We would like to thank Dr. Alengo Nyamay'antu and Dr. Ilse Timmerman for their advices about lentiviral packaging. This work is supported by an American Heart Association Scientist Development Grant 10SDG4170137.

<ol>
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The authors have nothing to disclose.

从新生大鼠原代心肌早就被用来研究心肌细胞功能的体外 。这个协议描述了用于从幼鼠采用两步酶消化法新生心肌细胞的分离方法，首先用胰蛋白酶O / N消化，在4℃，然后纯化的胶原酶。采用纯化的胶原酶步骤的一个优点在于，同一等级的酶被用于所有隔离。因此，分离的细胞的质量和数量是从实验的实验一致。 给定与腺病毒相关的，如果细胞培养转导的高效率是必需的一个给定的实验中，更高的转导效率，最好是使用一种腺病毒。但是，如果高浓度的转导是没有必要的，慢病毒载体都可以使用。有使用两种腺病毒或慢病毒载体的选择可以更容易地实现适当的transd减税和表达水平不同类型的基因。如果由活细胞成像用共聚焦旋转盘显微镜或IC卡中的荧光强度检测是非常低的慢病毒转导后，使用使用不同的启动子来表达目的基因的慢病毒的另一个转移载体可能会解决此问题。用腺病毒载体，如果腺病毒转导后，世行检测的频带较弱，这可能表明一个低滴度病毒原料。在这种情况下，最好是在细胞繁殖，然后再继续准备较高的滴度腺病毒的解决方案。 这种技术的一个限制是孤立的心肌细胞存活的收益率是不是从实验高度一致地去尝试，用纯化的胶原酶时也是如此。为了进行可重复的成像实验最好是分离的心肌细胞在上清液中的步骤1.2.13选择后计数存活细胞。在协议部分。然后，SE编玻璃底菜的心肌细胞在不同的稀释液。一旦细胞附着，与适当的细胞浓度为实验选择的菜肴计划。 有使用新生儿心肌细胞的许多优点，但也存在一些缺点。主要的缺点是他们从成人的心肌细胞明显的区别。完全分化成心肌细胞是杆状和孤立成人原发性心肌细胞维持其杆状形态，而孤立的新生儿原发性心肌细胞分布在各个方向36。孤立的成人和新生儿心肌细胞之间的表型差异也反映在他们的基因表达37的图案。因此，对于在其中分化的心肌细胞是必需的实验中，一个协议，用于成人心肌细胞的分离，将需要4。 采用重组的腺病毒和慢病毒转导蛋白质进入与纺纱共聚焦显微镜盘组合原代大鼠乳鼠心肌让我们来分析在现场培养原代细胞蛋白质的功能。相对于现有的方法，其利用染引入目的基因导入细胞，这种协议的一个显著优点是，腺病毒和慢病毒是非常有效地吸收由产生的感兴趣的基因在几乎所有的细胞中表达的细胞文化。此外，使用两种不同类型的病毒的基因表达可以更容易地实现适当的转导率和表达水平的多个基因。 siRNA和化学激动剂和拮抗剂也可用于在该系统中，以进一步改动和分析基因的功能和它们编码的蛋白质。 心中的制备是在协议中一个极其重要的一步。尽可能快地清除体内的心。一定要把它们放在冰立刻以保持细胞活力高。另一个重要步骤是高质量的，而且滴度慢病毒/腺病毒的股票的准备。如果质量差的病毒种群的使用，目的基因的转导和表达水平将较低。因此，他们可能不适合成像研究。 这种技术的一个重要应用前景将是在小鼠心肌细胞的使用。试点研究测试是否可用于小鼠乳鼠心肌细胞的分离这种方法已经取得了可喜的成果。由于小鼠心脏相比，这些鼠的相对小的尺寸，更低的组织最初获得的。因此，较少的细胞都使用相同的动物数量，而只是使用更多的老鼠的隔离应消除这一障碍隔绝在一个单一的步骤。隔离小鼠心肌细胞的能力，使研究人员能够研究细胞的基因改造米的隔离功能冰（转基因，基因敲除，敲入）已经产生，以研究目的基因的一种特殊形式。 一个在心血管研究的主要障碍已与调查给定基因的实时表示的心脏组织中在体内的表达和功能相关联的难度。但是隔离功能跳动的心肌细胞，利用病毒转导调节细胞的功能，然后利用共聚焦旋转盘显微镜研究它们在实时的能力，有助于揭示出心肌细胞在体内的作用，弥合这一差距。这种方法提供了对于理解心肌功能在细胞水平上的简化系统。它允许在基因表达的扰动如何改变心肌细胞功能的实时分析。心肌细胞的活细胞成像将有助于进一步深入了解心肌功能。这种见解将导致基本cardiovascula进展Ř研究，导致新的治疗心血管疾病的治疗。

