作者感谢卡伦·迪茨和莎丽·伯恩鲍姆对行为的设计考虑以前的输入和劳伦佩克与行为测试帮助。作者也承认慷慨支持西蒙斯基金会（西蒙斯基金会自闭症研究计划拨款，以CWC），NIDA（DA008277，DA027664和DA030590到CWC，F32DA027265为LNS和F32DA036319到RDP），则FRAXA研究基金会和埃莉诺和迈尔斯邵氏奖学金计划（到LNS奖学金的支持），以及约翰·Kaneb奖学金计划（到MT奖学金支持）。

所有的实验程序已经批准麦克林医院机构动物护理和使用委员会。注:以下协议描述了一个方法，CPP和运动致敏，很多细节的其它成功的协议 （例如，光与暗阶段测试中，连续与间断给药等）有所不同。新手可能希望与这些协议开始，或者干脆用它们作为指导，从基于手头的实验问题（S）的文学适应变化。自动测量方法的描述;然而，也可以使用非自动化装置，用于每次测定（即，录像，手得分）。 1.位置偏爱<ol><li> 设备和房间布置: <ol><li>处理实验小鼠每天1-3分钟，在试验前的至少3-5天。 注意:千万不要被处理的小鼠可能会​​发现从该室STRE去除ssful，其可干扰或改变调理。 </li><li>获得四个或更多三腔CPP设备，最好配备photobeams用于自动数据收集18。确保每个腔室具​​有经由可以提高门连接到一个较小的，中性室两个较大，visually-和触觉不同的腔室/降低来控制访问。每个室盖应打开插入/删除小鼠，并安装具有体积小，可单独控制（调光）灯（每室一个）。 注:CPP室设计各不相同，可以从市场上购买或建造的研究人员。对于"平衡"的设计，推荐方案与白色的墙壁和线栅地板一个容量较大的室和其他与黑的墙壁和地板吧。中间室应该有灰色的墙壁和固体灰有机玻璃地板。为解释的目的，这些室将被称为"白色"，"黑色"和"中间"。盖子应该是透明的有机玻璃。备用舱构型（单或双室）也是可能的，并讨论了其他地方（见讨论）。 </li><li>安装程序，它会在测试期间房间:关闭或设置架空灯最暗的设置并关闭大门。使用测光表各腔室内，并设置盖子灯光，使中间​​室比，以劝阻消费时间有老鼠黑白室（6-10勒克斯）稍亮（15-20勒克斯）。 注:如果在中间花费的平均时间是一样多或比在黑色或白色的腔室以上，进一步增加在步骤1.1.3中描述的照明的对比度。另外，使用不太吸引人地板的中间。 ，但要避免使该室厌恶。试点任何改动，以确保在中间时间减少不是由于总的探索，以减少（口岸）（例如，〜220直径0.5厘米的孔，均匀地涂抹在6×3.5×¼"有机玻璃隔开） 。 </li><li> Program自动数据采集（"过程"， 图1A）或根据下列参数手动收集数据。集试验，以对在任调理室头梁断裂开始。设置"测试"会话是在长度为20分钟，以跟踪每个室所花费的时间和光束中断。设置"调理"会话是30分钟长和（任选）以测量在每个室光束中断。将所有的灯室审讯期间照亮。 </li><li>准备全卷为实验手头需要可卡因的解决方案。溶解可卡因HCl的0.9％氯化钠（盐水），基础终浓度0.1毫升/ 10g体重的注射量（例如，对于剂量为5毫克/公斤，溶液浓度为0.5毫克/毫升）。涡流混合30-45秒，无菌过滤器（0.2微米的注射器过滤器），并存储在室温。 </li></ol></li><li> 测试: 注:CPP一般的时间表是PRE-TEST，空调和然后检测后。预测试可能会通过调理1-3天分开;然而，空调和测试后每天应采取连续数天（图2A）的地方。该定时应保持在同一实验中的所有队列是相同的。 <ol><li>在动物使用跨天每个动物在同一设备轻相测试。 </li><li>每个试验日（即，测试和调理天），将小鼠行为接待室，让他们在自己的笼子里静置试验前1-1.5小时。选择在哪里小鼠能够迅速从它们的笼移动到的设备中，以最小的中断，在试验开始时的位置。打开所有设备，使得与测试（例如，设备风扇）相关联的任何噪声都存在。 </li><li>彻底清洗每个装置（内壁，地板和托盘）轻度，醇，乙二醇醚或基于氨的消毒擦拭物之前和之后各小鼠（使用SAM整个实验吸尘器的e型）。不要忽视地板底面。 </li><li>检查房间的灯都在每一天的开始适当设置（关或灰色）。 </li><li>入手下面根据其是否是一个"测试"或"空调"的一天: <ol><li>在审判日1和6（即前，后测试），放置室间的门处于打开位置（图2B）。 </li><li>加载"测试"的电脑程序，并输入动物标识（ 图1A），然后发出启动指令（图1B），如果适用。 </li><li>轻轻地降低每个鼠标到其指定的设备中间室，对着后墙，轻轻地盖上盖子。一旦所有腔装，离开考场，并最大限度地降低噪音。 </li><li>互留装置内部的小鼠，直到所有小鼠试验已关闭/结束（图1C）。导出试验数据。 </li></ol></li> &lt;利&gt;只需之前或之后的预试验中，称重动物。空调在使用这些权重剂量计算。 </li><li>为了调理试验做准备，减去另外在每一项花费（即"黑减白"与"白减去黑"的时间计算黑色和白色室每只小鼠的试验前的"偏爱"，见图3中，列9和10）。 </li><li>由于具有较强的初始喜好小鼠做平衡困难，建立偏好分数可接受的限度（例如，&lt;总试用时间的33％），并排除老鼠，从计算超过它。使用自由的限制（&lt;总试用时间的66％），以最大限度地包容，当磨损很可能测试完成后（ 例如，由于脱靶的手术操作）。 注:小鼠超过限制仍然可以进行测试，以试图保持自己的预测试的喜好平衡。后来，THESE小鼠可以从分析中排除，必要时，以平衡预测试分数。如果极端的预试验的偏见（ 即&gt; 800秒）严重影响一个群体，可以考虑改变空调的环境和/或使用其他检测。 </li><li>选择黑色或白色作为室内与毒品配对室每只小鼠，同时总结每组记住以下优先事项范围内相应的预测试偏好分数: 注:请注意每个队列内 以及跨以往任何同伙平衡群体之间的分数。 <ol><li>让所有群体等同尽可能的款项。 </li><li>使尽可能接近零越好（即，选择对某些小鼠和人非优选侧上的优选的侧）的款项。如果接近零的总和为任何给定组，是不可能的重新调整所有其他为限制组的最佳可获得得分紧密匹配，有利于轻微的负组总结以上正。 </li><li>尽可能可行的，保持的黑色分配与白色的和优选的与非优选的腔室，即使在每个组药物配对。 </li><li>因为它并不总是可能的，以满足上述目标，校正通过在稍后的同伙相对平衡的考虑任何偏差;但是，尽量避免与完全不同的平均预测试的偏好产生同伙。 </li></ol></li><li>上调理天2-5，放置室间的门处于关闭位置（图2C）。 </li><li>制备单独的注射器与可卡因（天2和4）或盐水如步骤1.1.5描述并根据在预先试验测定体重（天3和5）的溶液。 注:剂量应就实验的预期，在引言中提到的注意事项，以及潜在的地板和天花板效应进行选择。通常最好进行使用至少两种不同剂量的独立的实验。 </li><li>加载"Conditioning"计算机程序，输入动物标识（ 图1A），然后发出启动指令（图1B），如果适用。 </li><li>浮渣并注入每只小鼠（IP），立即将其降低到所面临的后墙分配给他们的设备的适当的黑色或白色室，然后轻轻盖上盖子。一旦所有腔装，离开考场，并最大限度地降低噪音。 </li><li>卸下他们的室老鼠接近整整30分钟可行（ 即第一老鼠从它们的腔移除，而其他老鼠仍在调节）。取出的动物尽可能平静，没有引入噪声。 </li></ol></li><li> 统计分析: <ol><li>选择分析的方法。无论是从时间的考验后期间花费在盐水配对侧减法时间后测试（可卡因 - 盐水，秒）期间在可卡因成对的侧花或使用在检测后药物的成对腔室中花费的时间减去测试前的时间花在了毒品配对室。 注意:如果使用第一种方法，也的平均时间曲线图线图中的前和后试验中的每个组的中间，生理盐水和伴药室花费。相比于预试验中，试验后的应显示增加的时间在药物配对侧和减少在盐水配对侧（参照图6，底部和探讨说明）所花费的时间。 </li><li>根据不同的性质和组数进行比较，采用t检验，一个或两个方差分析，适当，可能与​​事后分析，分析无论是上面给出的减法分数。 注:可卡因偏好分数往往是可变的，并且此外，可以是负的（ 即 ，表示所厌恶的药物-成对的侧）。小鼠表现出厌恶不应该被删除（除非他们是统计离群值），因为这个结果是正常的，可能重要的是要确定克之间的差异oups。期望需要12至30个动物的样本大小每组，这取决于治疗的效果的大小。 </li></ol></li></ol> 2.行为敏<ol><li> 设备和房间布置 <ol><li>获得4×8（X X Y）光子束阵列（外部尺寸11.5"×20"）。构造由黑色有机玻璃的一个顶部开口的腔室（内部尺寸22 1/6"×13¾"×9 3/8"），以容纳所述阵列（ 图4A）。 </li><li>准备测试室，使得红色光（吊顶或壁挂式）可以在测试过程中被使用。 </li><li>准备日常习惯和注射试验分离的程序会话。 <ol><li>设置习惯试验是30-60分钟和注射试验之间是60-120分钟（ 图5B）之间。每个建议的长度是60分钟。保持试验长度相同的实验中在多个队列一致。 </li><li>组试验开始RECO在启动信号被启动（图5B）后出现的第一光束破录制。对于注射试验，设置启动信号，以便能盒如果可能的话可以单独启动（不统一）。 </li><li>要记录在用户定义的一组光束中断"箱"，优选5分钟每（图5B）。 </li></ol></li><li>准备全卷为实验手头需要可卡因的解决方案。溶解可卡因HCl的0.9％氯化钠（盐水），基础终浓度0.1毫升/ 10g体重的注射量（例如，对于剂量为5毫克/公斤，溶液浓度为0.5毫克/毫升）。涡流混合30-45秒，无菌过滤器（0.2微米的注射器过滤器），并存储在室温。 </li></ol></li><li> 测试 注:测试的初始阶段，连续10-11天运行一次。小鼠接受每天两次试验:习惯（注免费）和注射。辖盐水前三到f我们的天（见讨论为盐水习惯的重要性），和可卡因为接下来的七个使用相同的剂量（例如，15毫克/公斤/天）。 <ol><li>每一天，适应在其家笼中的小鼠的行为接待室进行30分钟至1小时。 </li><li>准备干净整洁的标准鼠标大小的透明的丙烯酸外壳笼极薄清新的床上用品（如松木芯片）层，以便不模糊photobeams，如果适用（图4C＆D）。 </li><li>地方笼针对靠近一端的光子束阵列的Y轴，因此这五束沿着其长度均匀间隔开。 X轴束未在该试验中（图4C及D）的使用。 </li><li>就拿老鼠从它们的笼子，以随机顺序，浮渣和权衡他们。通过他们的尾巴（的支持）和地点的基础上取下权衡船每只小鼠直接进入其指定的运动笼子。封面用标准的过滤器顶盖每个笼子。 </li><li>准备个人注射器W¯¯第i盐水或可卡因溶液，如步骤2.1.7描述的，根据当前日的体重。用剂量为15或20mg / kg的开始，并考虑使用较高或较低剂量的第二实验（见探讨有关因素）。 </li><li>一旦习惯试验已经结束了所有的笼子，装入注入程序。 </li><li>一次，从他们的测试笼子，浮渣去除小鼠和给自己注射（IP）。鼠标返回到其测试前笼，迅速 ​​启动该笼（图5C，底部）的启动信号。 </li><li>所有注射试验结束后，返回小鼠饲养笼和他们的住房空间。 </li><li>如果需要的话，允许小鼠接受一系列停药期和药物的挑战，如下面的:相同剂量原，半剂量，双倍剂量，然后盐水，允许同一剂量攻击前七天，三至七个之前每个额外的挑战天。无论挑战的选择，maintai在实验中跨同伙ñ类似的停药期。 注:如果原剂量较高 （例如，30毫克/公斤或以上），双剂量应跳过或以较低剂量取代。盐水挑战揭示由可卡因配对环境的任何空调自发活化单独，并在此过程中，这是可卡因依赖性致敏运动的量（见讨论）。 </li></ol></li><li> 统计分析 <ol><li>选择将被用于分析每个试验的（多个）部分。在啮齿类动物中最可卡因引起的运动的第一种药物注射15-30分钟后〜内发生。根据所涉及的变量，可以考虑分析累积运动多的时间窗口 （例如，第15，30，60和/或120分钟），或专注于审判独立的部分。 </li><li>使用帧选择的时间，按天总结每个动物梁减免习惯和注射试验分别再verage的款项为每个组。情节是指在一个线图上所有天数的平均值（SEM）的标准误差。由于治疗可能会改变鼠标是如何应对的药物每天的早期试验和/或后期，也受到5分钟斌在每天的庭审过程中绘制均线组光束中断。 注:绘制的习惯和注射试验日常活动的平均值（例如，前15分钟），使得它人为地出现了运动是由生理盐水浸湿，但请记住，活动有（最有可能）由习惯每天结束时下降到这个水平。 </li><li>分别分析采用重复测量有（RM）方差分析的日期/时间的试内因素，包括任何主体间因子设计，适当的盐水连续和药物治疗天。使用t检验或单因素方差分析来研究可卡因（急性接触）的第1天的组间差异和多元方差分析的挑战。在适当的时候，跟着意义e为事后检验或单因素方差分析。 </li></ol></li></ol>

