This study was supported by grants from the National Multiple Sclerosis Society (RG4591A1/2) and the National Institutes of Health (R03NS06740402). The authors thank Dr. Ivan Hernandez and his lab members for providing laboratory space, equipment and advice.

The mice used in this study were cared for according to the guidelines of the SUNY Downstate Medical Center Division of Laboratory Animal Resources (DLAR) protocol number 15-10492.
NOTE: Primary oligodendrocytes were isolated from neonatal (P5-P7 wild-type C57Bl/6N) mice. At this stage, immature OLs constitute more than 80% of the rodent white matter ensuring high cellular yield. All buffer and reagent compositions are available at the end of the Table of Materials.
1. Coverslips Preparation
NOTE: Poly-D-lysine (PDL)/laminin coated coverslips should be prepared prior to OL isolation.
<ol>
	<li>Place #1 German glass coverslips into a 50-mL conical tube and add 35 mL of 70% EtOH to clean them.</li>
	<li>Close the tube, place it in a nutating mixer and incubate at room temperature for at least 30 min while gently rocking. Coverslips can be incubated overnight.</li>
	<li>Discard the 70% EtOH.</li>
	<li>Wash the coverslips 3 times with deionized water, remove the water every time with vacuum aspiration.</li>
	<li>Add 30-35 mL of PDL 50 &#181;g/mL to the coverslips in the 50-mL tube, enough to cover the coverslips.</li>
	<li>Place the 50-mL tube containing the coverslips on a nutating mixer and incubate at room temperature for at least 30 min while rocking gently.</li>
	<li>Wash the coverslips 3 times with deionized water, removing the water every time with vacuum aspiration.</li>
	<li>Transfer the coverslips into 60-mm Petri dishes containing deionized water.</li>
	<li>Use a P200 pipette tip to arrange the coverslips as a layer covering the entire surface of the Petri dish.</li>
	<li>Carefully, remove the water from the dishes with vacuum aspiration.</li>
	<li>Remove the excess of water around the coverslips and let them dry overnight with lid open and under UV light in the hood. 
	NOTE: PDL coated glass coverslips can be stored at 4 &#176;C in sterile Petri dishes for up to three months.</li>
	<li>Place the coverslips into 24-well plates, one per well, using fine forceps.</li>
	<li>Move the coverslips to the center of the well making sure the edges do not touch the wall of the well.</li>
	<li>Add 100 &#181;L of 10 &#181;g/mL laminin diluted in B27NBMA (see the Table of Materials) starting in the center of each coverslip and moving in a circular fashion towards the edges to cover all the area. 
	NOTE: Since laminin is involved in OL maintenance and promotes differentiation into mature OLs, it is an important OL survival factor for in vitro culture41,42,43,44.</li>
	<li>Incubate the plate in a 37 &#176;C incubator at 5% CO2 for at least 1 h or until the OLs are ready for plating.</li>
</ol>
2. Mouse Brain Cortex Dissociation
<ol>
	<li>Sacrifice postnatal 5-7-day old C57Bl/6N mouse pups by quick decapitation with scissors previously cleaned in 70% ethanol. 
	NOTE: Cerebral cortices from 5-6 neonatal mice pups were used for each preparation. On average, one mouse brain yields 1-1.5 x 106 OLs.</li>
	<li>Cut the scalp skin along the midline with small dissecting scissors and retract to expose the skull.</li>
	<li>Cut the skull carefully along the midline starting from the opening in the back of the skull towards the frontal area, lifting up with the scissors to avoid damaging the brain. Then, using the opening in the back of the skull cut toward each eye socket along the base of the skull.</li>
	<li>Use fine forceps to gently tease the cortices away from the midbrain and transfer them to a 60-mm tissue culture dish containing 7 mL of B27NBMA. Repeat steps 2.2 through 2.4 for each brain, pooling the dissected cortices.</li>
	<li>Transfer the cortices to a new 60-mm tissue culture dish containing 5 mL of dissociation buffer (B27NBMA, 20-30 U/mL Papain, and 2,500 U DNase I).</li>
	<li>Dice the cortices into small pieces of about 1 mm3 using a #15 scalpel blade and incubate for 20 min in a 37 &#176;C, 5% CO2 incubator.</li>
	<li>Add 1 mL of bovine growth serum (BGS) to stop the enzymatic reaction.</li>
	<li>Transfer the cortices along with the dissociation media to a 15-mL conical tube using a 10 mL serological pipet.</li>
	<li>Gently begin to dissociate the brain tissue by slowly pipetting up and down 6-8 times using a 10-mL serological pipet, using care to minimize bubbles.</li>
	<li>Allow the tissue chunks to settle for 2-3 min and transfer the supernatant to a fresh tube.</li>
	<li>Add 3 mL of B27NBMA containing 10% BGS/2500 U DNase I to the tissue pellet.</li>
	<li>Use a 5 mL serological pipette to gently dissociate the brain tissue while pipetting up and down 6-8 times. Be careful to minimize bubbles.</li>
	<li>Allow the tissue chunks to settle for 2-3 min.</li>
	<li>Transfer the supernatant to a fresh tube. Add 3 mL of B27NBMA containing 10% BGS/DNase I to the tissue pellet.</li>
	<li>Gently dissociate the brain tissue using a P1000 pipet tip, while pipetting the mix of media and brain tissue up and down. Repeat Steps 2.13 and 2.14 until no large chunks of tissue remain or until B27NBMA containing 10% BGS/DNase I is exhausted, whichever comes first. Be careful to minimize bubbles.</li>
	<li>Pool cell suspension with previous supernatants.</li>
	<li>Place 70-&#181;m cell strainer in a 50-mL tube. Using a 10-mL serological pipet, pass the pooled cell suspension gently over the 70-&#181;m cell strainer.</li>
	<li>Wash the cell strainer by adding 1 mL of B27NBMA containing 10% BGS/DNase I.</li>
	<li>Discard the cell strainer. Bring the volume to 30-mL with B27NBMA containing 10% BGS/DNase I.</li>
	<li>Transfer the cell suspension to two 15-mL conical tubes. Centrifuge the cell suspension for 10 min at 200 x g.</li>
	<li>Remove the supernatant without leaving the cells exposed to the air. The supernatant will be cloudy due to cell debris. Add 3 mL of B27NBMA containing 10% BGS to the pellet.</li>
	<li>Carefully dissociate the cell pellet using a P1000 pipet. Bring the volume to 15 mL with B27NBMA containing 10% BGS.</li>
	<li>Pass the cell suspension over a fresh 40 &#181;m cell strainer.</li>
	<li>Wash the cell strainer by adding 1mL of B27NBMA containing 10% BGS. Discard the cell strainer.</li>
	<li>Bring the volume to 30 mL with B27NBMA containing 10% BGS.</li>
	<li>Transfer the cell suspension to 2 x 15-mL conical tubes. Centrifuge the cell suspension for 10 min at 200 x g.</li>
	<li>Remove most of the supernatant without leaving the cells exposed to the air. Resuspend the cell pellets in 5 mL of ice cold magnetic cell sorting (MCS) buffer.</li>
</ol>
3. Determination of Cell Count and Viability
<ol>
	<li>Dilute 100 &#181;L of the cell suspension with 400 &#181;L of Trypan Blue Solution in a 1.5-mL microcentrifuge tube to achieve a 1:5 dilution in 0.4% (w/v).</li>
