作者非常感谢该研究由伊丽莎白H.所罗门中心神经发育研究和NSF资助＃SMA-1041755学习中心，学习中心的NSF科学的时空动态支持。特别感谢也因参加谁的家属，并到婴儿期研究实验室的成员，他们的实际和智力贡献。特别感谢亚尔莫Hämäläinen为源定位协议的发展，纳西姆·乔杜里对她的智力投入。

以人类为对象的所有工作，需要伦理审查委员会的批准和监督。这里报道的方法，研究使用时，已经审查和批准通过罗格斯大学艺术和科学机构审查委员会（IRB）的人类受试者保护计划。 1.准备<ol><li>安排宝宝1小时的测试中声音衰减，电屏蔽室。本文所产生的代表性数据中提出的研究方案包括20 - 脑电图测试30分钟。 </li><li>分配三个人每个测试环节:一是"初级测试仪"，一"网助手"和一个"艺人"。 </li><li>对于高密度的脑电图婴儿记录，使用至少一个64通道网。对于这里提出的有代表性的数据，使用一个128信道传感器网。 </li></ol> 2.网中的应用<ol><li>设置了以下电源中的记录湛BER:科班自粘接胶带包裹，皮尺，标记笔，2条毛巾，和吸管。听起来校准测试水平（ 例如，分贝SPL，HL等）。 </li><li>使电解质溶液（蒸馏水，氯化钾和婴儿洗发精）以及之前预计的家人抵达时间。以确保该网是不能在婴儿的头部过冷，暖8盎司的水被添加到刚刚应用前的溶液。 </li><li>当家人到达后，获得批准​​的IRB形式同意。 </li><li>在试验室，坐在照顾者的腿上的婴儿，并有艺人开始与婴儿玩。如果是第一次访问，解释了网络应用程序。 </li><li>测量婴幼儿的头围在头部的最宽点，并选择根据这个测量的净尺寸。为了获得最适合的，选择一个更小的尺寸，如果净周长接近一个年龄最小尺寸。淹没选择网在ELECtrolyte解决方案。 </li><li>测量鼻根到INION和在总的测量的半标记头皮。做同样的耳朵到耳朵测量。最终成绩为CZ（顶点）。 </li><li>通过将其放置在干燥的毛巾取下净多余的溶液。有净助理反转网和把握锆石电极;保持净使主测试仪能在网的正面定位自己的手指。 </li><li>翻转网，并将网对婴儿头部净助理移动南极和有色前线（连接鼻根电极和南极）网之外。 </li><li>调整对婴儿的头净头寸，锆石放置在顶点头皮大关。位置/对齐每个从后面开始并朝向前工作，确保有各电极和头表面之间的直角的电极。 </li><li>收集线，调整南极，用胶带科班电线安全，并插上连接到网构造函数。 </li><li>测量的电极阻抗的&lt;50千欧的阈值，或根据系统的说明。如果一些电极具有高的阻抗，再浸泡的电极用电解质填充的吸管轻柔地从电极下移动的头发。 </li></ol> 3.刺激呈现和脑电图记录<ol><li>目前听觉刺激在自由场与扬声器等距离婴儿的头部。 注:代表研究刺激参数如下:70毫秒音调对，的基本频率或者800或1200赫兹和15次谐波（每倍频程6分贝滚降）的两个块（70或300毫秒之间呈现刺激间隔）。低高对（800赫兹 - 1200赫兹）表示为离经叛道（15％= 125试验）中低低（800赫兹 - 800赫兹）的标准（85％= 708试验）。 </li><li>根据硬件和软件的说明记录脑电图。使用的代表性数据如下参数:桑普林志玲率:250赫兹，低通滤波器的硬件:100赫兹，椭圆形，高通滤波器:0.1赫兹，自动:设置为奈奎斯特，董事会增益:1。 </li><li>在录制过程中提供一个平静，安静，温和配合对婴儿的环境。打一个年龄适当的沉默视频或安静的玩具（ 如吹泡泡，指向图片的书籍，木偶戏）从事婴儿。与耳机提供护理人员来听音乐避免了与婴儿响应无意护理人员干扰。如果婴儿是焦躁不安，影响脑电图，暂停刺激呈现和脑电图记录，直到一个平静的环境，就可以恢复。 </li><li>实验完成后，轻轻取出净擦干婴儿的头发和头部。 </li><li>关闭程序的测试环节结束前保存和备份原始的，未经过滤的脑电数据。 </li></ol> 4.数据处理 - 资源规划目视检查原始脑电数据，并拒绝段s的高幅度神器。 注:拒绝通道高振幅和插值。拒绝信道的最大百分比应设定为30％。替代方法（ 例如，ICA，PCA，参见附图30）也可以采用，以减少或拒绝出现在数据工件。 <ol><li>过滤器，与皮质活动符合预先设定的参数数据。对于婴儿，使用1-3的离线带通滤波器 - 15赫兹。 </li><li>段连续数据根据软件的说明围绕"时间0"创建时期（刺激发病）。对于细分，包括足够的刺激前时间来建立基线活动和刺激后及时捕捉整个响应。 </li><li>根据适当的拒收标准（ 如 +/- 200μV是婴幼儿）拒绝嘈杂的时代。在30％设置拒绝时代的最大百分比。 </li><li>平均的时代每一个人和每一个条件，并结合这些平均根据组和条件盛大​​平均值秒。 </li><li>如果包含在每个平均在时代的跨越数学科而异，体重时代的数量，使科目增加/减少时期都同样重视。 <ol><li>进行加权的总平均，从每个条件计算个体平均值作为n次波形，其中n等于构成该平均历元的数目，然后由历元的所有受试者的总数除以。该方法给出了最终的平均每次试验相同的权重。 </li></ol></li></ol> 5.数据处理 - 源定位对于婴幼儿的数据，共登记要么是年龄适当的MR模板或个人MR扫描（参见以前的出版物31,32），每一个人和盛大的平均ERP文件。 注意:在配准过程中，电极的位置和再生头被注册成一个单一的坐标系。大平均可使用来定义偶极子模型。 估计的潜在源的数量和位置要安装到的数据。对于听觉范式，用两个偶极子与自由位置和旋转。 注:源估计，然后自动通过一个最小化的成本函数是4残余配合标准的加权组合，以获得"最佳配合"的位置到感兴趣的时间窗口指导。 <ol><li>确保年龄适当参数用于头皮厚度，颅骨厚度，宽度蛛网膜下腔和骨传导性的，因为这些因素在开发过程中迅速变化。对于有代表性的数据，参数为:颅骨1.5毫米;头皮2.5毫米;蛛网膜下腔1.7毫米;骨传导性:0.0581。 </li><li>与盛大平均ERP开始，选择感兴趣相当于峰值的时间窗口。保守的参数通常围绕感兴趣的31 +/-峰值20毫秒。 </li><li>检查网络连接的"善良t"的使用剩余方差的软件输出偶极溶液。这是信号的仍然无法解释拟合由电流偶极子模型的给定的时间窗口上的量。调整时间窗口，以尽量减少剩余方差。使用分布式源模型（CLARA）检查扩展活动区域内的解决方案。 </li><li>保存偶极源解决方案和波形每个条件和峰值。 </li><li>重复该过程对于每个人平均文件。 </li><li>为源位置的统计分析，峰延迟，幅度和位置的使用价值在X（中间 - 侧）中，Y（前 - 后）坐标，和Z（上 - 下）方向上为每个偶极子从每个单独的平均文件解决方案。在这里介绍的情况下，2X2重复测量ANOVA（刺激（标准，偏差）×半球（左，右），用于信源的振幅和延迟可能是有用的，以看强度的发电机和定时。源坐标可以以相同的方式评估（对于综述，31,32）。 </li></ol> 6.数据处理 - 在源空时频分析<ol><li>应用偶极子模型解决了原始的，未经过滤，连续脑电数据。 <ol><li>应用源液（保存在步骤5.6），以原始脑电数据文件作为虚拟电极蒙太奇。 注意:使用在这样的偶极子模型的施加一个固定的空间滤波器在表面沟道录制（传感器空间）来转换连续的高密度脑电图成虚拟2-源蒙太奇（脑源空间）。 </li></ol></li><li>变换的时域审单源信号转换成所述时-频域（ 图1）。 注意:目前，若干种方法可用于转化单审数据转换成时 - 频域，包括小波分析和应用一个希尔伯特变换滤波的数据。虽然这些方法的比较是本文的讨论范围之内，数个公开发表的文章已经彻底地描述了这些方法33-36。使用市售的一致性的软件程序37中发现的复合解调过程的时间-频率分析，计算出瞬时包络振幅每个脑活动的和相位作为频率和时间37-39的功能。这会产生瞬时功率的变化的措施（时谱演变，TSE）和相位锁定（内部试验阶段锁定，ITPL）。 <ol><li>使用下面的参数:1赫兹宽的频率槽的2至80赫兹和从-1500到1500毫秒50毫秒的时间分辨率。历元时间窗应足够长，以允许过滤或处理，以最低的期望频率，而不会产生工件40,41。 </li></ol></li><li>可视化脑电活动的频率峰值，以避免可能的寄生假象相关或圆形的r解释兴高采烈的振荡41,42。 </li><li>执行置换的测试和聚类分析，以确定横跨条件和组24,43显著差异的区域。 </li></ol>