作者宣称，他们没有竞争的经济利益。

这个协议演示了条件性位置偏爱和运动致敏，其每一个可以被平均实验室用于评估药物诱导行为可塑性的各方面的方法。与大多数行为测试中，有超出基本协议的更多值得考虑。首先，每个这些技术可以被设想为具有两相，诱导和表达。 "感应"涵盖的行为，为CPP调节过程中出现它的发展，为致敏它是（通常是连续的）药物暴露初期。 "表达"为CPP是试验后的，而对于致敏它可以被定义为后停药或仅仅作为最后的连续曝光给定的药物的挑战。 这是值得考虑限制操纵这些阶段与其他能够更好地分析其潜在的影响之一。有时间限制的有效性病毒（例如 ，HSV）或药物联合行政/预处理（例如，激动剂/拮抗剂）在这样的努力是有用的。当采用这种方法，它可以进一步需要使用压缩协议，以便一个特定阶段将更好地与病毒表达一致。对于CPP，能够进行两天的调节方法，如我们先前37描述。特别是对运动过敏，改变诱导和表达这些方法相结合的休药期，可以发现参与行为维护或稳定的过程。此外，这种方法可以用于研究交叉敏化，其中敏化行为是使用一种药物诱导的，但可以通过暴露被表示为不同的药物的现象。因为交叉致敏不滥用所有致敏药物之间发生，可引发一个敏化行为从原始有所不同，并且不一定地双向进行任何给定的药物，其检查可提供给明白的地方和不同的药物如何影响大脑的可塑性和功能独特的机会。 CPP的正确解释，特别是取决于排除的调查结果不同的解释。在一个三腔式装置产生的数据应该限定在从在试验后作为偏好可卡因配对侧的盐水配对侧花费时间减法之前被进一步仔细检查，由于用于药物配对侧的增加在这种偏爱单从在盐水配对室花费的时间减少的结果是这样的解释可能不适合。中间室允许这种结果，因为鼠标可能会改变的时间在那里度过，而不是药物成对室。另外，也可以观察到在中间室而不是盐水配对侧的费用在药物成对的侧花费增加时间;可以说，这一结果可能仍然是可以接受的interpre作为特德增加药物的偏爱。第三隔室的包含提供一个中性室，其允许在前后测试会话41的动物的无偏位置。虽然为解决初始放置偏压促进试验天分数是有用的，则不需要进行调理第三室。替代CPP设计，配备了两个不同的隔间或具有不同刺激配置单舱在其他地方41-42讨论。 在位置偏爱一种药物的任何赤字也应该来学习情境协会和一般的奖励功能德才兼备评估陪伴。有许多的调整，可以给CPP范例可以由能够助手在改变的偏好，包括通过增加（或减少）的配对的数量或使用更高或更低的药物修改UCS（药物）的突性的解释剂量。 CPP可以用可口FO进行OD（例如，高脂肪，蔗糖）或社会交往，以评估观察到的变化是否是特定药物或相关自然的奖励;非CPP方法用于此目的的包括颅内自励，蔗糖偏好，和/或食欲的方法的任务。然而，所有这些选项在其充分解决所需的问题的能力有所不同。因为正常的反应表现出与自然的奖励学习和形成适当的上下文关联的能力粮食为基础的CPP可能是特别有益。评估学习能力的附加控制包括依赖于情境学习/记忆（情景恐惧条件和CPA）的任务。 CPA具有被同样地CPP运行，常常在相同的腔室的优点，具有厌恶经验 （例如，氯化锂注射）替换食欲药。动物显示CPP赤字，但正常的注册会计师，展示，形成适当的上下文关联的能力s，这表明，在药物的CPP损伤最可能涉及到奖励（药物特异性或其他方式）。使用CPA氯化锂要考虑的一个谨慎是这种药物是否是可以由实验动物为蓝本的任何条件已知的治疗方法。例如，锂的治疗已经显示出，以抵消学习缺陷脆性X 43的小鼠模型中，这将混淆该控制方法。 除了经典的CPP范式，有网友可能会发现有用的潜在扩展，比如学到药上下文关联的测试灭绝和CPP后的恢复。空调的响应（CRS），一旦建立，可维持长时间19,20时动物被静置。尽管在CR的相对持久性，它可以有效地通过在不存在的UCS（药物）的CS（上下文）的重复演示熄灭。两个CPP灭绝的方法出现在点燃erature:屡试不接触注射21或22的车辆前面伴药侧的重新配对。灭绝过程反映新的学习，而不是原来的空调，一个想法，通过有效地证明了"忘却"，"恢复"。复职经典通过重新暴露在UCS，其产生的CR恢复触发。在CPP的背景下，培训药物单次注射会导致动物展示位置偏爱。有趣的是很多非药物的训练线索也可以产生CPP复职，包括替代药物22启动和各种应激23-26。消光及修复试验是特别感兴趣吸毒领域的药物治疗和复发的模式。改善灭绝的速度和/或降低恢复的幅度可能干预对人类药物疗法有价值的目标。 （例如，27-29）。然而值得注意的是，上下文无关致敏已经清楚地被证明在其他研究（例如，30-32）。可能有助于在致敏依赖于上下文的增加是否是可观察的实验细节包括药物剂量，曝光的长度，任何组是否必须被运送用于测试Ô˚F致敏和预曝光到测试腔室的某些方面;然而，这些细节仍然有些不清楚。确定上下文敏感的贡献的一种方法是给予盐水挑战下列药物致敏33。利用所描述的范式减少依赖于上下文的致敏作为对盐水挑战以往的研究证明很少运动激活的贡献。以致敏上下文贡献已在许多论文已审查，通常包括比运动活性34的其他行为的讨论。 限制药物诱导活化和增感与运动刺激通过一种新颖的环境引起的影响的污染，将小鼠在每个实验开始驯化盐水注射三到四天。 如在图7中可以看出，小鼠通常显示在第一和之间减少运动最后生理盐水驯化一天。此外，该小鼠是由最后盐水曝光明显平静和更容易处理和注入。以前的作品已经测试了使用这种模式多株和小鼠的基因型并没有看到在他们对面生理盐水驯化活动太多变化;然而，有可能偶尔观察与不使用该方法克服特定基因型相关联的非常强的活动过度的表型。在这些情况下，可能需要执行几个盐水驯化天（直至亢进组运动高原），然后使用最后盐水注射日数据归一多动组与对照组。虽然不理想，它允许的药物对这些群体之间的运动效果更合理的比较。可能消除极端多动症其他选项是由一个每天延伸注射前习惯化试验长度至5小时，和/或使用较长的注射试验（2 - 4小时）在线阿赫一天。 还有其他考虑因素是自发的行为的解释很重要。 如在图7C中所示，观察到组间差异可以主要由差异在急性运动响应驱动，敏化率超过天，致敏的最大极限，或这些因素的某些组合。分析这些因素的贡献分别可以是有益的。为了这个目的，急性运动反应可以统计单独进行分析。然后致敏的速率可以使用能够曲线拟合而贴现任何急性运动差异的速率正常化处理的程序进行评估。改变最大增感通常在RM方差分析在连续药物暴露天，其中后续一天按天事后比较是显著上天后组响应已趋于稳定显露。每个人都应该知道，最大的致敏不能确定为维持在药物暴露天，如描绘于图7C中的线性运动反应的任何基团（中部;蓝线）。在这种情况下，暴露于药物可以扩展到尝试，并确定最大增感。 最后，通常最好使用在动物的单独的组群执行的至少两个伯药物剂量组之间的比较增感。在任何的运动激活的上述方面的差异，在一个剂量或两者，应该被用来指导进一步的测试，以排除其他的解释，包括在刻板的发展变化。反复暴露于某些药物，如可卡因和安非他明，不仅产生致敏运动以剂量依赖的方式，但也敏感竞争刻板的行为。这些刻板成为在高剂量，这样，行为敏往往是部分或完全遮挡特别明显，但在给药再次显露较低的剂量。出于这个原因，一个"赤字"在运动致敏在一个实验组可能实际上反映到刻板的药物诱导的发展升高的灵敏度。刻板的评估可以是具有挑战性的，但也有许多公开的秤35和其他方法36。建议使用这两种一般刻板规模和特定行为的评估，如先前18发布。 总之，一些行为测试已经开发了在动物模型中，试图解析人上瘾的复杂性。条件性位置偏爱和运动致敏两种基本测试广泛用于在啮齿动物和分别，它们可以是在早期药物相关的奖励的评估和由反复使用引起的持久性可塑性特别有用。还有一些注意事项进行设计和各类型的研究的解释，使得它活像thwhile规划这些评估时要仔细考虑了实验的目标和以往的文献。

