This research was funded by the State of Florida&#39;s Bankhead-Coley Team Science Grant (2BT03), the National Institutes of Health/National Cancer Institute (1R21CA164322-01) and Moffitt Cancer Center&#8217;s Team Science Grant. This work has been supported in part by the Translational Research&#160;Core Facility at the H. Lee Moffitt Cancer Center &#38; Research Institute, an NCI designated Comprehensive Cancer Center (P30-CA076292). Access to primary cells was made possible through the Total Cancer Care Protocol at the Moffitt Cancer Center.

The use of human cells derived from biopsies as described below was approved by Moffitt&#8217;s Institutional Review Board and conducted under the clinical trial MCC# 14745 conducted at the H. Lee Moffitt Cancer Center and Research Institute.
1. Sorting of MM Cells from Bone Marrow Aspirates
<ol>
	<li>Collect bone marrow aspirates (20 ml) from patients in sodium heparin syringe.</li>
	<li>Isolate mononuclear cells by centrifuging diluted marrow (1:1 with sterile PBS) over a sterile aqueous medium centrifugation gradient at 400 x g for 30 min at ambient temperature.</li>
	<li>Collect the interface, which contains the mononuclear cells. Wash cells with cold PBS and count using a hemocytometer or automated cell counter, using trypan blue for determination of viability.</li>
	<li>Prepare a thin-layer cell preparation slide10 and stain with Wright-Giemsa stain to assess plasma cell percentage11.</li>
	<li>Calculate the amount of CD138 beads to be used based the number of cells and plasma cell percentage. If starting sample is less than 20% plasma cells, then re-suspend cells using 90 &#181;l of separation buffer and 10 &#181;l of CD138 beads per 5 x 106 cells. If starting sample is more than 20% plasma cells, resuspended using 80 &#181;l of separation buffer and 20 &#181;l of CD138 beads per 1 x 107 cells.</li>
	<li>Incubate cells with beads at 4 &#176;C for 15 min.</li>
	<li>Pass cells through a 35 &#181;m strainer added to pre-wetted separation (LS) columns placed in the magnetic field separator (see list of materials).</li>
	<li>Remove column from magnet. Collect CD138-selected cells by washing the column 3 times with 1 ml of separation buffer.</li>
	<li>Assess CD138 enrichment with another stained thin-layer cell preparation slide10.</li>
	<li>Filter plasma obtained from bone marrow biopsy from each patient with a 0.22 &#181;m syringe filter. Use fresh plasma from the same patient as the CD138+ cells.</li>
	<li>Prepare media for experiment by supplementing RPMI-1640 with 10% heat Inactivated fetal bovine serum, 10% patient plasma and 1% penicillin&#8211;streptomycin.</li>
	<li>Collect the flow-through of the selection (CD138-) and follow the classical adhesion method12 to select for bone marrow mesenchymal cells (BMSCs). Since this process requires weeks before BMSCs are ready to be used, it is necessary to have BMSCs ready from previous patients or healthy donors.</li>
</ol>
2. Seeding Cells in Plates (Using a Manual Multi-channel Pipettor)
<ol>
	<li>Use a multi-well plate (384 or 1,536) with black walls and a transparent flat bottom, preferentially one optimized for optical applications and cell culture.</li>
	<li>Co-culture BMSCs with MM cells in either collagen type I or basement membrane matrix, however, HUVECs require basement membrane matrix.</li>
	<li>Keep the final densities of each cell type in the following range: 3 x 105 cells/ml for MM cell lines, 2 x 105 cells/ml for HUVECs or BMSCs, and 2 x 106 cells/ml for patient-derived MM cells. 
	Note: These densities are the result of experimental optimization to allow for the highest possible image quality and longest possible imaging time while maintaining biological relevance in the assays. MM cell lines are seeded at lower densities than primary MM cells due to their faster replication rate and larger size.</li>
	<li>Co-culture of primary MM cells with BMSCs:
	<ol>
		<li>Prepare 100 &#181;l aliquots of pre-mixed media consisting of 20 &#181;l of 10x MEM, 20 &#181;l of deionized H2O, 10 &#181;l of 7.5% sodium bicarbonate solution, and 50 &#181;l of 1x RPMI 1,640 and store at 4 &#176;C.</li>
		<li>At the time of seeding the plates with MM cells, mix aliquots of pre-mixed media with 150 &#181;l of 3.1 mg/ml Bovine collagen type I to a final volume of 250 &#181;l.</li>
		<li>Re-suspend 50 &#181;l of cells in RPMI 1,640 at six times the final desired density.</li>
		<li>Mix to cell suspension with collagen mix to create a final volume of 300 &#181;l using a P200 pipette.</li>
		<li>Using a manual or repeater pipette, deposit a 8 &#181;l drop of final cell/matrix mix in the center of each well in 384-well plates, or 2 &#181;l in each well of 1,536 well plates (See step 2.6 for an example of spatial arrangement of wells).</li>
		<li>Centrifuge plate for 2 min at 500 x g to concentrate all cells to the same focal plane during imaging.</li>
		<li>Leave plate in an incubator (5% CO2, 37 &#176;C) for 1 hr, for gel polymerization.</li>
		<li>Add 80 &#181;l of supplemented growth media (RPMI-1640, 10% FBS HI, 10% patient-derived plasma, 1% P/S) to each well in 384-well plates, or 8 &#181;l in 1,536-well plates.</li>
		<li>Leave plate O/N in incubator (5% CO2, 37 &#176;C) for adhesion of stroma to the bottom of the plate.</li>
	</ol>
	</li>
	<li>Co-culture of primary MM cells with HUVECs:
	<ol>
		<li>Transfer basement membrane matrix from -80 &#176;C to a bucket with ice to thaw.</li>
		<li>Count and re-suspend primary cells and HUVECs in RPMI-1640 media at 4 times the final density, each in a separate tube.</li>
		<li>Mix patient cells and HUVECs volumes at a 1:1 proportion.</li>
		<li>Once basement membrane matrix is thawed, but still not polymerized, mix 1:1 with cell mixture from previous step.</li>
		<li>Seed droplets with adequate volume of cell-matrix mix in the center of each well (8 &#181;l for 384-well plates and 2 &#181;l for 1,536-well plates, see step 2.6 for an example of spatial arrangement of wells).</li>
		<li>Centrifuge plate at 500 x g for 10 min.</li>
		<li>Place plate in incubator (5% CO2, 37 oC) for 1 hr for matrix polymerization.</li>
		<li>Add growth media (RPMI-1640 supplemented with 10% FBS, 10% patient plasma and 1% P/S) to each well (80 &#181;l for 384-well plates, 8 &#181;l for 1,536-well plates).</li>
		<li>Leave plate O/N in incubator (5% CO2, 37 &#176;C) for adhesion of HUVECs to the bottom of the plate.</li>
	</ol>
	</li>
