined with the  high spatial accuracy of fMRI. The data  from these two ...

科研

行为学

Simultaneous EEG Monitoring During Transcranial Direct Current Stimulation

Transcranial direct current stimulation (tDCS) is a technique that delivers weak electric currents through the scalp. This constant electric current induces shifts in neuronal membrane excitability, resulting in secondary changes in cortical activity. Although tDCS has most of its neuromodulatory effects on the underlying cortex, tDCS effects can also be observed in distant neural networks. Therefore, concomitant EEG monitoring of the effects of tDCS can provide valuable information on the mechanisms of tDCS. In addition, EEG findings can be an important surrogate marker for the effects of tDCS and thus can be used to optimize its parameters. This combined EEG-tDCS system can also be used for preventive treatment of neurological conditions characterized by abnormal peaks of cortical excitability, such as seizures. Such a system would be the basis of a non-invasive closed-loop device. In this article, we present a novel device that is capable of utilizing tDCS and EEG simultaneously. For that, we describe in a step-by-step fashion the main procedures of the application of this device using schematic figures, tables and video demonstrations. Additionally, we provide a literature review on clinical uses of tDCS and its cortical effects measured by EEG techniques.

Transcranial direct current stimulation (tDCS) is a non-invasive brain stimulation technique that has shown initial therapeutic effects in several neurological conditions. The main mechanism underlying these therapeutic effects is the modulation of cortical excitability. Therefore, online monitoring of cortical excitability would help guide stimulation parameters and optimize its therapeutic effects. In the present article we review the use of a novel device that combines simultaneous tDCS and EEG monitoring in real time.

同时脑电图监测在经颅直流电刺激

Transcranial  direct current stimulation (tDCS) is a technique that delivers weak electric  currents through the scalp. This constant electric current ...

Irrelevant Stimuli and Action Control: Analyzing the Influence of Ignored Stimuli via the Distractor-Response Binding Paradigm

Selection tasks in which simple stimuli (e.g. letters) are presented and a target stimulus has to be selected against one or more distractor stimuli are frequently used in the research on human action control. One important question in these settings is how distractor stimuli, competing with the target stimulus for a response, influence actions. The distractor-response binding paradigm can be used to investigate this influence. It is particular useful to separately analyze response retrieval and distractor inhibition effects. Computer-based experiments are used to collect the data (reaction times and error rates). In a number of sequentially presented pairs of stimulus arrays (prime-probe design), participants respond to targets while ignoring distractor stimuli. Importantly, the factors response relation in the arrays of each pair (repetition vs. change) and distractor relation (repetition vs. change) are varied orthogonally. The repetition of the same distractor then has a different effect depending on response relation (repetition vs. change) between arrays. This result pattern can be explained by response retrieval due to distractor repetition. In addition, distractor inhibition effects are indicated by a general advantage due to distractor repetition. The described paradigm has proven useful to determine relevant parameters for response retrieval effects on human action.

The distractor-response binding paradigm is described. It can be used to shed light on the influence irrelevant stimuli, competing with targets for a response, can have on human action. Both response retrieval effects and distractor inhibition effects can be analyzed within the paradigm.

不相干的刺激和动作控制:通过分心 - 响应绑定范式忽略刺激的影响分析

Selection tasks in which simple stimuli (e.g. letters) are presented and a target stimulus has to be selected against one or more distractor stimuli are ...

fMRI Validation of fNIRS Measurements During a Naturalistic Task

We present a method to compare brain activity recorded with near-infrared spectroscopy (fNIRS) in a dance video game task to that recorded in a reduced version of the task using fMRI (functional magnetic resonance imaging). Recently, it has been shown that fNIRS can accurately record functional brain activities equivalent to those concurrently recorded with functional magnetic resonance imaging for classic psychophysical tasks and simple finger tapping paradigms. However, an often quoted benefit of fNIRS is that the technique allows for studying neural mechanisms of complex, naturalistic behaviors that are not possible using the constrained environment of fMRI. Our goal was to extend the findings of previous studies that have shown high correlation between concurrently recorded fNIRS and fMRI signals to compare neural recordings obtained in fMRI procedures to those separately obtained in naturalistic fNIRS experiments. Specifically, we developed a modified version of the dance video game Dance Dance Revolution (DDR) to be compatible with both fMRI and fNIRS imaging procedures. In this methodology we explain the modifications to the software and hardware for compatibility with each technique as well as the scanning and calibration procedures used to obtain representative results. The results of the study show a task-related increase in oxyhemoglobin in both modalities and demonstrate that it is possible to replicate the findings of fMRI using fNIRS in a naturalistic task. This technique represents a methodology to compare fMRI imaging paradigms which utilize a reduced-world environment to fNIRS in closer approximation to naturalistic, full-body activities and behaviors. Further development of this technique may apply to neurodegenerative diseases, such as Parkinson&#8217;s disease, late states of dementia, or those with magnetic susceptibility which are contraindicated for fMRI scanning.

We present a method to compare functional brain activity recorded during a naturalistic task using fNIRS with activity recorded during fMRI.