原代大鼠新生心肌早已被用于体外 1调查心肌功能。他们很容易从幼鼠由几个公认的方法2-4隔离开来。最常见的方法使用胶原酶或胰蛋白酶消化之前，细胞分离心脏的结缔组织。研究人员还开发了从成年啮齿动物5-8以及新生小鼠9,10分离心肌细胞的方法。 这个协议描述了从新生大鼠幼仔分离心肌细胞，采用两步酶消化过程的方法。胰蛋白酶是第一次使用O / N在4℃，然后纯化胶原酶在37°C心脏组织用胰蛋白酶O / N的潜伏期在4℃可减少相比，使用顺序孵化在一个温暖的酶液2种方法需要收获细胞的步骤。此外，通过使用纯化的共llagenase而不是粗酶液，批与批之间的变化可以被消除，从而提供增强的可重复性。 特定蛋白质的功能性研究经常采用利用腺病毒11-13和/或14-16的慢病毒的蛋白质表达系统。 [忠告]病毒的生产和操作应根据美国国立卫生研究院的指引进行。 腺病毒不整合到宿主基因组中。它具有转导在大多数细胞类型，包括分裂细胞和非分裂细胞，以及原代细胞和建立的细胞系中非常高的效率。这使得腺病毒的可靠载体用于基因表达。高水平的腺病毒载体编码的蛋白的48小时内下列传导开发，并且它们可以持续数周17。然而，一个缺点是使用的腺病毒蛋白质的表达是一种重组腺的发展novirus是既复杂又费时。这个缺点在部分解释了为什么许多研究人员已经转向慢病毒重组基因的表达。与腺病毒的构建，产生慢病毒结构非常简单快捷。虽然慢病毒通常具有转导的低效率比腺病毒，在两个分裂和非分裂细胞，它们整合到宿主基因组中。因此，转基因的表达对于慢病毒比为腺病毒更稳定。 由于在显微镜领域的技术进步，这是很容易捕捉到细胞中表达重组蛋白的活细胞的图像。这甚至在收购视频速率的速度也是如此。这使得研究者确定如何具体改变在感兴趣的蛋白质在功能上影响实时细胞。共聚焦旋转盘显微镜有，使它成为LIV最佳技术的几个关键特性Ë细胞成像18,19。横河电机旋转的光盘允许更快速图像获取，而在同一时间利用少得多的激光功率比点扫描共聚焦显微镜。这两个特殊的特性是由于旋转的盘，其中包含通过该激光同时传递到许多样品的共焦孔。在采集过程中，磁盘本身旋转快速，持续18-20。通过使用显微镜的自动对焦系统，稳定的焦点被维持在很长一段时间。这使研究人员能够采取有重点的活细胞图像。采集的图像回放的电影文件。图像是使用图像分析软件，如ImageJ的21,22，斐济23，或其它市售软件进行分析。