	<li>Seed a 384-well plate. Figure 3 depicts a typical spatial distribution of seeding.
	<ol>
		<li>Starting on well B2, seed as many columns as drugs to be tested. In the example of Figure 3, use seven drugs.</li>
		<li>Repeat seeding as many times as concentrations to be used. In the example in Figure 3, use five concentrations.</li>
		<li>Seed four more wells for control conditions.</li>
		<li>Repeat steps 2.6.1 and 2.6.2 for the second replicate.</li>
		<li>Repeat steps 2.6.1 to 2.6.4 for every patient sample to be tested in the plate.</li>
		<li>Seed a MM cell line in two lines of wells, each with as many wells as drugs to be tested (in duplicate). Each of these wells will be treated with the highest concentration of each drug to ensure that the stock used had adequate potency (see Figure 3 for example).</li>
		<li>Seed two wells with a MM cell line to serve as control of the experimental conditions, such as proper functioning of the bench top incubator, growth media, etc.</li>
	</ol>
	</li>
</ol>
3. Seeding Cells in Plates (Using a Robotic Pipettor)
Note: This series of steps seeds a 384-well plate using a robotic pipettor. The design of the plate is depicted in Supplemental Figure 1, where primary MM cells are tested against a panel of 31 different drugs at five different concentrations in two replicates, plus negative control. A cell line is also seeded as positive control for assessment of drug efficacy and tested against all 31 drugs at the highest concentration, in two replicates. The files provided are for a particular brand and model (see Materials table) but the algorithm can be adapted to any robotic pipettors.
<ol>
	<li>Co-culture of primary MM cells with BMSCs:
	<ol>
		<li>Prepare a 15 ml tube consisting of 240 &#181;l of 10x MEM, 240 &#181;l of deionized H2O, 120 &#181;l of 7.5% sodium bicarbonate solution, 600 &#181;l of 1x RPMI 1,640 and 1.8 ml of 3.1 mg/ml Bovine collagen type I. Label tube as &#8220;pre-mix for CD138+&#8221;. Place on ice until use.</li>
		<li>Prepare a 1.5 ml tube consisting of 50 &#181;l of 10x MEM, 50 &#181;l of deionized H2O, 25 &#181;l of 7.5% sodium bicarbonate solution, 125 &#181;l of 1x RPMI 1,640 and 375 &#181;l of 3.1 mg/ml Bovine collagen type I. Label tube as &#8220;pre-mix for Cell Line&#8221;. Place on ice until use.</li>
		<li>Re-suspend 300 &#181;l of CD138+ cells in RPMI 1,640 at six times the final desired density. Re-suspend 300 &#181;l of BMSC cells in RPMI 1640 at six times the final desired density. Mix both volumes together in a 1.5 ml tube and label &#8220;CD138+&#8221;. Place in incubator until use.</li>
		<li>Re-suspend 60 &#181;l of cell line in RPMI 1640 at six times the final desired density. Re-suspend 60 &#181;l of BMSC cells in RPMI 1640 at six times the final desired density. Mix both volumes together in a 1.5 ml tube and label &#8220;Cell Line&#8221;. Place in incubator until use.</li>
		<li>Using the software provided with the robotic pipettor, load the first script file, &#8220;cell_seedingPt47.PGM&#8221;. Place a 200 &#181;l pipette tip box, a microtiter plate, and a sterile 384 well plate in the stations A, B and E, respectively, of the robot.</li>
		<li>Mix the contents of tubes &#8220;pre-mix for CD138+&#8221; and &#8220;CD138+&#8221;. Transfer 1.5 ml of its contents to the well #1 of the microtiter plate. Place the tube with remaining volume on ice. Start the program. The robot will seed the first 176 wells (11 left-most columns) of the 384-well plate and then pause. Transfer the remaining of the tube on ice to well #2 of microtiter plate. Resume the program. The robot will seed the remaining 144 wells of the 384-well plate and pause.</li>
		<li>Mix the contents of tubes &#8220;pre-mix for Cell Line&#8221; and &#8220;Cell Line&#8221; and transfer contents to well #3 of microtiter plate. Resume program. The robot will seed the remaining 64 wells of the 384-well plate.</li>
		<li>Place 384-well plate in centrifuge for 10 min at 500 x g and 4 &#176;C. Transfer plate to incubator (5% CO2, 37 &#176;C) for 1 hr&#160;for collagen polymerization.</li>
		<li>Load the second script file, &#8220;media_layer.PGM&#8221;. Place 120 &#181;l pipette tip box, a reagent reservoir with 31 ml of RPMI-1640 supplemented with 10% FBS, 10% patient plasma and 1% P/S, and the 384-well plate with cells into stations A, B and E, respectively. Run the program. The robot will transfer 81 &#181;l of media to each well. Once finished, transfer 384-well plate to incubator and allow stroma to adhere to substrate O/N.</li>
	</ol>
	</li>
</ol>
4. Drug Preparation and Drugging of Plates (Using a Manual Multi-channel Pipettor)
<ol>
	<li>Prepare a template similar to Figure 3 in order to facilitate the process of adding drug to wells and reduce chance of confusion.</li>
	<li>Prepare, in a 96-well plate, a serial dilution of each of the drugs to be tested in the plate, for instance, for five concentrations using a 3-fold dilution:
	<ol>
		<li>Add 120 &#181;l of drug at 10x the desired concentration in the highest concentration well. For example, use 500 &#181;M melphalan if the highest concentration the cells will be exposed in the plate will be 50 &#181;M.</li>
		<li>Add 80 &#181;l of growth media (RPMI supplemented with 10%FBS, 10% patient-derived plasma and 1% penicillin/streptomycin (P/S)) to the four subsequent wells.</li>
		<li>Transfer 40 &#181;l from the first well to the second and mix, to a total volume of 120 &#181;l at 1/3 of the first well&#8217;s drug concentration, or 167 &#181;M.</li>
		<li>Repeat step 4.2.3 to the remaining wells (e.g., transfer 40 &#181;l from second to third, mix, then transfer 40 &#181;l from third to fourth, etc.).</li>
	</ol>
	</li>
	<li>Transfer 8 &#181;l from each drug containing well to the corresponding well in the cell plate. Each drug containing well should have enough volume for 10 wells in the cell plate. In the example of Figure 3, each drug concentration is added to 6 different wells, except for the highest concentration, which is added to 8 wells.</li>
	<li>Add 8 &#181;l of growth media (RPMI supplemented with 10%FBS, 10% patient-derived plasma and 1% P/S) to the control wells.</li>
	<li>Place cells in microscope as soon as ready and turn on the bench top incubation.</li>
</ol>
5. Drug Preparation and Drugging of Plates (Using a Robotic Pipettor)
<ol>
	<li>Download script files for robotic pipettor from http://www.i-genics.com/Jove2014Silva/Precision XS files.zip</li>
