TWP was funded by the Irish Cardiac Society Brian McGovern Travelling Fellowship. WTP was funded by R01 HL095712 and an AHA Established Investigator Award.

根据批准的波士顿儿童医院的机构动物照顾及使用委员会的协议进行所有的描述的步骤。 1，准备工作<ol><li>开始注射方案之前进行超声心动图基线心脏解剖和功能评估，为心肌内注射的最佳固定传感器位置可能不会产生划定解剖和功能评估的最佳标准的意见。 </li><li>注入设置示于图1A-1C。放置带护套的针的空注射器，斜面朝上，在针筒夹持件（参见图1C），并固定超声换能器探头的扫描头夹紧装置（参见图1B）。松开扫描头夹紧球锁关节（ 图1B）和操作传感器的方向，使其平行于针的轴线。固定扫描拧紧扫描头夹球锁关节头位置。 注:对于注射成年小鼠中，地下30针用1 / 2.5厘米长是最优的。 1ml注射器可用于较大的体积，而以气密注射器可用于更精确地控制较小的体积（5-10微升）。 </li><li>自由地应用于超声凝胶至所述换能器头用刮刀以覆盖沿着其全部的头部。小心出鞘针并使用针安装控制前进直属换能器和用于可视化的超声凝胶内的针。使用针安装控制，使针清楚地显现沿其在超声波图像上的长度小的调整。如果所述换能器被适当地对准平行于针在步骤1.4中，然后将针应保持在成像平面内，因为它是前进和撤回与喷射控制旋钮（ 图1C）。 </li><li>在随后的步骤中，请勿打扰，需要通过移动或者在横轴LE /换能器的水平取向。相反，通过改变针的垂直（y轴）的位置安装并通过移动动物平台定位的心脏注射的特定区域。 </li><li>从使用扫描高度控制（ 图1B），以允许将麻醉小鼠随后放置到动物平台的动物平台移动所述换能器优。这不会破坏传感器的x轴对准到针的长轴。 </li><li>除去，是使用用于对准从针筒夹持并小心丢弃的注射器。加载新的针头和注射器与注射液的最终目标体积，从而允许在该注射器尖端死空间。请注意，以去除气泡。将注射器插入针筒夹持件，而无需调整其x轴对准。完全缩回使用喷射器上的注射器。 注:对于初次训练的目的，采用伊文思蓝的染料（1％），台盼蓝染色（0.4％）或荧光微球注射剂的悬浮液可以帮助运营商在确认能力和有针对性的注射成功。 </li></ol> 2，注射<ol><li>打开加热平台的集成暖和，并将其设置为37℃。将动物平台180°从通常的摄像方向，在麻醉的软管夹最靠近操作者的动物和头部。这使得心脏（在胸部的左侧）为同侧的针筒夹持件和针。注意:附加次要顺时针旋转调整动物的平台可能有必要正确地定向所述心脏对于将用于注射（ 图2A）胸骨旁短轴像平面。 </li><li>准备老鼠超声心动图如先前报道9。麻醉的小鼠中的感应室，用2％异氟醚。删除胸毛与脱毛膏的ð申请润滑凝胶到双眼，以防止巩膜的干燥。 </li><li>提高利用扫描头高度控制（ 图1B）的换能器。将麻醉的小鼠仰卧上盖的加热动物平台内的鼻锥体提供1-3％的异氟烷（ 图2A-2B）的口鼻部。轻轻插入直肠探头，并用胶带将四只爪子的心电电极，施加电极凝胶的电接触。 注:麻醉的适当水平，必须确保人道待遇的动物。应在心脏速率没有变化，并通过胸壁到针的放置没有响应。动物平台的集成稳态温度控制应该被用于维持正常体温（37℃±0.5℃），因为低温会导致相对的心动过缓，心室扩张，并且可能不适。 </li><li>一旦鼠标是动物平台上的安全，降低换能器到depila泰德胸部用扫描头高度控制（ 图1B）。最佳超声设置注射是对心脏进行可视化在胸骨旁短轴方向，按照标准的超声心动图技术。旋转动物平台20-30°顺时针旋转，以获得最佳的声窗口用于注射在短轴成像平面（ 图2A-2B）。注意:可替换地，喷射可以从胸骨旁长轴方向由动物平台（ 图2C）的逆时针旋转执行。 </li><li>使用动物平台调整控制以调整视场，并针对任何所需的注射部位在左心室心肌。潘回的往复从顶点到心脏的基部为目标的左心室心肌（ 图3A-3C）的所需注射位置。注:midpapillary胸骨旁短轴观（ 图3A）提供reproduciblê地标允许注射部位的后续成像。注意:可替换地，胸骨旁长轴视图可用于靶向预定的注射部位（ 图3D）。 </li><li>与在完全缩回针筒夹持的注射器开始，慢慢转动喷射控制顺时针方向（ 图4A）前进朝向动物的胸注射器。以使两者的心脏和针尖清晰超声可视化，因为它接近胸部，使用大量超声凝胶的胸部以上的左侧并通过在超声心动图的控制设置的宽视场优化声学窗口。在目标部位注射设定焦点/区。微调针安装控件可以优化沿其长度的指针的图像。 注意:某些超声波机器具有针导向的软件功能，通过与靶心肌以数字方式延伸沿针的长轴的线（ 图4B）。这样的软件工具可以是有益的，但​​不是必须的。 </li><li>与动物适当镇静剂（1-3％异氟醚混合0.5-0.8升/分钟100％氧气），通过胸壁的鼠标和进入心肌推进针头，仔细观察斜口针尖端的位置在所有次。停止行进时，针尖是目标心肌（ 图4C）内。整个斜尖应该是安全范围内的心肌，以避免注射液漏入心包腔。 </li><li>当尖端处于所需的位置，由推压注射器柱塞，提供注射剂。提供的注射液慢慢地，在5-30秒（取决于体积交付）。截至50微升注射液的可交付不影响心功能。瞬态echobright外观注入心肌区域可能会成功注射后明显。一个简短的（秒）期间相对bradycard的IA偶尔会注意到，注射到心肌并迅速解决。 </li><li>一旦注射液被给药，迅速拔出针头的注射控制旋钮逆时针旋转。鼠标应保持在麻醉下进行的超声心动图观察几分钟，确认保存心室功能并没有任何的术后并发症。如果指明，心肌的多个区域可以被串行地通过调节动物平台重新定位的方式将针的角度的注入。心肌内注射后，将小鼠放置在其自己笼中，并使其从麻醉下的观察来恢复。 </li><li>不要让动物无人看管，直到它已经恢复了足够的意识来维持胸骨斜卧。不返回已经历心肌内注射到其他动物的公司，直到完全恢复的动物。网箱应放在与真是个温控垫安以轩提供水和鼠标的饮食。操作后的不适并不预期干预失败后不久，适当地恢复正常的行为提出了一个潜在的并发症（见讨论）。 </li><li>小心地丢弃针头心肌内注射完成后，立即以减少锐器伤害到操作者或旁观者的风险。重复使用的针可导致针尖钝化使它更具挑战刺穿心肌和导致并发症的风险较高。 </li></ol>

