NICU çalışmaları için tüm iş arkadaşları kabul etmek istiyoruz.

Bu iletişim kuralı kurumsal inceleme kurulu, Renji hastane tarafından Shanghai Jiaotong Üniversitesi Tıp Fakültesi kabul edildi.
 1. hastanın hazırlanması Not: ICP sensör tarafından bir cerrahi işlem ( şekil 1) hastada yerleştirilir. Sensör gibi epidural boşluk, subdural alanı, parankimi veya Ventriküler sistemi yerleştirilir.
<ol><li>Belirli iletişim kablo ile başucu monitörle ICP izleme makineye bağlanmak.</li>
	<li>Hasta başvuru ayarlamak &#39; s başucu izlemek, böylece veri başucu monitörden makine izleme ICP uygun olarak.</li>
	<li>Hasta üzerinde bir Arteryel satırının yerleşimi gerçekleştirmek &#39; s sol ya da doğru radiyal arter 20.</li>
	<li>İle baroreceptor Arter hattı bağlayın.</li>
	<li>Basınç detektörler hasta ile bağlanmak &#39; s başucu monitör iletişim kablo ile.</li>
	<li>Sıfır ayarlamak başucu monitör böylece ölçülen kan basıncı gerçek değeri ile çakışacak.</li>
</ol> 2. Fizyolojik parametrelerinin kayıt <ol><li>hasta bağlanmak &#39; s başucu monitör ile veri toplama ve depolama konusunda bir ağ kablosuyla aygıtı.</li>
	<li>Aygıt toplama veri açmak için güç düğmesine basın.</li>
	<li>Sınıf başkanı bilgisayar yazılımı mobil otomatik olarak çalıştırır kadar birkaç saniye bekleyin.</li>
	<li>Adı, kimliği, tanı ve ilk Glasgow Koma ölçeği (GCS) gibi hasta bilgilerini girin.</li>
	<li>'I tıklatın &#34; kaydedin ve izlemeye başlamak &#34; toplama ve depolama konusunda veri başlatmak için düğmeyi.</li>
	<li>'I tıklatın &#34; devre dışı bırakmak &#34; düğme üstünde belgili tanımlık perde, sonuna veri toplama ( Şekil 2).</li>
	<li>Son GCS girin.</li>
</ol> 3. Parametre analizi <ol><li>U diske ana bilgisayarda evrensel seri veri yolu (USB) arabirimleri üzerinden saklı veri dökümü.</li>
	<li>Bir kullanıcı adı ve analiz sunucusuna oturum açmak için parola girin.</li>
	<li>'I tıklatın &#34; yeni kayıt oluşturmak &#34; düğme ve U-yükleme başlatmak için disk, veri dosyasını seçin.</li>
	<li>Verileri (veri boyutuna bağlı olarak) analiz edilir önce yaklaşık 10-20 dk bekleyin.</li>
	<li>'I tıklatın &#34; detay &#34; düğme görmek üzere her kaydın.</li>
	<li>'I tıklatın &#34; grafik görüntüleme &#34; son diyagramı görmek için.</li>
	<li>Daha fazla ayrıntı görmek için zaman çizelgesine sürükleyin.</li>
	<li>'I tıklatın &#34; scattergram &#34; parametreleri dağılımını görmek için düğmeyi.</li>
</ol>