	<li>Load the script &#8220;media_layer_DRUGPLATE.PGM&#8221; in the robotic pipettor user interface. Place a 120 &#181;l pipette tip box, reservoir with 21 ml of RPMI-1,640 supplemented with 10% FBS, 10% patient plasma and 1% P/S and an empty 384-well plate in stations A, B and E, respectively. Run the program, the robotic pipettor will add 30 &#181;l of media to all wells in the 384-well plate.</li>
	<li>Following the template from Supplemental Figure 2 add 200 &#181;l of drug at 20x maximum concentration to each well of a microtiter plate. This setup accommodates up to 31 drugs. To the control well (CTRL), add RPMI-1640 supplemented with 10% FBS, 10% patient plasma and 1% P/S.</li>
	<li>Place a 120 &#181;l pipette tip box, microtiter plate with drugs at 20X concentration, and 384-well with media (from step 5.1) in stations A, B and C, respectively. Load the program &#8220;drug_plate.PGM&#8221;. The robotic pipettor will create a serial dilution of 1:3, following the spatial distribution in Supplemental Figure 1.</li>
	<li>Place a 120 &#181;l pipette tip box, the 384-well plate with drug dilution (from step 5.3) and the 384-well plate with cells (from step 3.1.9) into stations A, B and C, respectively. Load and run program &#8220;drug_add.PGM&#8221;. The robotic pipettor will transfer 8 &#181;l of drug from each well in the drug plate to its counterpart in the cell plate. Once finished, transfer cell plate to the incubator of the digital microscope as soon as possible.</li>
</ol>
6. Imaging of Cells in Plate
Note: The procedure below applies to the Evos Auto FL microscope, but can be readily adapted to other motorized stage microscopes with bench top incubation or incubator-embedded microscopes.
<ol>
	<li>Clean the interior of the bench top incubator with an ethanol-wet wipe and carefully remove the lid of the plate while placing the lid of the incubator.</li>
	<li>Follow the software steps to add the beacons. This is the term used to refer to landmarks for regions of interest, to be imaged successively during the experiment (see software user guide for details).</li>
	<li>Use a 5X or 10X magnification objective. Make sure that the focus is similar to Figure 2: MM cells appear as bright disks surrounded by a dark ring and BMSCs or HUVECs are barely visible. Some primary MM cells are very small and thus a fine-tuning might be required to find the optimum focus.</li>
	<li>Adjust the acquisition interval between 10-30 min and for duration of at least 96 hr. While longer intervals between acquisitions are acceptable, intervals of 45 min or more may significantly reduce the precision of measurement of viability.</li>
	<li>Configure the software so that the images of each well are stored in separate files named Beacon-1, Beacon-2, etc. If the robotic pipettor was used, set the beacons in the order depicted in Supplemental Figure 3.</li>
	<li>Make sure that there is enough water in the incubator humidifier and gas, so that cells will be in optimum conditions.</li>
	<li>Upon completion of the experiment, copy the folders containing the images to the computer that will run the analysis.</li>
</ol>
7. Quantification of Drug Sensitivity
Note: The following instructions guide the use of the image analysis using a computer cluster, since the analysis of a multi-well plate in a personal computer is extremely time consuming.
<ol>
	<li>Download ImageJ software from NIH&#8217;s website: http://imagej.nih.gov/ij/</li>
	<li>Download script and plugins at http://www.i-genics.com/Jove2014Silva/</li>
	<li>Follow instructions in http://www.i-genics.com/Jove2014Silva/UserGuide.pdf to run digital image analysis software. The result should be a spreadsheet named Results.csv containing the viability measurements at regular intervals for each well in the plate for the duration of the experiment (i.e.,&#160;96 hr).</li>
	<li>If using a manual multi-channel pipettor, perform the following steps.
	<ol>
		<li>Download the file http://www.i-genics.com/Jove2014Silva/ExperimentalDesign.txt and modify it to match the layout of the plate defined in step 3.1 (e.g., Figure 3).</li>
		<li>Download the software http://www.i-genics.com/Jove2014Silva/Evos384.jar and run it using the files created in steps 5.3 and 5.4 as the input parameter. The result will be a folder name Report containing multiple spreadsheets, each grouping the results for a particular drug.</li>
		<li>Copy and paste contents in spreadsheet template http://www.i-genics.com/Jove2014Silva/GraphPadAnalysisPT.pzfx 
		Note: The result should be graphs such as the one depicted in Figure 4, representing the chemosensitivity of the sample to different drugs as a function of drug concentration and exposure time.</li>
	</ol>
	</li>
	<li>If using a robotic pipettor, perform the following steps.
	<ol>
		<li>Download template files from Download script files for robotic pipettor from http://www.i-genics.com/Jove2014Silva/Robotic Template Files.zip and extract files in a directory.</li>
		<li>Modify the file DrugList.csv according to the list of drugs and highest drug concentration in the plate with cells. Follow the layout of Supplemental Figure 2.</li>
		<li>Run the program BuildExperimentalDesign.java passing as parameter the folder containing the files extracted in step 7.5.1 and the files Results.csv from step 7.3. The outcome should be two folders name MM1_S and PtSample. The first contains a description of the wells (drugs and concentrations) for the cell line positive control. The second contains the same information, but regarding the part of the plate seeded with patient cells.</li>
		<li>Copy the file Results.csv into each of the directories created in the step 7.5.3. Download the software http://www.i-genics.com/Jove2014Silva/Evos384.jar and run it using the files created in steps 7.5.3 for both folders. The result will be a folder name Report in each of the folders created in 7.5.3. The Report folder contains multiple spreadsheets, each grouping the results for a particular drug.</li>
		<li>Run the program BuildGraphPadFile.java and pass as parameter the folder containing the files extracted in step 7.5.1 and the files Results.csv from step 7.3. The result will be a graphpad file containing the dose response curves for each of the 31 drugs, and normalized by the control. Each chart will contain 5 drug concentrations for the primary MM cells and one concentration for the positive cell line control.</li>
	</ol>
	</li>
</ol>