的fNIRS功能磁共振成像测量验证过程中一个自然主义任务

We present a method to compare brain activity recorded with near-infrared spectroscopy (fNIRS) in a dance video game task to that recorded in a reduced ...

Quantifying Learning in Young Infants: Tracking Leg Actions During a Discovery-learning Task

Task-specific actions emerge from spontaneous movement during infancy. It has been proposed that task-specific actions emerge through a discovery-learning process. Here a method is described in which 3-4 month old infants learn a task by discovery and their leg movements are captured to quantify the learning process. This discovery-learning task uses an infant activated mobile that rotates and plays music based on specified leg action of infants. Supine infants activate the mobile by moving their feet vertically across a virtual threshold. This paradigm is unique in that as infants independently discover that their leg actions activate the mobile, the infants&#8217; leg movements are tracked using a motion capture system allowing for the quantification of the learning process. Specifically, learning is quantified in terms of the duration of mobile activation, the position variance of the end effectors (feet) that activate the mobile, changes in hip-knee coordination patterns, and changes in hip and knee muscle torque. This information describes infant exploration and exploitation at the interplay of person and environmental constraints that support task-specific action. Subsequent research using this method can investigate how specific impairments of different populations of infants at risk for movement disorders influence the discovery-learning process for task-specific action.

A method is described in which 3-4 month old infants learn a task by discovery and their leg movements are captured to quantify the learning process.

量化学习婴幼儿:跟踪腿操作期间发现，学习任务

Task-specific actions emerge from spontaneous movement during infancy. It has been proposed that task-specific actions emerge through a discovery-learning ...

Electrophysiological Motor Unit Number Estimation (MUNE) Measuring Compound Muscle Action Potential (CMAP) in Mouse Hindlimb Muscles

Compound muscle action potential (CMAP) and motor unit number estimation (MUNE) are electrophysiological techniques that can be used to monitor the functional status of a motor unit pool in vivo. These measures can provide insight into the normal development and degeneration of the neuromuscular system. These measures have clear translational potential because they are routinely applied in diagnostic and clinical human studies. We present electrophysiological techniques similar to those employed in humans to allow recordings of mouse sciatic nerve function. The CMAP response represents the electrophysiological output from a muscle or group of muscles following supramaximal stimulation of a peripheral nerve. MUNE is an electrophysiological technique that is based on modifications of the CMAP response. MUNE is a calculated value that represents the estimated number of motor neurons or axons (motor control input) supplying the muscle or group of muscles being tested. We present methods for recording CMAP responses from the proximal leg muscles using surface recording electrodes following the stimulation of the sciatic nerve in mice. An incremental MUNE technique is described using submaximal stimuli to determine the average single motor unit potential (SMUP) size. MUNE is calculated by dividing the CMAP amplitude (peak-to-peak) by the SMUP amplitude (peak-to-peak). These electrophysiological techniques allow repeated measures in both neonatal and adult mice in such a manner that facilitates rapid analysis and data collection while reducing the number of animals required for experimental testing. Furthermore, these measures are similar to those recorded in human studies allowing more direct comparisons.

Electrophysiological Motor Unit Number Estimation MUNE Measuring Compound Muscle Action Potential CMAP in Mouse Hindlimb Muscles

We present refined protocols that allow in vivo monitoring of motor unit function in the mouse. Techniques to measure compound muscle action potential (CMAP) and motor unit number estimation (MUNE) in the mouse hind limb muscles innervated by the sciatic nerve are described.

电电机组数估计（MUNE）在小鼠后肢肌肉测量复合肌肉动作电位（CMAP）

Compound muscle action potential (CMAP) and motor unit number estimation (MUNE) are electrophysiological techniques that can be used to monitor the ...

Non-Invasive Electrical Brain Stimulation Montages for Modulation of Human Motor Function

Non-invasive electrical brain stimulation (NEBS) is used to modulate brain function and behavior, both for research and clinical purposes. In particular, NEBS can be applied transcranially either as direct current stimulation (tDCS) or alternating current stimulation (tACS). These stimulation types exert time-, dose- and in the case of tDCS polarity-specific effects on motor function and skill learning in healthy subjects. Lately, tDCS has been used to augment the therapy of motor disabilities in patients with stroke or movement disorders. This article provides a step-by-step protocol for targeting the primary motor cortex with tDCS and transcranial random noise stimulation (tRNS), a specific form of tACS using an electrical current applied randomly within a pre-defined frequency range. The setup of two different stimulation montages is explained. In both montages the emitting electrode (the anode for tDCS) is placed on the primary motor cortex of interest. For unilateral motor cortex stimulation the receiving electrode is placed on the contralateral forehead while for bilateral motor cortex stimulation the receiving electrode is placed on the opposite primary motor cortex. The advantages and disadvantages of each montage for the modulation of cortical excitability and motor function including learning are discussed, as well as safety, tolerability and blinding aspects.

Non-invasive electrical brain stimulation can modulate cortical function and behavior, both for research and clinical purposes. This protocol describes different brain stimulation approaches for modulation of the human motor system.

