شكرا للدكتور لان الكاتب تشين شين وStanek للمساعدة في جمع البيانات.

<ol>
	<li>Low, P. A., Denq, J. C., Opfer-Gehrking, T. L., Dyck, P. J., O'Brien, P. C., Slezak, J. M. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Effect+of+age+and+gender+on+sudomotor+and+cardiovagal+function+and+blood+pressure+response+to+tilt+in+normal+subjects.">Effect of age and gender on sudomotor and cardiovagal function and blood pressure response to tilt in normal subjects.</a> Muscle Nerve. 20, 1561-1568 (1997).</li><li>Low, P. A., Denq, J. C., Opfer-Gehrking, T. L., Dyck, P. J., O'Brien, P. C., Slezak, J. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Effect+of+age+and+gender+on+sudomotor+and+cardiovagal+function+and+blood+pressure+response+to+tilt+in+normal+subjects.">Effect of age and gender on sudomotor and cardiovagal function and blood pressure response to tilt in normal subjects.</a> Muscle Nerve. 20, 1561-1568 (1997).</li><li>Low, P. A. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Composite+autonomic+scoring+scale+for+laboratory+quantification+of+generalized+autonomic+failure.">Composite autonomic scoring scale for laboratory quantification of generalized autonomic failure.</a> Mayo Clin Proc. 68, 748-752 (1993).</li><li>Low, P. A., Low, P. A. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Laboratory+evaluation+of+autonomic+function.">Laboratory evaluation of autonomic function.</a> Clinical Autonomic disorders. , 179-209 (1997).</li><li>Low, P. A., Low, P. A. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Laboratory+evaluation+of+autonomic+failure.">Laboratory evaluation of autonomic failure.</a> Clinical Autonomic disorders. , 179-209 (2008).</li><li>Novak, P. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Assessment+of+sympathetic+index+from+Valsalva+maneuver.">Assessment of sympathetic index from Valsalva maneuver.</a> Neurology. , (2011).</li></ol>

الإعلان عن أي تضارب في المصالح.