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The authors have no conflict of interest to disclose.

In summary, this is a powerful and high throughput method to quantify chemosensitivity of primary MM cells and ex vivo pharmacodynamics of drugs in a reconstruction of the bone marrow. The critical steps within this protocol are the proper seeding of the wells and adequate focusing (see Figure 2 for expected results): ensure that MM and stromal cells are uniformly distributed, that stromal cells are adherent to the bottom of the well, that all MM cells are in the same focal plane, and that MM cells have the aspect of a bright disc surrounded by a dark ring.
In case of improper seeding (see Figure 5), do not continue with the experiment, but rather seed a second plate. If the problem detected was low or high MM or stroma cell density, check the cell concentration in the tube before seeding and resuspend at regular intervals during the seeding process to ensure homogeneous distribution of cells in media. The use of a multi-channel pipette with repeater function or robotic dispenser can significantly reduce this problem. The proportion of cell/matrix to media (1:10) used in this assay sought to maximize the number of wells that could be seeded and thus conditions studied. However, to study soluble factors produced or consumed by cancer cells or stroma, it is recommended that a proportion of cell/matrix to media be 1:1.
As currently implemented, this system quantifies only the non-adherent cells. In order to quantify changes in cellularity of stroma the software would need to be modified and adjusted to the morphological characteristics of the stroma. This would be a useful feature to study the effect of cancer cells or drugs in the stroma compartment. The here-described system is also unable to quantify cellularity of adherent cancer cells, especially if they are combined with adherent stroma. The solution would be modifications in the digital image analysis algorithm to separate the cancer from stroma based on morphological features, or to pre-incubate either population with a fluorescent dye that could be used to identify cells from either population.
The significance of this protocol compared to previous approaches is the ability of assess drug response of primary cancer cells in an ex vivo reconstruction of the bone marrow microenvironment in a non-destructive manner, so that sequential measurements can be made, thus providing much more detailed information of the pharmacodynamics, rather than at fixed time points. One of the limitations of our prior assay6 was the linear gradient generated by drug diffusion, which only allowed assessment of drug sensitivity within a linear window of concentrations. The current assay allows assessment of viability across any range of drug concentrations, since each well is a separate entity. Both assays, however, generate equivalent results (Supplemental Figure 4).
Among the multiple future applications of this approach, our group is focused in using mathematical models to extrapolate the pharmacodynamics information provided by these assays into clinical response. To achieve this goal we propose to fit the data points obtained (Figure 4C) for each drug to a system of differential equations, describing the dynamics of drug-induced cell death. Then, by applying to these mathematical models the known pharmacokinetic properties of each drug in a clinical regimen, it would be possible to estimate the actual response of the patient6. By automating seeding and drugging using a robotic system, it would be possible to test not only standard of care drugs, but also over one hundred experimental drugs per sample (in a 1,536 well plate). This would open the possibility for in silico clinical trials, where hundreds of experimental drugs could be tested in cohorts of patients samples, thus creating survival curves for virtual clinical trials13.

The goal of this method is to characterize the drug sensitivity of multiple myeloma (MM) primary cells to a panel of agents ex vivo, as close as possible to physiological conditions, and with sufficient precision that these results can be used to identify chemoresistant sub-populations within the tumor burden and, ultimately, to parameterize computational models designed to estimate clinical response.
Computational models are powerful tools to analyze complex systems, such as cancer-host-therapy interactions. However, models are only as good as the data used to parameterize them. Unfortunately, most data available in literature cannot be used in its current form to parameterize such models, as they often are obtained in mutually exclusive experimental conditions. Thus, new experiments are often required with the goal of obtaining the set of experimental parameters needed. Most viability assays, however, are destructive and thus limited to a small number of time points, often only one. This greatly handicaps the usage of chemosensitivity assays to parameterize computational models, since such experiments fail to provide information on the temporal dynamics of the system. This is especially true with primary cancer cells, which are often limited to a few millions per sample, and have a short lifespan after biopsy, thus limiting the number of experimental conditions available. In addition, most viability assays require the separation of the cancer from the non-cancer (stroma) cells at the time of quantification, which adds extra work to the protocol, further perturbs the cells, and limits the number of experiments that can be performed.
40 years ago, Salmon and collaborators1 proposed their famous in vitro colony formation assay for assessment of chemosensitivity of tumor cells. Unfortunately this assay found mixed success due to the small number of multiple myeloma (MM) patient samples that were capable of forming colonies under control conditions: It was estimated that only a small subgroup of 0.001% to 0.1% of MM cells were capable of replication, being termed as multiple myeloma stem cells2. This significantly limited the success rate of the assay and the number of drugs that could be tested at one time, even in more recent models3. This issue is much more important now when MM agents (standard or experimental) are more numerous than four decades ago.
A major limitation of these early assays is their dichotomized output: either a patient is &#8220;sensitive&#8221; or &#8220;resistant&#8221; to a particular drug. No information is provided regarding the degree of sensitivity and heterogeneity of the tumor population. Thus, patients with small sub-populations of fast-growing resistant cells would be classified as &#8220;sensitive&#8221; to therapy, but would relapse shortly, and thus not benefit from treatment. Given the importance of duration of response in overall survival (OS) of cancer patients4,5, it is clear how these assays were not able to properly estimate OS consistently.
In order to circumvent these limitations, and to be able to generate patient-specific computational models that would estimate personalized clinical response to a panel of drugs, we have developed a method for non-destructively testing drug sensitivity of multiple myeloma (MM) cell lines and primary MM cells in an ex vivo reconstruction of the bone marrow microenvironment, including extracellular matrix and stroma6. This assay, however, had the limitation of relying on a particular commercial microfluidic slide, whose dimensions and cost restricted the number of experiments or drugs that could be performed at once in a given piece of equipment.
The here described system extends this original assay into a high-throughput organotypic dose-response platform, for in vitro screening of drugs, based on a digital image analysis algorithm to non-destructively quantify cell viability. Each well in 384 or 1,536-well plates is a 3D reconstruction of the bone marrow microenvironment, including primary MM cells, extracellular matrix, and patient-derived stroma and growth factors. Live microscopy and digital image analysis are used to detect cell death events in different drug concentrations, which are used to generate dose-response surfaces. From the in vitro data, a mathematical model identifies the size and chemosensitivity of sub-populations within the patient&#8217;s tumor burden, and can be used to simulate how the tumor would respond to the drug(s) in physiological conditions in a clinical regimen6 (Figure 1).
The main innovations of this platform are: (a) small number of cancer cells required (1,000-10,000 per drug concentration); (b) assessment of drug efficacy in physiological conditions (extracellular matrix, stroma, patient-derived growth factors); (c) No toxicity from viability markers7 since only bright field imaging is used, thus no need to transfect cells with fluorescence8 or bioluminescence9; (d) continuous imaging provides drug effect as a function of concentration and exposure time (pharmacodynamics); and (e) the integration between in vitro and computational evolutionary models, to estimate clinical outcome6 (Silva et al., in preparation).
The key factor that allows the digital image analysis algorithm to discern cancer from stromal cells is their different affinity to the bottom of the well: MM cells do not adhere, and remain in suspension in the matrix, while stromal cells adhere to the bottom of the well and then stretch.
This separation occurs even though MM and stroma are seeded at the same time, and occurs during the O/N process of incubation. The spinning down in the centrifuge following seeding of the plate further accelerates this process. As a consequence, MM cells appear in the image as round bright disks surrounded by a dark ring, while the stroma maintains a low profile and a darker shade (Figure 2). Thus, the assay in its current form is best suited for non-adherent cancer cells, although adjustments in the algorithm could be done to separate cancer and stroma based on other morphologic features, such as size and shape. In this protocol we describe two types of extracellular matrix (collagen and basement membrane matrix) as well as two types of co-cultures, with (bone marrow derived mesenchymal stem cells) BMSC and HUVECS, representing the interstitial and perivascular niches of the bone marrow, respectively.
Using a 384-well plate, 5 concentrations per drug and two replicates, we were able to test up to 31 different drugs with the sample of a single patient. In 1,536-well plates this number is 127. Figure 3 depicts the layout currently used for manual cell seeding, while Supplemental Figure 1 represents the optimum distribution using a robotic pipettor. In the design from Figure 3, each 384-well plate can carry 3 patient samples with 7 different drugs, or one patient sample tested with 21 drugs. Each drug is represented by 5 concentrations, and each condition is seeded in duplicates. 4 control wells (no drug added) are seeded for each set of 7 drugs (e.g., wells 36-39, 126-129 and 200-203). To ensure the potency of the drugs used, a human myeloma cell line (e.g., H929 or MM1.S) is also seeded, and drugged in duplicates at the highest concentration of each of the drugs used (wells 76-89). The positive cell line control ensures that the drugs used have adequate potency, since their dose response curves are comparable across experiments. Two wells are seeded with a myeloma cell line as control for the environmental conditions, in other words, to detect possible problems in the bench top incubator during imaging (wells 75 and 90). The enumeration of the wells follows a zigzag pattern in order to reduce the distance covered by the motorized stage of the microscope, which reduces acquisition time and reduces wear of the equipment.