<ol>
	<li>Hawthorne, C., Piper, I. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Monitoring+of+intracranial+pressure+in+patients+with+traumatic+brain+injury.">Monitoring of intracranial pressure in patients with traumatic brain injury.</a> Front Neurol. 5, 121 (2014).</li><li>Cooper, D. J., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Decompressive+craniectomy+in+diffuse+traumatic+brain+injury.">Decompressive craniectomy in diffuse traumatic brain injury.</a> N Engl J Med. 364 (16), 1493-1502 (2011).</li><li>Jiang, J. Y. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Head+trauma+in+China.">Head trauma in China.</a> Injury. 44 (11), 1453-1457 (2013).</li><li>Hu, X., Xu, P., Asgari, S., Vespa, P., Bergsneider, M. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Forecasting+ICP+elevation+based+on+prescient+changes+of+intracranial+pressure+waveform+morphology.">Forecasting ICP elevation based on prescient changes of intracranial pressure waveform morphology.</a> IEEE Trans Biomed Eng. 57 (5), 1070-1078 (2010).</li><li>Di Ieva, A., Schmitz, E. M., Cusimano, M. D. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Analysis+of+intracranial+pressure:+past,+present,+and+future.">Analysis of intracranial pressure: past, present, and future.</a> Neuroscientist. 19 (6), 592-603 (2013).</li><li>Czosnyka, M., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Intracranial+pressure:+more+than+a+number.">Intracranial pressure: more than a number.</a> Neurosurg Focus. 22 (5), 10 (2007).</li><li>Lu, C. W., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Complexity+of+intracranial+pressure+correlates+with+outcome+after+traumatic+brain+injury.">Complexity of intracranial pressure correlates with outcome after traumatic brain injury.</a> Brain. 135 (8), 2399-2408 (2012).</li><li>Nucci, C. G., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Intracranial+pressure+wave+morphological+classification:+automated+analysis+and+clinical+validation.">Intracranial pressure wave morphological classification: automated analysis and clinical validation.</a> Acta Neurochir (Wien). 158 (3), 581-588 (2016).</li><li>Eide, P. K., Sorteberg, W. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Association+among+intracranial+compliance,+intracranial+pulse+pressure+amplitude+and+intracranial+pressure+in+patients+with+intracranial+bleeds.">Association among intracranial compliance, intracranial pulse pressure amplitude and intracranial pressure in patients with intracranial bleeds.</a> Neurol Res. 29 (8), 798-802 (2007).</li><li>Czosnyka, M., Czosnyka, Z. H., Whitfield, P. C., Donovan, T., Pickard, J. D. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Age+dependence+of+cerebrospinal+pressure-volume+compensation+in+patients+with+hydrocephalus.">Age dependence of cerebrospinal pressure-volume compensation in patients with hydrocephalus.</a> J Neurosurg. 94 (3), 482-486 (2001).</li><li>Howells, T., Lewen, A., Skold, M. K., Ronne-Engstrom, E., Enblad, P. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=An+evaluation+of+three+measures+of+intracranial+compliance+in+traumatic+brain+injury+patients.">An evaluation of three measures of intracranial compliance in traumatic brain injury patients.</a> Intensive Care Med. 38 (6), 1061-1068 (2012).</li><li>Schuhmann, M. U., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Value+of+overnight+monitoring+of+intracranial+pressure+in+hydrocephalic+children.">Value of overnight monitoring of intracranial pressure in hydrocephalic children.</a> Pediatr Neurosurg. 44 (4), 269-279 (2008).</li><li>Czosnyka, M., Pickard, J. D. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Monitoring+and+interpretation+of+intracranial+pressure.">Monitoring and interpretation of intracranial pressure.</a> J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry. 75 (6), 813-821 (2004).</li><li>Sorrentino, E., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Critical+thresholds+for+cerebrovascular+reactivity+after+traumatic+brain+injury.">Critical thresholds for cerebrovascular reactivity after traumatic brain injury.</a> Neurocrit Care. 16 (2), 258-266 (2012).</li><li>Carrera, E., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=What+shapes+pulse+amplitude+of+intracranial+pressure.">What shapes pulse amplitude of intracranial pressure.</a> J Neurotrauma. 27 (2), 317-324 (2010).</li><li>Eide, P. K., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Pressure-derived+versus+pressure+wave+amplitude-derived+indices+of+cerebrovascular+pressure+reactivity+in+relation+to+early+clinical+state+and+12-month+outcome+following+aneurysmal+subarachnoid+hemorrhage.">Pressure-derived versus pressure wave amplitude-derived indices of cerebrovascular pressure reactivity in relation to early clinical state and 12-month outcome following aneurysmal subarachnoid hemorrhage.</a> J Neurosurg. 116 (5), 961-971 (2012).</li><li>Lazaridis, C., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Patient-specific+thresholds+of+intracranial+pressure+in+severe+traumatic+brain+injury.">Patient-specific thresholds of intracranial pressure in severe traumatic brain injury.</a> J Neurosurg. 120 (4), 893-900 (2014).</li><li>Czosnyka, M., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Monitoring+and+interpretation+of+intracranial+pressure+after+head+injury.">Monitoring and interpretation of intracranial pressure after head injury.</a> Acta Neurochir Suppl. 96, 114-118 (2006).</li><li>Steiner, L. A., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Continuous+monitoring+of+cerebrovascular+pressure+reactivity+allows+determination+of+optimal+cerebral+perfusion+pressure+in+patients+with+traumatic+brain+injury.">Continuous monitoring of cerebrovascular pressure reactivity allows determination of optimal cerebral perfusion pressure in patients with traumatic brain injury.</a> Crit Care Med. 30 (4), 733-738 (2002).</li><li>Tegtmeyer, K., Brady, G., Lai, S., Hodo, R., Braner, D. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Videos+in+Clinical+Medicine.+Placement+of+an+arterial+line.">Videos in Clinical Medicine. Placement of an arterial line.</a> N Engl J Med. 354 (15), 13 (2006).</li><li>Chesnut, R. M., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=A+trial+of+intracranial-pressure+monitoring+in+traumatic+brain+injury.">A trial of intracranial-pressure monitoring in traumatic brain injury.</a> N Engl J Med. 367 (26), 2471-2481 (2012).</li></ol>

Hiçbir maddi destek alındı.