	<li>Center a cover glass over a hemocytometer chamber and fill the two chambers with 10 &#181;L of the cell dilution using a P10 pipette and avoiding overfill. The solution will pass under the cover glass by capillary action.</li>
	<li>Place the hemocytometer on the microscope stage and adjust focus using 40X magnification. 
	NOTE: Cell counts are recorded using a hand-held counter in each of five squares (four corners and one center). Only non-viable cells absorb the dye and appear blue, while live and healthy cells appear round and refractive and do not absorb the blue-colored dye, allowing for determination of the number of viable and total cells per milliliter.</li>
</ol>
4. Isolation of O4+ Oligodendrocytes
<ol>
	<li>Centrifuge the cell suspension at 200 x g for 10 min.</li>
	<li>Carefully discard the supernatant by using vacuum aspiration, avoiding exposure of the cells to the air.</li>
	<li>Resuspend the pellet in 90 &#181;L of MCS buffer per 1 x 107 total cells followed by the addition of 10 &#181;L of anti-O4 beads per 1 x 107 cells.</li>
	<li>Mix the cell suspension and beads by gently flicking the 15-mL conical tube with the finger 4-5 times.</li>
	<li>Incubate the mix for 15 min at 4 &#176;C, flicking the 15-mL conical tube with the finger 4-5 timesevery 5 min.</li>
	<li>Wash the mix by gently adding 2 mL of MCS buffer per 1 x 107 cells to the tube. Centrifuge the mix at 200 x g for 10 min.</li>
	<li>Discard the supernatant by carefully using vacuum aspiration, avoiding exposure of the cells to the air. Resuspend the cell pellet in 500 &#181;L of MCS buffer for every 1 x 107 cells.</li>
	<li>Attach a magnetic separator to a magnetic separator stand. Attach a selection column to the magnetic separator and place a 40 &#181;m cell strainer on top of the column. Place two 15-mL or one 50-mL conical tube below the separation column to collect the flow through.</li>
	<li>Pre-rinse the 40-&#181;m cell strainer and separation column with 3 mL of MCS buffer and let the buffer run through the column without letting it dry.</li>
	<li>Add the mix of cell suspension and beads to the cell strainer and into the selection column.</li>
	<li>Wash the 40 &#181;m cell strainer with 1 mL of MCS buffer.</li>
	<li>Discard the cell strainer and let the mix of cells, beads and buffer run through the column without letting it dry.</li>
	<li>Wash the separation column 3 times with 3 mL of MCS buffer and 1 time with OL proliferation media.</li>
	<li>Remove the separation column from the magnetic separator, quickly place it into a 15-mL conical tube, and immediately add 5 mL of OL proliferation media.</li>
	<li>Place a plunger on top of the column and firmly push to flush out the labeled cells into the 15-mL conical tube.</li>
	<li>Remove 100 &#181;L of cell suspension to determine cell count and viability using Trypan Blue and hemocytometer as indicated in section 3. 
	NOTE: Cell viability above 80% is considered acceptable to proceed with the culture of OLs, but viability greater than 90% is optimal.</li>
</ol>
5. Plating of Isolated O4+ Oligodendrocytes
<ol>
	<li>Dilute the cell suspension to the desire plating density (5 x 105 cells per coverslip) using OL proliferation media. 
	NOTE: OL seeding density is very important, so appropriate cell density should be confirmed using a tissue culture microscope prior to proceeding. Seeding density below 10,000 cells/coverslips may lead to poor cell survival. At plating density at 10,000 to 25,000, OL morphological differentiation is slow45. We plate OLs at a seeding density of at least 50,000 cells/coverslips to ensure cell survival.</li>
	<li>Move the 24-well plates containing coverslips coated with laminin from incubator to the tissue culture hood.</li>
	<li>Remove laminin from each coverslip and replace it with 100 &#181;L of OL suspension.</li>
	<li>Incubate OLs in the 37 &#176;C/5% CO2 incubator for a maximum of 45 min to promote OL adhesion to the coverslips.</li>
	<li>After incubation, remove the 24-well plates from the incubator. Flood each well of the 24-well plate with 500 &#181;L of OL proliferation media.</li>
	<li>Place the OLs back in the 37 &#176;C/5% CO2 incubator for additional 24 h.</li>
	<li>24 h after plating of OLs, remove proliferation media and substitute with OL differentiation media to induce differentiation.</li>
	<li>Place the OLs back in the incubator and do not remove until the cells are ready for fixation. 
	NOTE: Changes in pH are detrimental for OLs and decrease cell viability, therefore unnecessary removal of OLs cultures from the incubator should be avoided.</li>
</ol>
6. Immunofluorescence Staining
<ol>
	<li>For the detection of cell surface markers (NG2, O1 and O4) remove the media from the wells.</li>
	<li>Add 250 &#181;L of mouse hybridoma supernatants containing primary antibodies against O1 (undiluted)13 and O4 (undiluted)13 and rabbit polyclonal against NG2 (1:150 diluted in B27NBMA). 
	NOTE: If commercially available anti-O1 and anti-O4 antibodies are to be used, it is advisable to utilize dilutions suggested by the manufacturer.</li>
	<li>Incubate the cells with primary antibody for 45 min maximum in a 37 &#176;C/5% CO2 incubator.</li>
	<li>Wash twice with 0.05% Tween-20/1X PBS. Fix the cells with 4% paraformaldehyde (4% PFA) for 10 min at room temperature.</li>
	<li>Wash three times for 5 min each with 0.05% Tween-20/1X PBS.</li>
	<li>Dilute Alexa 488-conjugated goat anti-mouse IgM or anti-rabbit IgG secondary antibody (1:400) in B27NBMA.</li>
	<li>Remove the 0.05% Tween-20/1X PBS from the coverslips. Incubate the cells with secondary antibody for 1 h at room temperature in the dark.</li>
	<li>Wash three times for 5 min each with 0.05% Tween-20/1X PBS.</li>
	<li>For double staining for the detection of internal markers (GFAP), remove the 0.05% Tween-20/1X PBS and block/permeabilize cells with block/permeabilization buffer for 15 min at room temperature. Otherwise proceed to step 6.17.</li>
	<li>Remove block/permeabilization buffer and add 250 &#181;L chicken anti-GFAP (1:100) diluted in block/permeabilization buffer.</li>
	<li>Incubate the cells with anti-GFAP for 1 h at room temperature. Wash three times for 5 min each with 0.05% Tween-20/1X PBS.</li>
	<li>Dilute Alexa 594-conjugated goat anti-chicken IgG secondary antibody (1:400) in B27NBMA.</li>
	<li>Remove the 0.05% Tween-20/1X PBS from the coverslips. Incubate the cells with secondary antibody for 1 h at room temperature in the dark.</li>
	<li>Wash three times for 5 min each with 0.05% Tween-20/1X PBS.</li>
	<li>Counterstain with 4&#39;,6-diamidino-2-phenylindole (DAPI) and mount the cells with antifade mounting media containing DAPI.</li>
	<li>Let the coverslips cure overnight in the dark at room temperature.</li>
	<li>Image the stained cells with an epifluorescence microscope. 
	NOTE: In this protocol, the cells were imaged at 40X magnification using a uniform exposure time.</li>
</ol>

The authors have no disclosures.