<table><tbody><tr><td>EVOS FL AUTO</td><td>AMG</td><td>AMAFD1000 + AMC1000</td><td>Digital microscope equipped with motorized stage and bench top incubator.</td></tr><tr><td>384-well plate CellBind</td><td>CORNING</td><td>CLS3683 SIGMA</td><td>Corning CellBIND 384 well plates&lt;br/&gt; 384 well plate, polystyrene, CellBIND surface, sterile, clear flat bottom, black, w/lid</td></tr><tr><td>1,536-well plate CellBind</td><td>CORNING</td><td>CLS3832 ALDRICH</td><td>Corning 1,536 well plates, low base, surface treatment CellBIND, sterile</td></tr><tr><td>Ficoll-Paque Plus&amp;nbsp;</td><td>GE Healthcare</td><td>GE17-1440-02 SIGMA</td><td>For &lt;em&gt;in vitro&lt;/em&gt; isolation of lymphocytes from human peripheral blood.</td></tr><tr><td>CD138 magnetic beads</td><td>Miltenyi&amp;nbsp;</td><td>130-051-301</td><td>Antibody conjugated magnetic beads for selection of CD138+ cells.</td></tr><tr><td>LS columns</td><td>Miltenyi&amp;nbsp;</td><td>&amp;nbsp;130-042-401</td><td>Column for separation of cells.</td></tr><tr><td>MidiMACS Separator</td><td>Miltenyi&amp;nbsp;</td><td>130-042-302</td><td>Magnet for separation column.</td></tr><tr><td>Matrigel</td><td>Sigma-Aldrich</td><td>E6909 SIGMA</td><td>ECM Gel from Engelbreth-Holm-Swarm murine sarcoma</td></tr><tr><td>Getrex</td><td>Life Technologies</td><td>A1413201</td><td>LDEV-Free Reduced Growth Factor Basement Membrane Matrix</td></tr><tr><td>HUVEC</td><td>Life Technologies</td><td>C-003-25P-B</td><td>Human Umbilical Vein Endothelial Cells (HUVEC )</td></tr><tr><td>RPMI-1640 media</td><td>GIBCO</td><td>11875-093</td><td>RPMI 1640 Medium + L-Glutamine + Phenol Red</td></tr><tr><td>FBS Heat inactivated</td><td>GIBCO</td><td>10082-147</td><td>Fetal Bovine Serum, certified, heat inactivated, US origin</td></tr><tr><td>3.1 mg/ml Bovine collagen type I</td><td>Advanced Biomatrix</td><td>5005-B</td><td>Bovine Collagen Solution, Type I, 3 mg/ml, 100 ml</td></tr><tr><td>Precision XS</td><td>BIOTEK</td><td>PRC3841</td><td>Robotic pipettor system</td></tr></tbody></table>

an organotypic high throughput system for characterization of drug sensitivity of primary multiple myeloma cells

In this work we describe a novel approach that combines ex vivo drug sensitivity assays and digital image analysis to estimate chemosensitivity and heterogeneity of patient-derived multiple myeloma (MM) cells. This approach consists in seeding primary MM cells freshly extracted from bone marrow aspirates into microfluidic chambers implemented in multi-well plates, each consisting of a reconstruction of the bone marrow microenvironment, including extracellular matrix (collagen or basement membrane matrix) and stroma (patient-derived mesenchymal stem cells) or human-derived endothelial cells (HUVECs). The chambers are drugged with different agents and concentrations, and are imaged sequentially for 96 hr through bright field microscopy, in a motorized microscope equipped with a digital camera. Digital image analysis software detects live and dead cells from presence or absence of membrane motion, and generates curves of change in viability as a function of drug concentration and exposure time. We use a computational model to determine the parameters of chemosensitivity of the tumor population to each drug, as well as the number of sub-populations present as a measure of tumor heterogeneity. These patient-tailored models can then be used to simulate therapeutic regimens and estimate clinical response.