Research aimed at understanding drug addiction using animal models must take a variety of approaches to address each of the assorted components that obstruct treatment success, including reward/reinforcement/motivation and withdrawal and relapse, as well as the general persistence that further complicates these issues in addiction. Since rewarding experiences associated with taking a drug of abuse are thought to motivate subsequent use, studies focusing on drug-context associations may be particularly useful for understanding brain mechanisms that contribute to drug taking and seeking. One such assay, conditioned place preference (CPP) is a high-throughput method for comparing group differences in reward sensitivity. The traditional interpretation of the task involves classical, or Pavlovian, conditioning, where a conditioned stimulus (CS) is paired with an unconditioned stimulus (UCS), and after multiple pairings, the CS elicits the same behavior as the UCS (however, see39,40). Theoretically, animals learn to associate an interoceptive state (reward or aversion) with contextual cues. The relative aversive or appetitive intensity of the interoceptive state is then assessed by then determining the animal's preference for the contextual cues. The use of place conditioning to measure drug-reward associations dates back to at least 1957, to a study using morphine on rats in a Y-maze3,4. Over the past several decades, variations on this method have been widely used to study place preference and aversion in rodents to various stimuli, and it remains particularly useful in the study of associations induced by drugs of abuse. In drug-addiction research, the assay has been used to assess the rewarding properties of a number of drugs and the contribution of different brain systems and proteins to drug reward (for reviews, see5-7,44). While there are superior methods of assessing factors that contribute to drug addiction, namely drug self-administration, CPP is a simple and much more accessible approach to measuring reward function. 
Most current protocols for conditioned place preference and aversion (CPA) use an apparatus that allows rodents to have access to two distinct chambers, either via a doorway or smaller connecting chamber. Distinctions between the two chambers are often based, at a minimum, on visual and tactile cues, including wall color and floor texture, but sometimes include other elements, such as olfactory cues. "Biased" designs typically attempt to reverse a pre-existing, innate preference for one chamber over the other, such as the one that rodents generally show for a black chamber over white. "Unbiased" designs aim to create a preference to one of two chambers that were initially equally appealing by randomly counterbalancing assignment to either chamber within a group. A "balanced" design is used when animals show small preferences, but do not, as a group, favor the same chamber. Goals of this latter design are to produce 1) pre-test preference scores for the (eventual) cocaine-paired chamber that are not significantly different between experimental groups and 2) negligible preference for the cocaine-paired chamber at pre-test, either positive or negative8. The balanced design is ideal for use with the described chambers, which utilize contradicting biases for wall color (black over white) and flooring (wire over bar), resulting in a roughly equal distribution of small preferences for both the black and white sides in different animals. Balancing calculations are described in further detail below.
During conditioning, animals are exposed to a drug and quickly placed into one of these two environments for a limited time period. Exposure is typically via intraperitoneal (i.p.) or sometimes subcutaneous (s.c.) injection, although paradigms for intravenous (i.v.) self-administration9, and intracranial infusions38 in a place preference apparatus have also been developed. These pairings are complemented by non-drug (vehicle) pairings of the same length conducted in the opposite chamber, which can take place on the same day as drug pairings or on separate days. In general, when allowed to explore the apparatus after conditioning, animals will spend more time where they received a rewarding drug (i.e., one that humans and animals will voluntarily self-administer), while they will avoid a place where they were given a drug that induced illness (e.g., lithium chloride). Several studies have been dedicated to optimizing the conditions for place preference to different drugs of abuse (for review, see7). Cocaine doses (i.p.) for mice generally range from 1 to 20 mg/kg, with doses less than 5 mg/kg often used to parse high sensitivity in one group. Two or more drug pairings are typically required for adult mice10, and the length of these pairings is an important consideration. Very low doses of cocaine require an immediate and brief conditioning, likely because this method captures the most rewarding period of the exposure. Delayed or very long conditioning periods can result in no preference, or may even induce aversion11,12. Here is presented a basic method for obtaining conditioned place preference to cocaine in adult mice.
While the CPP assay is an ideal method for assessing reward-related learning and memory of drug-context associations, behavioral sensitization is arguably easier to perform and allows the assessment of changes that develop over repeated treatment. Also known as reverse-tolerance, behaviors undergoing sensitization are incrementally enhanced over repeated exposures to a particular drug of abuse, especially psychostimulants, and cross-sensitization is known to occur between some, but not all, of these drugs. One of the first assessments of cocaine-induced locomotor sensitization, in particular, in rodents was published in 197613. A number of labs have shown that sensitized locomotion is detectable long after drug cessation, depending on the original length, location and dose of exposure14-17, and the current protocol has been used to detect sensitization as long as 10 months following seven days (30 mg/kg) of cocaine treatment in mice18. The test can be performed using either photobeam or video-tracking technologies, in apparatuses of differing sizes and shapes, making it simple for many labs to perform. The robust nature, simplicity and persistence of locomotor sensitization makes its assessment an ideal part of examining basic mechanisms of long-lasting changes in drug-induced behavior. 
As is expanded upon in the discussion, an important consideration when performing the locomotor sensitization assay is whether drug is given in the home- or test-cage environment. To take advantage of the robust sensitization that occurs when drug administration occurs outside of the home cage, this protocol employs this method. However, it has been observed that when animals are not adequately habituated to a new environment before drug exposure, a novelty-induced ceiling effect occurs on Day 1, which can partially or fully mask the progressive nature of sensitization. It is likely that this represents synergistic locomotor-activating effects of the drug together with novelty, and while the mechanisms underlying such effects may be interesting, the method described is designed to reduce the role of novelty and allow the effects of the drug to be measured more independently. While it is expected this method will be useful in the assessment of other locomotor-sensitizing drugs, it has primarily evaluated its effectiveness with cocaine in C57BL/6 mice.