المزالق الانتهاء من اختبار المستقل هو في معظم المرضى واضحة ويمكن أن يتم في حدود 1 ساعة. ويناقش المزالق الخاصة لكل خطوة من خطوات اختبار أدناه. المعدات ، والحصول على البيانات ومعالجة الإشارات المستقل. هناك عدد من المزالق المتعلقة أساسا لجودة البيانات. ويمكن تنظيف البشرة كافية تؤدي إلى الضوضاء المفرطة في إشارة تخطيط القلب التي يمكن أن تجعل الكشف عن موجة R صعبة. موضع غير لائق للاستشعار الضغط في الدم بلدي كاذبة تعطي قيم عالية أو منخفضة. ويمكن عبر الجمجمة دوبلر إشارة ذات جودة عالية يكون من الصعب الحصول في المرضى المسنين بسبب نافذة صغيرة العظام. قد برنامج لمعالجة البيانات لا تكون قوية بما يكفي للتمييز بين الأعمال الفنية في ضغط الدم ، وعلى سبيل المثال في مرضى باركنسون مع الزلزال. التنفس العميق <ol style=";text-align:right;direction:rtl"><li style=";text-align:right;direction:rtl"> يمكن أن القلق ونمط غير طبيعي الجهاز التنفسي تؤثر على نتائج التنفس العميق. وينبغي أن يكون الموضوع استرخاء جيدا خلال الاختبار. علامة جيدة للقلق هو ملف معدل ضربات القلب. إذا كان الموضوع هو قلق ، ويمكن رفع معدل ضربات القلب. قبل البدء في اختبار التنفس العميق ، تأكد من أن معدل ضربات القلب لا تتجه صعودا أو هبوطا ، إذا حدث ذلك الانتظار حتى يبقى معدل ضربات القلب يعني مسطحة. نمط التنفس الطبيعي يجب أن يستريح ، على سبيل المثال ينبغي أن يكون هناك فرط التهوية (مقاسا CO نهاية المد 2) أو تسرع النفس (معدل التنفس هو فوق 11 في الدقيقة). </li><li style=";text-align:right;direction:rtl"> اختبار التنفس العميق له فائدة محدودة في بعض dysrythmia القلب على سبيل المثال في الرجفان الأذيني ، أو عندما يتم التحكم في معدل ضربات القلب ، لأن العصب المبهم تعديل للقلب وسيتم تجاوز من قبل أي إيقاع القلب أو ولدت من قبل جهاز تنظيم ضربات القلب. ينصح المعرفة الأساسية للشذوذ إيقاع القلب. </li><li style=";text-align:right;direction:rtl"> وكشف سوء التحف الموجات الراديوية سبب واضح بسبب أخطاء في النتائج. وهذا يمكن أن يحدث لو موجات R صغيرة جدا ليتم الكشف عن بشكل صحيح ، أو إذا كانت الخلفية ECG هو صاخبة على سبيل المثال بسبب ملامسة الجلد الفقراء. </li></ol> مناورة فالسالفا مناورة فالسالفا يتطلب تعاونا كبيرا من الموضوعات الكثير من المرضى المسنين أو الضعفاء لا يمكن إجراء مناورة فالسالفا بشكل صحيح. السبب الأكثر شيوعا هو ضعف عضلات الفم التي تؤدي إلى تسرب الهواء خلال سلالة الجهاز التنفسي. في هذه الحالة هو فعالة لطيف ختم تسرب الهواء حول أنبوب مع أصابع 6. لا يمكن تقييم وظائف الأدرينالية ينبغي القيام به في متغير مربع موجة من مناورة فالسالفا الشكل (10). هذا الرد هو نادر ولكن يمكن النظر في مواضيع صحية أو في المرضى الذين يعانون من قصور القلب الاحتقاني. اختبار إمالة عدد من الأدوية يمكن أن تؤثر على تقديم اختبار تفسير ميلان اختبارا صعبا. انها ليست دائما عملية لوقف الدواء قبل الفحص. قد يكون من الصعب الحصول على التسجيلات ذات نوعية جيدة في المرضى الذين يعانون اضطرابات في الحركة ، على سبيل المثال في مرضى باركنسون مع الزلزال. معرق الاختبار (QSART) <ol style=";text-align:right;direction:rtl"><li style=";text-align:right;direction:rtl"> ويمكن إزالة كاملة لسطح الزيتية أو الكثير من تهيج البشرة تؤثر على انتاج العرق. </li><li style=";text-align:right;direction:rtl"> التسريبات إذا الكبسولة ليس ماء أو الألم بسبب ضيق الكثير من الكبسولة </li><li style=";text-align:right;direction:rtl"> الأدوية استخداما له تأثير مضادات الذي يتداخل مع اختبار العرق. في كثير من الحالات ، هو في غير عملي لوقف هذه الأدوية تقديم تفسير النتائج الصعبة. </li></ol> الدرجات من ضعف اللاإرادي باستخدام مركب نقاط الخطورة اللاإرادي (الاكاديمية). جيل من الدرجة الاكاديمية مرهقة جدا لأنها تنطوي على مقارنات متعددة في كل من المطلقة والقيم في المئة. للأسف ، لا يوجد البرمجيات التجارية التي تمكن لحساب النتيجة تلقائيا. في UMASS ، ونحن نستخدم البرمجيات الاحتكارية التي تولد درجة CASS تلقائيا. مثال على الدرجات الاكاديمية في الجدول 8.