The flow of the experiment is briefly described in Figure 1. If all steps are completed successfully, the images obtained by the microscope should be equivalent to Figure 2: live MM cells should be clearly seen as bright disks and BMSCs or HUVECs should be barely visible and well distributed in the background. As seen in Figure 2A, MM cells range in size from one patient to the other, but in general they are smaller than cell lines. Since they practically do not replicate ex vivo during the interval of the experiment (96 hr) they can be seeded at higher concentrations (1-3 million cells/ml). Stroma should be barely detectable, as BMSC adhere to the bottom of the well and stretch, presenting a low profile. The human myeloma cell line H929 is significantly larger than patient-derived MM cells (Figure 2B), and replicates within 24 hr. To prevent crowding of the image, MM cell lines are seeded a lower densities, 0.3 million/ml. Figures 2C and 2D represent patient-derived MM cells and human myeloma cell lines H929, respectively, co-cultured with HUVECS. HUVECS first adhere to the bottom of the well and then begin to contact each other and form networks, which later become thicker and with lumens.
Figure 4 exemplifies what is to be expected from the processed videos generated by the image analysis algorithm, showing detected live MM cells pseudo-colored in green (Figure 4A) with no or very little green signal in BMSCs and HUVECs at the end of the experiment in the highest drug concentration, when all MM cells are dead (Figure 4B). The software should aggregate the results from different wells and build a chart depicting gradual loss of viability with time of exposure at different drug concentrations (Figure 4C). The curve of dose response of the control cell line (e.g., H929 or MM1.S) should be the same as for previous experiments; significant deviations might indicate problems with the stock solution of drug used in the experiment.
It is important to carefully observe all the wells seeded before starting the imaging process, as artifacts may mislead the image analysis software and lead to false results. For instance, Figure 5A shows the result of an excessive density of BMSCs in the well or too much time elapsed between trypsinization and seeding, leading to these cells forming clumps. Figure 5B shows &#8220;colonies&#8221; of MM cells. If cell lines are seeded at high densities, they will form colonies as they replicate and this reduces the accuracy of the digital image analysis algorithm as it becomes increasingly difficult to discern one cell from the other. Figure 5C is an example of the opposite, where too few MM cells were seeded. This often occurs when the number of MM cells obtained from the bone marrow aspirate is below 500,000, and the &#8220;dead volume&#8221; left in the tube before re-suspension becomes comparable to the volume of media required to re-suspend MM cells in high densities. To solve this problem, determine the dead volume for the tube being used and include it in the dilution calculations. Figure 5D is an example of skewed focal plane. Note how MM cells on top left are bright and the ones in the bottom right are dark. This is caused by am unevenly placed plate or incorrectly placed objective. This will cause MM cells in different sections of the image to be counted differently. Scale bars (bottom right of each image) represent 500 &#181;m.
<img alt="Figure 1" src="/files/ftp_upload/53070/53070fig1.jpg" /> 
Figure 1.&#160;Protocol overall description. (A) During a bone marrow biopsy one extra tube of aspirate is obtained for the protocol. (B) Multiple myeloma (MM) cells are magnetically separated from other cells in the aspirate. (C) Three tubes, containing MM cells (MM), non-MM cells, and plasma, respectively, are obtained from the separation process. (D) Bone marrow derived mesenchymal stem cells (BMSCs) from previous aspirates are co-cultured with freshly obtained MM cells, and re-suspended in extracellular matrix (collagen or basement membrane matrix). (E) The plate is spun down to ensure that as many MM as possible are in the same focal plane and the BMSC are ready to adhere to the bottom of the well. The plate is placed in incubator until matrix polymerizes. (F) Each well is filled with a mix of culture media and patient-derived plasma. The plate is placed in an incubator O/N. (G) Drugs are added to each well and the plate is placed in a microscope equipped with a digital camera, motorized stage and bench top incubator, and imaged at regular intervals for a period of 96 hr. (H) The image files for each well are analyzed using an algorithm that segments live MM cells based on membrane motion (live cells are pseudo colored in green) and creates a spreadsheet with changes in cellularity for each well for each time point. Scale bar (bottom right) represents 500 &#181;m. (I) A software program groups the wells by drugs and concentrations and creates a spreadsheet with curves of dose response normalized so that initial measures are 100%. <a href="https://www-jove-com.remotexs.ntu.edu.sg/files/ftp_upload/53070/53070fig1large.jpg" target="_blank">Please click here to view a larger version of this figure.</a>
<img alt="Figure 2" src="/files/ftp_upload/53070/53070fig2.jpg" /> 
Figure 2.&#160;Pre-drug expected appearance of wells. (A) MM cells co-cultured with stroma. (B) The human myeloma cell line H929 co-cultured with stroma. (C) Patient-derived MM cells in co-culture with HUVECS. (D) Human myeloma cell line H929 in co-culture with HUVECS. Scale bars (bottom right of each Figure) represent 500 &#181;m. <a href="https://www-jove-com.remotexs.ntu.edu.sg/files/ftp_upload/53070/53070fig2large.jpg" target="_blank">Please click here to view a larger version of this figure.</a>
<img alt="Figure 3" src="/files/ftp_upload/53070/53070fig3.jpg" /> 
Figure 3.&#160;Recommended spatial distribution of wells in a 384-well plate. Each 384-well plate can carry 3 patient samples with 7 different drugs, or one patient sample tested with 21 drugs. Wells in light green, light blue and tan, contain MM cells from three different patients. Rx1, Rx2, etc., represent different drugs, each at five different concentrations and in duplicate. Four wells are used as controls for each patient (36-39 for patient 1, 126-129 for patient 2 and 200-203 for patient 3). Wells in orange contain cell lines at highest drug concentration of each drug, in duplicate. Wells in yellow are cell line controls (no drug). <a href="https://www-jove-com.remotexs.ntu.edu.sg/files/ftp_upload/53070/53070fig3large.jpg" target="_blank">Please click here to view a larger version of this figure.</a>
<img alt="Figure 4" src="/files/ftp_upload/53070/53070fig4.jpg" /> 
Figure 4.&#160;Example of digital image analysis and dose response charts. (A) MM cells in co-culture with BMSCs, embedded in collagen I, exposed to a concentration of 50 nM carfilzomib. Image analysis algorithm detects live cells and pseudo-colors them in green. (B) Images are acquired at regular intervals for the duration of the experiment. In this concentration of drug, almost all cells are dead at the end of 96 hr. (C) The chart shows changes in number of viable cells for five different concentrations of carfilzomib along an interval of 96 hr, normalized for time = 0 hr as 100%. The human myeloma cell line MM1.S was used as control for drug efficacy. Scale bars (bottom right of A and B) represent 500 &#181;m. <a href="https://www-jove-com.remotexs.ntu.edu.sg/files/ftp_upload/53070/53070fig4large.jpg" target="_blank">Please click here to view a larger version of this figure.</a>
<img alt="Figure 5" src="/files/ftp_upload/53070/53070fig5.jpg" /> 
Figure 5.&#160;Common errors while seeding or imaging plate. (A) Stroma cells &#8220;tangled&#8221;. (B) &#8220;Colonies&#8221; of MM cells. (C) Too few MM cells. (D) Skewed focal plane. Scale bars (bottom right of each image) represent 500 &#181;m. <a href="https://www-jove-com.remotexs.ntu.edu.sg/files/ftp_upload/53070/53070fig5large.jpg" target="_blank">Please click here to view a larger version of this figure.</a>
<img alt="Figure 1 sup" src="/files/ftp_upload/53070/53070fig1sup.jpg" /> 
Supplemental Figure 1.&#160;Optimum spatial distribution of wells in 384-well plate using a robotic pipettor. In this configuration 31 different drugs can be tested at 5 different concentrations and 2 replicates (green). In addition, positive controls with a cell line can be used to ensure drug potency (pink). <a href="https://www-jove-com.remotexs.ntu.edu.sg/files/ftp_upload/53070/SuppFigure1.jpg" target="_blank">Please click here to view a larger version of this figure.</a>
<img alt="Figure 2 Sup" src="/files/ftp_upload/53070/53070fig2sup.jpg" /> 
Supplemental Figure 2.&#160;Spatial distribution of drug &#8220;master plate&#8221;. The robotic pipettor will use this plate where each well contains one of the 31 drugs at 20x concentration, to create the drug dilution plate. <a href="https://www-jove-com.remotexs.ntu.edu.sg/files/ftp_upload/53070/SuppFigure2.jpg" target="_blank">Please click here to view a larger version of this figure.</a>
<img alt="Figure 3 Sup" src="/files/ftp_upload/53070/53070fig3sup.jpg" /> 
Supplemental Figure 3.&#160;Numbering of wells to be used when preparing a plate with a robotic pipettor. The software described in the protocol requires this numbering of the wells in order to adequately map the wells to the drugs and concentrations. <a href="https://www-jove-com.remotexs.ntu.edu.sg/files/ftp_upload/53070/SuppFigure3.jpg" target="_blank">Please click here to view a larger version of this figure.</a>
<img alt="Figure 4 Sup" src="/files/ftp_upload/53070/53070fig4sup.jpg" /> 
Supplemental Figure 4.&#160;Comparison between microfluidic slide (Khin et al., 2014) and current protocol. Dose response of H929 multiple myeloma cell line measured for 24 hr in the previous system (top left bortezomib, middle left melphalan) and in current system (top right bortezomib and middle right melphalan). For comparison purposes, LD50 at 24 hr for both platforms was 3.9 nM and 4.1 nM for bortezomib, and 6.4 &#181;M and 14.65 &#181;M for melphalan. <a href="https://www-jove-com.remotexs.ntu.edu.sg/files/ftp_upload/53070/SuppFigure4.jpg" target="_blank">Please click here to view a larger version of this figure.</a>