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	<tbody>
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			<td height="42" style="height:42px;width:215px;">Cocaine Hydrochloride USP</td>
			<td style="width:127px;">Mallinckrodt Pharmaceuticals</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">0406-1520</td>
			<td style="width:832px;">Purchase and use (Schedule II controlled substance) for research purposes requires compliance and licensure according to state and federal law.&#160;</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="84">
			<td height="84" style="height:84px;width:215px;">Conditioned Place Preference,&#160; Three Compartment Apparatus with Manual Doors and Lights for Mouse</td>
			<td style="width:127px;">Med-Associates Inc.</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">MED-CPP-MS &#38; MED-CPP-3013</td>
			<td>Our laboratory has used these boxes; however, many alternative boxes are available &#38; acceptable.</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="42">
			<td height="42" style="height:42px;width:215px;">PAS-Home Cage Activity Monitoring Photobeam Arrays</td>
			<td style="width:127px;">San Diego Instruments</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">2325-0223 &#38; 7500-0221</td>
			<td>Our lab houses these arrays inside of custom built chambers, as described in the text.&#160; There are alternatives available.</td>
		</tr>
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			<td height="42" style="height:42px;width:215px;">Disposable Sani-Cloth disenfecting wipes</td>
			<td style="width:127px;">PDI</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">13872</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
	</tbody>
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assessment of cocaine-induced behavioral sensitization and conditioned place preference in mice

It is thought that rewarding experiences with drugs create strong contextual associations and encourage repeated intake. In turn, repeated exposures to drugs of abuse make lasting alterations in the brain function of vulnerable individuals, and these persistent alterations likely serve to maintain the maladaptive drug seeking and taking behaviors characteristic of addiction/dependence2. In rodents, reward experience and contextual associations are frequently measured using the conditioned place preference assay, or CPP, wherein preference for a previously drug-paired context is measured. Behavioral sensitization, on the other hand, is an increase in a drug-induced behavior that develops progressively over repeated exposures. Since sensitized behaviors can often be measured after several months of drug abstinence, depending on the dose and length of initial exposure, they are considered observable correlates of lasting drug-induced plasticity. Researchers have found these assays useful in determining the neurobiological substrates mediating aspects of addiction as well as assessing the potential of different interventions in disrupting these behaviors. This manuscript describes basic, effective protocols for mouse CPP and locomotor behavioral sensitization to cocaine.