In this communication, we present a method for the efficient isolation of highly purified immature mouse oligodendrocyte cultures. Compared to previously published protocols39,40, this method yielded a higher purity with a much lower level of GFAP-positive astrocytes and a very low percentage of other non-characterized cells. It is important to point out that these are immature OLs already committed to the oligodendroglial lineage. Thus, these cells would not be useful for study of early phases of differentiation.
One of the modifications from the Dincman protocol40 was the removal of basic fibroblast growth factor (bFGF) from our proliferation media. It has been reported that in vitro, bFGF acting as a strong mitogenic factor not only inhibits OPCs from differentiation, but also decreases the number of processes46,47. Moreover, bFGF increases oligodendrocyte dedifferentiation and proliferation in passaged cells of the oligodendroglial lineage 48. Therefore, it is plausible that the reduced numbers of O4+ cells and increased numbers of A2B5+ and NG2+ cells observed in Dincman study40 may be due to the effect of bFGF in culture.
Despite using O4 binding as the method for isolating the cells, only 59% of the cells are O4+ at 1DIV. These results are qualitatively similar to those of Dincman and coworkers40 who found that using O4 binding for isolation, slightly less than 50% of cells were O4+ at 1DIV. It has been shown that PDGF delays post-mitotic development by transiently reverting O4+GalC- progenitors to A2B5+O4- pre-progenitor-like cells that subsequently differentiate even in the continued presence of PDGF 49. Therefore, it is likely that during the process of proliferation in the first day in vitro some immature OLs may experience a reversal from O4+NG2+ to O4-NG2+, while still remaining committed to the oligodendrocyte lineage. This hypothesis is supported by Dincman&#39;s finding40 that immediately after isolation about 80% of the cells were O4+.
At 3DIV, this protocol produces a somewhat higher OL purity than that described by others39,40 though we did not make a head-to-head comparison with their methods. Compared to protocol of Dincman et al.40, the lower number of GFAP-positive cells in our cultures could be due to the lack of FGF in the proliferation media. The Emery and Dugas protocol39 relies on the sequential passage of cells through culture dishes; astrocytes can attach easily to culture dishes50 and could be carried over after each sequential passage of cells during the immunopanning protocol. The presented method does not risk introducing contaminating astrocytes in our purification fraction.
Our modified method is faster compared to the other two taking about 4 h to perform. We achieve this by eliminating unnecessary steps and reagents incorporated by the other protocols. For example, compared to the Dincman protocol40, which takes 5-6 h, we omitted both the use of a kit for neural tissue dissociation and the incubation of the OL cell suspension with rat anti-mouse IgM beads to remove dead cells. Instead, we performed the dissociation of mouse brain cortices with papain and dead cells were removed by performing low speed centrifugations (200 x g).
A major modification from the Emery protocol39, which takes about 9 h, was the removal of the immunopanning selection and the removal of the requirement for a direct O2/CO2 line used to pre-equilibrate the Papain Buffer during tissue digestion. Instead, we used immunomagnetic selection and direct incubation of the mix of mouse brain cortices and Papain buffer in the CO2 incubator.
Although not directly tested in this study, the anti-O4 microbeads can also be used to isolate OLs from rat, human and transgenic mouse brain tissue. This highlights the versatility of the technique to use multiple tissue sources for OLs isolation with the potential to benefit research labs interested in working with OLs from sources other than mouse.
In conclusion, the modified OPC isolation method described in this study provides a rapid and specific alternative to obtain primary mouse oligodendrocytes that could be applied in studies of myelination and demyelinating disease.

Oligodendrocytes (OLs) are the myelinating cells of the central nervous system (CNS)1. The isolation and culture of primary oligodendrocytes in a tightly regulated environment is a valuable tool for the in vitro study of the development of oligodendroglia as well as the biology of demyelinating diseases such as multiple sclerosis2. This requires an efficient and robust oligodendrocyte isolation and culture method3. In this study, we took advantage of the expression of a distinctive oligodendrocyte cell surface marker to implement a modified isolation technique that is rapid and specific.
Four distinct stages of oligodendrocyte maturation have been identified, each characterized by the expression of distinctive cell surface markers for each developmental stage (Figure 1). These cell surface markers can be recognized by specific antibodies4,5, and can be used to isolate OLs at specific stages. In the first stage, oligodendrocyte precursor cells (OPCs) have the capacity to proliferate, migrate, and specifically express platelet-derived growth factor receptor (PDGF-Rα)6, ganglioside A2B5, proteoglycan NG27,8, polysialic acid-neural cell adhesion molecule9 and fatty-acid-binding protein 7 (FABP7)10. OPCs have bipolar morphology with few short processes emanating from the opposing poles of the cell body, which is characteristic of neural precursor cells11.
<img alt="Oligodendrocyte maturation process, stages E13-P17, neurobiology cell differentiation diagram." class="xfigimg" src="/files/ftp_upload/57543/57543fig1v2.jpg" data-altupdatedat="1747911167000" data-alt="Oligodendrocyte development stages chart; cell differentiation from OPC to mature oligodendrocyte."> 
Figure 1: Expression of cell surface markers during the mouse oligodendrocyte development. OLs cell surface markers such as A2B5, GalC (O1), NG2, O4, and PDGF-Rα can be used to specifically isolate oligodendrocytes at specific developmental stage by using specific antibodies. <a href="//cloudflare-jove-com.remotexs.ntu.edu.sg/files/ftp_upload/57543/57543fig1v2large.jpg" target="_blank">Please click here to view a larger version of this figure.</a>
In the second stage, OPCs give rise to preoligodendrocytes and express at the cell membrane not only OPC markers, but also the sulfatide (a sulfated galactolipid) recognized by the O4 antibody12,13, and the GPR17 protein14, which persists until the immature oligodendrocyte (OL) stage. At this stage, preoligodendrocytes extend multipolar short processes. Preoligodendrocytes are the major OL stage at postnatal day 2 (P2) in the cerebral white matter of both rat and mouse with a minor population of immature OLs15.
During the third stage, immature OLs continue to express O4, lose expression of A2B5 and NG2 markers and begin to express galactocerebroside C16. At this stage, OLs are committed to the oligodendroglial lineage and become post-mitotic cells with long ramified branches17,18. Immature OL constitute more than 80% of the rodent white matter at P7 and at this time the first MBP+ cells are observed15,19,20,21. Therefore, isolation of OLs at P7 could ensure high cellular yield.
In the final and fourth stage of OL development, mature OLs express myelinating proteins (myelin basic protein (MBP), proteolipid protein (PLP), myelin associated glycoprotein (MAG) and myelin oligodendrocyte glycoprotein (MOG)22,23,24,25,26. At this stage, mature OLs extend membranes that form compact enwrapping sheaths around the axons and are able to myelinate. This coincides with the observation that in rat and mouse brain, MBP+ cells become increasingly abundant at P1419,20,21.
Since the first isolation of oligodendrocyte by Fewster and colleagues in 196727, several methods for isolation of OLs from the rodent CNS have been implemented including immunopanning28,29,30, fluorescence-activated cell sorting (FACS) exploiting cell surface-specific antigens28,31, differential gradient centrifugation32,33,34,35 and a shaking method based on differential adherence of different CNS glia36,37. However, existing culture methods have limitations, particularly in terms of purity, yield and time required to perform the procedures38. Therefore, more efficient isolation methods for oligodendrocytes are required.
In this paper, we present a simple and efficient selection method for the immunomagnetic isolation of stage three O4+ preoligodendrocytes cells from neonatal mice pups. This method is a modification of the techniques reported by Emery et al.39 and Dincman et al.40 and provides an oligodendrocyte preparation purity above 80% in about 4 h.