Watch this Scientific Journal Video about An Organotypic High Throughput System for Characterization of Drug Sensitivity of Primary Multiple Myeloma Cells at JoVE.com

An Organotypic High Throughput System for Characterization of Drug Sensitivity of Primary Multiple Myeloma Cells

We describe a high-throughput drug sensitivity assay for primary multiple myeloma cells. It consists of a reconstruction of the bone marrow microenvironment (including extracellular matrix and stroma) in multi-well plates, and a non-invasive method for longitudinal quantification of cell viability.

In this work we describe a novel approach that combines ex vivo drug sensitivity assays and digital image analysis to estimate chemosensitivity and ...

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Medicine

8.6K Views.  H. Lee Moffitt Cancer Center and Research Institute. We describe a high-throughput drug sensitivity assay for primary multiple myeloma cells. It consists of a reconstruction of the bone marrow microenvironment (including extracellular matrix and stroma) in multi-well plates, and a non-invasive method for longitudinal quantification of cell viability.

Video: An Organotypic High Throughput System for Characterization of Drug Sensitivity of Primary Multiple Myeloma Cells

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Here we use bioluminescent, X-ray, and positron-emission tomography/computed tomography imaging to study how inhibiting mTOR activity impacts bone marrow-engrafted myeloma tumors in a xenograft model. This allows for physiologically relevant, non-invasive, and multimodal analyses of the anti-myeloma effect of therapies targeting bone marrow-engrafted myeloma tumors in vivo.

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Immunophenotypic characterization and molecular analysis have long been used to delineate heterogeneity and define distinct cell populations. FACS is inherently a single-cell assay, however prior to molecular analysis, the target cells are often prospectively isolated in bulk, thereby losing single-cell resolution. Single-cell gene expression analysis provides a means to understand molecular differences between individual cells in heterogeneous cell populations. In bulk cell analysis an overrepresentation of a distinct cell type results in biases and occlusions of signals from rare cells with biological importance. By utilizing FACS index sorting coupled to single-cell gene expression analysis, populations can be investigated without the loss of single-cell resolution while cells with intermediate cell surface marker expression are also captured, enabling evaluation of the relevance of continuous surface marker expression. Here, we describe an approach that combines single-cell reverse transcription quantitative PCR (RT-qPCR) and FACS index sorting to simultaneously characterize the molecular and immunophenotypic heterogeneity within cell populations.
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Genome-Scale Screening to Identify and Compare Therapeutic Targets in Tumors

Genetic Profiling and Genome-Scale Dropout Screening to Identify Therapeutic Targets in Mouse Models of Malignant Peripheral Nerve Sheath Tumor

Malignant Peripheral Nerve Sheath Tumors (MPNSTs) are derived from Schwann cells or their precursors. In patients with the tumor susceptibility syndrome neurofibromatosis type 1 (NF1), MPNSTs are the most common malignancy and the leading cause of death. These rare and aggressive soft-tissue sarcomas offer a stark future, with 5-year disease-free survival rates of 34-60%. Treatment options for individuals with MPNSTs are disappointingly limited, with disfiguring surgery being the foremost treatment option. Many once-promising therapies such as tipifarnib, an inhibitor of Ras signaling, have failed clinically. Likewise, phase II clinical trials with erlotinib, which targets the epidermal growth factor (EFGR), and sorafenib, which targets the vascular endothelial growth factor receptor (VEGF), platelet-derived growth factor receptor (PDGF), and Raf, in combination with standard chemotherapy, have also failed to produce a response in patients. 
In recent years, functional genomic screening methods combined with genetic profiling of cancer cell lines have proven useful for identifying essential cytoplasmic signaling pathways and the development of target-specific therapies. In the case of rare tumor types, a variation of this approach known as cross-species comparative oncogenomics is increasingly being used to identify novel therapeutic targets. In cross-species comparative oncogenomics, genetic profiling and functional genomics are performed in genetically engineered mouse (GEM) models and the results are then validated in the rare human specimens and cell lines that are available. 
This paper describes how to identify candidate driver gene mutations in human and mouse MPNST cells using whole exome sequencing (WES). We then describe how to perform genome-scale shRNA screens to identify and compare critical signaling pathways in mouse and human MPNST cells and identify druggable targets in these pathways. These methodologies provide an effective approach to identifying new therapeutic targets in a variety of human cancer types.