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The authors have nothing to disclose.

生物可以通过血液输送到心肌的直接心肌内注射，心包内注射，或间接施用。在心肌梗死模型最近基于细胞的疗法试验已述的开胸术的方法来注射液12-14的输送。在心肌治疗干预的成功的重要因素取决于传递路线的选择。生物的最高局部剂量是通过心肌内递送15,16来实现的。心肌内注射在直视下是最直接的方法，并允许有针对性给药的心肌17内。然而，这种方法也是最侵入性的，因为它需要开口胸腔和心包，露出靶心肌18。心脏的部分，诸如它的背表面上，不容易观察，并使用该方法注入。的程序，里面的侵袭尤尔也制约了潜在的治疗给药方案。在这里，我们描述了一种技术上简单的，可靠的和可再现的方法，以提供生物或药物超声引导下安全地通过经皮内注射，没有疾病和外科开胸曝光的约束。在超过150个小鼠注射到今天为止，得到初期的技术能力后，我们的围手术期死亡率低于5％时，小于4的心肌部位进行靶向于任一时刻。高达200微升注射液体积总被出乎意料地良好，由鼠心脏的耐受性。前壁心肌很适合作为注射的目标，由于心肌的针的长轴的该区域的平行取向，使针更可靠地保持在心脏的肌肉。重要的是，运营商在可视注射前心肌整个斜尖，因为这样可以确保全额交割的仁济很重要ctate无渗漏到周围组织。小心，以确保针尖始终保持在可见心肌也是成功的心肌注射的关键。当用伊文思蓝染料练，无意注射入心室腔，将导致小鼠迅速发展蓝色色调可见最清楚，在脱毛的皮肤。还值得一提的通过胸壁的针插入仅仅由预定目标的心肌，而不是由鼠标的任何表面解剖标志显示的超声波图像来确定。对于一个有经验的超声心动图，在能力内注射可以合​​理的做法后4-5尝试实现的。 当针穿过胸壁，它必须通过肋间空间。这种情况并不少见有一次通过肋间作出轻微调整成像平面，以保持斜尖清晰视野内。日是通常通过动物平台或注射器控制细微的调整来实现的。的细微的修改应做一次针是通过胸廓但之前它已经通过进心肌，防止心肌裂伤和创伤从重复注射针尖端的操作。为了尽量减少心包积血的危险，我们的目标应该是有必要的，以完成交货注射液的进入心脏的几十倍。虽然所描述的技术可用于心肌内注射的心脏的短轴面，同样可行通过动物平台的简单调整在心脏的胸骨旁长轴面注入，以配合此平面（ 图2C）和变向针进入心肌的预期目标（ 图3D）。 成功的心肌内注射可以通过使用指示器来确认染料中，接着立即病理考试系统离子注入小鼠心脏中。注射荧光微球的悬浮液将无限期地保留在注射部位和可以伴随给药与另一种试剂来标记目标区域。鼠标使用吸入二氧化碳每体制动物处理方案经过培训的人员实施安乐死。检查心脏表面，就会发现注射区域，并与基体心脏切片的心脏将产生横截面，将展示注射区域。时重复注射相同的心肌区域的和/或成像时所需的时间的推移，它有利的是使用标准的成像平面和目标再现的解剖标志。例如，它可以方便地使用短轴成象平面到目标左心室在midpapillary肌水平（ 图3A）。最严重的潜在并发症是心肌裂伤/破裂和随之而来的出血和/或心包积血。次的风险是与针（4或更高）的经心肌反复通，迅速注入流体丸的，重用钝的针尖，并使用较小的小鼠的并发症的增加（在15克）的小鼠。如果在心肌内的多个目标被连续注入（前壁，侧壁或下壁），它是最佳的，以实现此三道次或更少的针贯通心肌，以减少手术并发症的风险。左心室心肌的侧壁可以同时与一个通针穿过胸壁（ 图5E和5F）被注入，因为它们对齐彼此平行，但任何其他的心肌壁的目标将需要重新插入针穿过胸壁下针的角度调整。鼠标不应oversedated心动过缓（下每分钟400次），可以增加舒张末期容积和显著降低心肌壁厚。我们经验是老鼠从快速的程序中恢复，并从麻醉中复苏分钟内笼子里走动。并发症，什么时候出现的，他们都是突然出现，并在介入的时间。 尽管该协议是用于心肌内注射写入，微微最终针尖位置的变形允许操作员针对注射入左心室腔的试剂的全身动脉输送血液。向后拉的针筒柱塞可以确认该斜面尖端是否在左心室腔（富氧血液吸出），或在心肌肌肉质量。与今天的高效率和器官特异性病毒载体，特别是腺相关病毒血清型9矢量与心肌特异性启动子，研究者可以适应这种技术作为替代眼窝或尾静脉注射，以达到高的安全传递病毒载量进入冠状循环，具有降低的第一遍吸收由肝脏。在慢性postinfarct鼠模型中，疤痕和纤维化心肌可能不太适合于心肌内注射给予所得薄壁目标操作者必须埋在针尖英寸然而，心肌边界区的区域应是适合于心肌内注射和开胸后声窗是绰绰有余成功超声引导。 超声引导下，心肌内注射在动物模型代表了良好的耐受性，有效，微创和技术上简单的方法来传递生物制剂对心肌。这种技术可以很容易地用于成功交付基因载体或基于细胞的疗法在任何试验时间点在鼠模型中，包括现有开胸手术程序之后。获取熟悉和能力的设备和注射过程会确保后续成功的实验模型。