الجدول 9 المعدات الموصى بها. <table border="1" style=";text-align:right;direction:rtl"><tbody><tr><td> اسم المعدات </td><td> شركة </td><td> تعليقات </td></tr><tr><td> آلية إمالة الطاولة </td><td> WR الطبية الإلكترونية </td><td> أي جدول مع حركة سلسة تصل إلى 70 درجة في غضون ثوان 50-10 </td></tr><tr><td> مراقبة تخطيط القلب </td><td></td><td> مع أي جهاز الإخراج التناظري </td></tr><tr><td> فاز موسع ، للتغلب على مراقبة ضغط الدم </td><td> Finapres للأنظمة الطبية </td><td> تتوفر العديد من الموديلات ، وكلها متشابهة </td></tr><tr><td> Q - عرق </td><td> WR الطبية الإلكترونية </td><td></td></tr><tr><td> عبر الجمجمة دوبلر </td><td></td><td> مع أي جهاز الإخراج التناظري </td></tr><tr><td> نظام تسجيل </td><td> LabChart ، ADInstruments </td><td> برمجة بسيطة </td></tr><tr><td> نظام تسجيل </td><td> LABVIEW </td><td> برمجة معقدة </td></tr><tr><td> نظام تسجيل </td><td> MATLAB </td><td> برمجة معقدة </td></tr><tr><td> نظام تسجيل </td><td> WR الطبية </td><td> جاهزة للاستخدام ، ولكن محدودة المرونة </td></tr><tr><td> رصد CO2 </td><td></td><td> العديد من النماذج المستخدمة لإجراء دراسات النوم </td></tr><tr><td> رصد الجهاز التنفسي </td><td></td><td> الثرمستور بسيطة موصولة إلى نظام تسجيل </td></tr></tbody></table>

quantitative autonomic testing

الاضطرابات المرتبطة خلل في الجهاز العصبي اللاإرادي شائعة جدا حتى الآن غير معترف بها في كثير من الأحيان. يمكن أن يكون الاختبار الكمي المستقل أداة لا تقدر بثمن لتقييم هذه الاضطرابات ، سواء في العيادة والبحوث. هناك عدد من الاختبارات المستقل ، ومع ذلك ، تم التحقق من عدد قليل فقط سريريا أو الكمية. هنا ، يقدم بروتوكول الكمية بالكامل والتحقق من صحة سريريا لاختبار وظائف المستقل. كحد أدنى يجب أن يكون المختبرات السريرية اللاإرادي جدول الميل ، ومراقبة تخطيط القلب ومراقبة ضغط الدم المستمر موسع ، ورصد الجهاز التنفسي وسيلة لتقييم نطاق معرق. برنامج لتسجيل وتقييم الاختبارات المستقل هو أمر حاسم لتقييم صحيح للبيانات. بروتوكول قدم يقيم 3 مجالات رئيسية اللاإرادي : cardiovagal ، الأدرينالية ومعرق. وتشمل الاختبارات التنفس العميق ، ومناورة فالسالفا ، إمالة الرأس إلى أعلى ، وكمية اختبار محوار معرق (QSART). هو quantitated شدة وتوزيع خلل الوظائف المستقلة باستخدام المركب عشرات خطورة الاستقلال الذاتي (الاكاديمية). يتم توفير بروتوكول مفصلة تسليط الضوء على الجوانب الأساسية للاختبار ، مع التركيز على الحصول على البيانات الصحيحة ، والحصول على المعلمات ذات الصلة ، وتقييم غير متحيز للإشارات المستقل. يتم توفير البيانات المعيارية والخوارزمية الاكاديمية لتفسير النتائج كذلك.

Watch this Scientific Journal Video about Quantitative Autonomic Testing at JoVE.com

Quantitative Autonomic Testing

يوصف موحدة ، واختبار شامل وكامل الكمية من الوظائف اللاإرادية. الاختبارات اللاإرادي تتكون من تقييم جميع المجالات الثلاثة الرئيسية بما في ذلك الاستقلال الذاتي الأدرينالية ، cardiovagal ومعرق. هو quantitated شدة وتوزيع خلل الوظائف المستقلة باستخدام المركب عشرات خطورة الاستقلال الذاتي.

الاستقلال الذاتي اختبار كمي

Disorders associated with dysfunction of autonomic nervous system are quite common yet frequently unrecognized. Quantitative autonomic testing can be ...