Bu amacı bu makalenin yeni mobil izleme tanıtmak ve fizyolojik parametrelerini izlemek için kullanılabilir, Nöroşirürji kritik hastalar için çözümleme sistemi geçerli klinik durumu analiz ve umut verici bir biçimde, prognozu tahmin Nöroşirürji kritik hastaların. Günümüzde ICP izleme ağırlıklı ortalama ICP değer yanlışlık ya da gecikme4,5,21riskleri taşıyabilir diğer parametreleri göz ardı odaklanmıştır. Öte yandan, ICP ICP dalga biçimi, AMP, RAP, PRx ve IAAC prognozu tahmin ve uygun tedavi5,16,17, yol gösterici olarak büyük öneme sahip bildirilmiştir gibi parametreleri elde 18,19. Ancak, bu parametreler mobil izleme ve büyük veri toplama ve analizi, hangi-ebilmek almak zaman ve çaba bir sürü gerektirir. Ayrıca, şu anda klinik günlük işlerinde klinisyenler için uygundur birkaç belirli aygıtları vardır.
Bu sorunu çözmek için son zamanlarda bir mobil izleme sistemi geliştirdi. Bu bir otomatik veri toplama kullanır ve sürekli olarak çevrimiçi sunucu için analiz çalışmaları için bu ICP anlamını araştırmak verileri göndermeden önce hastaların fizyolojik bilgi almak için aygıtın depolama parametreleri türetilmiş. Daha önce belirtildiği gibi izleme sistemi mobil göre aşağıdaki avantajları vardır. İlk olarak, bir yüksek frekansta gerçek zamanlı veri toplayabilir. Veri toplama sıklığı-ebilmek uzanmak ilâ 120 Hz. ikincisi, birden çok parametre, Yani, ICP dalga biçimi, PRx, RAP ve IAAC kaydedebilirsiniz. Hepsi kritik geçerli klinik durum analizi ve prognozu tahmin vardır. Ayrıca, uzun vadeli sürekli izlenmesi elde edebilirsiniz. Hastaların tedavisi boyunca tüm ayrıntıları kaydedebilir. Son fakat en az değil, taşınabilir ve öğrenmesi kolay. Klinisyenler kolayca veri hesaplama ve grafik inşaat otomatik olarak gerçekleştirecek bir belirli analiz sunucusuna yükleyebilirsiniz. Protokol yalnızca iki önemli adım vardır. ICP sensör yerleşimini biridir. Diğer Arteryel satırının yerleşimi ve arteryel kan basıncının izlenmesi bu. Bir kez düzgün bağlı ve işletilen, izleme sistemi mobil toplar ve gerçek zamanlı veri analiz ve onları otomatik olarak, grafik önce klinisyenler için uygun saklarız.
Ancak, aynı zamanda bazı sınırlamalar vardır. Bu sistem sadece ICP ve invaziv kan basıncı içerir ve EKG, EEG veya TCD gibi diğer parametreleri eksik. Otomatik olarak analiz modu bol değildir ve yalnızca belirli hesaplamaları ve grafik yapıların yapabilirsiniz başka bir kısıtlamadır.
Biz sürekli olarak bu sistem değiştirme ve uzun süreli kullanımı sırasında meydana gelen bazı sorunlar sabit. Biz tüm sınırlamalar gelecekte ele alınması ve daha geçerli olacak eminiz.
Umarız izleme sistemi mobil fizyolojik parametreler, geçerli klinik durumu analiz etmek ve gelecekte Nöroşirürji kritik hastaların prognozu tahmin etmek için izlemek için anahtar bir ölçü kabul edilecektir.

ICP izleme yaygın Beyin Cerrahisi bölümü, Nöroşirürji kritik hastalar1,2,3' te özellikle intrakranial durumu değerlendirmek için kullanılır. ICP dalga biçimi, AMP, RAP, PRx, IAAC ve benzeri, intraserebral dolaşımı, cerebrospinal telafi rezerv, durumunu yansıtmak ve uyum4,5, beyin gibi parametreleri ICP ortalama ICP değer yanı sıra, elde edilen 6 , 7 , 8 , 9 , 10 , 11 , 12 , 13. onlar yaklaşan nörolojik bozulma ve hatta sonucu hastaların14,15,16,17,18gösterge olabilir. Uygun tedavi19rehberlik da kullanılabilir. Ancak, en klinisyen sadece ortalama ICP değeri üzerinde bu parametreler ihmal ederek odak. Kısmen çünkü klinik günlük işlerinde klinisyenler için uygundur birkaç belirli aygıtları bu.
Bu sakıncaları gidermek için biz son zamanlarda bir mobil izleme sistemi geliştirdik. Biz sürekli olarak kan basıncı, ICP ve oksijen doygunluğu gibi hastaların fizyolojik bilgileri elde etmek için bir otomatik veri toplama ve depolama aygıtı kullanmak ve bu fizyolojik parametreler geçerli klinik durumu ortaya çıkarmak amacıyla analiz ve, umut verici bir biçimde, Nöroşirürji kritik hastaların prognozu tahmin. Bu mobil izleme sistemi birçok avantajı vardır: (1) yüksek frekans, o-ebilmek yazmak birden çok parametreleri, Yani, ICP dalga biçimi, PRx, RAP ve uzun vadeli sürekli izlenmesi, elde edebilirsiniz IAAC, (3) (2) ve (4) gerçek zamanlı veri toplayabilir taşınabilir ve öğrenmesi kolay.
Bu nedenle, bu makalenin amacı çeşitli fizyolojik parametreler Nöroşirürji kritik hastalarda kaydetmek için izleme sistemi mobil kullanmak hakkında ayrıntılı bir yöntem göstermektir.