心脏疾病是导致死亡的男性和女性在美国的首要原因，占每年60万人死亡1。心血管疾病的小鼠模型是研究病理生理机制，并探索潜在的治疗非常重要。心肌递送基因治疗载体，干细胞，修饰RNA，以及它们的治疗潜力的心脏疾病2-7其它治疗剂允许调查。目前，有用于在小鼠模型6心肌递送治疗剂的选择有限。心肌内注射在直视下被普遍使用，但需要胸骨切开或开胸并仅限于心脏的暴露区域。而方便的时候在另外一个实验操作，如法援署结扎时进行，需要进行侵入性手术的心肌内交付限制了潜在的实验设计，并引入了从过程dditional影响（ 例如 ，纤维化由于开胸手术）。经皮心包递送病毒载体已被报道，但在现场和治疗剂的分布是不均匀的，而且很难控制8。经皮冠状动脉注射导致注射的材料，但有效的和可重复的冠状动脉提供更多的均匀分布是具有挑战性的小鼠模型。 在这里，我们描述一个胸外心肌内注射技术，使微创，操作员控制的超声引导下治疗药物靶向。该技术是简单易学，避免了需要开胸或胸骨切开术和随之而来的实验性的并发症，并且提供了关于定时和心肌内注射的位点具有更大的灵活性。因此，超声心动图辅助心肌内注射代表了技术上的简单而高效的操纵方法心肌细胞在小鼠实验模型。

<table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" width="743">
	<tbody>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:313px;">Vevo 2100 ultrasound imaging system&#160;</td>
			<td style="width:144px;">Visualsonics</td>
			<td style="width:119px;"></td>
			<td style="width:167px;"></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:313px;">Vevo Integrated Rail System III</td>
			<td style="width:144px;">Visualsonics</td>
			<td style="width:119px;"></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:313px;">Microscan MS400 transducer</td>
			<td style="width:144px;">Visualsonics</td>
			<td style="width:119px;"></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:313px;">Microscan MS550D transducer</td>
			<td style="width:144px;">Visualsonics</td>
			<td style="width:119px;"></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:313px;">PrecisionGlide needles</td>
			<td style="width:144px;">BD</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">305128</td>
			<td>30G x 1 inch</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:313px;">1cc slip tip syringe</td>
			<td style="width:144px;">Exel International&#160;</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">26048</td>
			<td>or equivalent</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:313px;">Gastight 50ul glass syringes</td>
			<td style="width:144px;">Hamilton&#160;</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">1705</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:313px;">Trypan blue stain (0.4%)</td>
			<td style="width:144px;">Gibco&#160;</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">15250</td>
			<td>or equivalent</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:313px;">Isoflurane</td>
			<td style="width:144px;">Baxter</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">AHN3640</td>
			<td>or equivalent</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:313px;">Aquasonic 100</td>
			<td style="width:144px;">Parker Laboratories</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">(01-08)</td>
			<td>or equivalent</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:313px;">Polystyrene microspheres (red fluorescent)</td>
			<td style="width:144px;">Life Technologies</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">F-8842</td>
			<td>or equivalent</td>
		</tr>
	</tbody>
</table>