<table><tbody><tr><td>1 Scissors for decapitation</td><td>WPI</td><td>501749</td><td>Autoclave before use</td></tr><tr><td>1 Fine scissors for heart isolation and chopping</td><td>WPI</td><td>14393</td><td>Autoclave before use</td></tr><tr><td>2 Fine forceps (Dumont No. 5)</td><td>Sigma</td><td>F6521</td><td>Autoclave before use</td></tr><tr><td>3 Sterilized 10 cm plastic dishes</td><td>Sigma</td><td>CLS430165</td><td>For heart isolation</td></tr><tr><td>3.5 cm Glass bottom culture dishes</td><td>MatTek</td><td>P35G-1.5-20-C</td><td>For final plating of cardiomyocytes for future live cell imaging. Micro-Dishes from ibidi are an acceptable alternative.</td></tr><tr><td>3.5 cm Glass bottom culture dishes</td><td>MatTek</td><td>P35G-0.17-14-C</td><td>For TIRF or high resolution image</td></tr><tr><td>Ethanol solution, 70% (v/v) in water</td><td>Sigma</td><td>E7148</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>2% Gelatin</td><td>Sigma</td><td>G1393</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>1 Sterilized 10 cm plastic dish</td><td>Sigma</td><td>CLS430165</td><td>For trypsinization</td></tr><tr><td>Aluminium foil</td><td>Any brand</td><td></td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Parafilm</td><td>Sigma</td><td>P7543</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Two 10 cm plastic cell culture dish</td><td>Sigma</td><td>CLS430165</td><td>For selection</td></tr><tr><td>Autopipette</td><td>Drummond Scientific</td><td>4-000-300</td><td>For trituration</td></tr><tr><td>Cell counter</td><td></td><td></td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Cellometer, automated cell counter</td><td>nexcelom</td><td></td><td>To check and count cells</td></tr><tr><td>Microscope and hematocytometer</td><td>Any brand</td><td></td><td>To check and count cells</td></tr><tr><td>Trypan blue solution, 0.4%</td><td>invitrogen</td><td>15250-061</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>CO&lt;sub&gt;2&lt;/sub&gt; incubator</td><td>Sanyo</td><td>MCO-19AIC</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Incubating orbital shaker</td><td>Sigma</td><td>Z673129</td><td>To shake heart tissue with collagenase at 37 &amp;deg;C at 170-200 rpm</td></tr><tr><td>10 mg/ml BrdU solution</td><td>BD Pharmingen</td><td>550891</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>DMEM, high glucose</td><td>invitrogen</td><td>41965039</td><td>Mix medium as indicated in the protocol and warm before use</td></tr><tr><td>MEM</td><td>invitrogen</td><td>31095029</td><td>Mix medium as indicated in the protocol and warm before use</td></tr><tr><td>Fetal bovine serum</td><td>invitrogen</td><td>26140079</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Penicillin-streptomycin (10,000 U/ml)&amp;nbsp;</td><td>invitrogen</td><td>15140-122</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Section 2 Lentiviral transduction</td><td></td><td></td><td></td></tr><tr><td>3 Packaging plasmids</td><td></td><td></td><td></td></tr><tr><td>pMDLg/pRRE</td><td>Addgene</td><td>12251</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>pRSV-Rev</td><td>Addgene</td><td>12253</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>pMD2.G</td><td>Addgene</td><td>12259</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>The lentiviral transfer vector, pLVX-IRES-Puro</td><td>Clontech</td><td>632183</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Opti-MEM (serum-free medium)</td><td>invitrogen</td><td>31985070</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Transfection reagent</td><td></td><td></td><td></td></tr><tr><td>polyethyleneimine&amp;ldquo;Max&amp;rdquo;, (MW 40,000) - High Potency Linear PEI (Equivalent to Mw 25,000 in Free Base Form)&amp;nbsp;</td><td>Polysciences</td><td>24765-2</td><td>It can be substituted with X-tremeGENE 9 from Roche</td></tr><tr><td>X-tremeGENE 9</td><td>Roche</td><td>6365779001</td><td>substitute for PEI as transfection reagent</td></tr><tr><td>Chloroquine</td><td>Sigma</td><td>C6628</td><td>Dissolve in water and make 100 mM stock solution. Inhibition of endosomal acidification can be achieved with 10-100 &amp;mu;M Chloroquine.</td></tr><tr><td>HEPES</td><td>Sigma</td><td>H3375</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>10 ml Luer-Lok syringe, sterilized</td><td>BD</td><td>309604</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>0.45 &amp;mu;m filters</td><td>Sigma</td><td>F8677</td><td>Use only cellulose acetate or polyethersulfone (PES) (low protein binding) filters. Do not use nitrocellulose filters. Nitrocellulose binds surface proteins on the lentiviral envelope and destroys the virus.</td></tr><tr><td>Hexadimethrine bromide</td><td>Sigma</td><td>H9268</td><td>Dissolve in water and make 8 mg/ml stock solution, then filter it to sterilize.</td></tr><tr><td>Polyethylene glycol 6,000</td><td>Sigma</td><td>81260</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Sodium chloride</td><td>Sigma</td><td>S9888</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Sodium hydroxide</td><td>Sigma</td><td>S5881</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Section 3 Adenoviral transduction</td><td></td><td></td><td></td></tr><tr><td>HEK 293T cells</td><td>ATCC</td><td>CRL-11268</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Some 10 cm cell culture dishes</td><td>Sigma</td><td>CLS430165</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>96-Well microplate with lid, flat-bottom, tissue culture, sterile</td><td>BD Falcon</td><td>353072</td><td>For titration</td></tr><tr><td>Multichannel pipette, 10-100 &amp;mu;l, 8-channel</td><td>eppendorf</td><td>3122 000.035</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Section 4 Live cell imaging</td><td></td><td></td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Spinning disk confocal microspopy</td><td>PerkinElmer</td><td>L7267000</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>A temperature-controlled chamber</td><td>Any brand</td><td></td><td>To keep temperature at 37 &amp;deg;C</td></tr><tr><td>A CO&lt;sub&gt;2&lt;/sub&gt; environmental system</td><td>Any brand</td><td></td><td>Optional to maintain CO&lt;sub&gt;2&lt;/sub&gt; concentration optimal</td></tr><tr><td>CO&lt;sub&gt;2&lt;/sub&gt; Independent medium, no glutamine</td><td>invitrogen</td><td>18045-054&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;</td><td>For long time time-lapse imaging</td></tr><tr><td>DMEM, high glucose, HEPES, no phenol red</td><td>invitrogen</td><td>21063-029</td><td>For long time time-lapse imaging</td></tr></tbody></table>

live cell imaging of primary rat neonatal cardiomyocytes following adenoviral and lentiviral transduction using confocal spinning disk microscopy