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The authors have no disclosures to acknowledge.

这里所描述的研究方法描述了如何促进spectrotemporal动态和高密度听觉诱发脑电图和ERP在婴儿大脑的反应解剖位置有更深的了解。有此协议中的四个关键步骤，便于分析。首先，适当的网络应用和定位以最小的照顾者和婴儿窘迫是在非镇静范式记录脑电图干净的基础。正确的测量头和净尺寸选择以及在申请过程中使用的净助理，艺人的关键是实现这一步。二，对测试环节，由初级测试仪，网络助手和艺人，谁从事安静发挥促进婴幼儿的条件中建立一个平静，安静和俏皮的氛围，为家庭是很重要的。第三，进行数据分析，至关重要的是，用于源定位年龄相符的MRI头部模型。头围，博ね和皮肤和脑脊髓空间必须准确的年龄，以获得最精确的定位结果进行测试。最后，对于在一般皮质反应，它是同样重要的是可用于高密度网（ 例如 ，至少64个通道的数据），以优化得到的低工件记录的机会。 这种技术的一个限制是，脑电图数据源定位不是金标准网站的活性测试。我们必须牢记，本地化的模式向前即使有最好的头部模型和测量的仍然是估计的活动地点。因此，有必要设计该实验以这样的方式关于源活动的信息可以在整个实验条件或组进行比较。另外，在一般和特别是纵向研究婴儿测试可以是充满了不完整的或丢失的数据集。解决这一问题是一个）维持řelationships与参与的家庭;二）优化婴儿和照顾者一个安静，沉稳大气的记录;和c）高估标的池。在我们的手中，拥有一支经验丰富的儿科团队，我们已经达到低压差和最小的数据损失率。在与57参与者211婴儿的记录会话的纵向样本，我们表明98.6％的数据保留（ 例如 ，208会话，导致可用数据）和10％的退出率（ 例如 ，6参与者无法开始后继续实验）。脑电图超过其它技术，如乙二醇和近红外光谱的优点是，subcortically偏压活动是与不同滤波器频带访问。此外，它更容易控制用于移动作为电极用头行进。 一旦该协议被掌握，婴儿的脑电图和动态振荡的实验应用丰富。很显然，我们必须先了解一般开发皮层网络及通讯系统为了RKS识别那些非典型组织。这表明，需要建立一个模型，其中早期听觉处理机制（包括振荡）的完整性起着产生和声音表示的可塑性的作用听觉体验被并入，并且理想的，教训。根据这个模型，非语言处理缺陷可能与症状几年有关，或在某些情况下数十年，正式诊断发生之前。 需要将来的调查，以了解进一步的细节，其中包括频带特定振荡动力学，交叉频率相耦合并横跨早期发展的区域抑制/兴奋性图案的功能。此外，皮质活性和测试不同状态，如睡眠，需要得到典型的开发的更全面的了解。我们相信，随着这一技术的研究将提供重要的洞察过程WHICH&#39;neurotypical&#39;和非典型振荡动力学组织和新兴的认知和语言能力进行交互。