ultrasound-guided transthoracic intramyocardial injection in mice

心血管疾病的小鼠模型是研究病理生理机制，探索潜在的再生疗法很重要。累及心肌注射实验，通过开胸手术直接进入正在执行。同时方便在另一个实验操作时，如冠状动脉结扎时执行的，需要进行侵入性手术的心肌内交付限制了潜在的实验设计。随着不断提高超声的分辨率，先进的无创成像方式，现在是可行的执行例行超声引导下经皮内注射。这种方式有效，可靠地提供代理心肌的目标区域。这种技术的优点包括:避免手术并发症的，该设施为目标选择性地在超声引导下心肌的区域，并有机会提供注射液的myocardium在多个预定的时间间隔。随着实践的技术，从内注射的并发症是罕见的，老鼠迅速从麻醉恢复正常活动的恢复。按照本协议所列的步骤，基本经验的超声心动图的操作者可以快速在这种通用的，微创技术成为称职。

小鼠心肌内注射蓝色染料或荧光微球注射伊文思蓝染料是用于培训目的。一旦注射后，安乐死的小鼠并取出心脏以可视化的注入蓝色染料的位置， 图5示出了一个成功的注射液，例如，用蓝色染料渗入心肌在中期乳头肌水平（ 图5A，区域包围由虚线）。伊文思蓝染料将洗出组织的几个小时之内。为更持久的注射部位的标记，可使用该无限期地保留在注射部位的荧光微球。 图5C-5F示出了前部和后部的左心室壁上的多次喷射的目标。 腺病毒注射到心肌通过超声引导可视化腺病毒的交付心肌ð注入，我们注射腺病毒在哺乳动物的心肌特异性大鼠肌钙蛋白T启动10个驱动器的表达密码子优化的Cre重组酶11。的Cre介导的重组的域，使用ROSA26 mTmG小鼠，其中Cre重组酶的重组熄灭红色荧光蛋白（RFP），并接通绿色荧光蛋白（GFP）来确定。单注50微升病毒（2.8×10 9传染性单位/毫升）区域启动7天内注射（ 图6），GFP的表达。沿着注射之外的初始部位组织平面部分区域心肌浸润赞赏的切片图像。 <img alt="图1" fo:content-width="5in" src="/files/ftp_upload/51566/51566fig1highres.jpg" width="500" /> 图1:超声引导下注入的设置。综合铁路系统一）概述，以容许注射器和超声波扫描头。 二）超声扫描头控制第对齐。扫描头被锁定在适当位置，对准到注射器。视场被移动的动物平台。℃）注射注射器控制调整。 <img alt="图2" fo:content-width="5in" src="/files/ftp_upload/51566/51566fig2highres.jpg" width="500" /> 图中鼠标2最佳定位的动物平台，超声引导下穿刺注射。动物平台，针和换能器内注射从短轴成像平面B）。通过超声波凝胶，因为它传递到胸腔大方量特写视图传感器的电场作用下针的路径的）方向，C）的动物平台，针的方向和换能器的心肌内麟蹄ction在胸骨旁长轴像平面。 <img alt="图3" fo:content-width="5in" src="/files/ftp_upload/51566/51566fig3highres.jpg" width="500" /> 图心肌的代表性的超声图像在胸骨旁短轴和长轴的平面定位。 AC）左心室在中期乳头肌（A）的水平短轴图像，乳头肌下方 （B）和心脏的心尖 （C）D）的长轴图像显示出心肌内注射于前左心室壁。箭头突出针轴的位置。 <img alt="图4" fo:content-width="4in" src="/files/ftp_upload/51566/51566fig4highres.jpg" width="400" /> 图4。代表性的二维超声心动图的图像。一） </stroNG&gt; 30 G，1 /2.5厘米针（斜面向上）以20°角向下之前，穿出胸壁。宽场的视点显示沿其长轴。 乙）针导向叠加功能的沿所述针的长轴和通过前心肌预测过程（绿色虚线）。℃）注入心肌对准的长度的针针头埋在前壁心肌壁内的斜面。 <img alt="图5" fo:content-width="4in" src="/files/ftp_upload/51566/51566fig5highres.jpg" width="400" /> 图5标记的注射部位与伊文思蓝染料或荧光微球。心肌内注射的蓝色染料进入前壁心肌壁A）的心脏在midpapillary肌肉的电平的横截面，显示出的染料30分钟后的浸润心肌内递送至左心室。 二）从对心肌的C，D）的小鼠心肌展示红色荧光微球分离心肌内注射的前，后左心室壁，E，F）左7天后左侧面的可见针头穿刺部位心肌中的红色荧光微珠的心脏显示出沉积的横向平面剖开在中期乳头肌。整个切面散微珠是由于期间并用刀背割的心脏后，分散到缓冲区。 <img alt="图6" fo:content-width="4in" src="/files/ftp_upload/51566/51566fig6highres.jpg" width="400" /> 图6。ROSA26 mTmG心脏的前壁心肌壁的单一心肌内注射TNT的，ICRE后荧光标记腺病毒。 A）小鼠整个心脏的前壁光镜区域的腺病毒注射液。 二）荧光图像（EGFP）在同一心脏后7天由腺病毒载体，C，D）的横截面展示成功交付和心肌传导中期乳头肌水平，从一个单一的心肌内注射腺病毒的展示区域转染的程度（50微升的2.8×10 9个感染单位/毫升）。