原代大鼠新生心肌细胞是有用的基本体外心血管研究，因为它们可以很容易地分离出大量的单一步骤。由于在显微镜技术的进步是相对容易捕捉到活细胞的图像进行调查的实时有关的光毒性的细胞的细胞事件以最小的关注的目的。本协议描述了如何利用共聚焦旋转盘显微镜下慢病毒和腺病毒转导调节细胞的特性采取原代大鼠乳鼠心肌细胞的活细胞慢速拍摄的图像。两种不同类型的病毒的应用可以更容易地实现合适的转导率和表达水平的两个不同的基因。以及聚焦活细胞图像可以使用显微镜的自动对焦系统，可以保持稳定的聚焦长的时间段来获得。应用这种方法，外源性工程师的功能表达在培养的原代细胞编蛋白进行分析。此外，该系统可用于通过化学式调制器的使用的siRNA以及检查基因的功能。

为了说明的技术中，慢病毒编码EGFP（增强型绿色荧光蛋白）标记的Cx43（连接蛋白43）或突变的Cx43蛋白32，来表达EGFP-标记的蛋白质在细胞和腺病毒编码FGFR1DN（成纤维细胞生长因子受体1显性失活）被用来关闭FGF信号在细胞33-35。三天之后的心肌细胞的分离，该分离的心肌细胞转导的慢病毒，以表达EGFP-标记的蛋白质在细胞内。然后后的慢病毒转导后3天，分离的心肌细胞进一步转导的腺病毒编码FGFR1DN消除FGF信号中的单元格。允许足够的时间让细胞以表达转导的外源基因后，共聚焦旋转盘显微镜被用来捕捉活细胞的图像。采集的图像回放的电影文件，并使用图像分析软件进行分析。如需更详细的代表性略去结果请参见Sakurai 等 32。 以下的慢病毒转导是通过共聚焦旋转盘镜72小时以下的慢病毒转导的图1A-B证实了EGFP的表达标记蛋白。 FGFR1DN由腺病毒转导的表达由世界银行和国际商会腺病毒转导图1C-D的24小时后得到了证实。腺病毒除了3.5厘米菜肴的时间被定义为在时间0和时间推移使用一个腔室的加热器，以保持温度在37˚C.被获取的图像具有40倍的空气NA 0.9的物镜，每5分钟6小时在采取了通过共聚焦旋转盘显微镜初级心肌细胞的EGFP-标记蛋白的时间推移图像示于补充影1-2。 在情况下，温度平衡是不够的，还是多采集模式是不正常，拍摄的图像时，工作正常的自动对焦系统稳定保持焦点可能会移动在xy平面补充动画1。然而，这并没有发生。如图补充电影2，当温度平衡是适当的和被收购的兴趣只有一个区域，拍摄的图像质量非常高的。 心肌细胞的搏动被后以证实细胞活力长期的时间推移活细胞成像评估。即使经过16小时的时间推移成像EGFP表达的心肌细胞保持其功能性和节拍有节奏地补充电影3。 <img alt="图1" fo:content-width="5in" src="/files/ftp_upload/51666/51666fig1highres.jpg" width="500" /> 下面的慢病毒或腺病毒转导图1。确认蛋白的表达。 </strong&gt;的（A）隔离乳鼠心肌细胞表达Cx43蛋白-WT-EGFP转导后3天转用Ad-FGFR1DN。另见补充电影1（B）隔离乳鼠心肌细胞表达Cx43-S325/328/330E（3SE）-EGFP转导后3天转用Ad-FGFR1DN。继转导后，国际刑事法院24小时检测腺病毒转导又见补充电影2（C）的蛋白表达。 FGFR1DN蛋白的以下通过转导后WB 24小时检测到腺病毒转导的血凝素（HA）蛋白标记的FGFR1DN用常规IC卡的方法用抗-HA抗体检测，α-辅肌动蛋白被用来作为标记的心肌细胞（D）的表达。 HA-标记的FGFR1DN用抗HA抗体检测由WB，β-微管蛋白用作上样对照。 大鼠离体新生车补充电影1。时间推移成像<html> diomyocytes表达Cx43蛋白-WT-EGFP转用Ad-FGFR1DN的时间推移图像被收购与40倍的物镜，每5分钟6小时用共焦纺丝磁盘显微镜。采集的图像进行回放作为一部电影每秒10帧。这部影片已被修改Sakurai 等 32。 <a href="https://www-jove-com.remotexs.ntu.edu.sg/files/ftp_upload/51666/s_movie1_2.mov" target="_blank">请点击此处观看该视频。</a> 补充电影2。离体大鼠乳鼠心肌细胞表达Cx43-S325/328/330E-EGFP转用Ad-FGFR1DN时间推移成像。被收购的时间推移图像用40倍物镜6小时，每隔5分钟用共聚焦旋转盘显微镜。采集的图像进行回放作为一部电影每秒10帧。这部影片已被修改Sakurai 等 32。"目标="_blank"&gt;请点击此处观看该视频。 离体大鼠乳鼠心肌细胞补充电影3。时间推移成像回放时的实际速度。离体大鼠乳鼠心肌细胞表达Cx43蛋白-EGFP转导与被收购AD-FGFR1DN用40倍物镜每200毫秒10的时间推移图像秒，共聚焦旋转盘显微镜下16小时的时间推移收购。采集的图像进行回放的电影在每秒5张的实际速度。 <a href="https://www-jove-com.remotexs.ntu.edu.sg/files/ftp_upload/51666/s_movie3.MOV" target="_blank">请点击此处观看该视频。</a>