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Drugs Acting on Autonomic Nervous System: Cholinergic Agonists and Antagonists Agents

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56.4K Views.  University of Massachusetts Medical School. يوصف موحدة ، واختبار شامل وكامل الكمية من الوظائف اللاإرادية. الاختبارات اللاإرادي تتكون من تقييم جميع المجالات الثلاثة الرئيسية بما في ذلك الاستقلال الذاتي الأدرينالية ، cardiovagal ومعرق. هو quantitated شدة وتوزيع خلل الوظائف المستقلة باستخدام المركب عشرات خطورة الاس?...

Video: Quantitative Autonomic Testing

Quantitative Analysis of Chromatin Proteomes in Disease

In the nucleus reside the proteomes whose functions are most intimately linked with gene regulation. Adult mammalian cardiomyocyte nuclei are unique due to the high percentage of binucleated cells,1 the predominantly heterochromatic state of the DNA, and the non-dividing nature of the cardiomyocyte which renders adult nuclei in a permanent state of interphase.2 Transcriptional regulation during development and disease have been well studied in this organ,3-5 but what remains relatively unexplored is the role played by the nuclear proteins responsible for DNA packaging and expression, and how these proteins control changes in transcriptional programs that occur during disease.6 In the developed world, heart disease is the number one cause of mortality for both men and women.7 Insight on how nuclear proteins cooperate to regulate the progression of this disease is critical for advancing the current treatment options.
Mass spectrometry is the ideal tool for addressing these questions as it allows for an unbiased annotation of the nuclear proteome and relative quantification for how the abundance of these proteins changes with disease. While there have been several proteomic studies for mammalian nuclear protein complexes,8-13 until recently14 there has been only one study examining the cardiac nuclear proteome, and it considered the entire nucleus, rather than exploring the proteome at the level of nuclear sub compartments.15 In large part, this shortage of work is due to the difficulty of isolating cardiac nuclei. Cardiac nuclei occur within a rigid and dense actin-myosin apparatus to which they are connected via multiple extensions from the endoplasmic reticulum, to the extent that myocyte contraction alters their overall shape.16 Additionally, cardiomyocytes are 40% mitochondria by volume17 which necessitates enrichment of the nucleus apart from the other organelles. Here we describe a protocol for cardiac nuclear enrichment and further fractionation into biologically-relevant compartments. Furthermore, we detail methods for label-free quantitative mass spectrometric dissection of these fractions-techniques amenable to in vivo experimentation in various animal models and organ systems where metabolic labeling is not feasible.

Advances in mass spectrometry have allowed the high throughput analysis of protein expression and modification in a host of tissues. Combined with subcellular fractionation and disease models, quantitative mass spectrometry and bioinformatics can reveal new properties in biological systems. The method described herein analyzes chromatin-associated proteins in the setting of heart disease and is readily applicable to other in vivo models of human disease.

التحليل الكمي من Proteomes الكروماتين في الأمراض

In the nucleus reside the proteomes whose functions are most intimately linked with gene regulation. Adult mammalian cardiomyocyte nuclei are unique due ...