在广泛发育障碍的频谱，它正变得越来越明显，关键在于早期识别和修复，最终在于理解是发挥作用，如发育中的大脑功能汇聚网络的早期机制。因此，有兴趣增加在了解神经模式的时间动态变化的影响的认识。特别是，特定的认知功能进行差分相关与振荡活性在特定频带（ 例如，环状的波动的单细胞或细胞群的膜电位）1。先前的研究已经证实，振荡动力学起到活性依赖性自组织发展网络2-4的至关重要的作用，控制神经元兴奋性5,6-和整合感觉输入7,8。振荡大脑活动被认为是代谢有益9,10，增加的av的效率ariety感觉处理功能和协调的更高级别的功能，如认知和语言。然而，在年龄与行为结果在人类婴儿链接神经同步的作用的系统的调查尚未完成。实现这一目标的一个重要步骤，是实现时间动态和支持发展的认知过程，包括早期语言振荡机制的出现和成熟更深入的了解。 语言发展的重要组成部分，是准确地处理和分类 ​​的快速变化的声学信号的能力:经常在尽可能少的顺序为几十毫秒 。例如，将"爸爸"和"坏"的声音动态声学不同只在最初的40毫秒的音节，但两国有非常不同的含义和协会。以往的研究表明recepti的轨迹的成熟已经声学和语言差异的能力。早在2个月的年龄，婴儿显示区分快速频率变化的能力（ 例如，&lt;100毫秒）;这表明"硬件"两个声学相似音节之间检测差异到位。在接下来的几个月里，婴儿可以区分越来越小的差异，制定明确的看法，并表现出对母语的音节11-14声音皮质专业化。因为复杂的声音感知依赖于基本处理机构的功能，它被认为是在能力赤字察觉快速变化的声学差异-即使对于简单的声音，如音-可能是早期指标15的后语言障碍。 在这个实验室以前的工作从乔杜里和Benasich坚决支持这一假说，显示出婴儿的能力非常处理在简单的声音（ 如音）的快速变化可以预测3，4年的语言和认知能力16,17。这些数据证明了语前婴幼儿的大脑反应可以提供听觉处理和发展进步的量化指标。研究和这里介绍的方法探讨这种关系的基本机制的重要方面。研究几行现在表明，潜伏期和ERP波的振幅从多个发电机18-23脑电图振荡spectrotemporal动力学的总和产生。 Spectrotemporal分析还允许相位和功率信息的分离。锁相活性反映是受刺激诱发的神经反应的一部分。这种类型的信息是类似于可以从ERP中提取的，因为反应进行平均相对于时间锁定事件。然而，一些神经元活动的时间可能有所不同，从审判审判。在ERP的分析，THI的活动是"被平均";然而，在从试验，以试验功率变化的分析，该信息可以被回收和分析。因此，相位和功率spectrotemporal分析可以给出有关神经反应的其他信息，相对于常规的ERP。对于婴幼儿的发展，有大量证据表明，振荡有助于神经回路的发展在动物模型2,3但这些机制才刚刚开始在人群中进行调查。从本实验室工作表明theta和伽马振荡关联的母语专业化在6个月的24。这凸显了在婴儿期振荡层次的功能。 全局假设的基础上，上述提出的证据是，在听觉皮层诱发振荡的同步支持婴儿的大脑发育。如在测试这个假设的第一步骤，一个"基准221;在婴儿早期处理得到; ，这是目前认为先于"感性缩小"为母语的专业化25,26 4个月，年龄的，即。因此，我们进行了审单频分析中被动侦听记录到球场变和音高不变的一个"古怪"范式提出了音调对包括两个速率条件下的婴儿脑电数据（控制条件:300毫秒间刺激间隔;快速条件:70毫秒刺激间间隔）。 在这里，我们说明利用研究侧重于快速听觉处理刺激这种方法。在这些研究中，一个"古怪范例"，被用来评估神经元活动，以不可预测的，但可识别的事件。在这个范例中，大脑响应于不可预知的或"奇"的刺激通常被称为"越轨"反应，而为预测的刺激的反应，提出了金属氧化物半导体时间t，通常被称为"标准"的大脑反应。反应在一个古怪的模式呈现的刺激可以引起自动不集中注意力，使得这种模式很容易非常婴幼儿使用。所有的听觉刺激的是通过自由场扬声器间隔，这取决于该研究中提出。如前面提到的，在目前的研究声音，指数快速听觉处理（RAP）的能力，使用:即，声音含声学变化16,17,27,28几十到的毫秒。可注意到，许多其它的刺激类型是用于测试神经生理学歧视，包括辅音 - 元音（CV）的有用的声音以及离经叛道反射变化频率或持续时间，与插入的间隙，和/或上升或下降频率扫描。最后，我们还建议在录制过程中"静游戏"中，没有听觉刺激呈现自发脑电图。然后这些数据可以是用来衡量在没有反复刺激的振荡耦合和连贯性。 从婴儿的人口记录脑电活动带来了一系列独特的挑战。例如，与电极的放置和让他们在实验期间的合作，尽量减少运动，以防止文物脑电图，并保持经营和分心沉默玩具宝宝都代表着挑战。此外，婴幼儿的数据不容易进行与成人/年龄较大的儿童数据开发的协议的简单应用。在许多情况下，组件在婴儿的脑电图观察和事件相关电位（有效保护率）之间的关系并不明确的，也不总是映射到什么是接受成人。虽然发展研究拥有强大的潜力，了解典型和无序大脑功能的起源，人类的婴儿记录可靠，可解释的大脑反应需要啊既精通技术和人际关系领域IGH水平。这些挑战，但是，可以克服和可靠EEG和ERP的数据可从不同年龄的婴儿使用各种范例予以记录。在这里，我们将介绍利用分析市售ERP记录和分析软件结合一个自由的，开放源码的ERP分析软件包，在MATLAB环境下工作29的一般方法。 的振动分析方法，以婴幼儿的大脑反应记录该应用程序允许的神经元同步发展语言习得更多的机械问题有关，并推测作用机制的探索时同步就会大打折扣。有关的努力使用其他刺激，如语音音节24，以及在纵向分析或与早期训练范式自发或"静止"振荡1分析，提供窗口到吨emporal，空间，和典型的和无序的发展轨迹光谱动力学。人们希望，这些努力将增加我们的听觉发育和可塑性的基础的理解，并有助于为发展语言障碍识别和修正策略。