Watch this Scientific Journal Video about Live Cell Imaging of Primary Rat Neonatal Cardiomyocytes Following Adenoviral and Lentiviral Transduction Using Confocal Spinning Disk Microscopy at JoVE.com

Live Cell Imaging of Primary Rat Neonatal Cardiomyocytes Following Adenoviral and Lentiviral Transduction Using Confocal Spinning Disk Microscopy

This protocol describes a method of live cell imaging using primary rat neonatal cardiomyocytes following lentiviral and adenoviral transduction using confocal spinning disk microscopy. This enables detailed observations of cellular processes in living cardiomyocytes.

原代大鼠乳鼠心肌细胞的活细胞成像继腺病毒和慢病毒转导利用共聚焦旋转盘显微镜

Primary rat neonatal cardiomyocytes are useful in basic in vitro cardiovascular research because they can be easily isolated in large numbers in a single ...

live-cell-imaging-primary-rat-neonatal-cardiomyocytes-following

Nanyang Technological University

Research

JoVE Journal

Biology

13.5K 次观看.  Max-Planck-Institute for Molecular Biomedicine and Institute of Cell Biology. This protocol describes a method of live cell imaging using primary rat neonatal cardiomyocytes following lentiviral and adenoviral transduction using confocal spinning disk microscopy. This enables detailed observations of cellular processes in living cardiomyocytes.

视频: Live Cell Imaging of Primary Rat Neonatal Cardiomyocytes Following Adenoviral and Lentiviral Transduction Using Confocal Spinning Disk Microscopy

Analysis of Cardiomyocyte Development using Immunofluorescence in Embryonic Mouse Heart

During heart development, the generation of myocardial-specific structural and functional units including sarcomeres, contractile myofibrils, intercalated discs, and costameres requires the coordinated assembly of multiple components in time and space. Disruption in assembly of these components leads to developmental heart defects. Immunofluorescent staining techniques are used commonly in cultured cardiomyocytes to probe myofibril maturation, but this ex vivo approach is limited by the extent to which myocytes will fully differentiate in culture, lack of normal in vivo mechanical inputs, and absence of endocardial cues. Application of immunofluorescence techniques to the study of developing mouse heart is desirable but more technically challenging, and methods often lack sufficient sensitivity and resolution to visualize sarcomeres in the early stages of heart development. Here, we describe a robust and reproducible method to co-immunostain multiple proteins or to co-visualize a fluorescent protein with immunofluorescent staining in the embryonic mouse heart and use this method to analyze developing myofibrils, intercalated discs, and costameres. This method can be further applied to assess cardiomyocyte structural changes caused by mutations that lead to developmental heart defects.

Mutations that lead to congenital heart defects benefit from in vivo investigation of cardiac structure during development, but high-resolution structural studies in the mouse embryonic heart are technically challenging. Here we present a robust immunofluorescence and image analysis method to assess cardiomyocyte-specific structures in the developing mouse heart.

在胚胎小鼠心脏采用免疫荧光心肌发展分析

During heart development, the generation of myocardial-specific structural and functional units including sarcomeres, contractile myofibrils, intercalated ...

科研

发育生物学

Isolation and Cryopreservation of Neonatal Rat Cardiomyocytes

Cell culture has become increasingly important in cardiac research, but due to the limited proliferation of cardiomyocytes, culturing cardiomyocytes is difficult and time consuming. The most commonly used cells are neonatal rat cardiomyocytes (NRCMs), which require isolation every time cells are needed. The birth of the rats can be unpredictable. Cryopreservation is proposed to allow for cells to be stored until needed, yet freezing/thawing methods for primary cardiomyocytes are challenging due to the sensitivity of the cells. Using the proper cryoprotectant, dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO), cryopreservation was achieved. By slowly extracting the DMSO while thawing the cells, cultures were obtained with viable NRCMs. NRCM phenotype was verified using immunocytochemistry staining for &#945;-sarcomeric actinin. In addition, cells also showed spontaneous contraction after several days in culture. Cell viability after thawing was acceptable at 40-60%. In spite of this, the methods outlined allow one to easily cryopreserve and thaw NRCMs. This gives researchers a greater amount of flexibility in planning experiments as well as reducing the use of animals.