Measuring Cardiac Autonomic Nervous System (ANS) Activity in Children

The autonomic nervous system (ANS) controls mainly automatic bodily functions that are engaged in homeostasis, like heart rate, digestion, respiratory rate, salivation, perspiration and renal function. The ANS has two main branches: the sympathetic nervous system, preparing the human body for action in times of danger and stress, and the parasympathetic nervous system, which regulates the resting state of the body.
ANS activity can be measured invasively, for instance by radiotracer techniques or microelectrode recording from superficial nerves, or it can be measured non-invasively by using changes in an organ's response as a proxy for changes in ANS activity, for instance of the sweat glands or the heart. Invasive measurements have the highest validity but are very poorly feasible in large scale samples where non-invasive measures are the preferred approach. Autonomic effects on the heart can be reliably quantified by the recording of the electrocardiogram (ECG) in combination with the impedance cardiogram (ICG), which reflects the changes in thorax impedance in response to respiration and the ejection of blood from the ventricle into the aorta. From the respiration and ECG signals, respiratory sinus arrhythmia can be extracted as a measure of cardiac parasympathetic control. From the ECG and the left ventricular ejection signals, the preejection period can be extracted as a measure of cardiac sympathetic control. ECG and ICG recording is mostly done in laboratory settings. However, having the subjects report to a laboratory greatly reduces ecological validity, is not always doable in large scale epidemiological studies, and can be intimidating for young children. An ambulatory device for ECG and ICG simultaneously resolves these three problems.
Here, we present a study design for a minimally invasive and rapid assessment of cardiac autonomic control in children, using a validated ambulatory device 1-5, the VU University Ambulatory Monitoring System (VU-AMS, Amsterdam, the Netherlands,<a href="http://www.vu-ams.nl" target="_blank"> www.vu-ams.nl</a>).

Measuring Cardiac Autonomic Nervous System ANS Activity in Children

Measurement of autonomic nervous system activity usually confines the researcher and participant to the laboratory, which may provide an intimidating environment to children. The VU University Ambulatory Monitoring System (VU-AMS) device can record cardiac autonomic control in any setting. The VU-AMS proved very amenable to testing in children.

قياس القلب العصبي المستقل نظام (ANS) نشاط في الأطفال

The autonomic nervous system (ANS) controls mainly automatic bodily functions that are engaged in homeostasis, like heart rate, digestion, respiratory ...

Minimal Erythema Dose (MED) Testing

Ultraviolet radiation (UV) therapy is sometimes used as a treatment for various common skin conditions, including psoriasis, acne, and eczema. The dosage of UV light is prescribed according to an individual's skin sensitivity. Thus, to establish the proper dosage of UV light to administer to a patient, the patient is sometimes screened to determine a minimal erythema dose (MED), which is the amount of UV radiation that will produce minimal erythema (sunburn or redness caused by engorgement of capillaries) of an individual's skin within a few hours following exposure. This article describes how to conduct minimal erythema dose (MED) testing. There is currently no easy way to determine an appropriate UV dose for clinical or research purposes without conducting formal MED testing, requiring observation hours after testing, or informal trial and error testing with the risks of under- or over-dosing. However, some alternative methods are discussed.

Minimal Erythema Dose MED Testing

This article describes how to conduct minimal erythema dose (MED) testing in order to determine the lowest dose of ultraviolet radiation that will cause erythema (burning) when administered to an individual.

الجرعة الحمامي الحد الأدنى (MED) اختبار

Ultraviolet radiation (UV) therapy is  sometimes used as a treatment for various common skin conditions, including  psoriasis, acne, and eczema. The ...

A Novel Application of Musculoskeletal Ultrasound Imaging

Ultrasound is an attractive modality for imaging muscle and tendon motion during dynamic tasks and can provide a complementary methodological approach for biomechanical studies in a clinical or laboratory setting. Towards this goal, methods for quantification of muscle kinematics from ultrasound imagery are being developed based on image processing. The temporal resolution of these methods is typically not sufficient for highly dynamic tasks, such as drop-landing. We propose a new approach that utilizes a Doppler method for quantifying muscle kinematics. We have developed a novel vector tissue Doppler imaging (vTDI) technique that can be used to measure musculoskeletal contraction velocity, strain and strain rate with sub-millisecond temporal resolution during dynamic activities using ultrasound. The goal of this preliminary study was to investigate the repeatability and potential applicability of the vTDI technique in measuring musculoskeletal velocities during a drop-landing task, in healthy subjects. The vTDI measurements can be performed concurrently with other biomechanical techniques, such as 3D motion capture for joint kinematics and kinetics, electromyography for timing of muscle activation and force plates for ground reaction force. Integration of these complementary techniques could lead to a better understanding of dynamic muscle function and dysfunction underlying the pathogenesis and pathophysiology of musculoskeletal disorders.