<table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0">
	<tbody>
		<tr>
			<td>EEG Amplifiers</td>
			<td>EGI</td>
			<td>1301281</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Sensor Nets&#160;</td>
			<td>EGI</td>
			<td>C-GSN-128-1011-110</td>
			<td>Sizes of nets vary with age, by month</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>EEG Recording Software</td>
			<td>Net Station</td>
			<td>4604200</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Presentation Computer</td>
			<td>Dell</td>
			<td>4608161</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Presentation Software</td>
			<td>Eprime</td>
			<td>13102456-50</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Baby bottle warmer</td>
			<td>Avent</td>
			<td></td>
			<td>Target or any baby store</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Electrolyte solutuion (Potassium Chloride dry)</td>
			<td>EGI</td>
			<td>A-A-CC-KLL-1000-000</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Coban self-adherent wrap tape</td>
			<td>Coban</td>
			<td>595573</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Measuring tape</td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
			<td>Target or any baby store</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Washable Markers</td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
			<td>Target or any baby store</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Pipettes&#160;</td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
			<td>Comes with EGI amplifier setup</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Analysis Computer</td>
			<td>Dell</td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Analysis Software I</td>
			<td>BESA</td>
			<td>3955054</td>
			<td>v5.3</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Analysis Software II</td>
			<td>Brain Voyager</td>
			<td>3955054</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Analysis Software III</td>
			<td>EEGLAB/ERPLAB/ MassUnivariate Toolbox</td>
			<td></td>
			<td>Freeware MatLAB v2007b</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Analysis Software IV</td>
			<td>BESA Statistics</td>
			<td>3956341</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
	</tbody>
</table>

infant auditory processing and event-related brain oscillations

快速听觉处理和声学变化检测能力在使人类婴儿有效处理细光谱和属于人类语言的特征的时间变化中起关键作用。这些能力奠定了有效的语言习得的基础;让婴儿磨练他们的母语的声音。在动物和头皮记录的潜力，从人类的成年人有创操作建议之间和大脑区域内同时进行，有节奏的活动（振荡）是基本的感官发展;确定与传入刺激被解析的分辨率。这时，鲜为人知的是，在人类婴儿发育振荡力度。然而，动物神经生理学和成人脑电图数据提供了基础，在婴儿快速听觉处理由振荡同步离散频带介导强烈的假说。为了研究这个，128路，高DENSI4个月大的婴儿TY脑电反应频率变化的语气对，两率的条件（快速:70毫秒ISI和控制:300毫秒ISI）提交了审查。要确定的频带和活动幅度，听觉诱发响应的平均值分别为第一共登记年龄适当的脑的模板。接着，将反应的主要成分进行鉴定，并使用脑活动的两偶极子模型本地化。振荡功率审单分析显示频率变化处理的稳健指数的Theta带连发（3 - 8赫兹）活动在左右两个听觉皮层，左激活快速状态更为突出。这些方法已经产生了不仅一些首次报道的诱发振荡分析在婴儿，但也可以是以数据，重要的是，一个完善的记录和分析干净，精心收集，婴儿EEG和事件相关电位的方法的产物。在这篇文章中，我们描述了我们的方法我nfant脑电图网应用，录音，动态大脑反应分析，和有代表性的成果。