<table><tbody><tr><td>10ml serological pipets</td><td>Fisher Scientific</td><td>13-676-10J</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>10ml syringe Luer-Loc tip</td><td>BD, Becton Dickinson</td><td>309604</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>15ml conical tubes</td><td>Falcon</td><td>352097</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>24-well tissue culture plates</td><td>Falcon</td><td>353935</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>40&amp;micro;m cell strainer</td><td>Fisher Scientific</td><td>22368547</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>50ml conical tubes</td><td>Falcon</td><td>352098</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>5ml serological pipets</td><td>Fisher Scientific</td><td>13-676-10H</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>60mm tissue culture plates</td><td>Falcon</td><td>353002</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>70&amp;micro;m cell strainer</td><td>Fisher Scientific</td><td>22363548</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Alexa Fluor 488 goat anti-mouse IgG (H+L) secondary antibody</td><td>Invitrogen</td><td>A11001</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Alexa Fluor 488 goat anti-rabbit IgM (H+L) secondary antibody</td><td>Invitrogen</td><td>A21042</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Alexa Fluor 488 goat anti-rabbit IgM (H+L) secondary antibody</td><td>Invitrogen</td><td>A11008</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Alexa Fluor 594 goat anti-chicken IgG (H+L) secondary antibody</td><td>Invitrogen</td><td>A11042</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Anti-O4 beads- Anti-O4MicroBeads</td><td>Miltenyi Biotec</td><td>130-094-543</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Apo-Transferrin human</td><td>Sigma</td><td>T1147</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Autofil complete bottle top filter assembly, 0.22um filter, 250ml</td><td>USA Scientific</td><td>6032-1101</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Autofil complete bottle top filter assembly, 0.22um filter, 250ml</td><td>USA Scientific</td><td>6032-1102</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>B27 Supplement</td><td>Invitrogen</td><td>17504-044</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Boric acid</td><td>Sigma</td><td>B7660</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Bovine Growth Serum (BGS)</td><td>GE Healthcare Life Sciences</td><td>SH30541.03</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>BSA</td><td>Fisher Scientific</td><td>BP-1600-100</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>CNTF</td><td>Peprotech</td><td>450-50</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>d-Biotin</td><td>Sigma</td><td>B4639</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Desoxyribonuclease I (DNAse I)</td><td>Worthington</td><td>LS002007</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>EDTA</td><td>Fisher Scientific</td><td>S311</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Epifluorescence microscope with an Olympus DP70 camera</td><td>Olympus</td><td>Bx51</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Feather disposable scalpels</td><td>Andwin Scientific</td><td>EF7281C</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Forskolin</td><td>Sigma</td><td>F6886</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>German glass coverslips, #1 thickness, 12mm diameter round</td><td>NeuVitro</td><td>GG-12-oz</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>GFAP antibody</td><td>Aves</td><td>GFAP</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Glucose</td><td>Fisher Scientific</td><td>D16-1</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>GlutaMAX</td><td>Invitrogen</td><td>35050-61</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Insulin</td><td>Invitrogen</td><td>12585-014</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Magnetic separator stand - MACS multistand</td><td>Miltenyi Biotec</td><td>130-042-303</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Magnetic separator-MiniMACS separator</td><td>Miltenyi Biotec</td><td>130-042-302</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Millex PES 0.22&amp;micro;m filter unit</td><td>Millipore</td><td>SLG033RS</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Mounting media- Prolong Gold with DAPI</td><td>Thermo Fisher</td><td>P36930</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>N-acetyl-cysteine (NAC)</td><td>Sigma</td><td>A8199</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Natural mouse laminin</td><td>Invitrogen</td><td>23017-015</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Neurobasal Medium A</td><td>Invitrogen</td><td>10888-022</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Neurotrophin-3 (NT-3)</td><td>Peprotech</td><td>450-03</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>NG2 antibody</td><td>Millipore</td><td>AB5320</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Papain</td><td>Worthington</td><td>LS003126</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>PBS without Ca2&lt;sup&gt;+&lt;/sup&gt; and Mg2&lt;sup&gt;+&lt;/sup&gt;</td><td>Sigma</td><td>D5652</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>PDGF</td><td>Peprotech</td><td>100-13A</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Petri dishes</td><td>Falcon</td><td>351029</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Poly-D-Lysine</td><td>Sigma</td><td>P6407</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Primocin</td><td>Invivogen</td><td>ant-pm-2</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Progesterone</td><td>Sigma</td><td>P8783</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Putrescine</td><td>Sigma</td><td>P5780</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Selection column-LS columns</td><td>Miltenyi Biotec</td><td>130-042-401</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Sodium Selenite</td><td>Sigma</td><td>S5261</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Trace elements B</td><td>Corning</td><td>25-000-CI</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Triiodothyronine (T3)</td><td>Sigma</td><td>T6397</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Triton-X</td><td>Sigma</td><td>T8787</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Trypan Blue Solution</td><td>Corning</td><td>25-900-CI</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Tween 20</td><td>Sigma</td><td>P1379</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>B27NBMA</td><td></td><td></td><td>487.75 mL Neurobasal Medium A; 10 mL B27 Supplement; 1 mL Primocin; 1.25 mL Glutamax; Filter sterilize and store at 4 &amp;deg;C until use.</td></tr><tr><td>B27NBMA + 10% BGS</td><td></td><td></td><td>27 mL B27NBMA; 3 mL Bovine growth serum</td></tr><tr><td>CNTF solution stock (10 &amp;micro;g/ml; 1000X)</td><td></td><td></td><td>Order from Peprotech (450-50). Make up at 0.1 to 1 mg/ml according to Manufacturer&amp;rsquo;s instruction (may vary from lot to lot) in buffer (e.g. DPBS + 0.2% BSA). Store at -80 &amp;deg;C.