The isolation of neonatal rat cardiomyocytes is a time consuming and unpredictable procedure. This study describes methods for cryopreservation and thawing of neonatal rat cardiomyocytes that allows for more efficient use of cells. The thawed NRCMs can be used for various experiments without the need for performing isolations each time.

隔离和乳鼠心肌细胞冷冻保存

Cell culture has become increasingly important in cardiac research, but due to the limited proliferation of cardiomyocytes, culturing cardiomyocytes is ...

Visualization of Cell Cycle Variations and Determination of Nucleation in Postnatal Cardiomyocytes

Cardiomyocytes are prone to variations of the cell cycle, such as endoreduplication (continuing rounds of DNA synthesis without karyokinesis and cytokinesis) and acytokinetic mitosis (karyokinesis but no cytokinesis). Such atypical cell cycle variations result in polyploid and multinucleated cells rather than in cell division. Therefore, to determine cardiac turnover and regeneration, it is of crucial importance to correctly identify cardiomyocyte nuclei, the number of nuclei per cell, and their cell cycle status. This is especially true for the use of nuclear markers for identifying cell cycle activity, such as thymidine analogues Ki-67, PCNA, or pHH3. Here, we present methods for recognizing cardiomyocytes and their nuclearity and for determining their cell cycle activity. We use two published transgenic systems: the Myh6-H2B-mCh transgenic mouse line, for the unequivocal identification of cardiomyocyte nuclei, and the CAG-eGFP-anillin mouse line, for distinguishing cell division from cell cycle variations. Combined together, these two systems ease the study of cardiac regeneration and plasticity.

To distinguish cell division from cell cycle variations in cardiomyocytes, we present protocols using two transgenic mouse lines: Myh6-H2B-mCh transgenic mice, for the unequivocal identification of cardiomyocyte nuclei, and CAG-eGFP-anillin mice, for distinguishing cell division from cell cycle variations.

细胞周期变化的可视化和核测定心肌出生后

Cardiomyocytes are prone to variations of the cell cycle, such as endoreduplication (continuing rounds of DNA synthesis without karyokinesis and ...

Isolation and Genetic Manipulation of Adult Cardiac Myocytes for Confocal Imaging

Cardiac myocytes isolated from adult hearts are widely accepted as a model somewhere half way between embryonic and neonatal muscle cells on one side and a working heart on the other. Thus, cardiomyocytes serve as good models for cardiac cellular physiology and pathophysiology, for pharmaceutical investigations as well as for the exploration of transgenic animal models. Here we describe a method of isolating the cells from the heart. Furthermore we show how a genetic manipulation on cardiac myocytes can be performed without breeding a transgenic animal: This is the combination of long term culture (1 week) and adenoviral gene transfer. The latter one is described from the construction of the virus to the transduction of the cells. It can be used for the expression of genetically encoded biosensors (GEBs), fluorescent fusion proteins, but also for protein over expression and down regulation, e.g. using RNAi. Here we provide an example for the expression of a fusion protein staining a subcellular structure (Golgi). Such protein expression can be visualized by confocal imaging of z-stacks for a 3D-reconstruction of subcellular structures. The protocol comprises state-of-the-art in cell culture, molecular biology and biophysics and thus provides an approach for exploring new horizons in cellular cardiology.

Adult cardiac myocytes are primary cells that can be isolated from animal hearts and cultured for several days. Within this culture period adenoviral gene transfer can be used to express genetically encoded biosensors (GEBs) or fluorescent fusion proteins. Both approaches allow cellular investigations by means of confocal microscopy.

成人的心肌细胞的分离和遗传操作共聚焦成像

Cardiac myocytes isolated from adult hearts are widely accepted as a model somewhere half way between embryonic and neonatal muscle cells on one side and ...