婴儿事件相关电位 婴儿的ERP一般比成人的ERP较大，并且可具有更少或更多的激活的峰，相对于成熟的反应，根据年龄44。在这里，我们显示来自23 4个月大的婴儿43（ 图2）代表盛大的平均响应。的古怪范式使我们能够确定婴儿的大脑是否能够识别两个事件之间的差异。在代表性的结果，音调变，异常响应（DEV，800-1,200Hz，红线）引起活化的附加峰，相对于所述不变音调对（STD，800-800Hz，黑线）。这一发现是在两个控制率（300毫秒ISI，左）和极快的速度（70毫秒ISI，右）的条件明显。 （右环）和C4（中央，左）显示，从Fz的（前腰中线），C3的电极例如响应。计算差异波（越轨减标）也显示在灰线。活化的附加峰表明在这个年龄的婴儿大脑可以在两个速率演示判别音调之间的差。 婴儿源波形 很少有剩余方差源活动应遵循ERP峰，标志着原始数据和局部变换的数据源之间的"般配"。在有代表性的数据，我们将展示婴儿平均盛大ERP的双偶极子最适合源模型到STD位置（音不变）的条件在CLARA分布式模型（ 图3）。计算清楚地表​​明在控制和快速的速率条件下左，右听觉激活。 活动从双偶极子模型（ 图4）的峰对应于ERP的响应非常好。波峰时序的ERP的波形和形态，如图我ñ面板（我），匹配面板中显示（II）（详细信息，请参阅原创文章，43）源波形的时间和形态。从这个实验中源波形在活动过度的头皮电极解释的方差的97.9％。源峰潜伏期的统计分析表明，右半球活性比左侧在两个条件更快，并且在快速率的反应是在后面两个半球比在控制条件。使用ERP系统的数据，这表明源定位技术使从响应附加信息的检索中未观察到半球的差异。 婴儿事件相关振荡 在一般情况下，时间频率成人的分析和动物的数据表明，刺激唤起的神经元同步的1 / f图形（ 例如 ，降低功率随频率的增加）。在代表性数据，诱发听觉牛逼1对，我们表明，婴幼儿也表达这种模式（ 图5）。这里，刺激发病引起THETA（5-6赫兹），β（20-25）赫兹和伽玛（35-45赫兹）功率在两个右的同步脉冲串和大脑的左听觉区域。 动物模型和成人的实验表明，振荡同步，尤其是低到中高频振荡（ 例如 ，1-8赫兹）是主要贡献者诱发电位45。瞬时功率的变化（时空频谱演化，TSE）的婴儿的振荡从我们以前的出版物43的分析表现出更大的感应功率，在的θ频带（6-8赫兹），相对于所述不变色调的变音。观察到在这两种速率条件下，这种效果，特别是在在控制速率条件（ 图6）的权利听觉区域。快的速度呈现产生了更多的两侧对称活性，提示左增强皮层INV快速发生刺激听觉处理过程中和声学的变化在加工过程中，特别olvement。 <img alt="图1" src="/files/ftp_upload/52420/52420fig1.jpg" /> 图的时频分析。时频分析方法步骤1.使用盛大说明平均（N = 12）的70毫秒ISI音状态时，从4个月大的婴儿数据。刺激起始点示在时间轴下方红色箭头。分析的步骤:（1）均得到有效保护率，在直拉电极所示，对于每个信道被创建（2）源的ERP发电机，在草图头所示的位置，是通过使用在数据2偶极子模型映射到所获得的。婴儿MRI模板。（3）个人和盛大的平均源波形是由左，右偶极子的配合获得。婴儿头部模型显示对应于所选择的峰值的电压图（在克射线）。（4）源蒙太奇被施加到128信道头皮数据，并且振幅被计算并保存用于两个源通道。（5）事件相关的振动可以从单一的试验计算平均响应时间。 <a href="https://www-jove-com.remotexs.ntu.edu.sg/files/ftp_upload/52420/52420fig1highres.jpg" target="_blank">请点击此处查看该图的放大版本。</a> <img alt="图2" src="/files/ftp_upload/52420/52420fig2.jpg" /> 图2.事件相关电位形态。大平均（N = 23），以快速（70毫秒ISI）和控制（300毫秒ISI）的响应速度为标准（STD，黑线）和越轨（DEV，红色线）双音示于额叶中线和中央左和右电极。消极绘制了起来。刺激起始点示于在Fz的时间轴下方红色箭头。 P1被显示在Fz的面板用黑色箭头。所不同的WAVE（响应DEV负响应STD）显示为灰色线（43改编）。 <a href="https://www-jove-com.remotexs.ntu.edu.sg/files/ftp_upload/52420/52420fig2large.jpg" target="_blank">请点击此处查看该图的放大版本。</a> <img alt="图3" src="/files/ftp_upload/52420/52420fig3.jpg" /> 图3.源定位结果。双偶极子"最适合"源模型如图覆盖在从源模型分发活动。明确左右活动可以看出在左和右颞叶区域。 （43改编）。 <a href="https://www-jove-com.remotexs.ntu.edu.sg/files/ftp_upload/52420/52420fig3large.jpg" target="_blank">请点击此处查看该图的放大版本。</a> <img alt="图4" src="/files/ftp_upload/52420/52420fig4.jpg" /> 图4.事件相关电位和源波形比较。 （一）ERP的例子，从正面LEF<html> T和右电极（F3和F4）激活显示峰的语气对，不变的，变基频（STD和DEV，分别）。频率的变化引起较大峰值〜400毫秒（DEV，红色线），相对于当频率不变（STD，黑色）。（ⅱ）激活的峰的延迟是相似的源-局部偶极活性，这ERP和源波形分析之间的良好匹配。在400毫秒的大峰是在右半球与源本地化数据格外引人注目。为简单起见，只响应速度过快情况显示，但类似的匹配的ERP和源波形的控制率条件下的响应之间也观察到。 <a href="https://www-jove-com.remotexs.ntu.edu.sg/files/ftp_upload/52420/52420fig4large.jpg" target="_blank">请点击此处查看该图的放大版本。</a> <html>古尔5"SRC ="/文件/ ftp_upload / 52420 / 52420fig5.jpg"/&gt; 图5.汇集TSE映射百分比表示的光谱的变化而言过的时间为左和右发电机-1到1秒的时期。（i）如在相干频带的300毫秒ISI的条件引导学生回答事件相关振荡音各地刺激发病（ 如 ，-1,140毫秒和0毫秒）。长刺激时期被用于以显现更多的数据，并提供足够长的样品进行频率分解。右图显示的平均光谱在初步处理峰值（150 - 300毫秒）。平均频谱显示了整体的1 / f频谱与同步的特定频段的离散峰值。（二）类似的模式观察到70毫秒ISI的条件。 <a href="https://www-jove-com.remotexs.ntu.edu.sg/files/ftp_upload/52420/52420fig5highres.jpg" target="_blank">请点击此处查看该图的放大版本。</a> 帐篷"FO:保持together.within页="总是"&gt; <img alt="图6" src="/files/ftp_upload/52420/52420fig6.jpg" /> 图6.时间频率在4个月大的婴儿事件相关振荡的分析。更改振荡功率显示inTemporal频谱演进（TSE）的平均盛大的地块4个月大的婴儿在控制（A）和极快的速度（B）的条件。在x轴黑条说明音调发生和持续时间。左，右源活性表示在每个图的左上角。第一行:（一）回应的语气对，不变的频率（STD）显示在三角洲-θ范围内的功率变化。中间行:（二）回应的语气对中，第二声（DEV）显示增强三角洲-θ功率的频率变化在第二声，相对于STD反应，特别是在控制条件下的听觉权区域。第三行:性病和DEV之间的差异图回答表明，在极快的速度（B.iii）的控制率（A.III）右侧单侧增加功率和双边功率差。性病在时 - 频域中的DEV响应之间显著差异示于黑色轮廓。 （43改编）。 <a href="https://www-jove-com.remotexs.ntu.edu.sg/files/ftp_upload/52420/52420fig6highres.jpg" target="_blank">请点击此处查看该图的放大版本。</a>

Watch this Scientific Journal Video about Infant Auditory Processing and Event-related Brain Oscillations at JoVE.com

Infant Auditory Processing and Event-related Brain Oscillations

High-density electroencephalography (dEEG) is being used increasingly to study brain development and plasticity in the early years of life. Here we present an application of sophisticated analysis techniques that builds on traditional EEG recording to understand the oscillatory dynamics of rapid auditory processing in the infant brain.