Watch this Scientific Journal Video about Ultrasound-guided Transthoracic Intramyocardial Injection in Mice at JoVE.com

Ultrasound-guided Transthoracic Intramyocardial Injection in Mice

超声引导经皮内注射表示一个高效，可靠和可靶向形式的递送基因转移剂或细胞进入小鼠心脏。按照本协议所列的步骤，操作者可以在这个多才多艺，微创技术迅速成为主管。

超声引导下经皮内注射小鼠

Murine models of cardiovascular disease are important for investigating pathophysiological mechanisms and exploring potential regenerative therapies. ...

ultrasound-guided-transthoracic-intramyocardial-injection-in-mice

Nanyang Technological University

Research

JoVE Journal

Medicine

14.8K 次观看.  Boston Children's Hospital. 超声引导经皮内注射表示一个高效，可靠和可靶向形式的递送基因转移剂或细胞进入小鼠心脏。按照本协议所列的步骤，操作者可以在这个多才多艺，微创技术迅速成为主管。 

视频: Ultrasound-guided Transthoracic Intramyocardial Injection in Mice

Transthoracic Echocardiography in Mice

In recent years, murine models have become the primary avenue for studying the molecular mechanisms of cardiac dysfunction resulting from changes in gene expression. Transgenic and gene targeting methods can be used to generate mice with altered cardiac size and function,1-3 and as a result, in vivo techniques are needed to evaluate their cardiac phenotype. Transthoracic echocardiography, pulse wave Doppler (PWD), and tissue Doppler imaging (TDI) can be used to provide dimensional measurements of the mouse heart and to quantify the degree of cardiac systolic and diastolic performance. Two-dimensional imaging is used to detect abnormal anatomy or movements of the left ventricle, whereas M-mode echo is used for quantification of cardiac dimensions and contractility.4,5 In addition, PWD is used to quantify localized velocity of turbulent flow,6 whereas TDI is used to measure the velocity of myocardial motion.7 Thus, transthoracic echocardiography offers a comprehensive method for the noninvasive evaluation of cardiac function in mice.

Transthoracic echocardiography offers a noninvasive method for the evaluation of cardiac function in mice. A combination of ultrasound and Doppler imaging modalities can be used to obtain dimensional measurements of the heart and intracardiac blood flow, which together provide an assessment of cardiac systolic and diastolic performance.

经胸超声心动图在小鼠

In recent years, murine models have become the primary avenue for studying the molecular mechanisms of cardiac dysfunction resulting from changes in gene ...

科研

医学

Coronary Artery Ligation and Intramyocardial Injection in a Murine Model of Infarction

Mouse models are a valuable tool for studying acute injury and chronic remodeling of the myocardium in vivo. With the advent of genetic modifications to the whole organism or the myocardium and an array of biological and/or synthetic materials, there is great potential for any combination of these to assuage the extent of acute ischemic injury and impede the onset of heart failure pursuant to myocardial remodeling. 
Here we present the methods and materials used to reliably perform this microsurgery and the modifications involved for temporary (with reperfusion) or permanent coronary artery occlusion studies as well as intramyocardial injections. The effects on the heart that can be seen during the procedure and at the termination of the experiment in addition to histological evaluation will verify efficacy. 
Briefly, surgical preparation involves anesthetizing the mice, removing the fur on the chest, and then disinfecting the surgical area. Intratracheal intubation is achieved by transesophageal illumination using a fiber optic light. The tubing is then connected to a ventilator. An incision made on the chest exposes the pectoral muscles which will be cut to view the ribs. For ischemia/reperfusion studies, a 1 cm piece of PE tubing placed over the heart is used to tie the ligature to so that occlusion/reperfusion can be customized. For intramyocardial injections, a Hamilton syringe with sterile 30gauge beveled needle is used. When the myocardial manipulations are complete, the rib cage, the pectoral muscles, and the skin are closed sequentially. Line block analgesia is effected by 0.25% marcaine in sterile saline which is applied to muscle layer prior to closure of the skin. The mice are given a subcutaneous injection of saline and placed in a warming chamber until they are sternally recumbent. They are then returned to the vivarium and housed under standard conditions until the time of tissue collection. At the time of sacrifice, the mice are anesthetized, the heart is arrested in diastole with KCl or BDM, rinsed with saline, and immersed in fixative. Subsequently, routine procedures for processing, embedding, sectioning, and histological staining are performed. 
Nonsurgical intubation of a mouse and the microsurgical manipulations described make this a technically challenging model to learn and achieve reproducibility. These procedures, combined with the difficulty in performing consistent manipulations of the ligature for timed occlusion(s) and reperfusion or intramyocardial injections, can also affect the survival rate so optimization and consistency are critical.