&lt;br/&gt; Working solution (10 &amp;micro;g/ml, 1000X)&lt;br/&gt; 1. Make on 0.2% BSA (Fisher scientific BP-1600-100) in DPBS solution and filter sterilize.&lt;br/&gt; 2. Dilute master stock aliquot to 10&amp;micro;g/ml in sterile, chilled 0.2% BSA/DPBS.&lt;br/&gt; 3. Aliquot (20&amp;micro;l/tube) and snap freeze in liquid nitrogen.&lt;br/&gt; 4. Store aliquots at -80 &amp;deg;C.</td></tr><tr><td>d-Biotin stock solution (50 &amp;micro;g/ml; 5000X)</td><td></td><td></td><td>Resuspend d-Biotin (Sigma-B4639) in double-distilled H2O at 50 &amp;micro;g/ml (e.g. 2.5 mg in 50 ml of ddH2O). Resuspension might take fair amount of agitation/vortexing, or mild warming briefly at 37&amp;deg;C. If the d-Biotin still will not solubilize, it is fine to make up a less concentrated (e.g. 10&amp;micro;g/ml), and to add a higher volume to the B27NBMA (1/1000), instead of 1/5000). Store at 4&amp;deg;C.</td></tr><tr><td>DNase I stock solution</td><td></td><td></td><td>1. Dissolve at 12,500 U Deoxyribonuclease I / ml in HBSS chilled on ice.&lt;br/&gt; 2. Filter sterilize on ice&lt;br/&gt; 3. Aliquot at 200 &amp;micro;l and freeze overnight at -20&amp;deg;C.&lt;br/&gt; 4. Store aliquots at -20 to -30&amp;deg;C.</td></tr><tr><td>Dulbecco&amp;rsquo;s Phosphate Buffered Saline (w/o Ca2+ and Mg2+)</td><td></td><td></td><td>Dissolve pouch in 1 Liter of water to yield 1 liter of medium at 9.6 grams of powder per liter of medium. Store at 2-8 &amp;deg;C.</td></tr><tr><td>Forskolin stock solution (4.2 mg/ml; 1000X)</td><td></td><td></td><td>Add 1 ml of sterile DMSO to 50 mg Forskolin in bottle (Sigma-F6886) and pipette until resuspended. Transfer to a 15 ml centrifuge tube and add 11 ml of sterile DMSO to bring to 4.2 mg/ml. Aliquot (e.g. 20 &amp;micro;l) and store at -20&amp;deg;C.</td></tr><tr><td>Hank&amp;rsquo;s balanced salts (HBSS) (Sigma</td><td></td><td></td><td>1. Measure 900 ml of water (temperature 15-20 &amp;deg;C) in a cylinder and stir gently.&lt;br/&gt; 2. Add the power and stir until dissolved.&lt;br/&gt; 3. Rinse original package with a small amount of water to remove all traces of the powder.&lt;br/&gt; 4. Add to the solution in step 2.&lt;br/&gt; 5. Add 0.35 gr of sodium bicarbonate (7.5% w/v) for each liter of final volume.&lt;br/&gt; 6. Keep stirring until dissolved.&lt;br/&gt; 7. Adjust the pH of the buffer while stirring to 0.1-0.3 units below pH= 7.4 since it may rise during filtration. The use of 1N HCl or 1N NaOH is recommended to adjust the pH.&lt;br/&gt; 8. Add additional water to bring the final volume to 1L.&lt;br/&gt; 9. Sterilize by filtration using a membrane with a porosity of 0.22 microns.&lt;br/&gt; 10. Store at 2-8 &amp;deg;C.</td></tr><tr><td>Insulin stock solution (4000 &amp;micro;g/ml)</td><td></td><td></td><td>Thaw the bottle and aliquot 25 &amp;micro;l per microcentrifuge tube and store at -20&amp;deg;C.</td></tr><tr><td>Laminin solution</td><td></td><td></td><td>Slowly thaw laminin in the cold (2&amp;deg;C to 8&amp;deg;C) to avoid gel formation. Then, aliquot into polypropylene tubes. Store at 5&amp;deg; C to -20&amp;deg; C in aliquots (e.g. 20 &amp;micro;l) and do not freeze/thaw repeatedly. Laminin may be stored at these temperatures for up to six months.</td></tr><tr><td>Magnetic Cell Sorting (MCS) Buffer</td><td></td><td></td><td>Prepare the solution containing phosphate-buffered saline (PBS), pH 7.2, and 0.5% bovine serum albumin (BSA), 0.5 mM EDTA, 5&amp;micro;g/ml Insulin, 1 g/L Glucose. Sterilize and degas by filtration the buffer by passing it through a 0.22 &amp;micro;m Millex filter. Store the buffer at 4&amp;deg;C until use</td></tr><tr><td>N-Acetyl-L-cysteine (NAC) stock solution (5mg/ml; 1000X)</td><td></td><td></td><td>Dissolve N-Acetyl-L-cysteine (Sigma-A8199) at 5 mg/ml in DMEM (e.g. 50 mg NAC in 10 ml B27NBMA). Filter sterilize and aliquot (e.g. 20 &amp;micro;l). Store at -20&amp;deg;C.</td></tr><tr><td>NT3 stock solution (1 &amp;micro;g/ml; 1000X)</td><td></td><td></td><td>Master stock:&lt;br/&gt; Order from Peprotech (450-03). Make up at 0.1 to 1 mg/ml according to manufacturer&amp;rsquo;s instructions (may vary from lot to lot), in buffer (e.g. DPBS + 0.2% BSA). Store at -80&amp;deg;C.&lt;br/&gt; &lt;br/&gt; Working stock (1&amp;micro;g/ml; 1000X):&lt;br/&gt; 1. Make on 0.2% BSA in DPBS solution and filter sterilize.&lt;br/&gt; 2. Dilute master stock aliquot to 1 &amp;micro;g/ml in sterile, chilled 0.2% BSA/DPBS.&lt;br/&gt; 3. Aliquot (e.g. 20&amp;micro;l/tube) and snap freeze in liquid nitrogen.&lt;br/&gt; 4. Store aliquots at -80&amp;deg;C.</td></tr><tr><td>PDGF stock solution (10 &amp;micro;g/ml; 1000X)</td><td></td><td></td><td>Master stock:&lt;br/&gt; Order from Peprotech (100-13A). Make up at 0.1 to 1 mg/ml according to manufacturer&amp;rsquo;s instructions (may vary from lot to lot) in buffer (e.g. DPBS) + 0.2% BSA). Store at -80&amp;deg;C.&lt;br/&gt; &lt;br/&gt; Working stock (1&amp;micro;g/ml; 1000X):&lt;br/&gt; 1. Make on 0.2% BSA in DPBS solution and filter sterilize.&lt;br/&gt; 2. Dilute master stock aliquot to 1&amp;micro;g/ml in sterile, chilled 0.2% BSA/DPBS.&lt;br/&gt; 3. Aliquot (e.g. 20&amp;micro;l/tube) and snap freeze in liquid nitrogen.&lt;br/&gt; 4. Store aliquots at -80&amp;deg;C.</td></tr><tr><td>Poly-D-lysine (1mg/ml; 100X)</td><td></td><td></td><td>Resuspend poly-D-lysine, molecular weight 70-150 kD (Sigma P6407) at 0.5mg/ml in 0.15M boric acid pH 8.4 (e.g. 50mg in 50ml borate buffer). Filter sterilize and aliquot (e.g. 100&amp;micro;l/tube). Store at -20&amp;deg;C. Prior to use, dilute the 100X stock (1mg/ml) to 50 &amp;micro;g/ml in sterile water.</td></tr><tr><td>Oligodendrocyte proliferation media</td><td></td><td></td><td>see &lt;a href=&quot;https://www-jove-com.remotexs.ntu.edu.sg/files/ftp_upload/57543/57543_SupplementalTable.xlsx&quot;&gt;Supplementary Table 1&lt;/a&gt;</td></tr><tr><td>Oligodendrocyte differentiation media</td><td></td><td></td><td>see &lt;a href=&quot;https://www-jove-com.remotexs.ntu.edu.sg/files/ftp_upload/57543/57543_SupplementalTable.xlsx&quot;&gt;Supplementary Table 1&lt;/a&gt;</td></tr><tr><td>Sato supplement (100X)</td><td></td><td></td><td>see &lt;a href=&quot;https://www-jove-com.remotexs.ntu.edu.sg/files/ftp_upload/57543/57543_SupplementalTable.xlsx&quot;&gt;Supplementary Table 1&lt;/a&gt;</td></tr><tr><td>References: the list of reagents and recipes were adopted from the protocols previously described by Emery et. al. 2013 (Emery, B. &amp;amp; Dugas, J. C. Purification of oligodendrocyte lineage cells from mouse cortices by immunopanning. Cold Spring Harb Protoc. 2013 (9), 854-868, doi:10.1101/pdb.prot073973, (2013)) and Dincman et. al. (Dincman, T. A., Beare, J. E., Ohri, S. S. &amp;amp; Whittemore, S. R. Isolation of cortical mouse oligodendrocyte precursor cells. J Neurosci Methods. 209 (1), 219-226, doi:10.1016/j.jneumeth.2012.06.017, (2012))</td><td></td><td></td><td></td></tr></tbody></table>