<table style="border-collapse:collapse;width:639pt" width="852">
	<colgroup>
		<col style="width:136pt" width="181" />
		<col style="width:171pt" width="228" />
		<col style="width:134pt" width="179" />
		<col style="width:198pt" width="264" />
	</colgroup>
	<tbody>
		<tr height="21" style="height:15.75pt">
			<td height="21" style="width:136pt;height:15.75pt" width="181">Bedside monitor</td>
			<td style="width:171pt" width="228">Philips</td>
			<td style="width:134pt" width="179">IntelliVue MP40 M8003A</td>
			<td style="width:198pt" width="264">With interfacing module</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21" style="height:15.75pt">
			<td height="21" style="height:15.75pt">ICP monitoring machine</td>
			<td>&#160;Johnson &#38; Johnson or Sophysa</td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21" style="height:15.75pt">
			<td height="21" style="height:15.75pt">Arterial cannula</td>
			<td>BD</td>
			<td>REF682245</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21" style="height:15.75pt">
			<td height="21" style="height:15.75pt">Pressure transducer</td>
			<td>Haisheng Medical</td>
			<td>DBPT-0103</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21" style="height:15.75pt">
			<td height="21" style="height:15.75pt">Data collection device</td>
			<td>Shanghai Haoju</td>
			<td>Neumatic</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21" style="height:15.75pt">
			<td height="21" style="height:15.75pt">Computer</td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
			<td>Requires Windows operating system</td>
		</tr>
	</tbody>
</table>

a detailed protocol for physiological parameters acquisition and analysis in neurosurgical critical patients

Kafa içi basınç (ICP) izleme şimdi yaygın Nöroşirürji kritik hastalarda kullanılır. ICP dalga biçimi, darbe (AMP) genliği, korelasyon ICP genlik ve ICP demek (RAP), basınç reaktivite dizin (PRx), ICP ve arteryel kan basıncı (ABP) dalga genlik korelasyon (IAAC) gibi ve bu yüzden ICP ICP değeri ortalama yanı sıra parametreleri elde olabilir, kafa içi durumu yansıtacak, prognozu tahmin ve uygun tedavi rehberlik da kullanılabilir. Ancak, klinisyenler en geçerli aygıtlar kısıtlamaları nedeniyle bu parametreler ihmal ederek sadece ortalama ICP değeri üzerinde odak. Son zamanlarda bir mobil izleme Bu sakıncaları gidermek amacıyla sistemi geliştirdik. Bu taşınabilir, kullanımı kolay sistem bir veri toplama ve depolama konusunda sürekli olarak hastaların fizyolojik parametreler ilk elde etmek için aygıt, Yani, ABP, ICP ve oksijen doygunluğu kullanın ve sonra bu fizyolojik parametreler analiz. Umarız izleme sistemi mobil fizyolojik parametreler, geçerli klinik durum çözümlemek ve Nöroşirürji kritik hastaların prognozu tahmin etmek için izlemek için anahtar bir ölçü kabul edilecektir.

Bu yeni mobil izleme sistemi 22 Nöroşirürji kritik hastalara (15 erkek) uygulandı. 12 tane (%54.55) travmatik beyin hasarı (TBY) acı vardı, 9 tanesi (%40,91) beyin kanaması vardı ve 1 tanesi (%4,55) şiddetli beyin enfarktüsü vardı. Zaman izleme daha 1.900 h (yaklaşık 88 h hasta başına) toplamıdır. Başarılı ameliyat sonrası sürekli izlenmeli ve onların ICP, BP, CPP, PRx, RAP ve IAAC analiz. Şekil 3 bu izleme sistemi temsilcisi verileri gösterir. Daha ayrıntılı bilgi (şekil 4) görmek için zaman çizelgesi ayarlayabilirsiniz. Ayrıca, şekil 5' te gösterilen herhangi bir iki parametre arasındaki ilişkiyi analiz edebiliyoruz.
<img alt="Figure 1" class="xfigimg" src="/files/ftp_upload/56388/56388fig1.jpg"> 
Resim 1 : ICP sensör yerleştirme. Hasta izleme önce ameliyat ICP sensör yerleşim için uğrar. Sensör gibi epidural boşluk, subdural alanı, parankimi veya Ventriküler sistemi yerleştirilebilir. Bu şekil Ventriküler ponksiyon ve sensör yerleşim gösterir. ICP sensör kateter ucunda yer alır. <a href="//ecsource-jove-com.remotexs.ntu.edu.sg/files/ftp_upload/56388/56388fig1large.jpg" target="_blank">Bu rakam daha büyük bir versiyonunu görüntülemek için buraya tıklayınız.</a>
<img alt="Figure 2" class="xfigimg" src="/files/ftp_upload/56388/56388fig2.jpg"> 
Resim 2 : Sistem izlemenin ekran. Üst sol alan geçerli ICP dalga biçimi ve kan basıncı gösterir. Alt sol alanı geçerli RAP, PRx, IAAC, CPP ve AMP gösterir. Ekranın sağ bölümünde tarihi gösterir. En altında gösterilen bazı çıktı, ekran görüntüsü ve işaretleri ekleme gibi işlevsel düğmeleri vardır. <a href="//ecsource-jove-com.remotexs.ntu.edu.sg/files/ftp_upload/56388/56388fig2large.jpg" target="_blank">Bu rakam daha büyük bir versiyonunu görüntülemek için buraya tıklayınız.</a>
<img alt="Figure 3" class="xfigimg" src="/files/ftp_upload/56388/56388fig3.jpg"> 
Şekil 3 : Bir beyin kanaması hasta temsilcisi veri. ICP, BP, CPP, PRx, RAP ve IAAC gibi parametreleri kaydedilir ve çizilen. X ekseni zaman çizelgesi ve Y eksenleri ayrı parametreler. <a href="//ecsource-jove-com.remotexs.ntu.edu.sg/files/ftp_upload/56388/56388fig3large.jpg" target="_blank">Bu rakam daha büyük bir versiyonunu görüntülemek için buraya tıklayınız.</a>
<img alt="Figure 4" class="xfigimg" src="/files/ftp_upload/56388/56388fig4.jpg"> 
Şekil 4 : Ayrıntılı bilgi temsil eden veri. Zaman çizelgesi ayarlama yaptıkça, daha ayrıntılı görebilirsiniz. X ekseni zaman çizelgesi ve Y eksenleri ayrı parametreler. <a href="//ecsource-jove-com.remotexs.ntu.edu.sg/files/ftp_upload/56388/56388fig4large.jpg" target="_blank">Bu rakam daha büyük bir versiyonunu görüntülemek için buraya tıklayınız.</a>
<img alt="Figure 5" class="xfigimg" src="/files/ftp_upload/56388/56388fig5.jpg"> 
Şekil 5 : ICP ve PRx ilişkisi. Biz x parametreleri değiştirebilirsiniz ekseni ve Y ekseni iki herhangi bir parametre arasındaki ilişkiyi analiz etmek. Bu şekilde, X ekseni ICP ve Y ekseni PRx. Her kırmızı nokta gerçek zamanlı bir kaydı temsil eder. Bu hastada onun PRx 1-0.7 dan bir varyasyona sahiptir ve onun ICP 10 mmHg olduğunda en düşük PRx ulaşılır, görebiliriz. <a href="//ecsource-jove-com.remotexs.ntu.edu.sg/files/ftp_upload/56388/56388fig5large.jpg" style="font-size: 14px;" target="_blank">Bu rakam daha büyük bir versiyonunu görüntülemek için buraya tıklayınız.</a>