Numerous genetic manipulations and/or intramyocardial injections of genes, proteins, cells, and/or biomaterials are superimposed upon the dimension of time in studies of acute ischemia/ reperfusion injury and chronic remodeling in mice. This video illustrates the microsurgical procedures for ischemia/reperfusion, permanent coronary artery ligation, and intramyocardial injection studies.

结扎冠状动脉内注射在小鼠模型梗死

Mouse models are a valuable tool for studying acute injury and chronic remodeling of the myocardium in vivo.  With the advent of genetic modifications to ...

Delivery of Therapeutic Agents Through Intracerebroventricular (ICV) and Intravenous (IV) Injection in Mice

Despite the protective role that blood brain barrier plays in shielding the brain, it limits the access to the central nervous system (CNS) which most often results in failure of potential therapeutics designed for neurodegenerative disorders 1,2. Neurodegenerative diseases such as Spinal Muscular Atrophy (SMA), in which the lower motor neurons are affected, can benefit greatly from introducing the therapeutic agents into the CNS. The purpose of this video is to demonstrate two different injection paradigms to deliver therapeutic materials into neonatal mice soon after birth. One of these methods is injecting directly into cerebral lateral ventricles (Intracerebroventricular) which results in delivery of materials into the CNS through the cerebrospinal fluid 3,4. The second method is a temporal vein injection (intravenous) that can introduce different therapeutics into the circulatory system, leading to systemic delivery including the CNS 5. Widespread transduction of the CNS is achievable if an appropriate viral vector and viral serotype is utilized. Visualization and utilization of the temporal vein for injection is feasible up to postnatal day 6. However, if the delivered material is intended to reach the CNS, these injections should take place while the blood brain barrier is more permeable due to its immature status, preferably prior to postnatal day 2. The fully developed blood brain barrier greatly limits the effectiveness of intravenous delivery. Both delivery systems are simple and effective once the surgical aptitude is achieved. They do not require any extensive surgical devices and can be performed by a single person. However, these techniques are not without challenges. The small size of postnatal day 2 pups and the subsequent small target areas can make the injections difficult to perform and initially challenging to replicate.

Delivery of Therapeutic Agents Through Intracerebroventricular ICV and Intravenous IV Injection in Mice

This article demonstrates two very different methods of injection: 1) into the brain (intracerebroventricular) and 2) systemic (intravenous) to introduce the therapeutic agents into the central nervous system of neonatal mice.

交付的治疗药物通过侧脑室（ICV）和静脉（IV）注射液在小鼠

Despite the protective role that blood brain barrier plays in shielding the brain, it limits the access to the central nervous system (CNS) which most ...

Modeling Intracerebral Hemorrhage in Mice: Injection of Autologous Blood or Bacterial Collagenase

Spontaneous intracerebral hemorrhage (ICH) defines a potentially life-threatening neurological malady that accounts for 10-15% of all stroke-related hospitalizations and for which no effective treatments are available to date1,2. Because of the heterogeneity of ICH in humans, various preclinical models are needed to thoroughly explore prospective therapeutic strategies3. Experimental ICH is commonly induced in rodents by intraparenchymal injection of either autologous blood or bacterial collagenase4. The appropriate model is selected based on the pathophysiology of hemorrhage induction and injury progression. The blood injection model mimics a rapidly progressing hemorrhage. Alternatively, bacterial collagenase enzymatically disrupts the basal lamina of brain capillaries, causing an active bleed that generally evolves over several hours5. Resultant perihematomal edema and neurofunctional deficits can be quantified from both models. In this study, we described and evaluated a modified double injection model of autologous whole blood6 as well as an ICH injection model of bacterial collagenase7, both of which target the basal ganglia (corpus striatum) of male CD-1 mice. We assessed neurofunctional deficits and brain edema at 24 and 72 hr after ICH induction. Intrastriatal injection of autologous blood (30 &mu;l) or bacterial collagenase (0.075U) caused reproducible neurofunctional deficits in mice and significantly increased brain edema at 24 and 72 hr after surgery (p&lt;0.05). In conclusion, both models yield consistent hemorrhagic infarcts and represent basic methods for preclinical ICH research.

Clinically relevant animal models of intracerebral hemorrhage (ICH) are needed to extend our knowledge of hemorrhagic stroke and to examine novel therapeutic strategies. In this study, we describe and evaluate two ICH models that implement unilateral injections of either autologous whole blood or bacterial collagenase into the basal ganglia (corpus striatum) of mice.

在小鼠的脑出血模型:注射自体血液或细菌胶原酶

Spontaneous intracerebral hemorrhage (ICH) defines a potentially life-threatening neurological malady that accounts for 10-15% of all stroke-related ...

Intramyocardial Cell Delivery: Observations in Murine Hearts

Previous studies showed that cell delivery promotes cardiac function amelioration by release of cytokines and factors that increase cardiac tissue revascularization and cell survival. In addition, further observations revealed that specific stem cells, such as cardiac stem cells, mesenchymal stem cells and cardiospheres have the ability to integrate within the surrounding myocardium by differentiating into cardiomyocytes, smooth muscle cells and endothelial cells.
Here, we present the materials and methods to reliably deliver noncontractile cells into the left ventricular wall of immunodepleted mice. The salient steps of this microsurgical procedure involve anesthesia and analgesia injection, intratracheal intubation, incision to open the chest and expose the heart and delivery of cells by a sterile 30-gauge needle and a precision microliter syringe.
Tissue processing consisting of heart harvesting, embedding, sectioning and histological staining showed that intramyocardial cell injection produced a small damage in the epicardial area, as well as in the ventricular wall. Noncontractile cells were retained into the myocardial wall of immunocompromised mice and were surrounded by a layer of fibrotic tissue, likely to protect from cardiac pressure and mechanical load.