从CPP测定代表性的结果示于图6中使用的野生型C57BL / 6N小鼠在约9周龄。研究设计是一个2×3的混合因子，以测试（前后）的主体内变量和试间治疗（生理盐水和可卡因5和10毫克/千克）的变量。一个RM方差分析结果表明检测及处理（F = 2,20 3.68，P &lt;0.05），这是在代替这两个试验观察显著主效应的解释之间的互动显著（F = 1.20 9.86，P &lt;0.01）治疗（F = 1.20 4.37，p &lt;0.05）。事后比较发现，没有一个组的预测试期间彼此不同。在检测后，在5毫克/公斤和10毫克/千克未显著彼此不同;然而，这两个组表现出比只盐水对照组的可卡因配对室显著进一步优选（Tukey的:5毫克/公斤，对&lt;0.5; 10毫克/公斤，对与＃60; 0.01）。此外，邦弗朗尼事后测试表明，无论是5（P &lt;0.05）和10（P &lt;0.05）毫克/公斤组表现出对相比预测试在测试后的可卡因 - 成对的侧更大的偏好，而盐水-saline组显示，从前期到后期测试没有变化。 从运动测定代表性的结果示于图7A 及B使用的野生型C57BL / 6N同窝对照小鼠的一系列先前已经公布的18个独立的实验。驯化盐水注射3-4天之后，将小鼠接收的一个可卡因注射（IP）在每天5，10，15或30mg / kg的七天。以下一个七或14天休药期，每个组在原剂量接到可卡因挑战，在此之后进一步（变量）停药期，一些接收的其它剂量额外可卡因挑战，如图所示。用于证明对locom可卡因剂量的效果的目的OTOR致敏在当前出版物，四个不同剂量组分别组合成4×7混合因子设计，具有主体内日（第7注射可卡因）的变量和剂量的主体间因子。一个RM方差分析结果表明（&lt;0.0001˚F18276 = 12.53，P）剂量和日之间有显著的相互作用，这被解读，而不是那个也为观察日显著主效应（F 6276 = 18.25，P &lt;0.0001）和剂量（ ˚F3.46 = 22.63，p &lt;0.0001）。 Tukey的事后分析表明5和15毫克/公斤（P &lt;0.0001），第5和30毫克/公斤（P &lt;0.0001），以及10和15毫克/公斤（P &lt;0.01）之间显著总体差别。当组每天进行比较，观察了一些显著的差异。这里要注意的是第1天可卡因（5与30毫克/公斤，P &lt;0.01; 10与30毫克/公斤，P &lt;0.05; 15与30毫克/公斤，P &lt;0.01）差异，7天可卡因（ 5对10毫克/千克，p &lt;0.05; 5对15毫克/千克，p &lt;0.0001; 10 VS。 15毫克/千克，P &lt;0.01; 15与30毫克/千克，P &lt;0.0001）。 图7C示出的模拟数字表示行为敏化可能不同量治疗组的主要方面。虽然这些特征被示出独立地在这里，还可以观察到在它们的组合的差异。 <img alt="图1" src="/files/ftp_upload/53107/53107fig1.jpg" /> 图1.医学PC CPP基本的会话控制。（A）默认显示，公开会议图标（红色框），并公开会议对话框（插图）。选择"自定义文件名"，并使用文件夹窗口导航到数据文件夹并命名了会议。从"程序"下拉列表中选择相应的程序。对于正在使用的每个盒子，复选框号码，然后输入相关信息到主题，实验和分组框。 （B）负载室显示，启动信号图标（蓝框），并发送标志人对话框（插图）。要加载一旦所有腔数据输入，选择商会和问题开始的信号。钱伯斯将现在梁断触发启动会话计时器，并收集数据。 （C）端会话显示。由于每个室完成指定的程序，数据收集区（绿盒）将成为静态的和室信息区域（橙色框）将显示室为"关闭"。 <a href="https://www-jove-com.remotexs.ntu.edu.sg/files/ftp_upload/53107/53107fig1large.jpg" target="_blank">请点击此处查看该图的放大版本。</a> <img alt="图2" src="/files/ftp_upload/53107/53107fig2.jpg" /> 图2. CPP室配置。 （A）样品试验时间线。预测试是由每天交替可卡因（灰色）和盐水（白色）空调会话。后测试的最后调节会话之后进行24小时。 （<html> B）为前，后测试阶段使用开放室配置。请注意，腔间的门是在升起/打开位置。 （C）在调理会议采用封闭式腔配置。需要注意的是手动门被降低，与室之间的访问权限。 <a href="https://www-jove-com.remotexs.ntu.edu.sg/files/ftp_upload/53107/53107fig2large.jpg" target="_blank">请点击此处查看该图的放大版本。</a> <img alt="图3" src="/files/ftp_upload/53107/53107fig3.jpg" /> 图3.平衡的设计计算CPP。举例说明计算和CPP平衡测试前的成绩时的目标。 <a href="https://www-jove-com.remotexs.ntu.edu.sg/files/ftp_upload/53107/53107fig3large.jpg" target="_blank">请点击此处查看该图的放大版本。</a> ig4.jpg"/&gt; 图4.自发商会配置。（A）外室是由黑色不透明箱内其中，梁阵列适合紧贴（B）的。房屋/鞋盒大小的腔应充满床上用品的薄层（C）和对齐，这样光束沿长轴（D）分布均匀。 <a href="https://www-jove-com.remotexs.ntu.edu.sg/files/ftp_upload/53107/53107fig4large.jpg" target="_blank">请点击此处查看该图的放大版本。</a> <img alt="图5" src="/files/ftp_upload/53107/53107fig5.jpg" /> 图5.自发商会电脑操作。（a） 默认的计算机程序。开始新的会话数据库（蓝框和插图）。命名为每个实验（蓝的子插图）的文件和目录。创建具有唯一标识符新的会话（红色框和插图）。编辑会话（红色插图）和EN在室内标签之三动物标识信息（绿框和插图），并设置了开始/停止对每个会话类型（橙色框）的控制。 （二）选择每个会话类型适当的启动停止控制。设置间隔长度为300秒（5分钟斌）和12间隔每相（1小时会话）。对于习惯会话（左），商会将被触发齐声启动（手动启用阶段......所有齐声），将第一束破发后立即开始监视活动。对于注射会话（右），商会将单独触发（手动启用阶段...单独屏幕按钮）和头梁断裂后，立即将开始活动的监控。当总相位时间为每个腔室中进行过期两种会话类型将结束。 （C）一旦会话已经开始，习惯会话可以通过选择"开始的所有"按钮（顶部）开始。需要注意的是后特里格化工e圈，所有的商会将等待第一个破发束开始会话。用于注射的会话，每个腔室可以开始独立地（底部）。请注意，触发小室后（而动物是出于室注射），商会将等待第一个破发束开始会话。 <a href="https://www-jove-com.remotexs.ntu.edu.sg/files/ftp_upload/53107/53107fig5large.jpg" target="_blank">请点击此处查看该图的放大版本。</a> <img alt="图6" src="/files/ftp_upload/53107/53107fig6.jpg" /> 图6.代表性的CPP的结果。（顶）在CPP，小鼠显示出先前使用可卡因（5或10毫克/公斤）中成对的腔室显著偏好，而在这两个腔室接受盐水配对的小鼠没有发展任何偏好。柱缩写表示在相同的测试TI从较注意到组的标记栏显著组间差异我点。 （底部）通过绘制前和后试验期间在可卡因花费与盐水配对腔室时，在可卡因成对的侧增加可在那些在时间的费用的5和10毫克/公斤组中可以看出花费在两个盐水配对和中间腔室。与此相反，有在时间没有显着的差异在盐水对照组中的前和后试验之间的任何腔室花费。表现为数据的平均值±SEM。 <a href="https://www-jove-com.remotexs.ntu.edu.sg/files/ftp_upload/53107/53107fig6large.jpg" target="_blank">请点击此处查看该图的放大版本。</a> <img alt="图7" src="/files/ftp_upload/53107/53107fig7.jpg" /> 图7.代表性的行为敏结果 （一）累计光束中断为四个独立的剂量第20分钟，每天的审判:5，10，15和30毫克/公斤的野生型小鼠，随后由相同，半，双倍剂量的ð盐水挑战，从（18）的改进型。所有组接受下列最后可卡因曝光相同剂量挑战任一个（10，15，30毫克/千克）或两个（5毫克/千克）周。收到一些团体进一步的挑战，这是在可变停药期进行。 （二）15毫克/公斤可卡因致敏实验中通过5分钟斌日常试验总结运动数据（光束中断）的情节。 （C）插图显示该主要由（左）急性可卡因反应的差异，（中）一致敏率的差异或最大敏（右）的差异驱动两个治疗组在运动致敏的差异。表现为数据的平均值±SEM。 <a href="https://www-jove-com.remotexs.ntu.edu.sg/files/ftp_upload/53107/53107fig7large.jpg" target="_blank">请点击此处查看该图的放大版本。</a>

Watch this Scientific Journal Video about Assessment of Cocaine-induced Behavioral Sensitization and Conditioned Place Preference in Mice at JoVE.com

Assessment of Cocaine-induced Behavioral Sensitization and Conditioned Place Preference in Mice

This protocol is intended to enable researchers to conduct experiments designed to test these aspects of addiction using the conditioned place preference and locomotor behavioral sensitization assays.

可卡因诱导行为敏和小鼠位置偏爱评估

It is thought that rewarding experiences with drugs create strong contextual associations and encourage repeated intake. In turn, repeated exposures to ...

assessment-cocaine-induced-behavioral-sensitization-conditioned-place

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16.9K 次观看.  Harvard Medical School, McLean Hospital. This protocol is intended to enable researchers to conduct experiments designed to test these aspects of addiction using the conditioned place preference and locomotor behavioral sensitization assays.

视频: Assessment of Cocaine-induced Behavioral Sensitization and Conditioned Place Preference in Mice

Stereotaxic Microinjection of Viral Vectors Expressing Cre Recombinase to Study the Role of Target Genes in Cocaine Conditioned Place Preference

Microinjecting recombinant adenoassociated viral (rAAV) vectors expressing Cre recombinase into distinct mouse brain regions to selectively knockout genes of interest allows for enhanced temporally- and regionally-specific control of gene deletion, compared to existing methods. While conditional deletion can also be achieved by mating mice that express Cre recombinase under the control of specific gene promoters with mice carrying a floxed gene, stereotaxic microinjection allows for targeting of discrete brain areas at experimenter-determined time points of interest. In the context of cocaine conditioned place preference, and other cocaine behavioral paradigms such as self-administration or psychomotor sensitization that can involve withdrawal, extinction and/or reinstatement phases, this technique is particularly useful in exploring the unique contribution of target genes to these distinct phases of behavioral models of cocaine-induced plasticity. Specifically, this technique allows for selective ablation of target genes during discrete phases of a behavior to test their contribution to the behavior across time. Ultimately, this understanding allows for more targeted therapeutics that are best able to address the most potent risk factors that present themselves during each phase of addictive behavior.