非侵入电脑刺激蒙太奇的人体运动功能的调节

Non-invasive electrical brain stimulation (NEBS) is used to modulate brain function and behavior, both for research and clinical purposes. In particular, ...

Combining Multiple Data Acquisition Systems to Study Corticospinal Output and Multi-segment Biomechanics

Transcranial magnetic stimulation techniques allow for an in-depth investigation into the neural mechanisms that underpin human behavior. To date, the use of TMS to study human movement, has been limited by the challenges related to precisely timing the delivery of TMS to features of the unfolding movement and, also, by accurately characterizing kinematics and kinetics. To overcome these technical challenges, TMS delivery and acquisition systems should be integrated with an online motion tracking system. The present manuscript details technical innovations that integrate multiple acquisition systems to facilitate and advance the use of TMS to study human movement. Using commercially available software and hardware systems, a step-by-step approach to both the hardware assembly and the software scripts necessary to perform TMS studies triggered by specific features of a movement is provided. The approach is focused on the study of upper limb, planar, multi-joint reaching movements. However, the same integrative system is amenable to a multitude of sophisticated studies of human motor control.

The use of transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS) to study human motor control requires the integration of data acquisition systems to control TMS delivery and simultaneously record human behavior. The present manuscript provides a detailed methodology for integrating data acquisition systems for the purpose of investigating human movement via TMS.

合并多个数据采集系统来研究皮质输出和多段生物力学

Transcranial magnetic stimulation techniques allow for an in-depth investigation into the neural mechanisms that underpin human behavior. To date, the use ...

Concurrent Electroencephalography Recording During Transcranial Alternating Current Stimulation (tACS)

Oscillatory brain activities are considered to reflect the basis of rhythmic changes in transmission efficacy across brain networks and are assumed to integrate cognitive neural processes. Transcranial alternating current stimulation (tACS) holds the promise to elucidate the causal link between specific frequencies of oscillatory brain activity and cognitive processes. Simultaneous electroencephalography (EEG) recording during tACS would offer an opportunity to directly explore immediate neurophysiological effects of tACS. However, it is not trivial to measure EEG signals during tACS, as tACS creates a huge artifact in EEG data. Here we explain how to set up concurrent tACS-EEG experiments. Two necessary considerations for successful EEG recording while applying tACS are highlighted. First, bridging of the tACS and EEG electrodes via leaking EEG gel immediately saturates the EEG amplifier. To avoid bridging via gel, the viscosity of the EEG gel is the most important parameter. The EEG gel must be viscous to avoid bridging, but at the same time sufficiently fluid to create contact between the tACS electrode and the scalp. Second, due to the large amplitude of the tACS artifact, it is important to consider using an EEG system with a high resolution analog-to-digital (A/D) converter. In particular, the magnitude of the tACS artifact can exceed 100 mV at the vicinity of a stimulation electrode when 1 mA tACS is applied. The resolution of the A/D converter is of importance to measure good quality EEG data from the vicinity of the stimulation site. By following these guidelines for the procedures and technical considerations, successful concurrent EEG recording during tACS will be realized.

Concurrent Electroencephalography Recording During Transcranial Alternating Current Stimulation tACS

In this article we explain how to set up a concurrent transcranial alternating current stimulation and EEG experiment.

并行脑电图记录在经颅交流电刺激（TACS）

Oscillatory brain activities are considered to reflect the basis of rhythmic changes in transmission efficacy across brain networks and are assumed to ...

Gaze in Action: Head-mounted Eye Tracking of Children's Dynamic Visual Attention During Naturalistic Behavior

Young children's visual environments are dynamic, changing moment-by-moment as children physically and visually explore spaces and objects and interact with people around them. Head-mounted eye tracking offers a unique opportunity to capture children's dynamic egocentric views and how they allocate visual attention within those views. This protocol provides guiding principles and practical recommendations for researchers using head-mounted eye trackers in both laboratory and more naturalistic settings. Head-mounted eye tracking complements other experimental methods by enhancing opportunities for data collection in more ecologically valid contexts through increased portability and freedom of head and body movements compared to screen-based eye tracking. This protocol can also be integrated with other technologies, such as motion tracking and heart-rate monitoring, to provide a high-density multimodal dataset for examining natural behavior, learning, and development than previously possible. This paper illustrates the types of data generated from head-mounted eye tracking in a study designed to investigate visual attention in one natural context for toddlers: free-flowing toy play with a parent. Successful use of this protocol will allow researchers to collect data that can be used to answer questions not only about visual attention, but also about a broad range of other perceptual, cognitive, and social skills and their development.

Young children do not passively observe the world, but rather actively explore and engage with their environment. This protocol provides guiding principles and practical recommendations for using head-mounted eye trackers to record infants' and toddlers' dynamic visual environments and visual attention in the context of natural behavior.

行动中的目光: 在自然主义行为中对儿童动态视觉注意力的头戴式眼动

Young children's visual environments are dynamic, changing moment-by-moment as children physically and visually explore spaces and objects and interact ...