婴儿听觉处理和事件相关的脑振荡

Rapid auditory processing and acoustic change detection abilities play a critical role in allowing human infants to efficiently process the fine spectral ...

infant-auditory-processing-and-event-related-brain-oscillations

Research

JoVE Journal

Behavior

16.3K 次观看.  Rutgers University, State University of New Jersey, Newark. High-density electroencephalography (dEEG) is being used increasingly to study brain development and plasticity in the early years of life. Here we present an application of sophisticated analysis techniques that builds on traditional EEG recording to understand the oscillatory dynamics of rapid auditory processing in the infant brain. 

视频: Infant Auditory Processing and Event-related Brain Oscillations

Quantitative Assessment of Cortical Auditory-tactile Processing in Children with Disabilities

Objective and easy measurement of sensory processing is extremely difficult in nonverbal or vulnerable pediatric patients. We developed a new methodology to quantitatively assess children&#39;s cortical processing of light touch, speech sounds and the multisensory processing of the 2 stimuli, without requiring active subject participation or causing children discomfort. To accomplish this we developed a dual channel, time and strength calibrated air puff stimulator that allows both tactile stimulation and sham control. We combined this with the use of event-related potential methodology to allow for high temporal resolution of signals from the primary and secondary somatosensory cortices as well as higher order processing. This methodology also allowed us to measure a multisensory response to auditory-tactile stimulation.

Objective and easy measurement of sensory processing is extremely difficult in nonverbal or vulnerable pediatric patients. We developed a new methodology to quantitatively assess infants and children&#39;s cortical processing of light touch, speech sounds, and the multisensory processing of the 2 stimuli, without requiring active subject participation or causing discomfort in vulnerable patients.

皮质听觉，触觉加工的残疾儿童定量评价

Objective and easy measurement of sensory processing is extremely difficult in nonverbal or vulnerable pediatric patients. We developed a new methodology ...

科研

行为学

Measuring Neural and Behavioral Activity During Ongoing Computerized Social Interactions: An Examination of Event-Related Brain Potentials

Social exclusion is a complex social phenomenon with powerful negative consequences. Given the impact of social exclusion on mental and emotional health, an understanding of how perceptions of social exclusion develop over the course of a social interaction is important for advancing treatments aimed at lessening the harmful costs of being excluded. To date, most scientific examinations of social exclusion have looked at exclusion after a social interaction has been completed. While this has been very helpful in developing an understanding of what happens to a person following exclusion, it has not helped to clarify the moment-to-moment dynamics of the process of social exclusion. Accordingly, the current protocol was developed to obtain an improved understanding of social exclusion by examining the patterns of event-related brain activation that are present during social interactions. This protocol allows greater precision and sensitivity in detailing the social processes that lead people to feel as though they have been excluded from a social interaction. Importantly, the current protocol can be adapted to include research projects that vary the nature of exclusionary social interactions by altering how frequently participants are included, how long the periods of exclusion will last in each interaction, and when exclusion will take place during the social interactions. Further, the current protocol can be used to examine variables and constructs beyond those related to social exclusion. This capability to address a variety of applications across psychology by obtaining both neural and behavioral data during ongoing social interactions suggests the present protocol could be at the core of a developing area of scientific inquiry related to social interactions.

Research on social exclusion has grown tremendously in recent years. As the field expands, it is imperative to develop sophisticated methodologies allowing for the simultaneous measurement of neural and behavioral outcomes during social exclusion. This protocol utilizes event-related brain potentials to record ongoing neural activity during computerized social interactions.

测量神经和行为活动期间持续计算机化的社会互动:对事件相关电位的考察

Social exclusion is a complex social phenomenon with powerful negative consequences. Given the impact of social exclusion on mental and emotional health, ...

Investigating the Effects of Antipsychotics and Schizotypy on the N400 Using Event-Related Potentials and Semantic Categorization

Within the field of cognitive neuroscience, functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) is a popular method of visualizing brain function. This is in part because of its excellent spatial resolution, which allows researchers to identify brain areas associated with specific cognitive processes. However, in the quest to localize brain functions, it is relevant to note that many cognitive, sensory, and motor processes have temporal distinctions that are imperative to capture, an aspect that is left unfulfilled by fMRI&#8217;s suboptimal temporal resolution. To better understand cognitive processes, it is thus advantageous to utilize event-related potential (ERP) recording as a method of gathering information about the brain. Some of its advantages include its fantastic temporal resolution, which gives researchers the ability to follow the activity of the brain down to the millisecond. It also directly indexes both excitatory and inhibitory post-synaptic potentials by which most brain computations are performed. This sits in contrast to fMRI, which captures an index of metabolic activity. Further, the non-invasive ERP method does not require a contrast condition: raw ERPs can be examined for just one experimental condition, a distinction from fMRI where control conditions must be subtracted from the experimental condition, leading to uncertainty in associating observations with experimental or contrast conditions. While it is limited by its poor spatial and subcortical activity resolution, ERP recordings&#8217; utility, relative cost-effectiveness, and associated advantages offer strong rationale for its use in cognitive neuroscience to track rapid temporal changes in neural activity. In an effort to foster increase in its use as a research imaging method, and to ensure proper and accurate data collection, the present article will outline &#8211; in the framework of a paradigm using semantic categorization to examine the effects of antipsychotics and schizotypy on the N400 &#8211; the procedure and key aspects associated with ERP data acquisition.