Author Spotlight: Finding New Therapeutic Targets for Malignant Peripheral Nerve Sheath Tumor Through Genome-Scale shRNA Screens 

We have developed a cross-species comparative oncogenomics approach utilizing genomic analyses and functional genomic screens to identify and compare therapeutic targets in tumors arising in genetically engineered mouse models and the corresponding human tumor type.

Malignant Peripheral Nerve Sheath Tumors (MPNSTs) are derived from Schwann cells or their precursors. In patients with the tumor susceptibility syndrome ...

A Fluorescence-based Lymphocyte Assay Suitable for High-throughput Screening of Small Molecules

High-throughput screening (HTS) is currently the mainstay for the identification of chemical entities capable of modulating biochemical reactions or cellular processes. With the advancement of biotechnologies and the high translational potential of small molecules, a number of innovative approaches in drug discovery have evolved, which explains the resurgent interest in the use of HTS. The oncology field is currently the most active research area for drug screening, with no major breakthrough made for the identification of new immunomodulatory compounds targeting transplantation-related complications or autoimmune ailments. Here, we present a novel in vitro murine fluorescent-based lymphocyte assay easily adapted for the identification of new immunomodulatory compounds. This assay uses T or B cells derived from a transgenic mouse, in which the Nur77 promoter drives GFP expression upon T- or B-cell receptor stimulation. As the GFP intensity reflects the activation/transcriptional activity of the target cell, our assay defines a novel tool to study the effect of given compound(s) on cellular/biological responses. For instance, a primary screening was performed using 4,398 compounds in the absence of a &#34;target hypothesis&#34;, which led to the identification of 160 potential hits displaying immunomodulatory activities. Thus, the use of this assay is suitable for drug discovery programs exploring large chemical libraries prior to further in vitro/in vivo validation studies.

We present in the current study a novel fluorescence-based assay using lymphocytes derived from a transgenic mouse. This assay is suitable for high-throughput screening (HTS) of small molecules endowed with the capacity of either inhibiting or promoting lymphocyte activation.

High-throughput screening (HTS) is currently the mainstay for the identification of chemical entities capable of modulating biochemical reactions or ...

Immunology and Infection

Modeling Chemotherapy Resistant Leukemia In Vitro

It is well established that the bone marrow microenvironment provides a unique site of sanctuary for hematopoietic diseases that both initiate and progress in this site. The model presented in the current report utilizes human primary bone marrow stromal cells and osteoblasts as two representative cell types from the marrow niche that influence tumor cell phenotype. The in vitro co-culture conditions described for human leukemic cells with these primary niche components support the generation of a chemoresistant subpopulation of tumor cells that can be efficiently recovered from culture for analysis by diverse techniques. A strict feeding schedule to prevent nutrient fluxes followed by gel type 10 cross-linked dextran (G10) particles recovery of the population of tumor cells that have migrated beneath the adherent bone marrow stromal cells (BMSC) or osteoblasts (OB) generating a "phase dim" (PD) population of tumor cells, provides a consistent source of purified therapy resistant leukemic cells. This clinically relevant population of tumor cells can be evaluated by standard methods to investigate apoptotic, metabolic, and cell cycle regulatory pathways as well as providing a more rigorous target in which to test novel therapeutic strategies prior to pre-clinical investigations targeted at minimal residual disease.

Modeling Chemotherapy Resistant Leukemia In Vitro

The current report summarizes a protocol that can be utilized to model the influence of the bone marrow microenvironment niche on leukemic cells with emphasis placed on enrichment of the most chemoresistant subpopulation.

It is well established that the bone marrow microenvironment provides a unique site of sanctuary for hematopoietic diseases that both initiate and ...

High-Throughput Screening Assay for Mycobacterium abscessus Using Dual Reporters

Assay Development for High-Throughput Drug Screening Against Mycobacteria

Mycobacterium abscessus (Mab) infections are challenging to treat due to high intrinsic drug resistance, comparable to multidrug-resistant tuberculosis. Treatments are extremely ineffective and based on a multi-drug regimen, resulting in low patient compliance. Consequently, the scientific community is urged to identify new and effective drugs to treat these infections. One of the strategies employed to this end is drug repurposing - the process of identifying new therapeutic opportunities for existing drugs in the market, circumventing the time required to establish pharmacokinetic and safety profiles of new drugs. With most studies on drug development against Mab relying on traditional and time-consuming methods, an assay for high-throughput drug screening was developed against mycobacteria using an in house developed double-reporter strain of Mab. Using liquid-handling robotics, automated microscopy, and analysis, alongside in house developed double reporter strains, bacterial viability can be rapidly measured using two different readouts, luminescence and fluorescence, without adding reagents or performing any extra steps. This reduces time and variability between assays, a major advantage for high-throughput screenings. The described protocol was validated by screening a library of 1280 compounds. The obtained results were corroborated by the literature, with efficient detection of active compounds. Thus, this work fulfilled the aim of supplying the field with a new tool to help fight this extremely drug-resistant bacteria.

Author Spotlight: Scalable Drug Screening Protocol for Efficient Discovery of M. abscessus Treatments

This study developed an assay for high-throughput screening against Mycobacterium abscessus with a&#160;recently created double reporter strain, using fluorescence and luminescence to assess bacterial viability quickly. This protocol will be relevant for researchers aiming to screen new drugs against this drug-resistant bacteria.

Mycobacterium abscessus (Mab) infections are challenging to treat due to high intrinsic drug resistance, comparable to multidrug-resistant tuberculosis. ...

An Organotypic High Throughput System for Characterization of Drug Sensitivity of Primary Multiple Myeloma Cells

Summary

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Multiparametric Tumor Organoid Drug Screening Using Widefield Live-Cell Imaging for Bulk and Single-Organoid Analysis

Genetic Profiling and Genome-Scale Dropout Screening to Identify Therapeutic Targets in Mouse Models of Malignant Peripheral Nerve Sheath Tumor

A Fluorescence-based Lymphocyte Assay Suitable for High-throughput Screening of Small Molecules

Modeling Chemotherapy Resistant Leukemia In Vitro

Assay Development for High-Throughput Drug Screening Against Mycobacteria