Watch this Scientific Journal Video about A Detailed Protocol for Physiological Parameters Acquisition and Analysis in Neurosurgical Critical Patients at JoVE.com

A Detailed Protocol for Physiological Parameters Acquisition and Analysis in Neurosurgical Critical Patients

Son zamanlarda, izleme sistemi Nöroşirürji kritik hastalarda çeşitli fizyolojik parametrelerini izlemek için bir taşınabilir mobil geliştirdik. Bu mobil izleme sistemi kullanımı hakkında ayrıntılı iletişim kuralları burada sunulmuştur.

Fizyolojik parametreler için detaylı bir protokol toplama ve analizi Nöroşirürji kritik hastalarda

Intracranial pressure (ICP) monitoring is now widely used in neurosurgical critical patients. Besides mean ICP value, the ICP derived parameters such as ...

a-detailed-protocol-for-physiological-parameters-acquisition-analysis

Nanyang Technological University

Research

JoVE Journal

Medicine

6.8K Görüntüleme.  Shanghai Jiaotong University School of Medicine. Son zamanlarda, izleme sistemi Nöroşirürji kritik hastalarda çeşitli fizyolojik parametrelerini izlemek için bir taşınabilir mobil geliştirdik. Bu mobil izleme sistemi kullanımı hakkında ayrıntılı iletişim kuralları burada sunulmuştur.

Video: A Detailed Protocol for Physiological Parameters Acquisition and Analysis in Neurosurgical Critical Patients

Intra-Operative Behavioral Tasks in Awake Humans Undergoing Deep Brain Stimulation Surgery

Deep brain stimulation (DBS) is a surgical procedure that directs chronic, high frequency electrical stimulation to specific targets in the brain through implanted electrodes. Deep brain stimulation was first implemented as a therapeutic modality by Benabid et al. in the late 1980s, when he used this technique to stimulate the ventral intermediate nucleus of the thalamus for the treatment of tremor 1. Currently, the procedure is used to treat patients who fail to respond adequately to medical management for diseases such as Parkinson's, dystonia, and essential tremor. The efficacy of this procedure for the treatment of Parkinson's disease has been demonstrated in well-powered, randomized controlled trials 2. Presently, the U.S. Food and Drug Administration has approved DBS as a treatment for patients with medically refractory essential tremor, Parkinson's disease, and dystonia. Additionally, DBS is currently being evaluated for the treatment of other psychiatric and neurological disorders, such as obsessive compulsive disorder, major depressive disorder, and epilepsy. 
DBS has not only been shown to help people by improving their quality of life, it also provides researchers with the unique opportunity to study and understand the human brain. Microelectrode recordings are routinely performed during DBS surgery in order to enhance the precision of anatomical targeting. Firing patterns of individual neurons can therefore be recorded while the subject performs a behavioral task. Early studies using these data focused on descriptive aspects, including firing and burst rates, and frequency modulation 3. More recent studies have focused on cognitive aspects of behavior in relation to neuronal activity 4,5. This article will provide a description of the intra-operative methods used to perform behavioral tasks and record neuronal data with awake patients during DBS cases. Our exposition of the process of acquiring electrophysiological data will illuminate the current scope and limitations of intra-operative human experiments.

Deep brain stimulation surgery offers a unique opportunity to examine information encoding in the awake human brain. This article will describe intra-operative methods used to perform cognitive and behavioral tasks while simultaneously acquiring physiological data such as EMG, single-unit neuronal activity and/or local field potentials.