生物学

Imaging Dendritic Spines of Rat Primary Hippocampal Neurons using Structured Illumination Microscopy

Dendritic spines are protrusions emerging from the dendrite of a neuron and represent the primary postsynaptic targets of excitatory inputs in the brain. Technological advances have identified these structures as key elements in neuron connectivity and synaptic plasticity. The quantitative analysis of spine morphology using light microscopy remains an essential problem due to technical limitations associated with light's intrinsic refraction limit. Dendritic spines can be readily identified by confocal laser-scanning fluorescence microscopy. However, measuring subtle changes in the shape and size of spines is difficult because spine dimensions other than length are usually smaller than conventional optical resolution fixed by light microscopy's theoretical resolution limit of 200 nm.
Several recently developed super resolution techniques have been used to image cellular structures smaller than the 200 nm, including dendritic spines. These techniques are based on classical far-field operations and therefore allow the use of existing sample preparation methods and to image beyond the surface of a specimen. Described here is a working protocol to apply super resolution structured illumination microscopy (SIM) to the imaging of dendritic spines in primary hippocampal neuron cultures. Possible applications of SIM overlap with those of confocal microscopy. However, the two techniques present different applicability. SIM offers higher effective lateral resolution, while confocal microscopy, due to the usage of a physical pinhole, achieves resolution improvement at the expense of removal of out of focus light. In this protocol, primary neurons are cultured on glass coverslips using a standard protocol, transfected with DNA plasmids encoding fluorescent proteins and imaged using SIM. The whole protocol described herein takes approximately 2 weeks, because dendritic spines are imaged after 16-17 days in vitro, when dendritic development is optimal. After completion of the protocol, dendritic spines can be reconstructed in 3D from series of SIM image stacks using specialized software.

This article describes a working protocol to image dendritic spines from hippocampal neurons in vitro using Structured Illumination Microscopy (SIM). Super-resolution microscopy using SIM provides image resolution significantly beyond the light diffraction limit in all three spatial dimensions, allowing the imaging of individual dendritic spines with improved detail.

成像大鼠原代海马神经元树突棘使用结构照明显微镜

Dendritic spines are protrusions emerging from the dendrite of a neuron and represent the primary postsynaptic targets of excitatory inputs in the brain. ...

神经科学

Live Imaging of Mitosis in the Developing Mouse Embryonic Cortex

Although of short duration, mitosis is a complex and dynamic multi-step process fundamental for development of organs including the brain. In the developing cerebral cortex, abnormal mitosis of neural progenitors can cause defects in brain size and function. Hence, there is a critical need for tools to understand the mechanisms of neural progenitor mitosis. Cortical development in rodents is an outstanding model for studying this process. Neural progenitor mitosis is commonly examined in fixed brain sections. This protocol will describe in detail an approach for live imaging of mitosis in ex vivo embryonic brain slices. We will describe the critical steps for this procedure, which include: brain extraction, brain embedding, vibratome sectioning of brain slices, staining and culturing of slices, and time-lapse imaging. We will then demonstrate and describe in detail how to perform post-acquisition analysis of mitosis. We include representative results from this assay using the vital dye Syto11, transgenic mice (histone H2B-EGFP and centrin-EGFP), and in utero electroporation (mCherry-&#945;-tubulin). We will discuss how this procedure can be best optimized and how it can be modified for study of genetic regulation of mitosis. Live imaging of mitosis in brain slices is a flexible approach to assess the impact of age, anatomy, and genetic perturbation in a controlled environment, and to generate a large amount of data with high temporal and spatial resolution. Hence this protocol will complement existing tools for analysis of neural progenitor mitosis.

Neural progenitor mitosis is a critical parameter of neurogenesis. Much of our understanding of neural progenitor mitosis is based on analysis of fixed tissue. Live imaging in embryonic brain slices is a versatile technique to assess mitosis with high temporal and spatial resolution in a controlled environment.

有丝分裂中的不同发育阶段小鼠胚胎皮层实时成像

Although of short duration, mitosis is a complex and dynamic multi-step process fundamental for development of organs including the brain. In the ...

Single-Cell Optical Action Potential Measurement in Human Induced Pluripotent Stem Cell-Derived Cardiomyocytes

Conventional intracellular microelectrode techniques to quantify cardiomyocyte electrophysiology are extremely complex, labor intensive, and typically carried out in low throughput. Rapid and ongoing expansion of induced pluripotent stem cell (iPSC) technology presents a new standard in cardiovascular research and alternate methods are now necessary to increase throughput of electrophysiological data at a single cell level. VF2.1Cl is a recently derived voltage sensitive dye which provides a rapid single channel, high magnitude response to fluctuations in membrane potential. It possesses kinetics superior to those of other existing voltage indicators and makes available functional data equivalent to that of traditional microelectrode techniques. Here, we demonstrate simplified, non-invasive action potential characterization in externally paced human iPSC derived cardiomyocytes using a modular and highly affordable photometry system.

Here we describe optical acquisition and characterization of action potentials from induced pluripotent stem cell derived cardiomyocytes using a high-speed modular photometry system.

人类诱导多能干细胞衍生心肌细胞中的单细胞光学作用潜在测量

Conventional intracellular microelectrode techniques to quantify cardiomyocyte electrophysiology are extremely complex, labor intensive, and typically ...