rapid and specific immunomagnetic isolation of mouse primary oligodendrocytes

The efficient and robust isolation and culture of primary oligodendrocytes (OLs) is a valuable tool for the in vitro study of the development of oligodendroglia as well as the biology of demyelinating diseases such as multiple sclerosis and Pelizaeus-Merzbacher-like disease (PMLD). Here, we present a simple and efficient selection method for the immunomagnetic isolation of stage three O4+ preoligodendrocytes cells from neonatal mice pups. Since immature OL constitute more than 80% of the rodent-brain white matter at postnatal day 7 (P7) this isolation method not only ensures high cellular yield, but also the specific isolation of OLs already committed to the oligodendroglial lineage, decreasing the possibility of isolating contaminating cells such as astrocytes and other cells from the mouse brain. This method is a modification of the techniques reported previously, and provides oligodendrocyte preparation purity above 80% in about 4 h.

The purpose of this study was to establish an improved isolation method for O4+ primary mouse oligodendrocytes requiring the least possible manipulation of the target cells. The entire procedure from euthanasia of the pups to plating of the cells in coverslips takes about 4 h and data shown here represent three independent experiments. After tissue dissociation, an average of 4.3 ± 0.46 x 107 cells were isolated for each independent experiment, with a viability of 91% ± 5.6%. After immunomagnetic isolation using anti-O4 tagged magnetic microbeads an average of 6.9 ± 0.38 x 106 OLs were obtained (1-1.5 x 106 per mouse) which is 16.2% ± 1.6% of the total cells initially dissociated; viability was 96.3% ± 3.5%.
<img alt="Microscopy images of neural cell markers NG2, O4/GFAP, and O1 for cell identification study." class="xfigimg" src="/files/ftp_upload/57543/57543fig2.jpg" data-altupdatedat="1747911167000" data-alt="Fluorescence microscopy of neural differentiation stages: primary culture, NG2, O4/GFAP, O1 markers."> 
Figure 2: Immunomagnetically isolated OLs express immature markers at 1DIV. (A) OLs under phase contrast microscope show bi- and tri-polar morphology. OLs express NG2 (B), O4 (C), and O1 (D). Very few astrocytes were present at 1DIV (C, red), scale bar = 50 µm. Data were collected from 3 independent experiments. <a href="https://cloudflare-jove-com.remotexs.ntu.edu.sg/files/ftp_upload/57543/57543fig2large.jpg" target="_blank">Please click here to view a larger version of this figure.</a>
To examine the antigenic phenotype of the immunomagnetically isolated cells, immunofluorescence staining was performed 24 h (1DIV) and 72 h (3DIV) after plating the cells. At 1DIV, the cell appeared to be bi- or tripolar under the phase contrast microscope (Figure 2A-B), a characteristic of feature of early stage proliferating OLs (OPCs and or preoligodendrocytes). 66.1 ± 8.4% of these cells were NG2-labeled (Figure 2B), and 58% ± 9.4% of the cells were O4-labeled (Figure 2C). O1 (GalC)-labeling, a marker of more mature cells in the oligodendrocyte lineage, was much less common (7.4% ± 6.0%, Figure 2D). This marker profile suggests that the majority of cells at this point are pre-oligodendrocytes with smaller percentages immature or mature oligos and possibly some oligodendrocyte progenitor cells (OPCs). Astrocytes, as evidenced by GFAP staining, comprised of the 0.57 ± 1.0% (Figure 2C). These data suggest that the oligodendrocytes isolated with the modified technique are highly purified and the majority show expression pattern for a marker typical of immature oligodendrocytes.
<img alt="Microscopy image showing oligodendrocyte differentiation with NG2, O4, O1 markers and GFAP staining." class="xfigimg" src="/files/ftp_upload/57543/57543fig3.jpg" data-altupdatedat="1747911167000" data-alt="Cell differentiation study; microscope images with molecular markers NG2, O4, GFAP, O1; fluorescence detection."> 
Figure 3: Expression of mature OLs markers at 3DIV. (A) OLs under phase contrast microscope show more complex morphology. At 3DIV, expression of NG2 (B) decreases dramatically, while O4 (C) and O1 (D) increase. Few astrocytes are visible at 3DIV (C, red), scale bar = 50 µm. Data were collected from 3 independent experiments. <a href="https://cloudflare-jove-com.remotexs.ntu.edu.sg/files/ftp_upload/57543/57543fig3large.jpg" target="_blank">Please click here to view a larger version of this figure.</a>
At 3DIV, oligodendrocyte morphology appeared more complex than the cells at 1DIV (Figure 3A). At this time point, the frequency of cells positive for the early oligodendrocyte marker NG2 was much lower compared to 1DIV. NG2-labeled cells comprised 31.2 ± 17.1% (versus 66.1 ± 8.4% at 1DIV, t-test p &lt;0.0001, Figure 3B, Figure 4A). Although not analyzed here, the average intensity of staining in cells deemed to be positive for NG2 was reduced at 3DIV compared to 1DIV. Most cells (81.9% ± 4.884%, Figure 3C) showed O4-labeling, which was higher than at 1DIV (58% ± 9.4%, t-test p &lt;0.0001, Figure 4B). Also, almost half the cells (47.2% ± 16.4%, Figure 3D) showed staining for O1 (GalC), a marker of more mature oligodendrocyte lineage, suggesting that the cells are differentiating to a more mature phenotype. The increase of O1+ cells at 3DIV was also significant compared to 1DIV (7.4% ± 6.0%, t-test p &lt;0.0001, Figure 4C). The presence of astrocytes at this time point remained extremely low (0.8% ± 1.5%, Figure 3C) and it was not significantly different compared to 1DIV (0.57% ± 1.0%, not significant (ns), Figure 4D). These results indicate that over time, immunomagnetically isolated oligodendrocytes are able to differentiate in vitro into stage three of maturation with very little contamination of other cell types such as astrocytes.
<img alt="Bar graph analysis: cell marker expression (%NG2+, %O4+, %O1+, %GFAP+) at 1DIV vs 3DIV." class="xfigimg" src="/files/ftp_upload/57543/57543fig4.jpg" data-altupdatedat="1747911167000" data-alt="Bar graphs comparing cell marker expression (%NG2+, %O4+, %O1+, %GFAP+) in 1DIV vs 3DIV."> 
Figure 4: Quantification of the expression of OL markers at 1DIV and 3DIV (A-D). At 1DIV, 66% of cells were NG2+, 58% of the cells were O4+, 7% of the cells were O1+ and 0.5% of the cells were GFAP+. At 3DIV, 31% of cells were NG2+, 81% of the cells were O4+, 47% of the cells were O1+ and 0.7% of the cells were GFAP+. Mean values ± SD are presented here, **** indicates p &lt;0.0001, ns= not significant. Data were collected from 3 independent experiments. <a href="https://cloudflare-jove-com.remotexs.ntu.edu.sg/files/ftp_upload/57543/57543fig4large.jpg" target="_blank">Please click here to view a larger version of this figure.</a>

Watch this Scientific Journal Video about Rapid and Specific Immunomagnetic Isolation of Mouse Primary Oligodendrocytes at JoVE.com

Rapid and Specific Immunomagnetic Isolation of Mouse Primary Oligodendrocytes

We describe the immunomagnetic isolation of primary mouse oligodendrocytes, which allows the rapid and specific isolation of the cells for in vitro culture.