We describe a new ultrasound-based vector tissue Doppler imaging technique to measure muscle contraction velocity, strain and strain rate with sub-millisecond temporal resolution during dynamic activities. This approach provides complementary measurements of dynamic muscle function and could lead to a better understanding of mechanisms underlying musculoskeletal disorders.

تطبيق رواية من العظام والعضلات التصوير بالموجات فوق الصوتية

Ultrasound is an attractive modality for imaging muscle and tendon  motion during dynamic tasks and can provide a complementary methodological  approach ...

Cerebrospinal Fluid MicroRNA Profiling Using Quantitative Real Time PCR

MicroRNAs (miRNAs) constitute a potent layer of gene regulation by guiding RISC to target sites located on mRNAs and, consequently, by modulating their translational repression. Changes in miRNA expression have been shown to be involved in the development of all major complex diseases. Furthermore, recent findings showed that miRNAs can be secreted to the extracellular environment and enter the bloodstream and other body fluids where they can circulate with high stability. The function of such circulating miRNAs remains largely elusive, but systematic high throughput approaches, such as miRNA profiling arrays, have lead to the identification of miRNA signatures in several pathological conditions, including neurodegenerative disorders and several types of cancers. In this context, the identification of miRNA expression profile in the cerebrospinal fluid, as reported in our recent study, makes miRNAs attractive candidates for biomarker analysis.
There are several tools available for profiling microRNAs, such as microarrays, quantitative real-time PCR (qPCR), and deep sequencing. Here, we describe a sensitive method to profile microRNAs in cerebrospinal fluids by quantitative real-time PCR. We used the Exiqon microRNA ready-to-use PCR human panels I and II V2.R, which allows detection of 742 unique human microRNAs. We performed the arrays in triplicate runs and we processed and analyzed data using the GenEx Professional 5 software.
Using this protocol, we have successfully profiled microRNAs in various types of cell lines and primary cells, CSF, plasma, and formalin-fixed paraffin-embedded tissues.

We describe a protocol of real time PCR to profile microRNAs in the cerebrospinal fluid (CSF). With the exception of RNA extraction protocols, the procedure can be extended to RNA extracted from other body fluids, cultured cells, or tissue specimens.

النخاعي السوائل عن طريق الرنا الميكروي التنميط الكمي في الوقت الحقيقي PCR

MicroRNAs (miRNAs) constitute a potent layer of gene regulation by guiding RISC to target sites located on mRNAs and, consequently, by modulating their ...

Quantitative Magnetic Resonance Imaging of Skeletal Muscle Disease

Quantitative magnetic resonance imaging (qMRI) describes the development and use of MRI to quantify physical, chemical, and/or biological properties of living systems. Neuromuscular diseases often exhibit a temporally varying, spatially heterogeneous, and multi-faceted pathology. The goal of this protocol is to characterize this pathology using qMRI methods. The MRI acquisition protocol begins with localizer images (used to locate the position of the body and tissue of interest within the MRI system), quality control measurements of relevant magnetic field distributions, and structural imaging for general anatomical characterization. The qMRI portion of the protocol includes measurements of the longitudinal and transverse relaxation time constants (T1 and T2, respectively). Also acquired are diffusion-tensor MRI data, in which water diffusivity is measured and used to infer pathological processes such as edema. Quantitative magnetization transfer imaging is used to characterize the relative tissue content of macromolecular and free water protons. Lastly, fat-water MRI methods are used to characterize fibro-adipose tissue replacement of muscle. In addition to describing the data acquisition and analysis procedures, this paper also discusses the potential problems associated with these methods, the analysis and interpretation of the data, MRI safety, and strategies for artifact reduction and protocol optimization.

Neuromuscular diseases often exhibit a temporally varying, spatially heterogeneous, and multi-faceted pathology. The goal of this protocol is to characterize this pathology using non-invasive magnetic resonance imaging methods.