生物工程

Isolation and Culture of Neonatal Mouse Cardiomyocytes

Cultured neonatal cardiomyocytes have long been used to study myofibrillogenesis and myofibrillar functions. Cultured cardiomyocytes allow for easy investigation and manipulation of biochemical pathways, and their effect on the biomechanical properties of spontaneously beating cardiomyocytes.	
The following 2-day protocol describes the isolation and culture of neonatal mouse cardiomyocytes. We show how to easily dissect hearts from neonates, dissociate the cardiac tissue and enrich cardiomyocytes from the cardiac cell-population. We discuss the usage of different enzyme mixes for cell-dissociation, and their effects on cell-viability. The isolated cardiomyocytes can be subsequently used for a variety of morphological, electrophysiological, biochemical, cell-biological or biomechanical assays. We optimized the protocol for robustness and reproducibility, by using only commercially available solutions and enzyme mixes that show little lot-to-lot variability. We also address common problems associated with the isolation and culture of cardiomyocytes, and offer a variety of options for the optimization of isolation and culture conditions.

Primary mouse cardiomyocyte cultures are one of the pivotal tools for the investigation of myofibrillar organization and function. The following protocol describes the isolation and culture of primary cardiomyocytes from neonatal mouse hearts. The resulting cardiomyocyte cultures may be subsequently used for a variety of biomechanical, biochemical and cell-biological assays.

分离新生小鼠心肌文化和

Cultured neonatal cardiomyocytes have long been used to study  myofibrillogenesis and myofibrillar functions. Cultured cardiomyocytes allow  for easy ...

使用 STED 显微镜揭示神经元中的线粒体超微结构

Using Live Cell STED Imaging to Visualize Mitochondrial Inner Membrane Ultrastructure in Neuronal Cell Models

Mitochondria play many essential roles in the cell, including energy production, regulation of Ca2+ homeostasis, lipid biosynthesis, and production of reactive oxygen species (ROS). These mitochondria-mediated processes take on specialized roles in neurons, coordinating aerobic metabolism to meet the high energy demands of these cells, modulating Ca2+ signaling, providing lipids for axon growth and regeneration, and tuning ROS production for neuronal development and function. Mitochondrial dysfunction is therefore a central driver in neurodegenerative diseases. Mitochondrial structure and function are inextricably linked. The morphologically complex inner membrane with structural infolds called cristae harbors many molecular systems that perform the signature processes of the mitochondrion. The architectural features of the inner membrane are ultrastructural and therefore, too small to be visualized by traditional diffraction-limited resolved microscopy. Thus, most insights on mitochondrial ultrastructure have come from electron microscopy on fixed samples. However, emerging technologies in super-resolution fluorescence microscopy now provide resolution down to tens of nanometers, allowing visualization of ultrastructural features in live cells. Super-resolution imaging therefore offers an unprecedented ability to directly image fine details of mitochondrial structure, nanoscale protein distributions, and cristae dynamics, providing fundamental new insights that link mitochondria to human health and disease. This protocol presents the use of stimulated emission depletion (STED) super-resolution microscopy to visualize the mitochondrial ultrastructure of live human neuroblastoma cells and primary rat neurons. This procedure is organized into five sections: (1) growth and differentiation of the SH-SY5Y cell line, (2) isolation, plating, and growth of primary rat hippocampal neurons, (3) procedures for staining cells for live STED imaging, (4) procedures for live cell STED experiments using a STED microscope&#160;for reference, and (5) guidance for segmentation and image processing using examples to measure and quantify morphological features of the inner membrane.

作者聚焦:解码线粒体衰老 

This protocol presents a workflow for the propagation, differentiation, and staining of cultured SH-SY5Y cells and primary rat hippocampal neurons for mitochondrial ultrastructure visualization and analysis using stimulated emission depletion (STED) microscopy.

使用活细胞STED成像可视化神经元细胞模型中的线粒体内膜超微结构

Mitochondria play many essential roles in the cell, including energy production, regulation of Ca2+ homeostasis, lipid biosynthesis, and production of ...

原代大鼠乳鼠心肌细胞的活细胞成像继腺病毒和慢病毒转导利用共聚焦旋转盘显微镜

摘要

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在胚胎小鼠心脏采用免疫荧光心肌发展分析

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细胞周期变化的可视化和核测定心肌出生后

成人的心肌细胞的分离和遗传操作共聚焦成像

成像大鼠原代海马神经元树突棘使用结构照明显微镜

有丝分裂中的不同发育阶段小鼠胚胎皮层实时成像

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分离新生小鼠心肌文化和

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使用活细胞STED成像可视化神经元细胞模型中的线粒体内膜超微结构