Derin beyin stimülasyonu Cerrahi Uygulanan Uyanık İnsanlar İntraoperatif Davranış Görevler

Deep brain stimulation (DBS) is a surgical procedure that directs chronic, high frequency electrical stimulation to specific targets in the brain through ...

Tıp

Manual Muscle Testing:  A Method of Measuring Extremity Muscle Strength Applied to Critically Ill Patients

Survivors of acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS) and other causes of critical illness often have generalized weakness, reduced exercise tolerance, and persistent nerve and muscle impairments after hospital discharge.1-6 Using an explicit protocol with a structured approach to training and quality assurance of research staff, manual muscle testing (MMT) is a highly reliable method for assessing strength, using a standardized clinical examination, for patients following ARDS, and can be completed with mechanically ventilated patients who can tolerate sitting upright in bed and are able to follow two-step commands. 7, 8 
This video demonstrates a protocol for MMT, which has been taught to &ge;43 research staff who have performed &gt;800 assessments on &gt;280 ARDS survivors. Modifications for the bedridden patient are included. Each muscle is tested with specific techniques for positioning, stabilization, resistance, and palpation for each score of the 6-point ordinal Medical Research Council scale.7,9-11 Three upper and three lower extremity muscles are graded in this protocol: shoulder abduction, elbow flexion, wrist extension, hip flexion, knee extension, and ankle dorsiflexion. These muscles were chosen based on the standard approach for evaluating patients for ICU-acquired weakness used in prior publications. 1,2.

Survivors of acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS) and critical illness frequently develop long-lasting muscle weakness. Manual muscle testing (MMT) is a standardized clinical examination commonly used to measure strength of peripheral skeletal muscle groups. This video demonstrates MMT using the 6-point Medical Research Council scale.

Kritik Hastalarda Uygulanan Manuel Kas Testi: Ekstremite Kas Kuvveti Ölçme Yöntemi

Survivors of acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS) and other causes of critical illness often have generalized weakness, reduced exercise tolerance, ...

Parabiosis in Mice: A Detailed Protocol

Parabiosis is a surgical union of two organisms allowing sharing of the blood circulation. Attaching the skin of two animals promotes formation of microvasculature at the site of inflammation. Parabiotic partners share their circulating antigens and thus are free of adverse immune reaction. First described by Paul Bert in 18641, the parabiosis surgery was refined by Bunster and Meyer in 1933 to improve animal survival2. In the current protocol, two mice are surgically joined following a modification of the Bunster and Meyer technique. Animals are connected through the elbow and knee joints followed by attachment of the skin allowing firm support that prevents strain on the sutured skin. Herein, we describe in detail the parabiotic joining of a ubiquitous GFP expressing mouse to a wild type (WT) mouse. Two weeks after the procedure, the pair is separated and GFP positive cells can be detected by flow cytometric analysis in the blood circulation of the WT mouse. The blood chimerism allows one to examine the contribution of the circulating cells from one animal in the other.

Parabiotic joining of two organisms leads to the development of a shared circulatory system. In this protocol, we describe the surgical steps to form a parabiotic connection between a wild-type mouse and a constitutive GFP-expressing mouse.

Farelerde parabiyoz: Detaylı Bir Protokol

Parabiosis is a surgical union of two organisms allowing sharing of the blood circulation. Attaching the skin of two animals promotes formation of ...

Clinical Assessment of Spatiotemporal Gait Parameters in Patients and Older Adults

Spatial and temporal characteristics of human walking are frequently evaluated to identify possible gait impairments, mainly in orthopedic and neurological patients1-4, but also in healthy older adults5,6. The quantitative gait analysis described in this protocol is performed with a recently-introduced photoelectric system (see&#160;Materials table) which has the potential to be used in the clinic because it is portable, easy to set up (no subject preparation is required before a test), and does not require maintenance and sensor calibration. The photoelectric system consists of series of high-density floor-based photoelectric cells with light-emitting and light-receiving diodes that are placed parallel to each other to create a corridor, and are oriented perpendicular to the line of progression7. The system simply detects interruptions in light signal, for instance due to the presence of feet within the recording area. Temporal gait parameters and 1D spatial coordinates of consecutive steps are subsequently calculated to provide common gait parameters such as step length, single limb support and walking velocity8, whose validity against a criterion instrument has recently been demonstrated7,9. The measurement procedures are very straightforward; a single patient can be tested in less than 5 min&#160;and a comprehensive report can be generated in less than 1&#160;min.

This protocol is used to evaluate spatial and temporal gait variables of neurological/orthopedic patients and older persons by means of a recently-introduced floor-based photocell system.

Hastalar ve Yaşlı Bireylerde Spatiotemporal Yürüme Parametrelerinin Klinik Değerlendirilmesi

Spatial and temporal characteristics of human walking are frequently evaluated to identify possible gait impairments, mainly in orthopedic and ...