الكمي التصوير بالرنين المغناطيسي من مرض العضلات والهيكل العظمي

Quantitative magnetic resonance imaging (qMRI) describes the development and use of MRI to quantify physical, chemical, and/or biological properties of ...

Quantitative Fundus Autofluorescence for the Evaluation of Retinal Diseases

The retinal pigment epithelium (RPE) is juxtaposed to the overlying sensory retina, and supports the function of the visual system. Among the tasks performed by the RPE are phagocytosis and processing of outer photoreceptor segments through lysosome-derived organelles. These degradation products, stored and referred to as lipofuscin granules, are composed partially of bisretinoids, which have broad fluorescence absorption and emission spectra that can be detected clinically as fundus autofluorescence with confocal scanning laser ophthalmoscopy (cSLO). Lipofuscin accumulation is associated with increasing age, but is also found in various patterns in both acquired and inherited degenerative diseases of the retina. Thus, studying its pattern of accumulation and correlating such patterns with changes in the overlying sensory retina are essential to understanding the pathophysiology and progression of retinal disease. Here, we describe a technique employed by our lab and others that uses cSLO in order to quantify the level of RPE lipofuscin in both healthy and diseased eyes.

The retinal pigment epithelium (RPE) supports the sensory retina through recycling visual cycle byproducts, which accumulate as lipofuscin. These products are autofluorescent and can be qualitatively imaged in vivo. Here, we describe a method to quantitatively image RPE lipofuscin using confocal scanning laser ophthalmoscopy.

الكمية قاع العين تألق ذاتي لتقييم أمراض الشبكية

The retinal pigment epithelium (RPE) is juxtaposed to the overlying sensory retina, and supports the function of the visual system. Among the tasks ...

Measuring Cardiac Autonomic Nervous System (ANS) Activity in Toddlers - Resting and Developmental Challenges

The autonomic nervous system (ANS) consists of two branches, the parasympathetic and sympathetic nervous systems, and controls the function of internal organs (e.g., heart rate, respiration, digestion) and responds to everyday and adverse experiences 1. ANS measures in children have been found to be related to behavior problems, emotion regulation, and health 2-7. Therefore, understanding the factors that affect ANS development during early childhood is important. Both branches of the ANS affect young children&#8217;s cardiovascular responses to stimuli and have been measured noninvasively, via external monitoring equipment, using valid and reliable measures of physiological change 8-11. However, there are few studies of very young children with simultaneous measures of the parasympathetic and sympathetic nervous systems, which limits understanding of the integrated functioning of the two systems. In addition, the majority of existing studies of young children report on infants&#8217; resting ANS measures or their reactivity to commonly used mother-child interaction paradigms, and less is known about ANS reactivity to other challenging conditions. We present a study design and standardized protocol for a non-invasive and rapid assessment of cardiac autonomic control in 18 month old children. We describe methods for continuous monitoring of the parasympathetic and sympathetic branches of the ANS under resting and challenge conditions during a home or laboratory visit and provide descriptive findings from our sample of 140 ethnically diverse toddlers using validated equipment and scoring software. Results revealed that this protocol can produce a range of&#160;physiological responses to both resting and developmentally challenging conditions, as indicated by changes in heart rate and indices of parasympathetic and sympathetic activity. Individuals demonstrated&#160;variability in resting levels, responses to challenges, and challenge reactivity, which provides additional evidence that this protocol is useful for the examination of ANS individual differences for toddlers.

Measuring Cardiac Autonomic Nervous System ANS Activity in Toddlers - Resting and Developmental Challenges

We describe the methods for continuous monitoring of the autonomic nervous system under resting and challenge conditions with 18 month old children. Results revealed that this protocol can produce meaningful physiological responses in both branches of the autonomic nervous system and elicit significant individual variability in patterns of responses.

قياس الجهاز العصبي اللاإرادي القلب (ANS) نشاط في الأطفال الصغار - يستريح والتنموية التحديات

The autonomic nervous system (ANS) consists of two branches, the parasympathetic and sympathetic nervous systems, and controls the function of internal ...