This article describes how to microinject viral vectors into mouse brain and then test in a conditioned place preference paradigm that includes an acquisition, extinction and reinstatement phase.

立体定向显微注射病毒载体表达Cre重组酶研究的靶基因的作用在可卡因条件性位置偏爱

Microinjecting recombinant adenoassociated viral (rAAV) vectors expressing Cre recombinase into distinct mouse brain regions to selectively knockout genes ...

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行为学

Behavioral Assessment of the Aging Mouse Vestibular System

Age related decline in balance performance is associated with deteriorating muscle strength, motor coordination and vestibular function. While a number of studies show changes in balance phenotype with age in rodents, very few isolate the vestibular contribution to balance under either normal conditions or during senescence. We use two standard behavioral tests to characterize the balance performance of mice at defined age points over the lifespan: the rotarod test and the inclined balance beam test. Importantly though, a custom built rotator is also used to stimulate the vestibular system of mice (without inducing overt signs of motion sickness). These two tests have been used to show that changes in vestibular mediated-balance performance are present over the murine lifespan. Preliminary results show that both the rotarod test and the modified balance beam test can be used to identify changes in balance performance during aging as an alternative to more difficult and invasive techniques such as vestibulo-ocular (VOR) measurements.

Motor control and balance performance are known to deteriorate with age. This paper presents a number of standard noninvasive behavioral tests with the addition of a simple rotary stimulus to challenge the vestibular system and show changes in balance performance in a murine model of aging.

衰老小鼠前庭系统的行为评估

Age related decline in balance performance is associated with deteriorating muscle strength, motor coordination and vestibular function. While a number of ...

A Procedure to Observe Context-induced Renewal of Pavlovian-conditioned Alcohol-seeking Behavior in Rats

Environmental contexts in which drugs of abuse are consumed can trigger craving, a subjective Pavlovian-conditioned response that can facilitate drug-seeking behavior and prompt relapse in abstinent drug users. We have developed a procedure to study the behavioral and neural processes that mediate the impact of context on alcohol-seeking behavior in rats. Following acclimation to the taste and pharmacological effects of 15% ethanol in the home cage, male Long-Evans rats receive Pavlovian discrimination training (PDT) in conditioning chambers. In each daily (Mon-Fri) PDT session, 16 trials each of two different 10 sec auditory conditioned stimuli occur. During one stimulus, the CS+, 0.2 ml of 15% ethanol is delivered into a fluid port for oral consumption. The second stimulus, the CS-, is not paired with ethanol. Across sessions, entries into the fluid port during the CS+ increase, whereas entries during the CS- stabilize at a lower level, indicating that a predictive association between the CS+ and ethanol is acquired. During PDT each chamber is equipped with a specific configuration of visual, olfactory and tactile contextual stimuli. Following PDT, extinction training is conducted in the same chamber that is now equipped with a different configuration of contextual stimuli. The CS+ and CS- are presented as before, but ethanol is withheld, which causes a gradual decline in port entries during the CS+. At test, rats are placed back into the PDT context and presented with the CS+ and CS- as before, but without ethanol. This manipulation triggers a robust and selective increase in the number of port entries made during the alcohol predictive CS+, with no change in responding during the CS-. This effect, referred to as context-induced renewal, illustrates the powerful capacity of contexts associated with alcohol consumption to stimulate alcohol-seeking behavior in response to Pavlovian alcohol cues.

A procedure to study the capacity of an alcohol associated environmental context to trigger the renewal of alcohol-seeking behavior in rats is described.

一个过程来观察大鼠巴甫洛夫空调酒精寻求行为的背景下引发的重建

Environmental contexts in which drugs of abuse are consumed can trigger craving, a subjective Pavlovian-conditioned response that can facilitate ...

Place and Response Learning in the Open-field Tower Maze

This protocol describes how the Open-field Tower Maze (OFTM) paradigm is used to study spatial learning in rodents. This maze is especially useful for examining how rats learn to use a place- or response-learning to successfully navigate in an open-field arena. Additionally, this protocol describes how the OFTM differs from other behavioral maze paradigms that are commonly used to study spatial learning in rodents. The OFTM described in this article was adapted from the one previously described by Cole, Clipperton, and Walt (2007). Specifically, the OFTM was created to test spatial learning in rodents without the experimenter having to consider how &#8220;stress&#8221; might play a role as a confounding variable. Experiments have shown that stress-alone can significantly affect cognitive function1. The representative results section contains data from an experiment that used the OFTM to examine the effects of estradiol treatment on place- and response-learning in adult female Sprague Dawley rats2. Future studies will be designed to examine the role of the hippocampus and striatum in place- and response-learning in the OFTM.

The Open-field Tower Maze (OFTM) is a maze created to study the behavioral and neural mechanisms of spatial learning (e.g., place- or response-learning) in rats. This maze is especially useful for experimenters who want to use a non-stressful maze paradigm to investigate spatial learning in their research.

在打开场塔迷宫的地方，反应学习

This protocol describes how the Open-field Tower Maze (OFTM) paradigm is used to study spatial learning in rodents. This maze is especially useful for ...

The Rodent Psychomotor Vigilance Test (rPVT): A Method for Assessing Neurobehavioral Performance in Rats and Mice

The human Psychomotor Vigilance Test (PVT) is a widely used procedure for measuring changes in fatigue and sustained attention. The present article describes a rodent version of the PVT&#8212;termed the &#34;rPVT&#34;&#8212;that measures similar aspects of attention (i.e., performance accuracy, motor speed, premature responding, and lapses in attention). Data are presented that demonstrate both the short- and long-term usefulness of the rPVT when employed with laboratory rats. Rats easily learn the rPVT, and learning to perform the basic procedure takes less than two weeks of training. Once acquired, rat performances in the rPVT show a high degree of similarity to these same performance measures in the human PVT, including similarities in, lapses in attention, reaction times, vigilance decrements across session time (i.e., the human &#34;time-on-task&#34; effects), and the response-stimulus interval (RSI) effect described for humans. Thus the rPVT can be an extremely valuable tool for assessing the effects of a wide range of variables on sustained attention quite similar to human PVT performances, and thus can be useful for developing novel treatments for neurobehavioral dysfunctions.

The Rodent Psychomotor Vigilance Test rPVT: A Method for Assessing Neurobehavioral Performance in Rats and Mice

A rat version of the human Psychomotor Vigilance Test (PVT) is described that measures aspects of attention similar to those measured with the human PVT, including aspects of human vigilance such as performance accuracy, motor speed, premature responding, and lapses in attention.

鼠类精神运动警觉测试（rPVT）:一个在大鼠和小鼠的神经行为评估性能的方法

The human Psychomotor Vigilance Test (PVT) is a widely used procedure for measuring changes in fatigue and sustained attention. The present article ...