A Simple Critical-sized Femoral Defect Model in Mice

While bone has a remarkable capacity for regeneration, serious bone trauma often results in damage that does not properly heal. In fact, one tenth of all limb bone fractures fail to heal completely due to the extent of the trauma, disease, or age of the patient. Our ability to improve bone regenerative strategies is critically dependent on the ability to mimic serious bone trauma in test animals, but the generation and stabilization of large bone lesions is technically challenging. In most cases, serious long bone trauma is mimicked experimentally by establishing a defect that will not naturally heal. This is achieved by complete removal of a bone segment that is larger than 1.5 times the diameter of the bone cross-section. The bone is then stabilized with a metal implant to maintain proper orientation of the fracture edges and allow for mobility. 
Due to their small size and the fragility of their long bones, establishment of such lesions in mice are beyond the capabilities of most research groups. As such, long bone defect models are confined to rats and larger animals. Nevertheless, mice afford significant research advantages in that they can be genetically modified and bred as immune-compromised strains that do not reject human cells and tissue.
Herein, we demonstrate a technique that facilitates the generation of a segmental defect in mouse femora using standard laboratory and veterinary equipment. With practice, fabrication of the fixation device and surgical implantation is feasible for the majority of trained veterinarians and animal research personnel. Using example data, we also provide methodologies for the quantitative analysis of bone healing for the model.

Animal models are frequently employed to mimic serious bone injury in biomedical research. Due to their small size, establishment of stabilized bone lesions in mice are beyond the capabilities of most research groups. Herein, we describe a simple method for establishing and analyzing experimental femoral defects in mice.

Farelerde Basit Kritik ölçekli Femoral Hata Modeli

While bone has a remarkable capacity for regeneration, serious bone trauma often results in damage that does not properly heal. In fact, one tenth of all ...

A Detailed Protocol for Perspiration Monitoring Using a Novel, Small, Wireless Device

Perspiration monitoring can be utilized for the detection of certain diseases, such as thermoregulation and mental disorders, particularly when the patients are unaware of such disorders or are having difficulty expressing their symptoms. Until now, several devices for perspiration monitoring have been developed; however, such devices tend to have a relatively large exterior, considerable power consumption, and/or less sensitivity.
Recently, we developed a small, wireless device for perspiration monitoring. The device consists of a temperature/relative humidity (T/RH) sensor, battery-driven small data logger, and silica gel as a desiccant in a small cylindrical exterior. The T/RH sensor is placed between the detection windows (through which the water vapor from the skin enters) and the silica gel. The underlying principle of the perspiration monitoring device is based on Fick&#39;s law of diffusion, which means that water vapor flux from the skin to the silica gel (i.e.&#160;transepidermal water loss and perspiration) can be captured by change in humidity at the T/RH sensor. In addition, a baseline subtraction method was adopted to distinguish perspiration and transepidermal water loss.
As shown in the previous report, the developed device can monitor the perspiration at any sites of the body in an easy, wireless manner. However, detailed methods of how to use the device have not been disclosed yet. In this article, therefore, we would like to show the point-by-point tutorials of how to use the device for perspiration monitoring, by showing the sympathetic activity test with the sympathetic skin response monitoring as an example.

Recently, we developed a small wireless device for perspiration monitoring. In this article, we present detailed protocols on how to use the device for perspiration monitoring with an example of the sympathetic activity test.

Bir Roman kullanarak Terleme İzleme Detaylı Protokol, Küçük Kablosuz Aygıt

Perspiration monitoring can be utilized for the detection of certain diseases, such as thermoregulation and mental disorders, particularly when the ...

Objective Nociceptive Assessment in Ventilated ICU Patients: A Feasibility Study Using Pupillometry and the Nociceptive Flexion Reflex

The concept of objective nociceptive assessment and optimal pain management have gained increasing attention. Despite the known negative short- and long-term consequences of unresolved pain or excessive analgosedation, adequate nociceptive monitoring remains challenging in non-communicative, critically ill adults. In the intensive care unit (ICU), routine nociceptive evaluation is carried out by the attending nurse using the Behavior Pain Scale (BPS) in mechanically ventilated patients. This assessment is limited by medication use (e.g., neuromuscular blocking agents) and the inherent subjective character of nociceptive evaluation by third parties.
Here, we describe the use of two nociceptive reflex testing devices as tools for objective pain evaluation: the pupillary dilation reflex (PDR) and nociception flexion reflex (NFR). These measurement tools are non-invasive and well tolerated, providing clinicians and researchers with objective information regarding two different nociceptive processing pathways: (1)&#160;the pain-related autonomic reactivity&#160;and (2) the ascending component of the somatosensory system. The use of PDR and NFR measurements are currently limited to specialized pain clinics and research institutions because of impressions that these are technically demanding or time-consuming procedures, or even because of a lack of knowledge regarding their existence.
By focusing on the two abovementioned nociceptive reflex assessments, this study evaluated their feasibility as a physiological pain measurement method in daily practice. Pursuing novel technologies for evaluating the analgesia level in unconscious patients may further improve individual pharmacological treatment and patient related outcome measures. Therefore, future research must include large well-designed clinical trials in a real-life environment.

Pain assessment in anesthetized patients who cannot communicate with the outside world in any way remains challenging despite the development of innovative objective pain evaluation tools. In this project, the pupillary dilation reflex and the nociception flexion reflex are assessed in critically ill, mechanically ventilated adult patients.

Havalandırılmış yoğun bakım hastalarında objektif nosiseptif değerlendirme: Pupillometry ve nosiseptif fleksiyon refleks kullanarak bir fizibilite çalışması

The concept of objective nociceptive assessment and optimal pain management have gained increasing attention. Despite the known negative short- and ...