Intracoronary Acetylcholine Provocation Testing for Assessment of Coronary Vasomotor Disorders

Intracoronary acetylcholine provocation testing (ACH-test) is an established method for assessment of epicardial coronary artery spasm in the catheterization laboratory which was introduced more than 30 years ago. Due to the short half-life of acetylcholine it can only be applied directly into the coronary arteries. Several studies have demonstrated the safety and clinical usefulness of this test. However, acetylcholine testing is only rarely applied in the U.S. or Europe. Nevertheless, it has been shown that 62% of Caucasian patients with stable angina and unobstructed coronary arteries on coronary angiography suffer from coronary vasomotor disorders that can be diagnosed with acetylcholine testing. In recent years it has been appreciated that the ACH-test not only assesses the presence of epicardial spasm but that it can also be useful for the detection of coronary microvascular spam. In such cases no epicardial spasm is seen after injection of acetylcholine but ischemic ECG shifts are present together with a reproduction of the patient's symptoms during the test. This article describes the experience with the ACH-test and its implementation in daily clinical routine.

Intracoronary acetylcholine testing has been established for the assessment of epicardial coronary spasm more than 30 years ago. Recently, the focus has shifted towards the microcirculation and it has been shown that microvascular spasm can be detected using ACH-testing. This article describes the ACH-test and its implementation in daily routine.

داخل التاجي اختبار الاستفزاز أستيل لتقييم التاجي اضطرابات حركي

Intracoronary acetylcholine provocation testing (ACH-test) is an established method for assessment of epicardial coronary artery spasm in the ...

Proximal Cadaveric Femur Preparation for Fracture Strength Testing and Quantitative CT-based Finite Element Analysis

Cadaveric fracture testing is routinely used to understand factors that affect proximal femur strength. Because ex vivo biological tissues are prone to lose their mechanical properties over time, specimen preparation for experimental testing must be performed carefully to obtain reliable results that represent in vivo conditions. For that reason, we designed a protocol and a set of fixtures to prepare the femoral specimens such that their mechanical properties experienced minimal changes. The femora were kept in a frozen state except during preparation steps and mechanical testing. The relevant clinical measures of total hip and femoral neck bone mineral density (BMD) were obtained with a clinical dual X-ray absorptiometry (DXA) bone densitometer, and the 3D geometry and distribution of bone mineral were obtained using CT with a calibration phantom for quantitative estimations based on the greyscale values. Any possible bone disease, fracture, or the presence of implants or artifacts affecting the bone structure, was ruled out with X-ray scans. For preparation, all bones were carefully cleaned of excess soft tissue, and were cut and potted at the internal rotation angle of interest. A cutting fixture allowed the distal end of the bone to be cut off leaving the proximal femur at a desired length. To allow positioning of the femoral neck at prescribed angles during later CT scanning and mechanical testing, the proximal femoral shafts were potted in polymethylmethacrylate (PMMA) using a fixture designed specifically for desired orientations. The data collected from our experiments were then used for validation of quantitative computed tomography (QCT)-based finite element analysis (FEA), as described in a different protocol. In this manuscript, we present the protocol for the precise bone preparation for mechanical testing and subsequent QCT/FEA modeling. The current protocol was successfully applied to prepare about 200 cadaveric femora over a 6-year time period.

We present a robust protocol on how to carefully preserve and prepare cadaveric femora for fracture testing and quantitative computed tomography imaging. The method provides precise control over input conditions for the purpose of determining relationships between bone mineral density, fracture strength, and defining finite element model geometry and properties.

إعداد عظم الفخذ القريبة المتوفين دماغيا لتحليل العناصر المحدودة مقرها CT-كسر قوة اختبار والكمي

Cadaveric fracture testing is routinely used to understand factors that affect proximal femur strength.  Because ex vivo biological tissues are prone to ...