Behavioral Assessment of Hearing in 2 to 4 Year-old Children: A Two-interval, Observer-based Procedure Using Conditioned Play-based Responses

Collecting reliable behavioral data from toddlers and preschoolers is challenging. As a result, there are significant gaps in our understanding of human auditory development for these age groups. This paper describes an observer-based procedure for measuring hearing sensitivity with a two-interval, two-alternative forced-choice paradigm. Young children are trained to perform a play-based, motor response (e.g., putting a block in a bucket) whenever they hear a target signal. An experimenter observes the child&#39;s behavior and makes a judgment about whether the signal was presented during the first or second observation interval; the experimenter is blinded to the true signal interval, so this judgment is based solely on the child&#39;s behavior. These procedures were used to test 2 to 4 year-olds (n = 33) with no known hearing problems. The signal was a 1,000 Hz warble tone presented in quiet, and the signal level was adjusted to estimate a threshold corresponding to 71%-correct detection. A valid threshold was obtained for 82% of children. These results indicate that the two-interval procedure is both feasible and reliable for use with toddlers and preschoolers. The two-interval, observer-based procedure described in this paper is a powerful tool for evaluating hearing in young children because it guards against response bias on the part of the experimenter.

This paper describes a procedure for measuring hearing sensitivity in 2 to 4 year-old children. Children are trained to perform play-based responses when they hear a target signal. Thresholds are then estimated in a two-interval, two-alternative forced-choice paradigm, based on observations of the child&#39;s behaviors.

2听证会，以4岁儿童的行为评估:两区间，观测为基础的应用程序基于条件性播放响应

Collecting reliable behavioral data from toddlers and preschoolers is challenging. As a result, there are significant gaps in our understanding of human ...

Reinstatement of Drug-seeking in Mice Using the Conditioned Place Preference Paradigm

The present protocol describes the Conditioned Place Preference (CPP) as a model of relapse in drug addiction. In this model, animals are first trained to acquire a conditioned place preference in a drug-paired compartment, and after the post-conditioning test, they perform several sessions to extinguish the established preference. The CPP permits the evaluation of the conditioned rewarding effects of drugs related to environmental cues. Then, the extinguished CPP can be robustly reinstated by the non-contingent administration of a priming dose of the drug, and by exposure to stressful stimuli. Both methods will be explained here. When the animal reinitiates the behavioral response, a reinstatement of the conditioned reward is considered to have taken place.
The main advantages of this protocol are that it is non-invasive, inexpensive, and simple with good validity criteria. In addition, it allows the study of different environmental manipulations, such as stress or diet, which can modulate relapse into drug seeking behaviors. However, one limitation is that if the researcher aims to explore the motivation and primary reinforcing effects of the drug, it should be complemented with self-administration procedures, as they involve operant responses of animals.

This protocol describes the Conditioned Place Preference (CPP) as a model of relapse. This procedure permits the measurement of relapse in laboratory animals, considering the impact of drug-associated environmental cues as craving and relapse in abstaining addicts is currently the focus of drug-abuse treatment programs.

用条件位置偏好范式恢复小鼠药物寻毒作用

The present protocol describes the Conditioned Place Preference (CPP) as a model of relapse in drug addiction. In this model, animals are first trained to ...

The Unpredictable Chronic Mild Stress Protocol for Inducing Anhedonia in Mice

Depression is a highly prevalent and debilitating condition, only partially addressed by current pharmacotherapies. The lack of response to treatment by many patients prompts the need to develop new therapeutic alternatives and to better understand the etiology of the disorder. Pre-clinical models with translational merits are rudimentary for this task. Here we present a protocol for the unpredictable chronic mild stress (UCMS) method in mice. In this protocol, adolescent mice are chronically exposed to interchanging unpredictable mild stressors. Resembling the pathogenesis of depression in humans, stress exposure during the sensitive period of mice adolescence instigates a depressive-like phenotype evident in adulthood. UCMS can be used for screenings of antidepressants on the variety of depressive-like behaviors and neuromolecular indices. Among the more prominent tests to assess depressive-like behavior in rodents is the sucrose preference test (SPT), which reflects anhedonia (core symptom of depression). The SPT will also be presented in this protocol. The ability of UCMS to induce anhedonia, instigate long-term behavioral deficits and enable reversal of these deficits via chronic (but not acute) treatment with antidepressants strengthens the protocol&#39;s validity compared to other animal protocols for inducing depressive-like behaviors.

Here we present the unpredictable chronic mild stress protocol in mice. This protocol induces a long-term depressive-like phenotype and enables to assess the efficacy of putative antidepressants in reversing the behavioral and neuromolecular depressive-like deficits.

诱导小鼠快感缺失的不可预测慢性轻度应力协议

Depression is a highly prevalent and debilitating condition, only partially addressed by current pharmacotherapies. The lack of response to treatment by ...

A Conditioned Place Preference Protocol for Measuring Incubation of Craving in Rats

A major cause of repeated relapses is a craving for the drug. Drug craving increases progressively during the abstinence period, a phenomenon termed incubation of drug craving. Here, we describe a morphine conditioned place preference (CPP) protocol for measuring the incubation of craving in rats. In this protocol, a CPP paradigm mainly employing somatosensory cues is used to establish a long-term reward memory of morphine. A three-chamber CPP box that differs in the texture of the chamber floor is constructed. First, the animals are tested for their baseline preference to the two side chambers for three consecutive days. Then, they are injected intraperitoneally with morphine/saline and put into their non-preferred/preferred chamber for 45 min. After 6 days of conditioning, their preference to the side chambers is tested for 15 min at different time points after the last conditioning session. With this paradigm, the reward memory of morphine could last for at least 18 days. To test whether the above-mentioned protocol can model increased craving, the number of entrances into the two side chambers are counted during the abstinence period. The results show that the entrances increased, suggesting that the CPP paradigm could mimic the incubation of craving. Future studies can employ this model to study neural mechanisms underlying long-term memory and incubation of craving.

Here, a morphine conditioned place preference (CPP) protocol is described to measure incubation of craving in rats.

一种用于大鼠渴望培养的条件场所偏好协议

A major cause of repeated relapses is a craving for the drug. Drug craving increases progressively during the abstinence period, a phenomenon termed ...

A Behavioral Test Battery for the Repeated Assessment of Motor Skills, Mood, and Cognition in Mice

Pharmacological and toxicological studies in neurodegeneration require comprehensive behavioral analysis in mice because motor dysfunctions and dysfunctions in mood and cognition are common and often shared symptoms in neurodegenerative diseases. Shown here is a behavioral test battery for motor, mood, and cognition, which can be repeatedly tested in a longitudinal study. This battery assesses the overall behavioral phenotype in mice by examining each domain of behavior with at least two independent well-accepted tests (i.e., open-field test and rotarod test for motor function, social interaction test, elevated plus maze test, and forced swim test for emotional function, and Morris water maze test and novel object recognition test for cognitive function). Therefore, this sensitive and comprehensive test battery is a powerful tool for the study of behavioral alternation in neurodegeneration.

A comprehensive behavioral test battery of motor skills, mood&#8212;including social interaction, depression, and anxiety&#8212;and cognition is designed for the repeated assessment of neurodegeneration-related behavioral changes in mice.