The efficient and robust isolation and culture of primary oligodendrocytes (OLs) is a valuable tool for the in vitro study of the development of ...

rapid-specific-immunomagnetic-isolation-mouse-primary

Nanyang Technological University

Research

JoVE Journal

Neuroscience

13.6K Views.  State University of New York Downstate Medical Center. We describe the immunomagnetic isolation of primary mouse oligodendrocytes, which allows the rapid and specific isolation of the cells for in vitro culture.

Video: Rapid and Specific Immunomagnetic Isolation of Mouse Primary Oligodendrocytes

Rapid and Refined CD11b Magnetic Isolation of Primary Microglia with Enhanced Purity and Versatility

Microglia are the primary responders to central nervous system insults; however, much remains unknown about their role in regulating neuroinflammation. Microglia are mesodermal cells that function similarly to macrophages in surveying inflammatory stress. The classical (M1-type) and alternative (M2-type) activations of macrophages have also been extended to microglia in an effort to better understand the underlying interplay these phenotypes have in neuroinflammatory conditions such as Parkinson&#39;s, Alzheimer&#39;s, and Huntington&#39;s Diseases. In vitro experimentation utilizing primary microglia offers rapid and reliable results that may be extended to the in vivo environment. Although this is a clear advantage over in vivo experimentation, isolating microglia while achieving adequate yields of optimal purity has been a challenge. Common methods currently in use either suffer from low recovery, low purity, or both. Herein, we demonstrate a refinement of the column-free CD11b magnetic separation method that achieves a high cell recovery and enhanced purity in half the amount of time. We propose this optimized method as a highly useful model of primary microglial isolation for the purposes of studying neuroinflammation and neurodegeneration.

Here, we present a protocol to isolate microglia from postnatal mouse pups (day 1) for in vitro experimentation. This improvised method of isolation generates both high yield and purity, a significant advantage over alternate methods that allows broad range experimentation for the purposes of elucidating microglial biology.

Microglia are the primary responders to central nervous system insults; however, much remains unknown about their role in regulating neuroinflammation. ...

Characterization and Isolation of Mouse Primary Microglia by Density Gradient Centrifugation

Microglia, the resident immune cells in the brain, are the first responders to inflammation or injury in the central nervous system. Recent research has revealed microglia to be dynamic, capable of assuming both pro-inflammatory and anti-inflammatory phenotypes. Both M1 (pro-inflammatory) and M2 (pro-reparative) phenotypes play an important role in neuroinflammatory conditions such as perinatal brain injury, and exhibit differing functions in response to certain environmental stimuli. The modulation of microglial activation has been noted to confer neuroprotection thus suggesting microglia may have therapeutic potential in brain injury. However, more research is required to better understand the role of microglia in disease, and this protocol facilitates that. The protocol described below combines a density gradient centrifugation process to reduce cellular debris, with magnetic separation, producing a highly pure sample of primary microglial cells that can be used for in vitro experimentation, without the need for 2-3 weeks culturing. Additionally, the characterization steps yield robust functional data about microglia, aiding studies to better our understanding of the polarization and priming of these cells, which has strong implications in the field of regenerative medicine.

A protocol for the isolation of primary microglia from murine brains is presented. This technique aids in furthering the current understanding of neurological conditions. Density gradient centrifugation and magnetic separation are combined to produce sufficient yield of a highly pure sample. Furthermore, we outline the steps for characterization of microglia.

Microglia, the resident immune cells in the brain, are the first responders to inflammation or injury in the central nervous system. Recent research has ...

Magnetic Isolation of Microglial Cells from Neonate Mouse for Primary Cell Cultures

Microglia, as brain resident macrophages, are fundamental to several functions, including response to environmental stress and brain homeostasis. Microglia can adopt a large spectrum of activation phenotypes. Moreover, microglia that endorse pro-inflammatory phenotype is associated with both neurodevelopmental and neurodegenerative disorders. In vitro studies are widely used in research to evaluate potential therapeutic strategies in specific cell types. In this context studying microglial activation and neuroinflammation in vitro using primary microglial cultures is more relevant than microglial cell lines or stem-cell-derived microglia. However, the use of some primary cultures might suffer from a lack of reproducibility. This protocol proposes a reproducible and relevant method of magnetically isolating microglia from neonate pups. Microglial activation using several stimuli after 4 h and 24 h by mRNA expression quantification and a Cy3-bead phagocytic assay is demonstrated here. The current work is expected to provide an easily reproducible technique for isolating physiologically relevant microglia from juvenile developmental stages.

Primary microglia cultures are commonly used to evaluate new anti-inflammatory molecules. The present protocol describes a reproducible and relevant method to magnetically isolate microglia from neonate pups.

Microglia, as brain resident macrophages, are fundamental to several functions, including response to environmental stress and brain homeostasis. ...

Isolation of Mouse Primary Microglia by Magnetic-Activated Cell Sorting in Animal Models of Demyelination

Microglia, the resident innate immune cells in the brain, are the primary responders to inflammation or injury in the central nervous system (CNS). Microglia can be divided into resting state and activated state and can rapidly change state in response to the microenvironment of the brain. Microglia will be activated under different pathological conditions and exhibit different phenotypes. In addition, there are many different subgroups of activated microglia and great heterogeneity between different subgroups. The heterogeneity mainly depends on the molecular specificity of microglia. Studies have revealed that microglia will be activated and play an important role in the pathological process of inflammatory demyelination. To better understand the characteristics of microglia in inflammatory demyelinating diseases such as multiple sclerosis and neuromyelitis optica spectrum disorder, we propose a perilesional primary microglial sorting protocol. This protocol utilizes columnar magnetic-activated cell sorting (MACS) to obtain highly purified primary microglia and preserve the molecular characteristics of microglia to investigate the potential effects of microglia in inflammatory demyelinating diseases.

Here, we present a protocol to isolate and purify primary microglia in animal models of demyelinating diseases, utilizing columnar magnetic-activated cell sorting.

Microglia, the resident innate immune cells in the brain, are the primary responders to inflammation or injury in the central nervous system (CNS). ...