Using event-related EEG potentials (ERPs), we investigate the effects of antipsychotic medications on abnormal semantic brain activations in healthy individuals with schizotypal traits. We use ERPs to track distinct changes in brain activity, shedding insight into the cognitive processes associated with semantic categorization.

使用事件相关电位和语义分类调查抗精神病药和Schizotypy在N400的影响

Within the field of cognitive neuroscience, functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) is a popular method of visualizing brain function. This is in ...

Event-related Potentials During Target-response Tasks to Study Cognitive Processes of Upper Limb Use in Children with Unilateral Cerebral Palsy

Unilateral Cerebral Palsy (CP) is a neurodevelopmental disorder that is a very common cause of disability in childhood. It is characterized by unilateral motor impairments that are frequently dominated in the upper limb. In addition to a reduced movement capacity of the affected upper limb, several children with unilateral CP show a reduced awareness of the remaining movement capacity of that limb. This phenomenon of disregarding the preserved capacity of the affected upper limb is regularly referred to as Developmental Disregard (DD). Different theories have been postulated to explain DD, each suggesting slightly different guidelines for therapy. Still, cognitive processes that might additionally contribute to DD in children with unilateral CP have never been directly studied. The current protocol was developed to study cognitive aspects involved in upper limb control in children with unilateral CP with and without DD. This was done by recording event-related potentials (ERPs) extracted from the ongoing EEG during target-response tasks asking for a hand-movement response. ERPs consist of several components, each of them associated with a well-defined cognitive process (e.g., the N1 with early attention processes, the N2 with cognitive control and the P3 with cognitive load and mental effort). Due to its excellent temporal resolution, the ERP technique enables to study several covert cognitive processes preceding overt motor responses and thus allows insight into the cognitive processes that might contribute to the phenomenon of DD. Using this protocol adds a new level of explanation to existing behavioral studies and opens new avenues to the broader implementation of research on cognitive aspects of developmental movement restrictions in children.

Several children with unilateral Cerebral Palsy seem to disregard the preserved capacity of their affected upper limb. This Developmental Disregard is extensively described in the literature but the involved cognitive processes have not been studied. To study underlying cognitive factors of upper limb control, an event-related potential protocol was developed.

事件相关电位在目标响应的任务，研究的上肢使用在儿童认知过程单侧脑性麻痹

Unilateral Cerebral Palsy (CP) is a neurodevelopmental disorder that is a very common cause of disability in childhood. It is characterized by unilateral ...

Automatic Detection of Highly Organized Theta Oscillations in the Murine EEG

Theta activity is generated in the septohippocampal system and can be recorded using deep intrahippocampal electrodes and implantable electroencephalography (EEG) radiotelemetry or tether system approaches. Pharmacologically, hippocampal theta is heterogeneous (see dualistic theory) and can be differentiated into type I and type II theta. These individual EEG subtypes are related to specific cognitive and behavioral states, such as arousal, exploration, learning and memory, higher integrative functions, etc. In neurodegenerative diseases such as Alzheimer&#39;s, structural and functional alterations of the septohippocampal system can result in impaired theta activity/oscillations. A standard quantitative analysis of the hippocampal EEG includes a Fast-Fourier-Transformation (FFT)-based frequency analysis. However, this procedure does not provide details about theta activity in general and highly-organized theta oscillations in particular. In order to obtain detailed information on highly-organized theta oscillations in the hippocampus, we have developed a new analytical approach. This approach allows for time- and cost-effective quantification of the duration of highly-organized theta oscillations and their frequency characteristics.

Theta activity in the hippocampus is related to specific cognitive and behavioral stages. Here, we describe an analytical method to detect highly-organized theta oscillations within the hippocampus using a time-frequency (i.e., wavelet analysis)-based approach.

高度组织的Theta振荡在鼠脑的自动检测

Theta activity is generated in the septohippocampal system and can be recorded using deep intrahippocampal electrodes and implantable ...

A Within-subjects Experimental Protocol to Assess the Effects of Social Input on Infant EEG

Despite the importance of social interactions for infant brain development, little research has assessed functional neural activation while infants socially interact. Electroencephalography (EEG) power is an advantageous technique to assess infant functional neural activation. However, many studies record infant EEG only during one baseline condition. This protocol describes a paradigm that is designed to comprehensively assess infant EEG activity in both social and nonsocial contexts as well as tease apart how different types of social inputs differentially relate to infant EEG. The within-subjects paradigm includes four controlled conditions. In the nonsocial condition, infants view objects on computer screens. The joint attention condition involves an experimenter directing the infant's attention to pictures. The joint attention condition includes three types of social input: language, face-to-face interaction, and the presence of joint attention. Differences in infant EEG between the nonsocial and joint attention conditions could be due to any of these three types of input. Therefore, two additional conditions (one with language input while the experimenter is hidden behind a screen and one with face-to-face interaction) were included to assess the driving contextual factors in patterns of infant neural activation. Representative results demonstrate that infant EEG power varied by condition, both overall and differentially by brain region, supporting the functional nature of infant EEG power. This technique is advantageous in that it includes conditions that are clearly social or nonsocial and allows for examination of how specific types of social input relate to EEG power. This paradigm can be used to assess how individual differences in age, affect, socioeconomic status, and parent-infant interaction quality relate to the development of the social brain. Based on the demonstrated functional nature of infant EEG power, future studies should consider the role of EEG recording context and design conditions that are clearly social or nonsocial.

This novel protocol is designed to assess the neural bases of social interaction in infants. The paradigm is designed to tease apart how various social inputs such as language, joint attention, and face-to-face interaction relate to infant neural activation. Infant EEG power is recorded during both social and nonsocial conditions.

一个被试内实验协议，以评估对婴幼儿脑社会投入的影响

Despite the importance of social interactions for infant brain development, little research has assessed functional neural activation while infants ...