Endotoxin Activity Assay for the Detection of Whole Blood Endotoxemia in Critically Ill Patients

Lipopolysaccharide, also known as endotoxin, is a fundamental component of gram-negative bacteria and plays a crucial role in the development of sepsis and septic shock. The early identification of an infectious process that is rapidly evolving to a critical illness might prompt a quicker and more intensive treatment, thereby potentially leading to better patient outcomes. The Endotoxin Activity (EA) assay can be used at the bedside as a reliable biomarker of systemic endotoxemia. The detection of elevated endotoxin activity levels has been repeatedly shown to be associated with an increased disease severity in patients with sepsis and septic shock. The assay is quick and easy to perform. Briefly, after sampling, an aliquot of whole blood is mixed with an anti-endotoxin antibody and with added LPS. Endotoxin activity is measured as the relative oxidative burst of primed neutrophils as detected by chemioluminescence. The assay&#39;s output is expressed on a scale from 0 (absent) to 1 (maximal) and categorized as &#8220;low&#8221; (&#60;0.4 units), &#8220;intermediate&#8221; (0.4&#8211;0.59 units), or &#8220;high&#8221; (&#8805;0.6 units). The detailed methodology and rationale for the implementation of the EA assay are reported in this manuscript.

We hereby present a protocol to measure at the bedside the endotoxin activity of human whole blood samples. The Endotoxin Activity assay is a simple test to perform and may be a useful biomarker in critically ill patients with sepsis.

Eleştirel hasta hastalarda tam kan endotoksemi tespiti için endotoksin aktivite assay

Lipopolysaccharide, also known as endotoxin, is a fundamental component of gram-negative bacteria and plays a crucial role in the development of sepsis ...

A Real-World High-Intensity Interval Training Protocol for Cardiorespiratory Fitness Improvement

High-Intensity Interval Training (HIIT) has emerged as an interesting time-efficient approach to increase exercise adherence and improve health. However, few studies have tested the efficiency of HIIT protocols in a &#34;real world&#34; setting, e.g., HIIT protocols designed for outdoor spaces without specialized equipment. This study presents a &#34;real world&#34; training protocol, named &#34;beep training&#34;, and compares the efficiency of a HIIT regiment versus a traditional long-duration Moderate-Intensity Continuous Training (MICT) regiment using this beep training protocol on VO2 max of overweight untrained men. Twenty-two subjects performed outdoor running with MICT (n = 11) or HIIT (n = 11). Cardiorespiratory fitness was assessed before and after training protocols using a metabolic analyzer. Both training protocols were performed 3 days a week for 8 weeks using the Beep Test results. The MICT group performed the exercise program at 60%-75% of the maximum speed of the 20 m shuttle test (Vmax) and with a progression of the distance of 3,500-5,000 m. The HIIT group performed the interval exercise with 7-10 bouts of 200 m at 85%-100% of the maximum speed of the 20 m shuttle test (Vmax), interspersed with 1 min of passive recovery. Although the HIIT group presented a significantly lower training volume than the MICT group (p &#60; 0.05) after 8 weeks of beep training, HIIT was superior to MICT in improving VO2 max (MICT: ~4.1%; HIIT: ~7.3%; p &#60; 0.05). The &#34;real world&#34; HIIT regiment based on beep training protocol is a time-efficient, low-cost, and easy-to-implement protocol for overweight untrained men.

This study presents a low-cost and easy-to-implement "real world" high-intensity interval training (HIIT) protocol for scientific research and discusses its efficiency for cardiorespiratory fitness.

Kardiyorespiratuar Fitness İyileştirme için Gerçek Dünyada Yüksek Yoğunluklu Aralıklı Antrenman Protokolü

High-Intensity Interval Training (HIIT) has emerged as an interesting time-efficient approach to increase exercise adherence and improve health. However, ...

Protocol for Developing a Femur Osteotomy Model in Wistar Albino Rats

Fracture healing is a physiological process resulting in the regeneration of bone defects by the coordinated action of osteoblasts and osteoclasts. Osteoanabolic drugs have the potential to augment the repair of fractures but have constraints like high costs or undesirable side effects. The bone healing potential of a drug can initially be determined by in vitro studies, but in vivo studies are needed for the final proof of concept. Our objective was to develop a femur osteotomy rodent model that could help researchers understand the development of callus formation following fracture of the shaft of the femur and that could help establish whether a potential drug has bone healing properties. Adult male Wistar albino rats were used after Institutional Animal Ethics Committee clearance. The rodents were anesthetized, and under aseptic conditions, complete transverse fractures at the middle one-third of the shafts of the femurs were created using open osteotomy. The fractures were reduced and internally fixed using intramedullary K-wires, and secondary fracture healing was allowed to take place. After surgery, intraperitoneal analgesics and antibiotics were given for 5 days. Sequential weekly x-rays assessed callus formation. The rats were sacrificed based on radiologically pre-determined time points, and the development of the fracture callus was analyzed radiologically and using immunohistochemistry.

Here, we present a protocol to iatrogenically fracture the shaft of the femur of Wistar albino rats and follow up on the development of the callus. This femur osteotomy model can help researchers evaluate the process of fracture healing and to study how a drug could influence fracture healing.

Wistar Albino Sıçanlarında Femur Osteotomi Modeli Geliştirme Protokolü

Fracture healing is a physiological process resulting in the regeneration of bone defects by the coordinated action of osteoblasts and osteoclasts. ...