Isolating All CNS Resident Cell Types Simultaneously from Autoimmune Mice

Simultaneous Isolation of Principal Central Nervous System-Resident Cell Types from Adult Autoimmune Encephalomyelitis Mice

Experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis (EAE) is the most common murine model for multiple sclerosis (MS) and is frequently used to further elucidate the still unknown etiology of MS in order to develop new treatment strategies. The myelin oligodendrocyte glycoprotein peptide 35-55 (MOG35-55) EAE model reproduces a self-limiting monophasic disease course with ascending paralysis within 10 days after immunization. The mice are examined daily using a clinical scoring system. MS is driven by different pathomechanisms with a specific temporal pattern, thus the investigation of the role of central nervous system (CNS)-resident cell types during disease progression is of great interest. The unique feature of this protocol is the simultaneous isolation of all principal CNS-resident cell types (microglia, oligodendrocytes, astrocytes, and neurons) applicable in adult EAE and healthy mice. The dissociation of the brain and the spinal cord from adult mice is followed by magnetic-activated cell sorting (MACS) to isolate microglia, oligodendrocytes, astrocytes, and neurons. Flow cytometry was used to perform quality analyses of the purified single-cell suspensions confirming viability after cell isolation and indicating the purity of each cell type of approximately 90%. In conclusion, this protocol offers a precise and comprehensive way to analyze complex cellular networks in healthy and EAE mice. Moreover, required mice numbers can be substantially reduced as all four cell types are isolated from the same mice.

Author Spotlight: Studying Neuroinflammatory Pathways Through Simultaneous Isolation of All Main CNS-Resident Cell Types 

To date, protocols for the simultaneous isolation of all principal central nervous system-resident cell types from the same mouse are an unmet demand. The protocol shows a procedure applicable in na&#239;ve and experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis mice to investigate complex cellular networks during neuroinflammation and simultaneously reduce the required mice numbers.

Experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis (EAE) is the most common murine model for multiple sclerosis (MS) and is frequently used to further elucidate ...

Isolation of Hypothalamic Microglia from Mice Using MACS for In Vitro Assays

Isolation of Hypothalamic Microglia from Freshly Perfused Adult Mouse Brain by Magnetic-Activated Cell Sorting

Microglia, as the resident macrophages of the brain, are essential for maintaining brain homeostasis. They shape neuronal circuits during development, survey their environment for debris or dead cells, as well as respond to infection and injury in the brain, among many other functions. However, their important role in neurodevelopment and synaptic plasticity and pathophysiology has not been fully defined, highlighting the need for further investigation. To gain a more comprehensive understanding of the role of microglia in these processes, we need to isolate microglia and characterize them genetically, metabolically, and functionally. However, the isolation of microglia from adult mice, especially from small brain structures, is challenging as they represent a small percentage of the total brain cells, and the yield of isolated microglia is often too low. Here, the magnetic isolation of microglia using CD11b+ microbeads allows us to sort microglial cells from the hypothalamus of a freshly perfused adult mouse brain. The current method allows us to achieve relatively high purity and yield in a short period while maintaining cell viability.

Author Spotlight: Investigating the Impact of Nutrition on Mouse Brain Function and Metabolic Disorders 

We describe a protocol for isolating microglial cells from the mouse hypothalamus (or equivalent small brain structures) using magnetically activated cell sorting (MACS), in a relatively short time. The MACS-sorted hypothalamic microglia can be used for ex vivo analysis and can be plated to perform in vitro assays.

Microglia, as the resident macrophages of the brain, are essential for maintaining brain homeostasis. They shape neuronal circuits during development, ...

Isolation of Microglia from the Cortex of an Adult Mouse Brain

Source: Zhou, L., et al., <a href="https://app-jove-com.remotexs.ntu.edu.sg/v/60347">Isolation of Region-specific Microglia from One Adult Mouse Brain Hemisphere for Deep Single-cell RNA Sequencing.</a> J. Vis. Exp. (2019)
The video demonstrates a technique for isolating microglia from the cortex of an adult mouse brain. First, the cortex undergoes segmentation and homogenization to remove neurons and other glial cells, preserving microglia. Following that, the cell suspension is exposed to anti-myelin magnetic microbeads and a magnetic field, effectively separating microglia and myeloid cells from myelin debris and cells containing myelin.

All procedures involving sample collection have been performed in accordance with the institute&#39;s IRB guidelines.
1. Mechanical Tissue Dissociation
...

JoVE Encyclopedia of Experiments

Neuronal Culture Techniques

Primary Neuronal Culture

Isolating Murine Primary Oligodendrocytes Using Immunomagnetic Beads

Source: Flores-Obando, R. E. et al., <a href="https://app-jove-com.remotexs.ntu.edu.sg/v/57543">Rapid and Specific Immunomagnetic Isolation of Mouse Primary Oligodendrocytes.</a> J. Vis. Exp. (2018).
This video demonstrates a method to isolate primary oligodendrocyte cells from a neural cell suspension obtained from a mouse pup using magnetic separation. The technique employs magnetic beads coated with antibodies specific to oligodendrocyte antigens, enabling selective isolation of these cells.

All procedures involving animal models have been reviewed by the local institutional animal care committee and the JoVE veterinary review board.
1. Mouse ...

Isolating Microglia from Mouse Brain Demyelinating Lesions Using Magnetic Activated Cell Sorting

Source: Zhang, H. et al. <a href="https://app-jove-com.remotexs.ntu.edu.sg/v/63511">Isolation of Mouse Primary Microglia by Magnetic-Activated Cell Sorting in Animal Models of Demyelination.</a> J. Vis. Exp. (2022).
This video demonstrates a protocol for extracting microglial cells from demyelinating lesions in mouse brains using magnetic cell sorting. The protocol involves dissecting the lesioned brain tissue containing microglial cells, treating the tissue with specific enzymes to obtain a single-cell suspension, and utilizing microglial receptor-specific magnetic beads to isolate the microglial cells.

 All procedures involving animal samples have been reviewed and approved by the appropriate animal ethical review committee. 
1. Materials

	&#160;Prepare ...

Magnetic Isolation of Microglia from Mouse Pup Brains

Prepare dissociation mixture according to this table. Transfer 12 brain pieces into a C-tube for a total weight of 1.2 grams per dissociation tube. Then, place C-tubes on the dissociator with heating. Start the optimized NTDK program in the dissociator. Centrifuge for 20 seconds. Complete the mechanical dissociation by pipetting three times.
Transfer the cells to four 15-milliliter tubes with attached strainers. Rinse the strainers with 10 milliliters of HBSS with calcium and magnesium. Centrifuge for 10 minutes, and remove the supernatant with a 10-milliliter pipette. Carefully, add 10 milliliters of HBSS with calcium and magnesium, and resuspend the pellet. Again, centrifuge and remove the supernatant.
Resuspend the pellet with 6 milliliters of sorting buffer. Repeat the centrifugation, and discard the supernatant. Then, add 200 microliters of CD11b-microbead solution, and incubate the tubes for 15 to 20 minutes at 4 degrees Celsius. After incubation, resuspend the pellet with 6 milliliters of sorting buffer. Repeat the centrifugation, and resuspend the pellet with 8 milliliters of sorting buffer.
Next, follow the POSSEL program on the separator to prepare eight columns. Pass the cells through the column by adding 1 milliliter of cell suspension at a time. With 1 milliliter of sorting buffer, elute CD11b positive cells on a sterile elution plate. Pool the cells in a 50-milliliter tube.
Centrifuge and resuspend the pellet with 10 milliliters of cold microglia medium. Count the CD11b positive cells. Resuspend the cells in cold microglia medium to get a final concentration of 650,000 to 700,000 cells per milliliter.