Stereotactically-guided Ablation of the Rat Auditory Cortex, and Localization of the Lesion in the Brain

The rat auditory cortex (AC) is becoming popular among auditory neuroscience investigators who are interested in experience-dependence plasticity, auditory perceptual processes, and cortical control of sound processing in the subcortical auditory nuclei. To address new challenges, a procedure to accurately locate and surgically expose the auditory cortex would expedite this research effort. Stereotactic neurosurgery is routinely used in pre-clinical research in animal models to engraft a needle or electrode at a pre-defined location within the auditory cortex. In the following protocol, we use stereotactic methods in a novel way. We identify four coordinate points over the surface of the temporal bone of the rat to define a window that, once opened, accurately exposes both the primary (A1) and secondary (Dorsal and Ventral) cortices of the AC. Using this method, we then perform a surgical ablation of the AC. After such a manipulation is performed, it is necessary to assess the localization, size, and extension of the lesions made in the cortex. Thus, we also describe a method to easily locate the AC ablation postmortem using a coordinate map constructed by transferring the cytoarchitectural limits of the AC to the surface of the brain.The combination of the stereotactically-guided location and ablation of the AC with the localization of the injured area in a coordinate map postmortem facilitates the validation of information obtained from the animal, and leads to a better analysis and comprehension of the data.

We describe a method for the stereotactically-guided location, exposure, and ablation of the auditory cortex in rats. The localization of the ablation is assessed using a coordinate map postmortem.

Stereotactically 对大鼠听觉皮层的诱导消融及脑内病变的定位

The rat auditory cortex (AC) is becoming popular among auditory neuroscience investigators who are interested in experience-dependence plasticity, ...

A Semantic Priming Event-related Potential (ERP) Task to Study Lexico-semantic and Visuo-semantic Processing in Autism Spectrum Disorder

Individuals with autism spectrum disorder (ASD) have characteristic deficits in understanding the meaning of language, or semantic processing. However, some evidence indicates that semantic processing of non-linguistic stimuli is intact, suggesting that semantic deficits may be language-specific. To appropriately characterize semantic processing deficits in individuals with ASD, comparison of within-modality linguistic (e.g., written words) and non-linguistic (e.g., pictures) stimuli is required. This paper describes such a methodology that makes use of a semantic priming paradigm during concurrent recording of electroencephalographic (EEG) data. EEG provides a dynamic measure of brain activity that is well-suited to characterize subtle differences in semantic processing that may not be observable at the behavioral level. The semantic priming paradigm presents a prime picture or word (e.g., dog) followed by a target picture or word that is either related (e.g., cat) or unrelated (e.g., pencil) to the prime. This paradigm can thus be used to evaluate semantic processing across different modalities, and to compare lexico-semantic and visuo-semantic processing abilities in individuals with ASD and how they might differ from TD individuals. The specific steps involved in creating the stimuli, performing the EEG testing, and analyzing the EEG data are discussed. Representative results illustrate how the N400 component of the event-related potential (ERP) is reduced following semantically-related prime-target pairs compared to unrelated pairs. Comparisons of the N400 between conditions, modalities, and groups can provide estimates of the success of semantic processing, and can thereby be used to characterize semantic deficits in individuals with ASD or other clinical populations.

A Semantic Priming Event-related Potential ERP Task to Study Lexico-semantic and Visuo-semantic Processing in Autism Spectrum Disorder

This paper describes a semantic priming ERP task using within-modality pairs of pictures and words to investigate semantic processing in individuals with autism spectrum disorder (ASD).

语义启动事件相关电位 (ERP) 研究自闭症频谱障碍词汇语义和视觉语义处理

Individuals with autism spectrum disorder (ASD) have characteristic deficits in understanding the meaning of language, or semantic processing. However, ...

Using Eye Movements Recorded in the Visual World Paradigm to Explore the Online Processing of Spoken Language

In a typical eye tracking study using the visual world paradigm, participants' eye movements to objects or pictures in the visual workspace are recorded via an eye tracker as the participant produces or comprehends a spoken language describing the concurrent visual world. This paradigm has high versatility, as it can be used in a wide range of populations, including those who cannot read and/or who cannot overtly give their behavioral responses, such as preliterate children, elderly adults, and patients. More importantly, the paradigm is extremely sensitive to fine grained manipulations of the speech signal, and it can be used to study the online processing of most topics in language comprehension at multiple levels, such as the fine grained acoustic phonetic features, the properties of words, and the linguistic structures. The protocol described in this article illustrates how a typical visual world eye tracking study is conducted, with an example showing how the online processing of some semantically complex statements can be explored with the visual world paradigm.

The visual world paradigm monitors participants' eye movements in the visual workspace as they are listening to or speaking a spoken language. This paradigm can be used to investigate the online processing of a wide range of psycholinguistic questions, including semantically complex statements, such as disjunctive statements.

利用视觉世界范式中的眼球运动探索口语的在线处理

In a typical eye tracking study using the visual world paradigm, participants' eye movements to objects or pictures in the visual workspace are recorded ...

An Electrophysiology Protocol to Measure Reward Anticipation and Processing in Children

We present a protocol designed to measure the neural correlates of reward in children. The protocol allows researchers to measure both reward anticipation and processing. Its purpose is to create a reward task that is appropriate for young children with and without autism while controlling reward properties between two conditions: social and nonsocial. The current protocol allows for comparisons of brain activity between social and nonsocial reward conditions while keeping the reward itself identical between conditions. Using this protocol, we found evidence that neurotypical children demonstrate enhanced anticipatory brain activity during the social condition. Furthermore, we found that neurotypical children anticipate social reward more robustly than children with autism diagnoses. As the task uses snacks as a reward, it is most appropriate for young children. However, the protocol may be adapted for use with adolescent or adult populations if snacks are replaced by monetary incentives. The protocol is designed to measure electrophysiological events (event-related potentials), but it may be customized for use with eye-tracking or fMRI.

This protocol is designed to measure reward anticipation and processing in young children with and without autism. Specifically, the protocol is designed to study the neural correlates of reward during social and nonsocial conditions while controlling for reward between conditions.

儿童奖励预期与处理的电生理学协议

We present a protocol designed to measure the neural correlates of reward in children. The protocol allows researchers to measure both reward anticipation ...