Intramyocardial cell delivery in murine models of cardiovascular diseases, such as hypertension or myocardial infarction, is widely used to test the therapeutic potential of different cell types in regenerative studies. Therefore, a detailed description and a clear visualization of this surgical procedure will help to define the limits and advantages of cardiovascular cell therapeutic analyses in small rodents.

心肌内细胞交货:观察在小鼠心脏

Previous studies showed that cell delivery promotes cardiac function amelioration by release of cytokines and factors that increase cardiac tissue ...

Substernal Thyroid Biopsy Using Endobronchial Ultrasound-guided Transbronchial Needle Aspiration

Substernal thyroid goiter (STG) represents about 5.8% of all mediastinal lesions1. There is a wide variation in the published incidence rates due to the lack of a standardized definition for STG. Biopsy is often required to differentiate benign from malignant lesions. Unlike cervical thyroid, the overlying sternum precludes ultrasound-guided percutaneous fine needle aspiration of STG. Consequently, surgical mediastinoscopy is performed in the majority of cases, causing significant procedure related morbidity and cost to healthcare. Endobronchial Ultrasound-guided Transbronchial Needle Aspiration (EBUS-TBNA) is a frequently used procedure for diagnosis and staging of non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC). Minimally invasive needle biopsy for lesions adjacent to the airways can be performed under real-time ultrasound guidance using EBUS. Its safety and efficacy is well established with over 90% sensitivity and specificity. The ability to perform EBUS as an outpatient procedure with same-day discharges offers distinct morbidity and financial advantages over surgery. As physicians performing EBUS gained procedural expertise, they have attempted to diversify its role in the diagnosis of non-lymph node thoracic pathologies. We propose here a role for EBUS-TBNA in the diagnosis of substernal thyroid lesions, along with a step-by-step protocol for the procedure.

Substernal thyroid lesions are common, and need to be differentiated from malignancy. Obtaining percutaneous fine needle biopsy is not possible due to its retrosternal location. This article proposes a protocol for biopsy of substernal thyroid lesions using Endobronchial Ultrasound-guided Transbronchial Needle Aspiration (EBUS-TBNA).

胸骨后甲状腺活检使用支气管内超声引导下经支气管针吸

Substernal thyroid goiter (STG) represents about 5.8% of all mediastinal lesions1. There is a wide variation in the published incidence rates due to the ...

Ultrasound-guided Botulinum Toxin-A Injections: A Method of Treating Sialorrhea

Neurological diseases can be complicated by sialorrhea, an excessive flow of saliva. Patients suffering from moderate to severe sialorrhea have an impaired quality of life, often worsened by correlated complications such as aspiration pneumonia, oral infections, dental caries, and maceration of the skin. Diverse therapeutic approaches have been proposed for the treatment of sialorrhea, including surgery and the use of anticholinergic agents, with limited results and the possible occurrence of serious adverse events. Recently, botulinum toxin (BoNT) injection within the major salivary glands has been proposed in patients refractory to anticholinergic therapy, with the aim of inhibiting local acetylcholine release and gland activity. 
In order to obtain a better outcome in terms of reduction of saliva production, efficacy, duration, and avoidance of major adverse events, we developed an ultrasound-guided BoNT-type A injection technique accurately described in the text. Here we present a method of treating sialorrhea with bilateral parotid and submandibular gland BoNT-type A injections under ultrasound guidance. Four quadrants of the parotid gland and two quadrants of the submandibular gland are visualized and injected using two accesses and one access, respectively. 
The ultrasound-guided procedure provides a simple, non-invasive, real-time visualization of the muscular and glandular tissues and their surrounding structures, optimizing treatment efficacy and safety.

Botulinum toxin is injected into the salivary glands for the treatment of sialorrhea. The ultrasound-guided botulinum toxin injection in both the parotid and submandibular glands demonstrates a sustained efficacy and the absence of serious side effects.

超声引导下肉毒毒素-A注射液:治疗流涎的一种方法

Neurological diseases can be complicated by sialorrhea, an excessive flow of saliva. Patients suffering from moderate to severe sialorrhea have an ...

Ultrasound-guided Intracardiac Injection of Human Mesenchymal Stem Cells to Increase Homing to the Intestine for Use in Murine Models of Experimental Inflammatory Bowel Diseases

Crohn&#39;s disease (CD) is a common chronic inflammatory disease of the small and large intestines. Murine and human mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) have immunosuppressive potential and have been shown to suppress inflammation in mouse models of intestinal inflammation, even though the route of administration can limit their homing and effectiveness 1,3,4,5. Local application of MSCs to colonic injury models has shown greater efficacy at ameliorating inflammation in the colon. However, there is paucity of data on techniques to enhance the localization of human bone marrow-derived MSCs (hMSCs) to the small intestine, the site of inflammation in the SAMP-1/YitFc (SAMP) model of experimental Crohn&#39;s disease. This work describes a novel technique for the ultrasound-guided intracardiac injection of hMSCs in SAMP mice, a well-characterized spontaneous model of chronic intestinal inflammation. Sex- and age-matched, inflammation-free AKR/J (AKR) mice were used as controls. To analyze the biodistribution and the localization, hMSCs were transduced with a lentivirus containing a triple reporter. The triple reporter consisted of firefly luciferase (fl), for bioluminescent imaging; monomeric red fluorescent protein (mrfp), for cell sorting; and truncated herpes simplex virus thymidine kinase (ttk), for positron emission tomography (PET) imaging. The results of this study show that 24 h after the intracardiac administration, hMSCs localize in the small intestine of SAMP mice as opposed to inflammation-free AKR mice. This novel, ultrasound-guided injection of hMSCs in the left ventricle of SAMP mice ensures a high success rate of cell delivery, allowing for the rapid recovery of mice with minimal morbidity and mortality. This technique could be a useful method for the enhanced localization of MSCs in other models of small-intestinal inflammation, such as TNF&#916;RE6. Future studies will determine if the increased localization of hMSCs by intra-arterial delivery can lead to increased therapeutic efficacy.

Murine studies in models of colonic inflammation have demonstrated that a small percentage (1 - 5%) of mesenchymal stem cells (MSC) injected intravenously or intraperitoneally home to the inflamed colon1,2. This study shows that ultrasound-guided intracardiac injections of MSCs result in increased localization to the intestine.

超声引导下人骨髓间充质干细胞在实验性肠炎小鼠模型中的应用

Crohn&#39;s disease (CD) is a common chronic inflammatory disease of the small and large intestines. Murine and human mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) have ...

Percutaneous Contrast Echocardiography-guided Intramyocardial Injection and Cell Delivery in a Large Preclinical Model

Cell and gene therapy are exciting and promising strategies for the purpose of cardiac regeneration in the setting of heart failure with reduced ejection fraction (HFrEF). Before they can be considered for use, and implemented in humans, extensive preclinical studies are required in large animal models to evaluate the safety, efficacy, and fate of the injectate (e.g., stem cells) once delivered into the myocardium. Small rodent models offer advantages (e.g., cost effectiveness, amenability for genetic manipulation); however, given inherent limitations of these models, the findings in these rarely translate into the clinic. Conversely, large animal models such as rabbits, have advantages (e.g., similar cardiac electrophysiology compared to humans and other large animals), whilst retaining a good cost-effective balance. Here, we demonstrate how to perform a percutaneous contrast echocardiography-guided intramyocardial injection (IMI) technique, which is minimally invasive, safe, well tolerated, and very effective in the targeted delivery of injectates, including cells, into several locations within the myocardium of a rabbit model. For the implementation of this technique, we also have taken advantage of a widely available clinical echocardiography system. After putting in practice the protocol described here, a researcher with basic ultrasound knowledge will become competent in the performance of this versatile and minimally invasive technique for routine use in experiments, aimed at hypothesis testing of the capabilities of cardiac regenerative therapeutics in the rabbit model. Once competency is achieved, the whole procedure can be performed within 25 min after anaesthetizing the rabbit.

Novel therapeutic strategies in cardiac regenerative medicine require extensive and detailed studies in large preclinical animal models before they can be considered for use in humans. Here, we demonstrate a percutaneous contrast echocardiography-guided intramyocardial injection technique in rabbits, which is valuable for hypothesis testing the efficacy of such novel therapies.

经皮超声心动图引导心肌注射液与大鼠前体细胞的临床研究

Cell and gene therapy are exciting and promising strategies for the purpose of cardiac regeneration in the setting of heart failure with reduced ejection ...

Transthoracic Echocardiographic Examination in the Rabbit Model

Large animal models such as the rabbit are valuable for translational preclinical research. Rabbits have a similar cardiac electrophysiology compared to that of humans and that of other large animal models such as dogs and pigs. However, the rabbit model has the additional advantage of lower maintenance costs compared to other large animal models. The longitudinal evaluation of cardiac function using echocardiography, when appropriately implemented, is a useful methodology for preclinical assessment of novel therapies for heart failure with reduced ejection fraction (e.g. cardiac regeneration). The correct use of this non-invasive tool requires the implementation of a standardized examination protocol following international guidelines. Here we describe, step by step, a detailed protocol supervised by veterinary cardiologists for performing echocardiography in the rabbit model, and demonstrate how to correctly obtain the different echocardiographic views and imaging planes, as well as the different imaging modes available in a clinical echocardiography system routinely used in human and veterinary patients.

Here we describe, step by step, a detailed protocol for performing echocardiography in the rabbit model. We show how to correctly obtain the different echocardiographic views and imaging planes, as well as the different imaging modes available in a clinical echocardiography system routinely used in human and veterinary patients.

兔子模型中的跨胸超声心动图检查

Large animal models such as the rabbit are valuable for translational preclinical research. Rabbits have a similar cardiac electrophysiology compared to ...